TWM503226U - A gas generator - Google Patents

Abstract

A gas generator for health is provided. The gas generator for health includes an electrolysis device, a gas mixing camber and a gas output device. The electrolysis device is for electrolyzing water to produce a combination gas including hydrogen and oxygen. The gas mixing camber includes a shell and a cover. The shell has an anti-explosion hole. The cover is separatably disposed on the anti-explosion hole, and the diameter of the anti-explosion hole is larger than 0.5 cm. The gas mixing camber is connected to the electrolysis device for receiving the combination gas. A vaporized gas is generated by the gas mixing chamber and mixed with the combination gas to produce a healthy gas. The gas output device is connected to the gas mixing camber for outputting the healthy gas to an user to breath.

Description

Gas generator

The present invention relates to a gas generator, and more particularly to an anti-tempering gas generator.

Human beings have always attached great importance to life. Many medical technologies have been developed to fight disease and continue human life. Most of the past medical treatments are passive, that is, when the disease occurs, the disease is treated again, such as surgery, drug administration, and even chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or the rehabilitation, rehabilitation, and correction of chronic diseases. However, in recent years, many medical experts have gradually made research toward preventive medical methods, such as health food research, genetic disease screening and early prevention, etc., and actively prevent future morbidity. In addition, in order to extend human life, many anti-aging and anti-oxidation technologies have been developed and widely used by the public, including smeared skin care products and antioxidant foods/drugs.

Studies have found that the body's unstable oxygen (O+), also known as free radicals (harmful free radicals), can be mixed with inhaled hydrogen for various reasons (such as disease, diet, environment or lifestyle). Part of the water, and excreted. Indirectly reduce the amount of free radicals in the human body, achieve acidic body to reduce to a healthy alkaline body, can resist oxidation, anti-aging, and thus achieve the elimination of chronic diseases and beauty care effects. There are even clinical trials showing that for some long-term beds People, because of long-term breathing of high concentrations of oxygen, lung damage, can be inhaled by hydrogen to relieve the symptoms of lung injury.

However, when the oxyhydrogen machine is used, it avoids the tempering of the flame generated by the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen to the direction of the hydrogen and oxygen in the device, which is the key to safe use. Because, if hydrogen and oxygen are burned and tempered into the outlet end of the electrolyzed hydrogen and oxygen, it will cause the hydrogen-oxygen gas generator to explode, posing a great danger.

One of the viewpoints of the present invention is to provide a gas generator which can generate a health gas containing a mixed gas of hydrogen and oxygen and an atomized/volatile gas for the user to take.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a gas generator comprising an electrolysis device, an atomization/volatile gas generator, and a gas output device is provided. The electrolysis device houses an electrolyzed water for electrolytically electrolyzing water to produce a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas. The atomizing/volatile gas generator comprises a casing and a cover. The housing has an explosion-proof hole. The cover is detachably disposed in the explosion-proof hole, wherein the diameter of the explosion-proof hole is greater than 0.5 cm. An atomizing/volatile gas generator is used to receive the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas. The atomization/volatile gas generator additionally generates an atomizing gas to be mixed with the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to form a health care gas. The gas output device is connected to the atomizing/volatile gas generator for outputting the health care gas for the user to draw.

A gas generator according to another embodiment of the present invention further includes a tempering device. The tempering device is disposed between the electrolysis device and the atomizing/volatile gas generator. The tempering device comprises an introduction tube and a discharge tube, and the tempering device is coupled to the electrolysis device by the introduction tube, and the tempering device is coupled to the atomization/volatile gas generator by the outlet tube.

A gas generator according to still another embodiment of the present invention may include a flow controller coupled to the electrolysis device to control the flow rate of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas, wherein the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas The flow rate is between 0.01 L/min. and 12 L/min.

Further, in a gas generator according to still another embodiment of the present invention, the flow controller may include a flow rate detector coupled to the electrolysis device, and when the flow rate detector detects an abnormal flow of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas generated by the electrolysis cell (For example, greater than a safe value or lower than another safe value), the flow detector will cut off the power of the electrolytic cell, thereby reducing the hydrogen concentration in the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the gas generator further includes a pressure detector and a deflation valve, and the pressure detector is coupled to the electrolysis device to detect whether the air pressure of the electrolysis device is greater than a dangerous value, when greater than one At the jeopardy value, the pressure detector selectively opens the bleed valve to reduce the pressure of the gas within the electrolyzer.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the gas generator further includes an additive gas unit coupled to the electrolysis device for adding a gas to the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to reduce the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas. A hydrogen gas volume concentration. The gas added therein is air, water vapor, blunt gas, oxygen or a combination thereof.

According to the gas generator provided by the present invention, a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas can be generated, and the atomized syrup, water vapor or volatile essential oil can be selectively mixed to form a health care gas for the user to inhale. Since the health gas contains a certain concentration of hydrogen, the user can resist oxidation and prevent aging after absorption. In addition, the health care gas may contain an atomized syrup, which may help the user to absorb the syrup. In addition, the health gas contains volatile essential oils, which can help the user to relieve stress and improve health.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a gas generator comprising an electrolysis device, an atomization/volatile gas generator, a gas output device, and a tempering device is provided. The electrolysis device houses an electrolyzed water for electrolytically electrolyzing water to generate a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas, wherein the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas is output from an output line of the electrolysis device. The atomizing/volatile gas generator comprises a casing and a Cover. The housing has an explosion-proof hole. The cover is detachably disposed in the explosion-proof hole, wherein the diameter of the explosion-proof hole is greater than 0.5 cm. An atomizing/volatile gas generator is used to receive the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas. The atomization/volatile gas generator additionally generates an atomizing gas to be mixed with the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to form a health care gas. The gas output device receives the health care gas and outputs the health care gas. The tempering device is disposed between the output line of the electrolysis device and the gas output device.

According to the gas generator provided by the present invention, when the hydrogen and oxygen are combusted, the gas generator of the present invention can generate tempering by using a tempering device to prevent the generated flame from being burned back toward the electrolysis device, and additionally, when hydrogen and oxygen are generated. The energy generated during combustion can also be flushed out by the explosion-proof hole provided with the cover, thereby improving the anti-tempering ability of the novel and reducing the damage caused by the gas explosion.

W‧‧‧electrolyzed water

G‧‧‧Hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas

1‧‧‧ gas generator

10‧‧‧Electrolytic device

12‧‧‧Input line

13‧‧‧Output line

14A, 14B‧‧‧ electrodes

16‧‧‧electrolyzer

18‧‧‧ water tank

20‧‧‧Atomizing/Volatilizing Gas Generator

22‧‧‧ housing

220‧‧‧Explosion-proof hole

24‧‧‧ Cover

26‧‧‧pipe

30‧‧‧tempering device

32‧‧‧Introduction tube

34‧‧‧Extraction tube

40‧‧‧Flow controller

50‧‧‧ Pressure detector

60‧‧‧Discharge valve

70‧‧‧Adding a gas unit

80‧‧‧ gas output device

Figure 1 is a functional block diagram showing the gas generator of the present invention in one embodiment.

2 is a schematic view showing an electrolysis device, a flow controller, and an additive gas unit of the gas generator of the present invention in one embodiment.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view showing the atomization/volatile gas generator and the gas output device provided with the cover in the gas generator of the present invention.

FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram showing the atomization/volatile gas generator and the gas output device of the gas generator of the present invention in which the cover is not provided.

4 and 5 are schematic views showing different angles of view of the gas generator of the present invention in one embodiment.

The advantages, spirits and features of the present invention will be described and discussed in detail by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is worth noting that in order to make the new model easier to understand, Some of the drawings are only schematic and the relevant dimensions are not shown in actual scale.

For the sake of the advantages and spirit of the present invention, the spirit and the features can be more easily and clearly understood, and the detailed description and discussion will be made by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted that the embodiments are merely representative embodiments of the present invention, and the specific methods, devices, conditions, materials, and the like are not intended to limit the present invention or the corresponding embodiments.

Please refer to FIG. 1 , which is a functional block diagram of the gas generator 1 of the present invention in an embodiment. The gas generator 1 of the present invention comprises an electrolysis device 10, an atomization/volatile gas generator 20, and a gas output device 80. The electrolysis device 10 houses an electrolyzed water W to electrolytically electrolyze the water W to produce a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G. The main component of the electrolyzed water W is pure water, and a small amount of electrolyte such as sodium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride or the like may be added as needed. The atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 includes a housing 22 and a cover 24. The housing 22 has an explosion-proof hole 220. The cover 24 is detachably disposed in the explosion-proof hole 220, wherein the diameter of the explosion-proof hole 220 is greater than 0.5 cm. The atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 is connected to the electrolysis device 10 to receive the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G. The atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 generates an atomizing gas to mix G with the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to form a health care gas. The gas output device 80 is connected to the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 for receiving the health care gas from the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 to output the health care gas for the user to draw.

The electrolysis device 10 includes an electrolytic cell 16, the electrode 16 further includes electrodes 14A, 14B, and the electrodes 14A, 14B are a cathode electrode and an anode electrode, respectively, and are coupled to a power source (not shown) to provide electrolysis. The electrical energy required for water. In some embodiments, the polarity of the electrodes 14A, 14B can be fixed, such as electrode 14A being the cathode and electrode 14B being the anode. In other embodiments, the polarity of the electrodes 14A, 14B may be alternately transformed, such as at a certain point in time, the electrode 14A is The cathode, the electrode 14B is an anode; after a predetermined time, at another point in time, the electrode 14A is switched to be an anode, the electrode 14B is a cathode, and so on.

The electrolyzed water W in the electrolytic cell 16 starts to be electrolyzed after being energized by the electrodes 14A, 14B, and hydrogen is generated at the cathode (negative electrode), oxygen is generated at the anode (positive electrode), and is released into the upper portion of the electrolytic cell 16 to form a hydrogen. Oxygen mixed gas G. In addition, the electrolytic cell 16 may further include an input line 12 for supplementing the electrolyzed water W in the electrolytic cell 16. The hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G is output from the output line 13 of the electrolytic cell 16 for subsequent use. Of course, in another embodiment, the hydrogen generated by the cathode and the oxygen generated by the anode may be separately guided out of the electrolytic cell 16 by a gas conduit, and then mixed to produce a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas. Since the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen produced by electrolysis of water W after electrolysis is about 2:1 (H ₂ :O ₂ ), the proportion of hydrogen may exceed 66%. In some embodiments, to prevent hydrogen explosion, another gas may be added to the output hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G through an additive gas unit 70 to reduce the concentration of hydrogen in the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G, such as the volume of the hydrogen gas. The concentration is reduced between 2% and 60%, for example between 2% and 4%. The added gas may be air, an inert gas (such as nitrogen, etc.), oxygen, water vapor, or any combination of the above.

The reduction of the flow rate of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas can also achieve the explosion-proof effect indirectly. In another embodiment, a flow controller 40 can also be disposed in the output line 13 to control the flow rate of the output of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G. When the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G is introduced into the next device and mixed with the gas in the next device, the concentration of hydrogen gas can be lowered. In an embodiment, the flow controller 40 may include a flow detector. Sometimes, due to the instability of the power supply, the electrolytic cell 16 may cause a sudden increase in the amount of hydrogen oxygen, so that the output line 13 or the electrolytic cell 16 The flow detector can also be configured such that when the flow rate of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G generated by the electrolytic cell is greater than a dangerous value (for example, the dangerous value should not exceed 12 liters per minute, ie 12 L/min, or 12000 c.c/min), Flow controller 40 The power supply of the electrolytic cell 16 is cut off to prevent the hydrogen concentration from being too high, thereby achieving a flow rate for controlling the output of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G, that is, the flow controller 40 can selectively cut off the power of the electrolytic cell 16. . However, if the hydrogen concentration is too low, the health care effect will be compromised, so the aforementioned dangerous value is preferably not less than 0.01 L/min, and generally the preferred value is between 0.01 L/min and 12 L/min. Of course, the flow detector (or flow controller 40) can also be installed in other locations as long as the flow of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas can be detected.

Further, the gas generator of the present invention further includes a pressure detector 50 and a bleed valve 60 electrically coupled to the pressure detector 50, such as the pressure detector 50 and the bleed valve 60 coupled to the electrolysis device 10 in FIG. The pressure detector 50 detects the air pressure of the electrolysis device 10. When it is greater than a dangerous value (for example, 1 atmosphere, that is, 1 Pa), the pressure detector 50 opens the deflation valve 60 to lower the gas pressure in the electrolysis device until the The safety value is set to have an explosion-proof effect, that is, the pressure detector 50 can selectively open the deflation valve 60. Of course, the pressure detector 50 and the deflation valve 60 can be coupled to other positions as long as the pressure of the oxy-hydrogen mixed gas G can be detected and the gas pressure is lowered to a predetermined safety value. The combination of the above-described additive gas unit 70, flow controller 40 (or flow detector), pressure detector 50, and bleed valve 60 can achieve the effect of reducing the hydrogen concentration and further having an explosion-proof function.

Next, please refer to FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the atomizer/volatile gas generator and the gas output device provided with the cover in the embodiment of the gas generator of the present invention, and FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram showing the atomization/volatile gas generator and the gas output device of the gas generator of the present invention in which the cover is not provided. The atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 includes an atomizing/volatile gas mixing tank (not shown) which produces an atomized/volatile gas. In the present embodiment, the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 further includes a line 26, which is the output of FIG. The line 13 is coupled to receive the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G and further mixed with the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas G to form a health care gas. In addition, the atomization/volatile gas mixing tank further includes an oscillator adapted to atomize the first liquid and the second liquid in the atomization/volatile gas mixing tank to generate atomized/volatile gas. The first liquid is, for example, pure water, as a base liquid for oscillating atomization. The second liquid may be an essential oil, a syrup, pure water or a combination thereof. The atomized/volatile gas thus produced may be one of a group consisting of water vapor, atomized syrup, volatile essential oil, and combinations thereof.

Further, the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 includes a casing 22 and a cover 24. In one embodiment, the housing 22 has a semi-circular upper cover. In practical applications, the desired atomized liquid can be placed in the atomization/volatile gas mixing tank by removing the semi-circular upper cover. Further, the housing 22 has an explosion-proof hole 220 (as shown in FIG. 3B), which allows the user to drip the liquid to be atomized by a suction device such as a dropper; When the gas bursts, the internal energy can be released outward through the explosion-proof hole. However, the holes of the explosion-proof hole may cause the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas or the atomized/volatile gas to leak therefrom. Therefore, in the present invention, the cover 24 is detachably disposed in the explosion-proof hole 220. In practical applications, the cover 24 can be covered, plugged or snapped to the explosion-proof hole 220 by sealing the explosion-proof hole so that The health care gas can be output to the gas output device 80 without being leaked by the explosion-proof hole 220. Further, since the cover 24 can be made of a rubber material, such as rubber or a flexible plastic material, when hydrogen and oxygen are burned, the energy generated by the cover can be exploded by the cover 24. Hole 220 is punched out. In the present embodiment, the diameter of the explosion-proof hole is greater than 0.5 cm or greater than 0.8 cm, such as between 0.9 and 1.5 cm. Further, in the preferred embodiment, the diameter of the explosion-proof hole is between 0.8 and 1.2 cm. . In one embodiment, the cover 24 is made of soft rubber, and the thickness of the cover 24 is about 0.1 mm to 2 mm in the vicinity of the center portion, and the peripheral portion of the cover 24 has a engaging portion (not shown) for engagement. To the explosion-proof hole 220.

The gas output device 80 is coupled to the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 for outputting the health care gas for the user to draw.

Moreover, in one embodiment, the gas generator of the present invention further includes a tempering device 30 for preventing tempering from occurring. The tempering device 30 can be disposed between the output line of the electrolysis device and the gas output device, and in one embodiment the tempering device 30 is coupled between the electrolysis device 10 and the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20. The tempering device 30 includes an introduction tube 32 and a delivery tube 34 (shown in Figure 1). The tempering device 30 can be coupled to the electrolysis device 10 via an introduction tube 32, and the tempering device 30 can be coupled to the conduit of the atomizing/volatile gas generator 20 by a discharge tube 34. In an embodiment, an anti-tempering cavity is disposed between the introduction tube 32 and the outlet tube 34, and a metal anti-tempering net may be disposed in the anti-tempering chamber. In this way, when the hydrogen and oxygen gas is burned, the gas generator of the present invention can generate tempering phenomenon by the tempering device 30 to prevent the generated flame from being burned back toward the electrolysis device, and the hydrogen gas is generated during combustion. The energy can also be flushed out by the explosion-proof hole 220 provided with the cover 24, thereby improving the anti-tempering ability of the novel and reducing the damage caused by the gas explosion.

Finally, please refer to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 , which are schematic diagrams showing different angles of view of the gas generator of the present invention in one embodiment. In one embodiment, the gas generator of the present invention comprises a water tank, an electrolysis device 10 (in this embodiment, the electrolysis device is placed in a water tank, not shown), an atomization/volatile gas mixing tank 20, Pump unit, condensate filter, cooling unit and humidification unit. Here, mainly, the relative positions of the electrolysis device 10 (within the water tank 18), the atomization/volatile gas generator 20, and the gas output device 80 are shown.

In one embodiment, when the electrolysis device is electrically connected to an external power source, the output voltage of the power source is between about 17 volts (V) and 27 volts (V), and the output current of the power source is about 30 amps (A) to 40 amps ( Between A), that is, the electrolysis device produces an outgas volume of between about 1.5 liters and 4.0 liters per minute. to When used, the voltage of each group of electrodes (between the positive and negative electrodes) is between 1.5 volts (V) and 3 volts (V). If there are eight groups, the voltage is between 12V and 24V. However, in the actual application, when the electrolysis device is electrically connected to an external power source, the output voltage of the power source is between about 5 volts (V) and 24 volts (V), and the output current of the power source is about 2 amps ( A) to 150 amps (A), that is, the power of the electrolysis device is between 10 watts (ie about 5V*2A) to 3600 watts (ie about 24V*150A), and the electrolysis device can generate 0.01 liters to 12 liters per minute. The amount of gas discharged between liters.

In summary, according to the gas generator provided by the present invention, a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas can be generated, and the atomized syrup, water vapor or volatile essential oil can be selectively mixed to form a health care gas for the user to inhale. Since the health gas contains a certain concentration of hydrogen, the user can resist oxidation and prevent aging after absorption. In addition, the health care gas may contain an atomized syrup, which may help the user to absorb the syrup. In addition, the health gas contains volatile essential oils, which can help the user to relieve stress and improve health.

Further, according to the gas generator provided by the present invention, when the hydrogen and oxygen are burned, the gas generator of the present invention can generate tempering in addition to the tempering device to prevent the generated flame from being burned back toward the electrolysis device. The energy generated by the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen can also be flushed out by the explosion-proof hole provided with the cover, thereby improving the anti-tempering ability of the novel and reducing the damage caused by the gas explosion.

The features and spirit of the present invention are intended to be more apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiments. On the contrary, the intention is to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements within the scope of the claimed invention. Although the present invention has been disclosed in the above embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention, and anyone skilled in the art may not deviate from the essence of the present invention. Within the scope of God and the scope, the various modifications and refinements may be made, and the scope of protection of this new type shall be subject to the definition of the scope of the patent application.

1‧‧‧ gas generator

10‧‧‧Electrolytic device

20‧‧‧Atomizing/Volatilizing Gas Generator

30‧‧‧tempering device

32‧‧‧Introduction tube

34‧‧‧Extraction tube

40‧‧‧Flow controller

50‧‧‧ Pressure detector

60‧‧‧Discharge valve

70‧‧‧Adding a gas unit

80‧‧‧ gas output device

Claims (12)

A gas generator comprising: an electrolysis device for accommodating an electrolyzed water for electrolyzing the electrolyzed water to generate a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas; and an atomization/volatile gas generator comprising a casing and a cover a cover, the housing has an explosion-proof hole, the cover is detachably disposed in the explosion-proof hole, the atomization/volatile gas generator is configured to receive the mixed gas of hydrogen and oxygen, and the atomization/volatile gas generator generates another fog The gas is mixed with the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to form a health care gas, wherein the explosion-proof hole has a diameter greater than 0.5 cm; and a gas output device is connected to the atomization/volatile gas generator, and the gas output device is used for The health gas is output for the user to draw. The gas generator of claim 1, wherein the explosion-proof hole has a diameter of between 0.8 and 1.2 cm. A gas generator according to claim 1, wherein the cover is made of a rubber material. The gas generator of claim 1, wherein the atomizing gas is selected from the group consisting of water vapor, atomized syrup, volatile essential oil, and combinations thereof. The gas generator of claim 1, further comprising a tempering device disposed between the electrolysis device and the atomizing/volatile gas generator. The gas generator of claim 5, wherein the tempering device comprises an introduction tube and a discharge tube, the tempering device being coupled to the electrolysis device by the introduction tube, the tempering device by the outlet tube Coupling with the atomization/volatile gas generator. The gas generator of claim 1, further comprising a flow controller, wherein the flow controller is coupled to the electrolysis device, the flow controller controls a flow rate of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas, wherein the flow of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas Between 0.01L/min~12L/min. The gas generator of claim 1, wherein the flow controller comprises a flow detector for detecting a flow rate of the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas, and the flow controller selectively cuts off the electrolysis device and a power source. Electrical connection. The gas generator of claim 1, further comprising a pressure detector and a vent valve electrically coupled to the pressure detector, the pressure detector coupled to the electrolysis device to detect the electrolysis device Whether the air pressure is greater than a dangerous value, the pressure detector can selectively open the air release valve. The gas generator of claim 1, further comprising an additive gas unit, wherein the additive gas unit is coupled to the electrolysis device for adding a gas to the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to reduce the hydrogen-oxygen mixture. A concentration of hydrogen gas in the gas, wherein the gas system is selected from the group consisting of air, water vapor, blunt gas, oxygen, and combinations thereof. A gas generator comprising: an electrolysis device for accommodating an electrolyzed water for electrolyzing the electrolyzed water to generate a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas, wherein the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas is output from an output line of the electrolysis device An atomizing/volatile gas generator comprising a casing and a cover, the casing having an explosion-proof hole, the cover being detachably disposed in the explosion-proof hole, the atomization/volatile gas generator for receiving the a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas, the atomization/volatile gas generator further generates an atomizing gas to be mixed with the hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas to form a health care gas, wherein the explosion-proof hole has a diameter greater than 0.5 cm; a gas output device receives The health care gas outputs the health care gas; and a tempering device disposed between the output line of the electrolysis device and the gas output device. The gas generator of claim 11, wherein the cover is made of a rubber material, and the central portion of the cover has a thickness of between 0.1 mm and 2 mm.