US1161221A - Valve mechanism for internal-combustion engines. - Google Patents

Description

W. F. KOKEN & A. J. PlCHL. VALVE MECHANISM FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.

APPLICATION FILED 02c. 22. 1913.

wmm. Patented Nov. 23, 1915.

4 SHEETSSHEET I.

% a/rvmwm W. F. KOKEN & A. J. PICHL.

VALVE MECHANISM FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE S.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 22. 1913.

4 SHEETSSHEET 2.

W. F; KOKEN & A. J. PICHL. VALVE MECHANISM FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 22. I913.

Patented Nov; 23, 1915.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

; WALTER KOKEN AND ANTON J. PIGHL, OF ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.

To all cvhom it may concern:

Be it known that we, WALTER F. KOKEN and AN'roN J. PICHL, citizens of. the United States, residing atthe city of St. 1101118,

- ternal combustion engine of the general type mentioned, in which the oscillating' valves are of novel design and are arranged 'in groups, each of which comprises a plu-' rality of positively-actuated valves that cooperate with -all of the cylinders of the engine, the valves of one group controlling the inlet ports of certain cylinders and the ex:

haust ports oflthe remaining cylinders,and

the valves of the other group controlling the 1 ports that are not governed by the-valves of the group first referred to.

- Another ob ect 1s to. provide a multi-cylinder, four-cycle engine that is equipped with oscillating Valves which are so designed and arranged that the combustible gases never enter or pass through the spaces in the valves through which the burnt gases escape from the cylinders.

And still another object is to provide an engine of the construction above described,

in which each of certain of the valves con sists of a hollow cylindrical-shaped member provided with two separate and d stinct compartments or chambers that reglster alternately with the inlet port of one cylinder and the exhaust port of a difierent cylinder when the engine is in operation.

Other objects and desirable features of our invention will be hereinafter pointed out.

Figure 1 of the drawings is a top plan view of an internal combustion engine embodying the present invention; Fig. 2 is a side .elevation of same partly in" section; Fig. 3 is a sectional view on line 33 Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a sectional view on theline 44, Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a sectional view on the line 55, Fig. 3; Fig. 6 is a sectional view, on

an enlarged scale, on the line 6+6, Fig. 3; v

Fig. 7 is a perspective view, on an enlarged scale, of one of the shoes; Fig. 8 1s a sec- Specification of Letters Patent.

' M or other I VA VE MECHANISM ror. INTERNALCOMIBUSTION nnemns.

Patented Nov. as, isle.

Application filed December 22,1913. Serial Nc.808,058. f

tional view, onan enlarged scale, on the line 88, Fig. 2 F1g. 9 is a sectional view, on an enlarged. scale, on the 1ine'9- 9, Fig. 2; and

Fig. 10 is a sectional view, on an enlarged 'ner, said crank-shaft being adapted torotate in the crank-casing 8 and having the fly-wheel 9 rigidly mounted on one end thereof. Each of said cylinders has an in- I let port 10 and an exhaust port 11, preferably located in its head, which ports open into separate Valve-casings or bearings 12, which are preferably disposed transversely in the top of the cylinder .casing, the ports 10 and 11 of the several cylinders, in the case of an engine having four cylinders as illustrated in the drawings, being arranged sothat the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 1 opens into the first valve-casing 12, z. e., the valve-casing at the right end of the engine, Fig. 2, the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 1 and the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 2 open into the second valve-casing 12, the inlet ports 10 of the cylinders 2 and 3 open into the third or middle valve-casing 12, the

exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 3 and the inlet port 10 of the cylinder-4: open into the fourth valve-casing 12, and the-exhaust port 11 ofythe cylinder 4 opens into the fifth valve-casing 12, i. 6., the valve-casing at the left endof the engine. The ends of the valve-casings 12 are closed by plates 13, which are secured to the sides of the cylinder casing adj cut to the top of same by bolts s igable means, the plate 13 on one side of the ylinder casing having openings 15, which communicate separately with p i .the second, third, and fourth valve-casings 12 and receive the branch connections of the manifold 16, which has the usual connection,

with the carbureter 17, and the plate 13 on the other side of the cylinder casing, also,

having openings 15, which communicate with the first, second, fourth, and fifth valvecasings l2 and receive the branch connections. of the exhaust pipe 18. Passages 19 between the valve-casings l2 and above the heads of the cylinders communicate with the Water-jacket 20, which surrounds the cylinders, to allow the water which enters the water-jacket through the inlet pipe 21 to circulate through said passages before discharging through the outlet pipe 22. A spark-plug 23 and a priming-valve 24 are provided for each cylinder, the spark-plugs being preferably located on one side of the engine and the priming-valves being located on the opposite side.

Each valve-casing 12 is preferably of eylindrical form and has a hollow cylindrical valve25 revolubly supported therein, said valve casing having a slot 26'to allow an arm 27 borne by or secured to said valve to extend therethrough. The valves are arranged in two groups, each of which comprises a plurality of valves that cooperate with all of the cylinders of the engine, the

valves of one group controlling the inlet ports of certain cylinders and the exhaust ports of the remaining cylinders, and the valves of the second group controlling the ports inthe cylinders that are not governed by the valves of the first group. In the engine herein shown the valves 25 in the first, third and fifth valve casings 12, counting from right to left in Fig. 2, constitute one group and those in the second and fourth valve casing constitute the second group.

. The valve casings that receive the first and fifth valves of the first group are closed at one end and their opposite ends communicate with branches of the exhaust pipe 18, the valve casings that receive the intermediate valve of this group, namely, the third valve of the engine, being closed at one end and having its opposite end communicating with a branch of the intake manifold 16. Each of the second and fourth valves of the engine which constitute the second group, is divided by a partition 28 into two noncommunicating compartments 29 and 30, the compartment 29 communicating with a branch of the manifold 16' and the compartment 30 communicating with a branch of the exhaust pipe 18. Communication between the inlet ports 10 and the exhaust ports 11 of the cylinders and the interior of their respective controlling valves 25 is established in proper sequence through pas sages 31 in the walls of said valves, the first valve having only one passage 31 to establish communication between same and the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 1, the second valve having two passages 31 to establish communication between its compartments 29 and 30 and the inlet port 10 of the cylinder land the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 2, respectiyely, the third valve having two passages 31 to establish communication between same and the inlet ports 10 of the cylinders 2 and 3, respectively, the fourth valve having two passages 31 to establish communication between its compartments 29 and 30 and the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 4 and the tively, and the fifth valve having only one passage 31 to establish communication between same and the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 4, when the valves are rocked in their casings in the manner now to be described. It will thus be seen that the valves of each group cooperate with all of the cylinders and that the valves of the first group control the exhaust ports of the two end cylinders and the inlet ports of the two intermediate cylinders, and that the valves of the second group control the inlet ports of the two end cylinders and the exhaust ports of the two intermediate cylinders. It will also be noted that the combustible gases never enter or pass through the spaces in the valves through which the burnt gases escape from the cylinders.

Each arm 27 is pivotally attached at 32 to a rod 33, there being, in the case of the engine illustrated in the drawings, two of such rods employed, one rod being connected to the arms 27 of the first group of valves composed of the middle and the two end valves 25, and the other rod being connected to the arms 27 of the other two valves 25, constituting the second group as depicted in Figs. 1 and 2. Each rod extends beyond one end of the engine and has its outer end pivotally connected at 34 to one end of a pin or rod 35. The free end of said pin or rod 35 is slidably fitted in a longitudinal bore 36 in the upper end of a lever 37, which latter is pivotally attached to and between the outwardly-projecting arms 38 of a bracket 39 by a pin 40 or the like, said bracket having a pair of inwardly project ing arms 41, which arms 41 straddle a lug 42 borne by the cylinder casing and have slots 43 to receive a bolt 44 or a plurality of such bolts, by means of which said bracket is adjustably secured to said lug. The lower end' of each lever 37 extends through a slot 45 in the top of a housing 46 borne by the crank-casing 8 and, also, contains a longitudinal bore 36, in which the upper end of a pin or rod 47 is slidably fitted. Each pin or rod 47 is -provided at its lower end with an eye 48 to receive the outer end of a pin 49, which pin 49 is rotatably supported in a bloek 50, which is slidably mounted upon by a guide-rod 51 or a plurality of such guide-rods supported in the end wall of the crank-casing 8 and the end wall of the housing 46, a cotter-pin 52 or other suitable means being attached to the outer end of the pin 49, in orderto retain the eye 48 of the pin 47 upon the latter. The blocks 50, of

which there is a pair, are preferably arwithin'the housing 46. Each pin 49 is provided on its inner end with an arcuate shoe 55, which is adapted to ride in the cam groove 56 in the periphery of the cylindrical member 54, said cam groove consisting'of a rlght-hand screw-thread groove and a lefthand screw-thread groove, which screw-' thread grooves cross at their middle points and connect at their ends so as to make the cam groove continuous, and the shoes 55 being located substantially 180 degrees apart invsaid cam groove. By this. arrangement,

which, in turn, cause the rods 33 to rock the valves 25, with the result of causing the pas sages .31 in the valves 25 to ;open andclose the inlet 'ports 10 and the exhaust ports 11 of the cylinders in proper sequence.

It will -be understood thattwo complete revolutions of the crank-shaft ,6 are neces-,

sary to efl'ect a complete rocking movement of each valve 25. These valves are preferably so arranged and their movements so timed that the passages 31 in said valves.

Wlll open and close the inletports 10 and exhaust ports 11 of the cylinders in such sequence that the power or firing strokes of the pistons 5 within the cylinders 1,2, 3, and 4 will take place in the following order, viz., 1, 3, 4, and 2. Referring to Fig. 2, it will be seen that the valves 25 occupy such positions that the first valve 25 closes the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 1, thesecond valve 25 establishes communication between its inlet compartment 29 and the inlet port 10 of thecylfinder 1 and closes the exhaust port ll of the cylinder 2, the third valve 25 closes the inlet ports 10 of the cylinders 2 and 3, the fourth valve 25 establishes comt' b t 't h t It mumcd Ion e Ween 1 s ex ans compa 2 and 3, and the lnlet port 10 of the cylinder ment 30 and the exhaust port 11 of. the cylinder 3 and closes the-inlet port 10 of 'the cylinder 4, and thefifthvvalve 25 closes the exhaust port of the cylinder 4, theseposi- 1 tions being occupied by the valves 25 at the :same'time the cranks of the crank-shaft'fi occupy substantially horizontal positions, 7 with the piston 5 within'the. cylinderl 'atthe middle of its charging or suction stroke,

" the piston 5 within the'cylinder 2 at the middle ofits compression stroke, the piston 5 within the cylinder 3 at the middle Of'itS exhausting stroke, and the piston 5 within the cylinder 4"at the middle of its power 4 or firing stroke. It will be observed that,

when the valves 25' occupy the positions just described, the first, third, and fifth valves v 25 stand midway between the limits of their rocking movement, and the second and fourth valves 25 Jstand'at the end of their rocking vmovement clockwise, Fig. 2

5 While the crankrsh aft 6 is rotated through the particular 180 degrees necessary to efl'ect a complete charging or suction stroke of the piston 5 within the cylinder 1, a complete compression stroke of the piston 5 within the cylinder 2, a complete exhausting stroke of the piston 5 within the cylinder 3, and a complete power or firing stroke of the piston 5 within the cylinder 4, the

. second and fourth valves 25 will have been moved to the limitof its clockwise movement, Fig. 2, and then moved counter-clockwise, whereby the said second and fourth. valves will effect theopening and closing of i the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 1 and, also,

the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 3 and maintain the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder ,2 and the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 4 closed, the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 1, the inlet'ports 10 of the cylinders 2 and 3,

and 'the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 4 being kept closed by the first, third, and fifth valves 25, which will have been'moved counter-clockwise. While the crank-shaft 6 is rotated through the next 180 degrees, the piston 5 within the cylinder 1 makes a completeco'mpression stroke, the piston 5 within the cylinder 2-makes a complete power -'-closed, and the second and fourth valves 25 continuing to rock counter-clockwise and maintaining the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 1, the exhaust ports 11 of the cylinders 4 closed. During the'next 180 degrees of rotary movement ofthe crank-shaft 6, the piston 5 within the'cylinder 1 makes a com plete power or-firing stroke, the piston 5 within the cylinder .2 makes a complete exhausting stroke, the piston 5 within the cylinder 3 makes a complete compression stroke, and the piston 5 within the cylinder .4 makes a complete charging or suction "stroke, the second and fourth valves 25 rocking to'the' limit of their counter-clockwise thereby elfecting the opening and closing of the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 2 and,

also, the inlet'port' 10 of the cylinder 4 and maintaining the inletport 10 of the cylinder 1 and the exhaust port 11 of the'cylinder 3 closed, and the first, third, and fifth valves movement and then rocking clockwise,

25 continuing to rock clockwise and main taining the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 7 1, the inlet ports 10 of the cylinders 2 and 3,

and the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 4 closed. While the crank-shaft 6 is rotated through the next or last 180 degrees necessary to complete a cycle in each cylinder, the piston 5 within the'cylinder 1 makes a complete exhausting stroke, the piston 5. within the cylinder 2 makes a complete charging or suction stroke, the piston 5 within the cylinder 3 makes a complete power or firing stroke, and the piston 5 within the cylinder 4 makes a complete compression stroke, the first, third, and fifth valves 25 rocking to the limit of their clockwisemovement and then rocking counter-clockwise, with the result of effecting the opening and closing of the exhaust port 11 of the. cylinder 1 and, also, the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 2 and maintaining the inlet port 10 of the cylinder 3 and the exhaust port 11 of the cylinder 4 closed, and the second and fourth valves 25 continuing to rock clockwise and and 3, and the inlet port 10 of the cylinder L closed.

IVhile it has been hereinabove stated that the cranks of the crank-shaft 6 are so arranged that the power or firing strokes of the pistons 5 occur in the cylinders l, 2, 3, and I in the following order, viz., 1, 3, 4: and 2, yet, it should be understood that the cranks of the crank-shaft may be arranged so that the power or firing strokes of the pistons will follow in any other desired sequence, in which event the Valves 25 would be so arranged and their movements so timed as to open and close the inlet ports 10 and the exhaust ports 11 of the cylinders in the proper order. Furthermore, the engine may have a greater or less number of cylinders, in which case a greater or less number of valves 25 would be employed and would be so arranged and their movements so timed as .to open and close the inlet ports 10 and the exhaust ports 11 of the cylinders in proper sequence. lVhile we have herein illustrated and described one form of mechanism that can be employed for actuating the valves, we wish it to be understood that our invention is not limited to such a mechanism, as it is immaterial, so far as our broad idea is concerned, what means is employed for actuating the valves, so long as they are rocked positively in opposite directions to open and close the ports in the cylinders.

An oil-pump 57 and a water-circulating pump 58 may be supported in the housing 4:6 and have their piston-rods 59 and 60 operatively connected with the blocks 50, respectively, so as to be operated by the latter. The inlet pipe 61 of the oil-pump 57 is connected with an oil-supply receptacle (not shown), and the discharge pipe 62 of the oil-pump leads to an oil-distributing reor parts of the machine requiring lubrication. The inlet pipe 65 of the water-circulating pump 58 is connected with the radiator (not shown) and the discharge pipe 66 of the water-circulating pump is connected with the inlet pipe 22 of the water-jacket 20, it being, of course, understood that the outlet pipe 21 of the water-jacket leads to the radiator. By this arrangement, the reciprocating blocks 50 operate the valves 25, the oil-pump 57, and the water-circulating pump 58. The housing .46 may contain a lubricant for blocks 50 and parts associated therewith.

Various changes in the details of construction and arrangement of parts may be made without departing from the nature and spirit of the present invention.

We claim:

1. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports, and a pair of positively-actuated oscillating valves that act independently of each other, one of said valves controlling one of said ports and the other valve controlling the other port.

2. In an internal combustion engine, the

combination of a cylinder having an inletport and an exhaust port, and two oscillatlng valves having no direct communication with each other that control said ports independently of each other, both of said valves being moved positively in opposite directions when the engine is in operation.

3. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder provided with an inlet port and an exhaust port, two separate and distinct valve casings, one of which communicates with one of said ports and the other with the remaining port, and separate and distinct oscillating valves mounted in said valve casings and operated independently of each other for controlling said ports.

4. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder provided with an inlet port and an exhaust port, a hollow rockable exhaust valve that controls said exhaust port, and an independently operated hollow rockable inlet valve that controls said inlet port, said valves having ports that versely across the head of the cylinder, each of which. communicates with one of said ports, and positively actuated rockable valves arranged in said casings for controlling said ports independently. of each other.

6. In an internal combustion engine, the

' combination of two adjacent cylinders and combination of two cylinders and a hollowcontrolling valve provided with a chamber from which the combustible gases are admitted to one cylinder, and a separate and' distinct chamber from which the burnt gases are exhausted from the other cylinder.

8. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of two cylinders, a valvecasing that communicates with an inlet port in one cylinder and an exhaust port in the other cylinder, an inlet manifold and an exhaust manifold communicating with said valve casing at separated points, and a controlling valve in said casing that governs the admission of the combustible gases to" one cylinder and the exhaust of the'burnt gases from the other cylinder.

9. In an internal combustlon enginegsth'e combination of two cylinders and-an o'scil-' lating controlling valve provided with two non-communicating compartments or 'ch'am bers, one of which is'adapt'ed to register with an exhaust port in one cylinder and the I other of which is adapted to register with an inlet port in the othercylinder.

10. In an internal combustion engine ,the' combination of two cylinders and a cylindrical-shaped oscillating valve .providedwith a longitudinally-disposed partition that divides the interior of" same "into two compartments', one of which is adapted to register with an inlet port of one cylinderand the other of which is adapted to register. with an exhaust port in-the other cylinder when the 'engineds in operation. I I 11. Inan internal combustion engine pro 1 vided with a'cylinjder that has an inlet port one of said ports, an'exhaust pipe communieating w th one of-said valvechambers, an

intake manifold: communicating -.with the other valve chamber," said .manifolds being located on opposite sides'ofthe'engine, and separate and distinct hollow valves oscillat ingly mounted in said valvefcasings for controlling the inletandqexhaust of i the gases to and from saidcylinder.

, 12. A multi c'ylind r,gfour -.cycle internal combustion engine provided with oscillating valves arranged groups, each group com- I inders.

prising a plurality of valves that cotiperate with all' of the cylinders, and which are so designed and arranged that they will control the inlet and exhaust of the gases to and from the .cylindersin proper sequence. 13. A multi-cy'linder, four-cycle internal combustion engine provided withtwo groups of oscillating valves that govern the admis-' I sion and exhaust of the gases to and from the cylinders in proper sequence, each group comprising a plurality of valves, some of which control the inlet of the gases to cerports of the remaining cylinders, and the .valves of the' other group controlling the.-

ports in the cylinders that are not governed "15. A multi-cylinder, four-cycle internal combustion engine provided with groups (of positively-actuated valves arranged in ,such a' mannerthat the valves of one group move in unison in'one direction, while the valvesof a difi'erent group move in unison in the opposite direction, one group controlling the inlet ports of certain cylinders land-the exhaust-ports of the remaining cylinders and. the other-group controlling the ports that are not'governed by the group of valves first'referred to. I I

Q16. A fmulti-cylinder,[four-cycle internal combustion engine/provided with rockable valves that control the inlet and exhaust of I 'the gases to and'from the cylinders in proper sequence, said valves being so designed that the combustiblegase's do not enter or pass through the spaces in said valves through which the burnt gases-escaperfrom thecyl-v 17. A multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, each cylinder of which is provided I and an'xhaust portform'ed in itshead, two., separate and distinct valve chambers extending transversely across the, head of the cyl- 'inder, and each of'which codpei -"ates;withwith an inletportand an exhaust port, and

said cylinders, certain of said valves con- 1'15;- oscillating 'valves that govern the ports of trolling two ..of the-ports of adjacent cylinders.

'18. A multi cylinder internal combustion engine, 'eachl-cylinderofwhich is provided. with an 'inle'tport and an exhaust port, and A controlling the inlet and exhaust of the gases to and from'all of the cylinders in I 'proper sequence, certain of said valves being inders, and the remaining valves being directly connected-together and constituting a second group which controls the ports in the cylinders that are not governed by the group of valves first referred to.

20. A multi-cylinder, four-cycle internal combustion engine, each cylinder of Which is provided-in its head withianinlet port and an exhaust port, a plurality of valve casings,

some of'which communicate with only one cylinder and the others communicating with a plurality of cylinders, and rockable valves shaft, a pair of reciprocating blocks located in said casings that are moved positively in opposite directions so as to govern the inlet and exhaust of the gases to and from the cylinders. s

21. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports in its head, rocking valves controlling said ports rocking members operatively connected with said valves for actuating same, reciprocating members operatively connected with said rocking members for actuating same, a member borne by the crank-shaft having means for actuating said reciprocating members, a housing inclosing said reciprocating members, and the member borne by the crank-shaft, and guiding means for said reciprocating members supported in said housing. 7

22. In an internal combustion engine, the

combination of a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports in its head, rocking valves controlling said ports, a member having a cam groove in its periphery borne by the crank-shaft, a pair of reciprocating blocks located adjacent to opposite sides of said member, means carried by said blocks adapted to ride in the cam groove in said member means operative by said blocks for actuating said valves, and guide-rods supporting sai blocks.

23. In an internal combustion engine, the comblnation of a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports in its head, rocking valves con trolling said ports, a member having a cam groove in'its periphery borne by the crankadjacent to opposite sides of said member and having complementarygrooves in their opposed faces for the reception of said member, guide rods supporting said blocks,

pair of reciprocating blocks located adjacent v I to opposite sides of said member, means carried by said blocks adapted to ride in the cam groove in said member, means operative by said blocks for actuating said valves, and means for lubricating said valves including a pump operative by oneof said blocks adapted to force a lubricant to said valves.

25. In an internal combustion engine,'tl1e combination of a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports in its head and provided with a water-jacket, valves controlling said ports, a member having a cam groove in its periphery borne by the crank-shaft, a pair of reciprocating blocks located adjacent to opposite sides of said member, means carried by said. blocks adapted to ride in the cam groove in said member, means operative by said blocks for actuating said valves, and a water-circulating pump operative by one of said blocks and having a connection with the water-jacket.

26. In an internal combustion engine, the combination of a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports in its head and provided with a Water-jacket, valves controlling said ports, a member having a cam groove in its periph ery borne by the crank-shaft, a pair of reciprocating blocks located adjacent to opposite sides of said member, means carried by said blocks adapted to ride in the cam groove in said member, means operative by said blocks for actuating said valves, a watercirculating pump operative by one of said blocks and having a connection with the Water-jacket, and means for lubricating said valves including a pump operative by the other of said blocks adapted to force a lubricant to said valves.

In testimony whereof We hereunto afiix our-signatures in the presence of two witnesses.

' WALTER F. KOKEN.

ANTON J. PICHL. v Witnesses:

H. D. PARRY,

A. JoHNsoN.

ieiiers ateni 15153 225 or. 123-811;. 1 v

his hereb owed m mm No. 1,161,221, ted] November g l lazillglpn the armored tor F. Kokeo; and AnfionJ.Pieh1,of St: Louis,

Misxorrri; for on improremem 7 (Valve Mechanisms for Int'ernal-Uombustion n manferrorfeparsthe printed specificotiorl requiringeorreetion as follows: Poge 21, line 116, strike outthe Worfi by; d that the said Letters Patent should reardwith this *eorreetion therein thet the some may conform to the record I of t he flahe Potent 'Ufifiroe. r E & seo led this Mth dlrry'of December, A. B51915.

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