TWI725172B - Optical switch devices - Google Patents

Abstract

A security device includes an array of lenses and a plurality of first and second segments disposed under the array of lenses. At a first viewing angle, the array of lenses presents a first image for viewing without presenting the second image for viewing, and at a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the array of lenses presents for viewing the second image without presenting the first image for viewing. At least one first or second segment includes one or more microstructures or one or more nanostructures configured to produce one or more colors for the first or second image.

Description

Optical switch device

The present invention generally relates to optical switch devices. Specifically, the optical switch device includes an optical feature and/or color generating structure (for example, a microstructure and/or nanostructure configured to provide one or more colors) under a lens array to present a Icon for viewing.

The optical switch device can be used as a security device, such as an anti-counterfeiting feature (for example, on a banknote). Holographic images have been used as a forgery deterrent. However, this technology has become so common for hundreds or even thousands of holographic stores around the world that holographic images are now considered by some to have poor security. Optically variable ink and optically variable magnetic ink have also been used on banknotes. However, these products have now been simulated or even made of materials similar to the originals, and these security elements as a high security feature are now suspicious. Movement type security elements have been adopted in banknotes, but even here, this feature has been widely used in commercial products. Therefore, with respect to a security device, a new security feature that is difficult to counterfeit and can be easily incorporated into an item (such as a banknote) can be expected.

According to certain embodiments described herein, an optical switch device such as a safety device is disclosed. Advantageously, the security device disclosed herein can present a clear, high-contrast image with or without fast-switching colors that is difficult to forge. The present invention provides a security device including a lens array. The device may also include a plurality of first and second segments arranged under the lens array. The first segment may correspond to an icon and a part of the background. At a first viewing angle, the lens array presents an icon for viewing. At a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array is not shown as an illustration for viewing. Individuals of the first segment may include specular reflection features and diffuse features. The specular reflection feature can define one of the icon and the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the illustration, the diffuse feature can define the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the background, the diffuse feature can define the icon. The individual of the second segment may include the diffuse feature when the diffuse feature of the first segment defines the background, and may include the specular feature when the specular feature of the first segment defines the background. When viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection feature defines the icon and the diffuse feature defines the background, the icon may appear dark and the background may appear matte white or gray. Alternatively, when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection feature defines the background and the diffuse feature defines the icon, the icon may look matte white or gray and the background may look dark. The specular reflection feature can define the icon and the diffuse feature the background. At the first viewing angle, the lens array can present an icon and a background for viewing. The background may include a modeling background. In the second viewing angle, the lens array can present an unillustrated modeling background for viewing. The present invention provides a safety device including a lens array. The device may include a plurality of first and second segments arranged under the lens array. The first segment can correspond to a portion of a first image, and the second segment can correspond to a portion of a second image. The first and second images may include an icon and a background. At a first viewing angle, the lens array can present a first image for viewing but not a second image for viewing. At a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array can present the second image for viewing but not the first image for viewing. Each of the first and second segments may include specular reflection features and diffuse features. For the first and second segments, the specular reflection feature can define one of the icon and the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the illustration, the diffuse feature can define the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the background, the diffuse feature can define the icon. When viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection feature defines the icon and the diffuse feature defines the background, the icon may appear dark and the background may appear matte white or gray. Alternatively, when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection feature defines the background and the diffuse feature defines the icon, the icon may look matte white or gray and the background may look dark. For the first and second segments, the specular reflection feature can define the icon and the diffuse feature can define the background. The icon of the first image may have an overall shape different from the icon of the second image. The present invention provides a safety device including a lens array. The device may include a plurality of first and second segments arranged under the lens array. The first segment may correspond to a first icon and a part of a first background. The second segment may correspond to a second icon and a part of a second background. At a first viewing angle, the lens array can present the first icon and the first background for viewing without presenting the second icon for viewing. At a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array can present the second icon and the second background for viewing without presenting the first icon for viewing. The second background at the second viewing angle may appear to be the same as the first background at the first viewing angle in terms of shape, size, and brightness. Each of the first and second segments may include specular reflection features and diffuse features. For the first and second segments, the specular reflection feature can define the first and second icons, and the diffuse feature can define the first and second backgrounds. Alternatively, for the first and second segments, the diffuse feature can define the first and second icons, and the specular feature can define the first and second backgrounds. When viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection feature defines the first and second icons and the diffuse feature defines the first and second backgrounds, the first and second icons can appear dark and the first The first and second backgrounds can look matte white or gray. Alternatively, when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection feature defines the first and second backgrounds and the diffuse feature defines the first and second icons, the first and second icons may look dumb Light white or gray and the first and second backgrounds can look dark. For the first and second segments, the specular reflection feature can define the first and second icons and the diffuse feature can define the first and second background. The first and second backgrounds can be in the form of at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. The first and second backgrounds may further include a hidden feature. For example, the concealing feature can include a fluorescent material or an up-conversion pigment. The first and second backgrounds may further include a colorant, a dye, an ink, or a pigment. The present invention provides a safety device including a plurality of lenses forming a lens array along a longitudinal axis. A plurality of first and second segments can be arranged under the lens array. The first segment may correspond to a portion of a first set of one of the at least two icons, and the second segment may correspond to a portion of a second set of one of the at least two icons. At a first viewing angle, the lens array can present a first set of at least two illustrations for viewing. At a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array can present a second set of at least two illustrations for viewing. The icons in the first and second sets can be separated by the background. Furthermore, one or more of the at least two icons in the first set may be different from a corresponding one of the at least two icons in the second set. The first set and the second set can be presented for viewing in a column along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lens array. The present invention provides a safety device including a plurality of lenses forming a lens array along a longitudinal axis. A plurality of first and second segments can be arranged under the lens array. The first segment may correspond to a portion of a first set of at least four icons, and the second segment may correspond to a portion of a second set of at least four icons. At a first viewing angle, the lens array can present a first set of at least four icons in a row along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lens array for viewing. At a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the lens array may present a second set of at least four icons in a column along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lens array for viewing. The icons in the first and second sets can be separated by the background. One or more of the at least four icons in the first set may be different from a corresponding one of the at least four icons in the second set. The present invention provides a safety device including a lens array. A plurality of first and second segments can be arranged under the lens array. The first segment can correspond to a first icon and a part of a first background, and the second segment can correspond to a second icon and a part of a second background. At a first viewing angle, the lens array can present the first icon and the first background for viewing without presenting the second icon for viewing. At a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array can present the second icon and the second background for viewing without presenting the first icon for viewing. The individual of the first segment may include a first surface texture defining a first icon. The individual of the second segment may include a second surface texture that defines the second icon. The second surface texture may be different from the first surface texture. Each of the first and second segments may further include a third surface texture that defines the first and second backgrounds, respectively. The third surface texture may be different from the first and second surface textures. The first surface texture may include a moth-eye texture. The second surface texture may include an interference grating. The third surface texture may include a diffuse texture. The first surface texture may include a moth-eye texture. The second surface texture may include specular reflective features. The third surface texture includes a diffuse texture. The first surface texture may include specular reflective features. The second surface texture may include an interference grating. The third surface texture may include a diffuse texture. The present invention provides a safety device including a plurality of lenses forming a lens array. The lens may have a longitudinal axis arranged in a vertical direction. A plurality of first and second segments can be arranged under the lens array. The first segment may correspond to a portion of a right view of an image, and the second segment may correspond to a portion of a left view of an image. The image can include an icon and a background. When the first and second segments are tilted around the longitudinal axis of the lens, the lens array can present the right and left views of the image for a three-dimensional view of the image. Each of the first and second segments may include specular reflection features and diffuse features. For the first and second segments, the specular reflection feature can define one of the icon and the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the illustration, the diffuse feature can define the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the background, the diffuse feature can define the icon. The specular reflection feature can define the icon and the diffuse feature can define the background. The first and second segments may correspond to parts of at least three images. The present invention provides the following features in a safety device. The lens array may include a 1D lenticular lens array. The lens array may include a 2D lens array. For example, the lens array may include a first lenticular lens array with a first longitudinal axis and a second lenticular lens array with a second longitudinal axis. The first and second arrays may be configured such that the first longitudinal axis of the first array forms an angle from 5 degrees to 90 degrees with respect to the second longitudinal axis of the second array. Under one-point light source, the difference between the first and second viewing angles can be less than or equal to 15 degrees. Under an extended light source, the difference between the first and second viewing angles may be less than or equal to 20 degrees. After changing from the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle, a first image or icon or icon set can be flipped to the second image or icon or icon set without significant change. The first and second segments may each include a length, a width, and a thickness. The width of each of the first and second segments may be less than or equal to 80 microns. The first image or the second image, the icon, the first or second icon, or the first or second set may include a halftone image. The percentage of contrast between the icon and the background, between the first icon and the first background, or between the second icon and the second background can be from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction. Or from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle in a non-mirror direction. For the first or second segment, the diffuse feature can provide Lambertian reflectivity. For the first or second segment, the diffuse feature can have an elliptical output. The device may include a kinoform diffuser that provides a diffusing feature. For the first or second segment, the diffusion feature may include a brightness greater than 85 and a whiteness index greater than 85. For the first or second segment, wherein the diffusing particles may comprise TiO _2. For the first or second segment, the specular reflection feature and the diffusion feature may not provide diffraction or interference colors. For the first or second segment, the diffusion feature may include a colorant, an ink, a fluorescent chemical, a transparent dye, an opaque dye, or an opaque pigment. The icon, the first or second image, the first or second icon, or the first or second set may include at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. The background of the icon, the background of the first or second image, or the background of the first or second icon can include a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, an oval, a star, or a roll Flower edge. The background of the icon, the background of the first or second image, or the background of the first or second icon may include a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects. The security device may further include a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The lens array can be arranged on the first side of the substrate. The specular reflection feature and the diffusion feature can be placed on the second side of the substrate. The substrate may have a thickness in a range of 10 micrometers to 300 micrometers. The thickness can be in the range of 10 micrometers to 90 micrometers, 10 micrometers to 85 micrometers, 10 micrometers to 70 micrometers, 10 micrometers to 60 micrometers, 10 micrometers to 50 micrometers, 10 micrometers to 45 micrometers, and 10 micrometers to 40 micrometers. Any range within these ranges can be any value within this range or any range formed by such equivalent values. The security device can be configured to provide authenticity verification of a product for security. The item can be a credit card, a debit card, currency, a passport, a driving license, an ID card, a document, a tamper-proof container or packaging, or a bottle of medicine. The security device can be a security thread, a hot stamping feature, an embedded feature, a windowing feature, or a laminated feature. The security device may further include another optical element outside the first and second segments. The security device may further include another optical element in the first segment or the second segment. Another optical element may include a holographic element, a diffractive element, or a non-holographic non-diffractive element. The security device may further include one or more microstructure lenses. The one or more microstructure lenses may include a Fresnel lens or a diamond-shaped turning element. One or more microstructure lenses can be overprinted. The security device may further include a metalized coating. The security device may further include a metallized coating with a non-metallized portion to form at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an image or an object. The metallized coating may include aluminum, silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, tin, or any alloy thereof. The background of the first or second image, the background of the icon, or the first or second background may be transparent. For the first or second segment, the diffusing feature can be coated with a transparent high refractive index material. For the first or second segment, the diffusing feature can be coated with ZnS. The first segment may include halftones. The second segment may include halftones. The specular reflection feature and the diffusion feature can each have a size and be distributed in the first or second segment to provide a halftone image for generating the icon, the first or second image, the first or second icon, or the first Or the second set. The specular reflection feature and the diffusion feature can be included in the first or second segment in a quantity and distribution to provide a halftone image for generating the icon, the first or second image, the first or second icon, or the first image. One or second set. The first or second segment may include specular reflection features that provide halftones, wherein individual specular reflection features cannot be resolved by the naked eye in an image of specular reflection characteristics generated by a corresponding lens in the lens array. The shape of the icon, the shape of the first or second image, the shape of the first or second icon, or the shape of the first or second set can remain unchanged as the light source changes position. The first or second segment may include a micro image having a width and a height smaller than a width of the first or second segment. The micro image can be at least one alphanumeric character, symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a safety device. The method may include using an electron beam, lithography, or etching to prepare a master. The method may further include using a master to form specular reflection features or diffuse features. The various embodiments disclosed herein can be used for security documents, in particular, can be used as a security thread or a laminated strip in bank notes, or as a block or a window. The concepts and embodiments described in this article can also be used to prevent the forgery of other security items (such as passports, ID cards, chip cards, credit cards, stock certificates and other investment securities, discount coupons, admission tickets, and protection of valuable items (such as CDs). , Medical drugs, automobile and aircraft parts, etc.) commercial packaging). In addition, the various embodiments disclosed herein can also be used for non-secure applications. Additional examples are provided below. 1. A security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments, which are arranged under the lens array, the first segments corresponding to an icon and a part of a background, where A first angle of view, the lens array presents the icon for viewing, and at a second angle of view different from the first angle of view, the lens array does not present the icon for viewing, wherein each of the first segments These include specular reflection features and diffusion features, the specular reflection features define one of the icon and the background, the diffusion features define the background when the specular reflection features define the icon, and the diffusion features The reflection feature defines the icon when the specular reflection features define the background, and each of the second segments includes the diffusion feature when the diffusion features of the first segments define the background, and in The specular reflection features of the first segments include specular reflection features when defining the background. 2. The security device of example 1, wherein when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection features define the icon and the diffuse features define the background, the icon looks dark and The background looks matte white or gray, or when the specular reflection features define the background and the diffuse features define the icon, the icon looks matte white or gray and the background looks dark. 3. The security device of example 1 or 2, wherein for the first segments, the specular reflection features define the icon and the diffuse features define the background. 4. The security device of any one of Examples 1 to 3, wherein in the first viewing angle, the lens array presents the icon and the background for viewing, the background includes a modeling background, and where in the second viewing angle , The lens array presents the modeling background without the icon for viewing. 5. A security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments arranged below the lens array, the first segments corresponding to a portion of a first image, and the first segments Two segments correspond to parts of a second image. The first image and the second image include an icon and a background. In a first angle of view, the lens array presents the first image for viewing without presenting the The second image is for viewing, and at a second viewing angle that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array presents the second image for viewing but does not present the first image for viewing, wherein the first and second viewing angles Each of the two segments includes specular reflection features and diffusion features, and for the first and second segments, the specular reflection features define one of the icon and the background, and the diffusion features are in the The specular reflection features define the background when the icon is defined, and the diffuse features define the icon when the specular reflection features define the background. 6. The security device of example 5, wherein when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection features define the icon and the diffuse features define the background, the icon looks dark and The background looks matte white or gray, or when the specular reflection features define the background and the diffuse features define the icon, the icon looks matte white or gray and the background looks dark. 7. The security device of example 5 or 6, wherein for the first and second segments, the specular reflection features define the icon and the diffuse features define the background. 8. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the icon of the first image has an overall shape different from the icon of the second image. 9. A security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments arranged below the lens array, the first segments corresponding to a first icon and a first background Part, and the second segments correspond to a part of a second icon and a second background, where at a first viewing angle, the lens array presents the first icon and the first background for viewing but not The second icon is for viewing, and at a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the lens array presents the second icon and the second background for viewing without presenting the first icon for viewing Viewing, where the second background of the second viewing angle looks the same in shape, size and brightness as the first background of the first viewing angle, wherein each of the first and second segments includes specular reflection features and Diffuse features, where for the first and second segments, the specular reflection features define the first and second icons, and the diffuse features define the first and second backgrounds, or the The diffusive features define the first and second icons, and the specular reflection features define the first and second backgrounds. 10. The security device of example 9, wherein when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection features define the first and second icons and the diffusive features define the first and second icons In the case of the second background, the first and second icons look dark and the first and second backgrounds look matte white or gray, or when the specular reflection features define the first and second backgrounds And when the diffusive features define the first and second icons, the first and second icons look matte white or gray and the first and second backgrounds look dark. 11. The security device of example 9 or 10, wherein for the first and second segments, the specular reflection features define the first and second icons and the diffusive features define the first and second Two background. 12. The security device of any one of Examples 9 to 11, wherein the first and second backgrounds are in the form of at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure or an object. 13. The security device of any one of Examples 9 to 12, wherein the first and second backgrounds further include a hidden feature. 14. The security device of Example 13, wherein the concealed feature includes a fluorescent material or an up-conversion pigment. 15. The security device of any one of Examples 9 to 14, wherein the first and second backgrounds further include a colorant, a dye, an ink, and a pigment. 16. A security device, comprising: a plurality of lenses, which form a lens array along a longitudinal axis; and a plurality of first and second segments, which are arranged below the lens array, and the first segments correspond to In a first set of one of at least two illustrations, and the second segments correspond to a second set of one of at least two illustrations, wherein at a first viewing angle, the lens array presents the at least two The first set of illustrations is for viewing, and at a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the lens array presents the second set of the at least two icons for viewing, wherein the first set of One or more of the at least two icons is different from a corresponding one of the at least two icons in the second set. 17. The security device of Example 16, presenting the first set and the second set in a row along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the lens array for viewing. 18. A security device, comprising: a plurality of lenses, which form a lens array along a longitudinal axis; and a plurality of first and second segments, which are arranged below the lens array, and the first segments correspond to In a part of the first set of one of at least four illustrations, and the second segments correspond to a part of the second set of one of at least four illustrations, wherein at a first viewing angle, the lens array is perpendicular to the The first set of the at least four illustrations is presented for viewing in a column of one axis of the longitudinal axis of the lens array, and at a second angle of view different from the first angle of view, the lens array is arranged along the vertical axis The second set of the at least four icons is presented in a column of the axis of the longitudinal axis of the lens array for viewing. 19. The security device of example 18, wherein one or more of the at least four icons in the first set is different from a corresponding one of the at least four icons in the second set. 20. A security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments arranged below the lens array, the first segments corresponding to a first icon and a first background Part, and the second segments correspond to a part of a second icon and a second background, where at a first viewing angle, the lens array presents the first icon and the first background for viewing but not The second icon is for viewing, and at a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the lens array presents the second icon and the second background for viewing without presenting the first icon for viewing Viewing, where each of the first fragments includes a first surface texture that defines the first icon, wherein each of the second fragments includes a second surface texture that defines the second icon, the first The two surface textures are different from the first surface texture, wherein each of the first and second segments further includes a third surface texture that defines the first and second backgrounds respectively, and the third surface texture is different from the Wait for the first and second surface textures. 21. The security device of example 20, wherein the first surface texture includes a moth-eye texture, the second surface texture includes an interference grating, and the third surface texture includes a diffuse texture. 22. The security device of example 20, wherein the first surface texture includes a moth-eye texture, the second surface texture includes a specular reflection feature, and the third surface texture includes a diffuse texture. 23. The security device of example 20, wherein the first surface texture includes specular reflection features, the second surface texture includes an interference grating, and the third surface texture includes a diffuse texture. 24. A security device, comprising: a plurality of lenses forming a lens array, the lenses having a longitudinal axis arranged in a vertical direction; and a plurality of first and second segments arranged in the Below the lens array, the first segments correspond to a part of a right side view of an image, and the second segments correspond to a part of a left side view of the image. The image includes an icon and a background. When the first and second segments are tilted around the longitudinal axis of the lenses, the lens array presents the right side view and the left side view of the image for a stereoscopic view of the image, where the first and second segments The individual fragments include specular reflection features and diffusion features, and for the first and second fragments, the specular reflection features define one of the icon and the background, and the diffusion features are on the specular The reflective features define the background when the icon is defined, and the diffuse features define the icon when the specular reflection features define the background. 25. The security device of example 24, wherein the specular reflection features define the icon and the diffuse features define the background. 26. The security device of example 24 or 25, wherein the first and second segments correspond to parts of at least three images. 27. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the lens array includes a 1D lenticular lens array. 28. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the lens array includes a 2D lens array. 29. The security device of example 28, wherein the lens array includes a first lenticular lens array having a first longitudinal axis and a second lenticular lens array having a second longitudinal axis, wherein the first and second lenticular lenses The array is configured such that the first longitudinal axis of the first array forms an angle from 5 degrees to 90 degrees with respect to the second longitudinal axis of the second array. 30. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, wherein under one-point light source, the difference between the first and second viewing angles is less than or equal to 15 degrees. 31. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, wherein under an extended light source, a difference between the first and second viewing angles is less than or equal to 20 degrees. 32. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein after a change from the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle, the first image is flipped to the second image without significant change. 33. The security device of any one of examples 9 to 15 or any one of examples 20 to 23, wherein after changing from one of the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle, the first icon is flipped to the first The second figure shows no significant change. 34. The security device of any one of examples 16 to 19, wherein after a change from one of the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle, the first set is flipped to the second set without significant change. 35. The security device of any of the preceding examples, wherein each of the first and second segments includes a length, a width, and a thickness, and wherein the width of each of the first and second segments is less than or Equal to 80 microns. 36. The security device of any of examples 1 to 4 or any of examples 24 to 26, wherein the icon includes a halftone image. 37. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the first or second image includes a halftone image. 38. The security device of any one of examples 9-15 or any one of examples 20-23, wherein the first or second icon includes a halftone image. 39. The security device of any one of examples 16 to 19, wherein the first or second set includes a halftone image. 40. The security device of any one of Examples 1 to 4 or any one of Examples 24 to 26, wherein the percentage of contrast between the icon and the background when viewed at an angle in the mirror direction is from 25 % To 90%, or from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle other than the mirror direction. 41. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein for the first image or the second image, the percentage of contrast between the icon and the background when viewed at an angle in the mirror direction From 25% to 90%, or from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle other than the mirror direction. 42. The security device of any one of examples 9 to 15 or any one of examples 20 to 23, wherein between the first icon and the first background or between the second icon and the second background The contrast percentage is from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, or from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle other than the mirror direction. 43. The security device of any of examples 1-15 or any of examples 24-26, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features provide Lambertian reflectivity. 44. The security device of any of examples 1 to 15 or any of examples 24 to 26, wherein for the first or second segment, the diffusive features have an elliptical output. 45. The security device of any of examples 1-15 or any of examples 24-26, wherein the device includes a Keno diffuser that provides one of the diffusing features. 46. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 15 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features include a brightness greater than 85 and a brightness greater than 85 One whiteness index. 47. The security device of any one of examples 1-15 or any one of examples 24-26, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features include TiO ₂ particles. 48. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 15 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein for the first or second segments, the specular reflection features and the diffusive features do not provide diffraction Or interference color. 49. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 15 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features include a dye, an ink, and a fluorescent Photochemical, a transparent dye, an opaque dye or an opaque pigment. 50. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 4 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein the icon includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. 51. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the first or second image includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. . 52. The security device of any one of Examples 9 to 15 or any one of Examples 20 to 23, wherein the first or second icon includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a graphic, or One object. 53. The security device of any one of examples 16 to 19, wherein the first or second set includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. 54. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 4 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein the background of the illustration includes a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, and an oval , A star or a knurled edge. 55. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the background of the first or second image includes a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, an oval, a star, or A knurled edge. 56. The security device of any one of examples 9 to 15 or any one of examples 20 to 23, wherein the background of the first or second icon includes a circle, a square, a rectangle, and a six-sided Shape, an oval, a star or a knurled edge. 57. The security device of any one of Examples 1 to 4 or any one of Examples 24 to 26, wherein the background of the icon includes a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects. 58. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the background of the first or second image includes a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects. 59. The security device of any one of Examples 9 to 15 or any one of Examples 20 to 23, wherein the background of the first or second icon includes a combination of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects One pattern. 60. The security device of any one of Examples 1 to 15 or any one of Examples 24 to 26, further comprising a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, wherein the The lens array is arranged on the first side of the substrate, and wherein the specular reflection features and diffusing features are arranged on the second side of the substrate. 61. The security device of example 60, wherein the substrate has a thickness in a range from 10 microns to 300 microns. 62. The security device of example 61, wherein the thickness is in the range from 10 microns to 40 microns. 63. The security device of any of the preceding examples, wherein the security device is configured to provide authenticity verification of an item for security. 64. The security device of Example 63, wherein the item is a credit card, a debit card, currency, a passport, a driving license, an ID card, a document, a tamper-proof container or packaging, or a bottle of medicine. 65. The security device of any of the preceding examples, wherein the security device is a security thread, a hot stamping feature, an embedded feature, a windowing feature, or a laminated feature. 66. The security device of any of the preceding examples, further comprising another optical element outside the first and second segments. 67. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, further comprising another optical element in the first segment or the second segment. 68. The security device of example 67, wherein the other optical element includes a holographic element, a diffractive element, or a non-holographic non-diffractive element. 69. The security device of any of the preceding examples, further comprising one or more microstructure lenses. 70. The security device of example 69, wherein the one or more microstructure lenses include a Fresnel lens or a diamond-shaped turning element. 71. The security device of example 69 or 70, wherein the one or more microstructure lenses are overprinted. 72. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, further comprising a metalized coating. 73. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, further comprising a metalized coating with a non-metalized portion to form at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an image or an object. 74. The security device of example 72 or 73, wherein the metalized coating comprises aluminum, silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, tin, or any alloy thereof. 75. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the background is transparent for the first or second image. 76. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 4 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein the background is transparent. 77. The security device of any one of examples 9-15 or any one of examples 20-23, wherein the first or second background is transparent. 78. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 15 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features are coated with a transparent high refractive index material. 79. The security device of any of examples 1 to 15 or any of examples 24 to 26, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features are coated with ZnS. 80. The security device of any of the preceding examples, wherein the first segment includes halftones. 81. The security device of any of the preceding examples, wherein the second segment includes halftones. 82. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 4 or any one of examples 24 to 26, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features each have a size and are distributed in the first or second segment To provide a halftone image for generating the icon. 83. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features each have a size and are distributed in the first or second segment to provide a halftone image for generating the The first or second image. 84. The security device of any one of examples 9 to 15 or any one of examples 20 to 23, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features each have a size and are distributed in the first or second segment To provide a halftone image for generating the first or second icon. 85. The security device of any one of examples 16 to 19, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features each have a size and are distributed in the first or second segment to provide a halftone image for generating the The first or second set. 86. The security device of any one of Examples 1 to 4 or any one of Examples 24 to 26, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features are included in the first or second segment in a quantity and distribution In order to provide a halftone image used to generate the icon. 87. The security device of any one of Examples 5 to 8, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features are included in the first or second segment in a quantity and distribution to provide a halftone image for generating The first or second image. 88. The security device of any one of Examples 9 to 15 or any one of Examples 20 to 23, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features are included in the first or second segment in a quantity and distribution In order to provide a halftone image for generating the first or second icon. 89. The security device of any one of Examples 16 to 19, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features are included in the first or second segment in a quantity and distribution to provide a halftone image for generating The first or second set. 90. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the first or second segment includes a specular reflection feature that provides halftones, wherein the non-visually generated by a corresponding lens in the lens array Analyze individual specular reflection characteristics in images with equivalent specular reflection characteristics. 91. The safety device of any one of Examples 1 to 4 or any one of Examples 24 to 26, wherein the shape of the figure does not change when the light source changes position. 92. The security device of any one of examples 5 to 8, wherein the shape of the first or second image does not change when the light source changes position. 93. The safety device of any one of examples 9 to 15 or any one of examples 20 to 23, wherein the shape of the first or second icon does not change when the light source changes position. 94. The safety device of any one of examples 16 to 19, wherein the shape of the first or second set does not change when the light source changes position. 95. The security device of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the first or second segment includes a micro image having a width and a height smaller than a width and a height of the first or second segment. 96. The security device of example 95, wherein the micro-image is at least one alphanumeric character, symbol, an artistic image, graphic, or an object. 97. The security device of any one of examples 16 to 19, wherein the icons in the first and second sets are separated by background. 98. A method of manufacturing a security device in any one of the foregoing examples, the method comprising: preparing a master using an electron beam, lithography, or etching; and using the master to form specular reflection features or diffusion feature. 99. The security device of any one of examples 1 to 97, wherein at least one first segment or at least one second segment includes one or more microstructures or one or more configured to provide one or more colors Nano structure. 100. A security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments, which are arranged under the lens array, the first segments corresponding to an icon and a part of a background, wherein At a first viewing angle, the lens array presents a view of the illustration, and at a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the lens array presents a view without the illustration, and at least one of the first segments or The at least one second segment includes one or more microstructures or one or more nanostructures configured to provide one or more colors for the view of the icon or the view without the icon. 101. The security device of example 100, wherein the at least one first segment includes the one or more microstructures or the one or more colors configured to provide for the illustration or for the background or colors Multiple nanostructures. 102. The security device of instance 100 or 101, wherein the at least one second segment includes the one or more microstructures or the one configured to provide one or more colors for the view without the icon Or multiple nanostructures. 103. A security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments arranged below the lens array, the first segments corresponding to a portion of a first image, and the first segments Two segments correspond to parts of a second image, in which at a first viewing angle, the lens array presents the first image for viewing but not the second image for viewing, and is different from one of the first viewing angles At a second viewing angle, the lens array presents the second image for viewing but does not present the first image for viewing, and wherein at least one first segment or at least one second segment of the plurality of first and second segments includes It is configured to provide one or more microstructures or one or more nanostructures for one or more colors of the first or second image. 104. The security device of example 103, wherein the first and second images include an icon and a background. 105. The security device of example 104, wherein the icon of the first image has an overall shape different from the icon of the second image. 106. The security device of any one of examples 103 to 105, wherein the at least one first segment and the at least one second segment include the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures. 107. The security device of example 106, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures are configured to provide a first color for the first image and for the second image A second color. 108. The security device of example 107, wherein the first and second colors are different. 109. The security device of any one of examples 99 to 108, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures comprise at least one opal structure. 110. The security device of example 109, wherein the at least one opal structure includes a plurality of micro-surface or nano-surface slot portions. 111. The security device of example 110, wherein the micro-surface or nano-surface slot portion includes a reflective metal coating. 112. The security device of example 110, wherein the micro-surface or nano-surface slot portion includes a transparent coating having a refractive index between 1.8 and 3. 113. The security device of example 112, wherein the transparent coating comprises zinc sulfide, titanium oxide, or indium tin oxide. 114. The security device of any one of examples 99 to 113, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures include at least one plasmonic structure. 115. The security device of example 114, wherein the at least one plasmonic structure includes: a first metal microfeature or nanofeature; a second metal microfeature or nanofeature; and a dielectric microfeature or nanofeature feature. 116. The security device of example 115, wherein the first or second metallic microfeatures or nanofeatures include silver, aluminum, gold, copper, tin, or a combination thereof. 117. The security device of example 115 or example 116, wherein the dielectric microfeatures or nanofeatures include a dielectric material between the first and second metal microfeatures or nanofeatures. 118. The security device of example 117, wherein the dielectric material comprises a UV curable resin. 119. The security device of any one of examples 115 to 118, wherein the dielectric microfeature or nanofeature includes a reflective microfeature or nanofeature disposed above the dielectric microfeature or nanofeature. 120. The security device of example 119, wherein the reflective microfeatures or nanofeatures include aluminum. 121. The security device of example 119 or example 120, further comprising a protective coating on the reflective microfeatures or nanofeatures. 122. The security device of any one of examples 115 to 121, wherein the at least one plasmonic structure does not include a reflective microfeature or nanofeature disposed on the dielectric microfeature or nanofeature. 123. The security device of any one of Examples 99 to 122, wherein one or more colors produced by a corresponding lens in the lens array can be analyzed by a naked eye. 124. The security device of any one of Examples 99 to 123, wherein at least one of the one or more colors generated by a corresponding lens in the lens array cannot be analyzed by a naked eye. 125. The security device of any one of examples 99 to 124, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures comprise a plurality of microstructures, nanostructures, or a combination thereof. 126. The security device of any one of examples 99 to 125, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures are configured to provide a same color. 127. The security device of any one of examples 99 to 125, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures are configured to provide different colors. 128. The security device of example 127, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures are configured to provide a combination to produce different colors as a single color perceived by the naked eye. 129. The security device of example 127, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures are configured to provide different colors that combine to produce an achromatic white appearance. 130. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 129, wherein the lens array includes a 1D lenticular lens array. 131. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 129, wherein the lens array includes a 2D lens array. 132. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 131, wherein one of the first segments of the plurality of first segments includes a diffuse feature. 133. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 132, wherein one of the second segments of the plurality of second segments includes a diffuse feature. 134. The security device of example 132 or 133, wherein the diffusive features provide Lambertian reflectivity. 135. The security device of any one of examples 132 to 134, wherein the diffusive features have an elliptical output. 136. The security device of any one of examples 132 to 135, wherein the device includes a Keno diffuser that provides the diffusing features. 137. The security device of any one of examples 132 to 136, wherein the diffusion characteristics include a brightness greater than 85 and a whiteness index greater than 85. 138. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 137, wherein one of the first segments of the plurality of first segments includes a specular reflection feature. 139. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 138, wherein one of the second segments of the plurality of second segments includes a specular reflection feature. 140. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 102, wherein the icon includes a halftone image. 141. The security device of any one of examples 103 to 108, wherein the first or second image includes a halftone image. 142. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 102 or example 140, wherein the icon includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. 143. The security device of any one of examples 103 to 108 or example 141, wherein the first or second image includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. 144. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 102 or example 140 or example 142, wherein the background of the illustration includes a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, an oval, and a star Shape or a knurled edge. 145. The security device of any one of examples 103 to 108 or example 141 or example 143, wherein the background of the first or second image includes a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, or an egg Shape, a star shape or a knurled edge. 146. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 102 or example 140 or example 142, wherein the background of the icon includes a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects. 147. The security device of any one of examples 103 to 108 or example 141 or example 143, wherein the background of the first or second image includes a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects. 148. The security device of any one of examples 130 to 147, further comprising a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, wherein the lens array is disposed on the second side of the substrate On one side, and wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures are disposed on the second side of the substrate. 149. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 148, wherein the security device is configured to provide authenticity verification of a product for security. 150. The security device of Example 149, wherein the item is a credit card, a debit card, currency, a passport, a driving license, an ID card, a document, a tamper-proof container or packaging, or a bottle of medicine. 151. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 150, wherein the security device is a security thread, a hot stamping feature, an embedded feature, a windowing feature, or a laminated feature. 152. The security device of any one of Examples 100 to 151, which further includes another optical element outside the first and second segments. 153. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 152, further comprising another optical element in the first segment or the second segment. 154. The security device of example 152 or example 153, wherein the other optical element includes a holographic element, a diffractive element, or a non-holographic non-diffractive element. 155. The security device of any one of examples 100 to 154, wherein one of the first or second segments includes halftones. 156. The method of example 98, further comprising using the master to form one or more microstructures or one or more nanostructures configured to provide one or more colors. 157. A method of manufacturing a security device as in any one of Examples 99 to 155, the method comprising: preparing a master using an electron beam, lithography or etching; and using the master to form the one or A plurality of microstructures or the one or more nanostructures. 158. The method of example 157, further comprising using the master to form one or more specular or diffuse features. 159. The security device of any one of examples 109 to 155, wherein the at least one opal structure includes at least one inverse opal structure. 160. The security device of any one of examples 109 to 155 or example 159, wherein the at least one opal structure comprises at least one positive opal structure. 161. The security device of any one of examples 109 to 155 or any one of examples 159 to 160, wherein the at least one opal structure comprises at least one reflective opal structure. 162. The security device of any one of examples 109 to 155 or any one of examples 159 to 161, wherein the at least one opal structure comprises at least one transmissive opal structure. 163. The security device of any one of examples 114 to 155 or any one of examples 159 to 162, wherein the at least one plasmonic structure includes at least one reflective plasmonic structure. 164. The security device of any one of examples 114 to 155 or any one of examples 159 to 163, wherein the at least one plasmonic structure includes at least one transmission plasmonic structure. 165. The security device of any one of Examples 99 to 155 or any one of Examples 159 to 164, wherein the device is configured to provide a natural color rendering of an object through an icon or image. 166. The security device of any one of Examples 1 to 97 or any one of Examples 99 to 155 or any one of Examples 159 to 165, which further comprises a first And a region other than the second segment is configured to provide one or more colors, one or more microstructures, or one or more nanostructures. 167. The security device of example 28, wherein the plurality of first and second segments form a 2D image array, wherein each of the plurality of first and second segments is arranged with respect to a corresponding lens of the 2D lens array. 168. The security device of example 167, wherein the 2D lens array and the 2D image array are registered such that a distance between adjacent lenses of the 2D lens array is equal to the distance between the corresponding segments disposed under the 2D lens array A distance. 169. The security device of example 167, wherein a distance between adjacent lenses of the 2D lens array is less than or greater than a distance between the corresponding segments disposed under the 2D lens array such that the distance between the 2D lens array is not Equal to the distance between the 2D image arrays. 170. The security device of example 167, wherein the icon appears to move laterally when the device is tilted so that the viewing angle changes from the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle. 171. The security device of example 167, wherein in the first or second viewing angle, the icon appears to be at the surface of the device or appears to float above or below the surface of the device. 172. A security device, comprising: a plurality of lenses forming a lens array along a longitudinal axis; and a plurality of parts arranged below the lens array, the plurality of parts including two diagrams, wherein At a first viewing angle, the lens array presents a first icon at a first position and a second icon at a second position for viewing. At a second viewing angle different from the first viewing angle, the lens array The second icon is presented for viewing in a third position different from the second position. 173. The security device of example 172, wherein in the second viewing angle, the lens array presents the first icon for viewing in a fourth position different from the first position. 174. The security device of example 173, wherein in the second perspective, the first icon appears to move from the first position to the fourth position along a first direction and the second icon appears to move along A second direction different from the first direction moves from the second position to the third position. 175. The security device of example 173, wherein in the second perspective, the first icon appears to move from the first position to the fourth position along a first direction and the second icon appears to move along The first direction moves from the second position to the third position. 176. The security device of example 172, wherein in the second perspective, the second icon appears to move closer to the first icon. 177. The security device of example 172, wherein in the second perspective, the second icon appears to move further away from the first icon. 178. The security device of any one of examples 172 to 177, wherein at least one of the plurality of parts includes one or more microstructures or one or more nanostructures configured to provide one or more colors . 179. The security device of example 178, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures comprise at least one opal structure. 180. The security device of example 179, wherein the at least one opal structure comprises at least one inverse opal structure. 181. The security device of example 179 or example 180, wherein the at least one opal structure comprises at least one positive opal structure. 182. The security device of any one of examples 178 to 181, wherein the one or more microstructures or the one or more nanostructures include at least one plasmonic structure. 183. The security device of any one of examples 172 to 177, wherein the plurality of parts include a first specular reflection feature or a set of diffusing features defining the first icon and a second specular surface defining the second icon A collection of reflective features or diffuse features. 184. The security device of any one of examples 172 to 177, wherein the plurality of lenses are configured to form a two-dimensional lens grid and the plurality of parts are configured to form a two-dimensional image grid such that the lens grid The lenses are arranged above a corresponding part of the image grid, and the distance between successive parts of the image grid is not equal to the distance between the corresponding lenses of the lens grid arranged above the successive parts distance. 185. The security device of any one of examples 172 to 177, wherein the plurality of lenses are configured to form a two-dimensional lens grid and the plurality of parts are configured to form a two-dimensional image grid such that the lens grid Each of the lenses is arranged above a corresponding part of the image grid, and the lens grid is rotated relative to the image grid.

圖8A展示根據本文中揭示之某些實施例之一裝置中自展示於左側照片中之一個藝術品切換至展示於右側照片中之一不同藝術品之一例示性圖示。在此實例中，兩個圖示具有兩個不同呈現影像(例如，如雕刻)或藝術影像。在左側上係傾斜之前之一個影像，且另一影像呈現在使裝置傾斜之後。在觀察者使裝置相對於他/她的視野來回傾斜時看見相對於一漫射背景之相同明亮影像以及相對於一漫射背景之暗圖示。 利用(例如)如圖8B中展示之半色調圖案化產生此例示性實施例。在各種實施例中，可藉由第一片段及/或第二片段中之半色調圖案化及/或篩選而改變鏡面反射特徵之數量以控制一影像之亮度(或暗度，例如，灰度)。舉例而言，可藉由鏡面反射特徵與漫射特徵之比率調變如由一區域之一觀看者所感知之亮度(或暗度，例如，灰度)。舉例而言，可藉由鏡面反射特徵之面積(例如，佔據面積)與漫射特徵之面積(例如，佔據面積)之比率調變如由一觀看者所感知之一片段內之一區域之亮度(或暗度，例如，灰度)。在一片段內之一區域中相對於漫反射特徵之大小、數目及/或分佈的鏡面反射特徵之大小、數目及/或分佈同樣可經組態以提供亮度、暗度(例如，灰度)之位準。如上文中論述，可使用顏料、墨水或其他吸收性材料來提供色彩，在此情況中鏡面反射特徵相對於漫反射特徵之相對面積、大小、數目及/或分佈將控制色相或色彩之所感知亮度或暗度。鏡面反射特徵及漫射特徵之形狀(舉例而言，面積(例如，佔據面積))可為正方形、矩形、六邊形、圓形或廣泛多種不同其他形狀。類似地，鏡面反射特徵及漫射特徵可依廣泛多種不同配置(例如，依一正方形陣列、矩形陣列、六方緊密堆積或依其他配置)堆積在一起。在圖8B中，黑色區域可表示漫射特徵(或鏡面反射特徵)之區域，而白色區域可表示鏡面反射特徵(或漫射特徵)。若半色調特徵小於大約75微米，則一肉眼通常無法將影像識別為一半色調影像。相應地，在各種實施例中，半色調圖案化中之一最小半色調特徵可為小於或等於75微米(例如，小於或等於65微米、小於或等於50微米、小於或等於30微米、小於或等於10微米等)及/或在自0.05微米至75微米(例如，0.05微米至65微米、0.05微米至50微米、0.05微米至30微米、0.05微米至10微米、1微米至75微米、1微米至50微米等)之一範圍中、在此範圍內之任何範圍中、此等範圍內之任何值或在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。圖8C示意性地圖解說明根據本文中描述之某些實施例之利用半色調圖案化之一例示性裝置。例示性裝置可經組態以呈現諸如圖8A中之影像。 圖9示意性地圖解說明根據本文中描述之某些實施例之可藉由一安全裝置呈現以供觀看之特定影像及效應。如本文中揭示，第一背景及第二背景之形狀及/或大小可彼此相同或不同。圖9展示具有與第二背景925之形狀925b不同之一形狀915b之第一背景915。此概念可經擴展用於圖示內之任何數目個圖示層級。舉例而言，造型背景915、925在此情況中可視為另一造型圖示，儘管具有相同或不同表面紋理。圖9展示一圖示915內之一圖示912，其切換至一圖示925內之一不同圖示922。 如本文中描述，各種實施例可在一消色差影像出現與消失之間或在一第一消色差影像與一第二不同消色差影像之間切換。(若干)消色差影像可包含不提供繞射或干涉色彩之特徵(例如，鏡面反射及/或漫射)。如本文中亦描述，在一些實施例中，(若干)影像可包含經由包括鏡面反射特徵之部分、包括漫射特徵之部分、透鏡陣列中之透鏡及/或基板之一或多者中之一染色劑、墨水、染料或顏料之色彩。 在一些實施例中，可藉由一或多個色彩產生結構(諸如經組態以提供色彩之微結構及/或奈米結構)而在一影像中(例如，在一圖示或背景中)提供色彩。舉例而言，圖10A示意性地圖解說明包含一電漿子結構1000之一例示性色彩產生結構。電漿子結構1000可包含複數個微特徵及/或奈米特徵。為了簡化，電漿子結構1000將描述為具有奈米特徵。在各種實施例中，電漿子結構1000可包含微特徵及/或微特徵及奈米特徵之一組合。 參考圖10A，電漿子結構1000可包含一第一金屬奈米特徵1002、一第二金屬奈米特徵1003及第一金屬奈米特徵1002與第二金屬奈米特徵1003之間之一介電奈米特徵1004。第一金屬奈米特徵1002及第二金屬奈米特徵1003可由任何反射金屬(諸如銀、鋁、金、銅、錫、其組合等)製成。在各種實施例中，第一金屬奈米特徵1002及第二金屬奈米特徵1003可由相同反射金屬製成。介電奈米特徵1004可由一介電材料製成。在一些實施例中，介電材料可為一UV可固化樹脂。其他材料係可行的。如圖10A中展示，介電奈米特徵1004可具有一深度D、一寬度W及與其他介電奈米特徵1004之一週期性(例如，間距) P。第一金屬奈米特徵1002及/或第二金屬奈米特徵1003亦可具有一深度、一寬度及一週期性。 在不受理論束縛下，在各種實施例中，具有一特定波長之光可經由電漿子共振穿漏(funneled)至第一金屬奈米特徵1002、第二金屬奈米特徵1003及/或介電奈米特徵1004之一或多者中。舉例而言，在一些實施例中，集中之波長可至少部分基於介電奈米特徵1004之深度D、寬度W及/或與其他介電奈米特徵1004之週期性P之一或多者。舉例而言，D可在50 nm至300 nm、50 nm至275 nm、50 nm至250 nm、50 nm至200 nm、75 nm至300 nm、75 nm至250 nm、75 nm至200 nm、100 nm至300 nm、100 nm至250 nm、100 nm至200 nm之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。作為另一實例，P可在50 nm至400 nm、50 nm至375 nm、50 nm至350 nm、50 nm至300 nm、75 nm至400 nm、75 nm至350 nm、100 nm至300 nm之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。作為另一實例，W可在10 nm至200 nm、10 nm至175 nm、10 nm至150 nm、10 nm至100 nm、20 nm至200 nm、20 nm至150 nm、20 nm至100 nm、30 nm至200 nm、30 nm至150 nm、30 nm至100 nm、40 nm至200 nm、40 nm至150 nm、40 nm至100 nm之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。在某些實施例中，D、W及/或P可經選擇以產生所要色彩或若干色彩。在一些實施例中，經穿漏之波長可至少部分基於第一金屬奈米特徵1002或第二金屬奈米特徵1003之深度、寬度及/或週期性之一或多者。在一些實例中，電漿子結構1000可包含一圖案化結構使得圖案化可產生所要色彩或若干色彩。在各種實施例中，產生之色彩可獨立於視角。 在一些實施例中，電漿子結構1000可操作為一反射電漿子結構。在不受任何科學理論束縛之情況下，入射光在一些實施例中可(例如)在吸收共振波長之後反射為經濾波之光。在一些實施例中，電漿子結構1000可包含(舉例而言)安置在介電奈米特徵1004上方之一反射奈米特徵1005 (或微特徵)。反射奈米特徵1005可包含如針對第一金屬奈米特徵1002及/或第二金屬奈米特徵1003所描述之一反射金屬。在一些此等實例中，電漿子結構1000可經組態以反射經濾波之光。 在一些實施例中，第一金屬奈米特徵1002、第二金屬奈米特徵1003及反射奈米特徵1005可由一單體結構提供。在一些此等實例中，單體結構可由一塗層(例如，在複數個介電奈米特徵1004上方及之間之一塗層)提供。在一些例項中，塗層可為一保形塗層。作為另一實例，單體結構可由形成為第一金屬奈米特徵1002、第二金屬奈米特徵1003及反射奈米特徵1005之一單塊金屬材料提供。在一些其他實施例中，第一金屬奈米特徵1002、第二金屬奈米特徵1003及反射奈米特徵1005可由分開件提供。 在如圖10B中展示之一些實施例中，電漿子結構1000可操作為一透射電漿子結構。在不受任何科學理論束縛之情況下，入射光可(例如)在吸收共振波長之後反射及/或透射。在一些實施例中，電漿子結構1000可不包含介電奈米特徵1004上方之反射奈米特徵1005。在一些此等實例中，電漿子結構1000可經組態以透射一些經濾波之光。在一些此等實例中，電漿子結構1000可在兩個方向上對光進行濾波。一些此等實施例可用作一二向色電漿子結構，其中反射光及透射光可產生兩個不同色彩。 圖11示意性地圖解說明包含一蛋白石結構之一例示性色彩產生結構(例如，經組態以提供色彩之一微結構及/或一奈米結構)。在一些實施例中，蛋白石結構可包含如圖11中展示之一反(或反向)蛋白石結構1100。為了簡化，將描述反蛋白石結構1100。然而，將瞭解，在一些實施例中，蛋白石結構可包含一正蛋白石結構及/或反及正蛋白石結構之一組合。參考圖11，反蛋白石結構1100可包含一或多個微表面或奈米表面槽孔部分1101。為了簡化，反蛋白石結構1100將描述為具有微表面槽孔。在各種實施例中，蛋白石結構1100可包含奈米表面槽孔及/或微表面及奈米表面槽孔之一組合。微表面槽孔部分1101可具有一深度D、一寬度W及與其他微表面槽孔部分1101之一中心間距離及/或週期性(例如，間距) P。在一些實施例中，微表面槽孔部分1101可為一半球(或接近一半球)使得2D實質上等於W。然而，在一些實施例中，微表面槽孔之部分可能不係一半球使得2D大於或小於W。舉例而言，微表面槽孔部分1101可為半橢圓體或某一其他形狀。一些實施例可包含複數個微表面槽孔部分1101，例如，配置成一2D陣列之微表面槽孔部分1101。此外，儘管圖11展示看似無微表面槽孔部分1101之間之間距之複數個微表面槽孔部分1101，然各種實施例可具有微表面槽孔部分1101之間之間距使得P大於W。 在一些實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可由一介電材料製成。舉例而言，反蛋白石結構1100可由一UV可固化樹脂製成。在各種實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可包括一圖案化微表面槽孔。 在不被理論束縛之情況下，在一些實施例中，週期性P可產生一光子帶隙，其中禁止具有對應於光子帶隙之一波長之入射光之透射。在各種實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可操作為一反射蛋白石結構。舉例而言，反蛋白石結構1100可包含微表面槽孔部分1101之表面上之一不透明反射塗層。一些例示性塗層可包含任何不透明反射金屬，諸如鋁、銀、金、銅、錫、其組合等。其他實例係可行的。在一些此等實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可經組態以反射經濾波之光。 在一些實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可操作為一透射蛋白石結構。舉例而言，反蛋白石結構1100可包含微表面槽孔部分1101之表面上之一透明塗層。例示性塗層可包含具有一相對高折射率(例如，大於或等於1.8、大於或等於1.9、大於或等於2.0、大於或等於1.8且小於3.0等)之一介電材料。一些此等實例可包含硫化鋅、二氧化鈦、氧化銦錫、其組合等。其他實例係可行的。在一些此等實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可經組態以反射及/或透射經濾波之光。在各種實施例中，反蛋白石結構1100可包含反射及透明塗層兩者及/或部分反射/部分透射塗層。在一些例項中，反蛋白石結構1100可包含用介電材料塗佈之一圖案化金屬。 在不被理論束縛之情況下，在一些實施例中，經濾波之光之色彩亦可藉由繞射及/或布拉格繞射產生且亦可至少部分基於微表面槽孔部分之深度D、寬度W及/或週期性P之一或多者。舉例而言，D可為在0.3微米至0.7微米、0.3微米至0.65微米、0.35微米至0.7微米、0.35微米至0.65微米、0.03微米至0.6微米、0.35微米至0.6微米、0.4微米至0.6微米之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。作為另一實例，W可在0.5微米至2微米、0.5微米至1.5微米、0.5微米至1微米之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。作為另一實例，P可在0.1微米至0.6微米、0.2微米至0.5微米、0.25微米至0.45微米之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。在某些實施例中，D、W及/或P可經選擇以產生所要色彩或若干色彩。在一些實例中，蛋白石結構1100可包含一圖案化結構使得圖案化可產生所要色彩或若干色彩。在各種實施例中，產生之色彩可取決於視角。 蛋白石結構(反、正或其組合)可包含複數個對準及/或重複微表面及/或奈米表面槽孔部分1101。在一些例項中，對於一額外安全特徵，蛋白石結構可包含一未對準及/或一不規則性以提供一鑑識簽章(例如，一識別標記)。舉例而言，微表面及/或奈米表面槽孔部分1101可未對準。作為另一實例，複數個槽孔部分可包含一不同大小或形狀之槽孔部分1101、一缺失槽孔部分1101及/或其他缺陷。在一些實施例中，蛋白石結構自身之未對準及/或不規則性無法用肉眼觀看，但可用諸如一白光干涉儀、一原子力顯微鏡、一掃描電子顯微鏡等之一額外輔助設備觀看。作為另一實例，未對準及/或不規則性可併入至一微影像(例如，一文數字字元、符號、一藝術影像、圖形或一物件)中使得在微影像中呈現一未對準及/或不規則性(例如，一彎曲線、橙色文字中之一藍色斑點等)。在一些此等實施例中，微影像中之未對準及/或不規則性無法用肉眼觀看，但可用諸如一放大鏡或顯微鏡等之一額外輔助設備觀看。在一些實施例中，微影像中之未對準及/或不規則性可用肉眼/裸眼觀看。 各種實施例可包含在如本文中描述之一透鏡陣列下方之一或多個色彩產生結構(例如，經組態以提供一或多個色彩之微結構及/或奈米結構，諸如一電漿子結構、一反蛋白石、一正蛋白石及/或其組合)。舉例而言，包含一或多個色彩產生結構之一些實施例可安置在如本文中描述之一1D透鏡陣列下方。作為另一實例，包含一或多個色彩產生結構之一些實施例可安置在如本文中描述之一2D透鏡陣列下方。舉例而言，本文中描述之任何實例(例如，圖1A至圖9)可包含一或多個色彩產生結構以提供一或多個色彩。再者，本文中描述之任何實例(例如，圖1A至圖9)可用一或多個色彩產生結構替代一或多個特徵(例如，鏡面反射及/或漫射特徵)。可添加一或多個色彩產生結構使得色彩高於眼睛解析度(例如，至少100微米或更大)且可用裸眼觀看。一些此等實施例亦可提供一識別標記(例如，一彩色點、一彩色標記、一圖形之至少一部分中之色彩、文字之至少一部分中之色彩等)之一安全特徵。替代地，作為一額外安全特徵，可添加一或多個色彩產生結構使得色彩低於眼睛解析度(例如，小於100微米)且不可用裸眼觀看，但可借助於(例如)一放大鏡或顯微鏡觀看。 作為一實例，參考圖1A及圖1B，一或多個色彩產生結構(例如，圖10A、圖10B及圖11中展示之1000或1100)可併入至一第一片段101a、101b、101c及/或101d中以提供一色彩用於圖示112之視圖110 (例如，至圖示112及/或背景115之至少一部分)。額外地或替代地，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至一第二片段102a、102b、102c及/或102d中以提供色彩至無圖示112之視圖120。一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至第一片段101之鏡面反射特徵132及/或漫射特徵135中及/或併入至第二片段102之漫射特徵145中。在一些實施例中，一或多個色彩產生結構可替代第一片段101中之鏡面反射特徵132及/或漫射特徵135及/或替代第二片段102之漫射特徵145。 作為另一實例，參考圖3A及圖3B，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至一第一片段301a、301b、301c及/或301d中以提供一色彩用於第一影像310 (例如，至圖示312及/或背景315之至少一部分)。額外地或替代地，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至一第二片段302a、302b、302c及/或302d中以提供色彩至第二影像320 (例如，至圖示322及/或背景325之至少一部分)。一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至第一片段301之鏡面反射特徵332及/或漫射特徵335中及/或併入至第二片段302之鏡面反射特徵342及/或漫射特徵345中。在一些實施例中，一或多個色彩產生結構可替代第一片段301中之鏡面反射特徵332及/或漫射特徵335及/或替代第二片段302之鏡面反射特徵342及/或漫射特徵345。 作為另一實例，參考圖5C，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至第一表面紋理551、第二表面紋理552及/或第三表面紋理553中或替代該等表面紋理以提供一色彩至安全裝置550之圖示及/或背景之至少一部分。 作為另一實例，參考圖8A，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至一或多個雕刻狀影像中。一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至安置在透鏡陣列下方之一區域中。舉例而言，當併入至安置在透鏡陣列下方之一區域中時，色彩可併入至切換圖示或背景之一者之至少一部分中。參考圖8B及圖8C，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至一些或全部半色調特徵(例如，鏡面反射及/或漫射特徵)中或替代一些或全部半色調特徵。在一些實施例中，一或多個色彩產生結構可併入至除安置在透鏡陣列下方以外之一區域中。舉例而言，當併入至除安置在透鏡下方以外之一區域中時，色彩可併入在切換圖示或背景外部。 在各種實施例中，可由鏡面反射及漫射特徵提供消色差影像(例如，黑色、白色、灰色等)。在一些實施例中，一或多個色彩產生結構可經組態以在由觀看者觀看之(若干)影像中提供不同色彩。舉例而言，色彩產生結構可提供原色及/或合成色(例如，紅色、綠色、藍色或青色、黃色及洋紅色)。在一些實施例中，不同色彩可組合以產生如由裸眼感知之一不同色彩或一單一色彩。舉例而言，原色在一些例項中可組合以形成合成色。在一些例項中，原色亦可組合以形成一消色差外觀。舉例而言，紅色、綠色及藍色或青色、黃色及洋紅色可組合以形成一消色差白色外觀。藉由併入具有鏡面反射及漫射特徵之色彩產生結構，可呈現一清晰全彩影像及/或一自然色調影像。一些實施例可經組態以提供一物件之真色。舉例而言，一些實施例可經組態以(例如)透過一圖示或影像提供一物件之自然色之一演現。在一些例項中，圖示或影像可包含一系列色相，諸如5個以上色相、10個以上色相、15個以上色相、20個以上色相或由此等值形成之任何範圍等。 圖12示意性地圖解說明形成本文中描述之各種色彩產生結構之一例示性方法。方法1200可類似於用於形成如本文中描述之各種特徵(例如，漫射及/或鏡面反射特徵)之壓印方法及/或與壓印方法相容。舉例而言，方法1200可包含形成諸如包括一金屬1202 (諸如鋼或鋁)之一壓印工具1201。可使用一電子束、微影技術或蝕刻來形成一母墊片1203。可自母墊片1203產生子墊片。在一些實施例中，母墊片1203可形成在鎳中，其可附接至金屬1202。由於方法1200可類似於用於形成本文中描述之各種特徵(例如，漫射及/或鏡面反射特徵)之壓印方法及/或與壓印方法相容，故圖12圖解說明可形成至母墊片1203中之各種特徵(例如，漫射特徵1210a、1210b及/或鏡面反射特徵1211a、1211b)及色彩產生結構1212 (例如，一電漿子結構、一正蛋白石結構及/或一反蛋白石結構)。有利地，一或多個色彩產生結構可與本文中描述之一或多個其他色彩產生結構及/或一或多個其他特徵(例如，漫射及/或鏡面反射特徵)同時形成。在一些實施例中，一或多個色彩產生結構可與一或多個其他色彩產生結構及/或一或多個其他特徵循序(例如，之前或之後)形成。一些實施例可僅形成色彩產生結構之一者，而其他實施例可形成一個以上或全部展示之特徵及/或色彩產生結構。 如圖12中展示，可提供一基板或載體1250。基板1250可經壓印或可為一材料層1260提供支撐，材料層1260可由壓印工具1201壓印以形成實際色彩產生結構1262之一或多者。在一些例項中，可使用熱壓印來壓印一熱可壓印聚合物(例如，聚氯乙烯)基板1250或安置在基板1250上之一熱可壓印聚合物1260。在一些實施例中，基板1250或一材料層1260可包括一UV可固化樹脂。在一些此等實施例中，在壓印操作期間可施加UV光以固化樹脂。在一些實施例中，安置在一基板上之UV固化樹脂1260之厚度可在自1微米至15微米、1微米至12.5微米、1微米至10微米、2微米至15微米、2微米至12.5微米、2微米至10微米、1微米至7微米、2微米至7微米、2微米至5微米之一範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍之任一者內之任何值或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中等。 基板1250可類似於本文中描述之基板(例如，圖1A中之基板150)。舉例而言，基板1250可包含一聚合物基板，諸如聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)或定向聚丙烯(OPP)等。基板1250可具有一厚度，其可在自10微米至300微米、自10微米至250微米、自10微米至200微米、自10微米至150微米、自10微米至100微米、自10微米至20微米之範圍中、在由此等範圍之任一者形成之任何範圍中、在此等範圍內之任何範圍中、可為此等範圍內之任何值(例如，12.5微米、25微米、37.5微米、40微米、45微米、50微米、80微米、100微米等)或可在由此等值形成之任何範圍中。 類似於圖1A，可在一基板1250之一第一側1251上安置諸如圖1C-1中之1D透鏡陣列及圖1C-2中之2D透鏡陣列之透鏡陣列(未展示)。透鏡陣列可在一或多個色彩產生結構1262形成在材料層1260中之前安置在基板1250之一第一側1251上。舉例而言，透鏡可在形成色彩產生結構1262之前安置在基板1250之一第一側1251上。在一些實施例中，透鏡陣列可在一或多個色彩產生結構1262形成在材料層1260中之後安置在基板1250之一第一側1251上。在圖12中，材料層1260安置在基板1250之與第一側1251相對之一第二側1252上。在一些此等實施例中，透鏡陣列可在形成實際色彩產生結構之一或多者之後安置在基板之第一側1251或第二側1252上。 在壓印材料層1260之後，對於一反射反蛋白石，可用包括一反射金屬之一塗層1265塗佈(例如，用諸如鋁、銀、金、錫等之一不透明反射金屬塗佈)材料1260，而對於一透射反蛋白石，可用包括如本文中描述之具有一相對高折射率之一透明(或至少部分透射)介電材料(例如，硫化鋅、二氧化鈦、氧化銦錫等)之一塗層1265塗佈材料1260。對於一反射電漿子結構，可用包括一反射金屬之一塗層1265塗佈(例如，用諸如銀、金、鋁、銅、錫等之一不透明反射金屬塗佈)材料1260。在各種實施例中，塗佈壓印層可包括真空或蒸鍍塗佈。在一些例項中，由於金屬易受腐蝕，故包括一反射金屬之塗層1265可具備一保護塗層1266 (例如，一介電材料層或諸如鋁之其他金屬)。在一透射電漿子結構中，可移除金屬層之間之任何沈積反射層。在一些此等實施例中，可依一角度剝離或離子洗滌一些沈積金屬。如圖12中展示，色彩產生結構1262 (例如，用以反射彩色光)可與一或多個漫射特徵1271 (例如，用以反射漫射光)及/或一或多個鏡面反射特徵1272 (例如，用以反射鏡面光)合併。 圖13A示意性地圖解說明根據本文中描述之某些實施例之一例示性裝置。裝置1300可包含如本文中描述之一透鏡陣列1305。舉例而言，透鏡陣列在一些實施例中可包含一UV固化樹脂。透鏡陣列1305可為如本文中描述之一1D透鏡陣列或一2D透鏡陣列。如本文中描述，各透鏡可具有自5微米至200微米(諸如自10微米至150微米、自15微米至100微米等)之一直徑(或沿著一雙凸透鏡陣列之x軸之W_L )。尺寸可取決於使用之應用。舉例而言，對於貨幣上之一安全裝置，各透鏡可具有自5微米至20微米(例如，5微米、10微米、15微米等)之一直徑。 如本文中亦描述，透鏡可安置在一基板1350之一第一側1351上。在一些實施例中，基板1350之厚度可至少部分基於透鏡陣列中之透鏡直徑。舉例而言，在一些例項中，具有15微米之一直徑之一透鏡可安置在具有15微米之一厚度之一基板上(例如，因此影像平面可聚焦)。同樣地，具有80微米之一直徑之一透鏡可安置在具有80微米之一厚度之一基板上。一或多個色彩產生結構1362 (諸如一反蛋白石結構1362a、一正蛋白石結構1362b或其之一組合)可安置在基板1350之一第二側1352上。舉例而言，一或多個色彩產生結構1362可形成在UV可固化樹脂1360中。在各種實施例中，一或多個色彩產生結構1362可包含一反蛋白石結構1362a或一正蛋白石表面1362b。如本文中描述，蛋白石結構1362之一些實施例可包含一塗層(例如，反射、透明或部分反射/部分透射)。如本文中亦描述，各種實施例可包含與一或多個漫射特徵1371及/或一或多個鏡面反射特徵1372合併之一或多個色彩產生結構1362。如圖13B中展示，一或多個色彩產生結構1362可包含一電漿子結構1362c。如本文中描述，電漿子結構1362c可為塗佈有一不透明反射材料1365 (諸如銀)接著一介電材料(例如，二氧化矽)或鋁之一保護塗層之表面。圖13A及圖13B未依比例繪製。舉例而言，在許多實施例中，蛋白石結構1362a或1362b之大小及/或電漿子結構1362c之大小可遠小於透鏡1305之大小。 在各種實施例中，在形成裝置之後，各種實施例可併入至如本文中描述之一紙幣中。安全裝置可經組態以提供一安全品項(例如，貨幣、一信用卡、一轉帳卡、一護照、一駕駛執照、一身份證、一文件、一防篡改容器或包裝或一瓶藥物)之真實性驗證。安全裝置可為一安全線、一熱燙印特徵、一嵌入式特徵、一窗化特徵或一層壓特徵。 在一些實施例中，可藉由一肉眼解析由透鏡陣列中之一對應透鏡所產生之一或多個色彩。然而，為增加安全性，在一些實施例中，可在一隱蔽位準添加至少一個色彩。舉例而言，可添加一或多個色彩產生結構使得色彩低於眼睛解析度(例如，小於100微米)且在無放大鏡或顯微鏡輔助之情況下不可觀看。作為另一實例，可添加一或多個色彩產生結構使得彩色符號(例如，文字、數字、圖形等)在無額外輔助設備之情況下不可解析。 如本文中描述，如圖1C-2中展示之一2D透鏡陣列可併入在本文中描述之各種實施例中以呈現具有或不具有色彩之影像/圖示。圖14A示意性地圖解說明包含一2D透鏡陣列1025之一例示性安全裝置1040之一等角視圖，2D透鏡陣列1025包括安置在具有如本文中描述之光學特徵之複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 上方之透鏡元件L₁ 、L₂ 、L₃ 、L₄ 、L₅ 及L₆ 。裝置1040可經組態以在自不同方向觀看時呈現不同相異影像/圖示(例如，一自由鐘及一數字100)。舉例而言，如上文中論述，在一第一視角，裝置1040可呈現一圖示以供觀看且在一第二視角，裝置1040不呈現圖示以供觀看。在本文中論述之各種實施例中，包含於複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之各者中之特徵可經組態以產生半色調影像。如本文中論述，在一些實施例中，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之各者可包括經組態以產生複數個相異影像/圖示之複數個特徵。舉例而言，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之各者可包括經組態以產生一第一影像/圖示之一第一特徵集合及經組態以產生與第一影像/圖示相異之一第二影像/圖示之一第二特徵集合。作為另一實例，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 可包括鏡面反射特徵及漫射特徵。鏡面反射特徵可界定圖示或背景之一者。當鏡面反射特徵界定圖示時，漫射特徵可界定背景。當鏡面反射特徵界定背景時，漫射特徵可界定圖示。在一些實施例中，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之各者經組態以個別產生相異影像/圖示之一複本。在此等實施例中，2D透鏡陣列可經組態以基於由複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之各者個別產生之相異影像/圖示而產生相異影像/圖示。舉例而言，2D透鏡陣列之各透鏡元件可經組態以使由其上方安置透鏡元件之各自部分所產生之相異影像/圖示之不同態樣聚焦。以此方式，可使用透鏡陣列來產生相異影像/圖示之一放大版本。在各種實施例中，部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之大小及形狀之任一者或任何組合及/或部分中之圖示之位置可為相同。在一些實施例中，舉例而言，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 可為彼此之複本。 在圖14A中，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 描繪為具有近似相同大小。然而，在各種實施例中，部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 無需具有相同大小及/或形狀。部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 無需排序或規則配置成相同大小之列及行。不管複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 之各者之大小及形狀是否相同，不同部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 可經組態以產生相同影像/圖示集合。 2D透鏡陣列1025之各透鏡元件之大小可匹配在其上方安置該透鏡元件之部分之大小使得複數個部分之各者具有安置在其上方之一對應透鏡元件。在此等實施例中，在2D透鏡陣列1025之透鏡元件之數目與部分之數目之間存在一對一對應。2D透鏡陣列之各透鏡元件之曲率可經組態以產生不同光學效應及/或提供不同放大倍數。儘管在圖14A中，2D透鏡陣列之個別透鏡元件之大小描繪為具有近似相同大小，然而在其他實施例中，2D透鏡陣列之個別透鏡元件之大小可變化。在圖14A中，2D透鏡陣列之個別透鏡元件描繪為球面透鏡元件，其等與鄰近透鏡元件接觸使得鄰近透鏡元件之中心之間之距離(舉例而言，亦稱為間距)等於球面透鏡元件之直徑。然而，在其他實施例中，2D透鏡陣列之各透鏡元件可藉由一間隙與一鄰近透鏡元件隔開使得鄰近透鏡元件之中心之間之距離大於透鏡元件之直徑。在各種實施例中，2D透鏡陣列可為一規則陣列，其中鄰近透鏡元件之中心之間之距離跨陣列恆定。然而，在其他實施例中，鄰近透鏡元件之中心之間之距離可跨透鏡陣列變化。 2D透鏡陣列1025之透鏡元件可相對於複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 及P₆ 對準使得2D透鏡陣列之各透鏡元件與一各自部分配準。舉例而言，2D透鏡陣列1025之各透鏡元件之中心可與在其上方安置該透鏡元件之一各自部分之中心重合。圖14B圖解說明包含具有透鏡元件1025a、1025b、1025c、1025d、1025e、1025f、1025g、1025h及1025i之一2D透鏡陣列1025之一例示性安全裝置之一俯視圖，該等透鏡元件分別與一部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 配準使得各透鏡元件1025a、1025b、1025c、1025d、1025e、1025f、1025g、1025h及1025i之中心與各自部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 之中心重合。在圖14B中圖解說明之裝置中，各部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 具有經組態以產生兩個相異影像/圖示(例如，一鐘及數字100)之光學特徵。經組態以產生兩個相異影像/圖示(例如，一鐘及數字100)之特徵之配置在複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 之各者中係相同的使得透鏡元件1025a、1025b、1025c、1025d、1025e、1025f、1025g、1025h及1025i之類似區域安置在兩個相異影像/圖示之類似區域上方及/或複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 中之圖示安置在透鏡之類似區域下方。 然而，在各種實施例中，透鏡元件無需相對於複數個部分配準。舉例而言，如圖14C中展示，透鏡元件之中心可相對於對應部分之中心橫向偏移。在此等實施例中，當裝置傾斜使得自不同方向觀看該裝置時，圖示可看似移動。儘管圖14C中之透鏡元件之中心描繪為沿著水平方向橫向偏移，然而在其他實施例中，透鏡元件之中心可沿著垂直方向橫向偏移。 在圖14D中，經組態以產生兩個相異影像/圖示(例如，一鐘及數字100)之複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 之各者中之特徵經配置使得在複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 之各者中之不同空間區域中產生兩個相異影像/圖示。因此，儘管2D透鏡陣列之個別透鏡元件與一對應部分配準，然不同部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 之圖示並非處於相對於透鏡之中心之相同位置。在不失一般性之情況下，複數個部分P₁ 、P₂ 、P₃ 、P₄ 、P₅ 、P₆ 、P₇ 、P₈ 及P₉ 可被視為形成沿著水平及垂直方向延伸之一2D影像陣列。如本文中論述，影像陣列可為具有對應於連續影像之間之距離之一週期(本文中稱為一影像週期)之一規則陣列。2D透鏡陣列亦可沿著水平及垂直方向延伸。在各種實施例中，對應於連續透鏡元件之間之距離之2D透鏡陣列之透鏡週期可等於影像週期(例如，如圖14B中展示)、大於影像週期或小於影像週期。當透鏡週期大於影像週期時，影像/圖示可出現在影像平面外。當透鏡週期小於影像週期時，影像/圖示可出現在影像平面前面。在各種實施例中，透鏡陣列之水平及垂直方向可與影像陣列之水平及垂直方向對準(如圖14B中描繪)使得2D透鏡陣列之各透鏡元件與影像陣列之各元件配準(或對準)。然而，在一些其他實施例中，透鏡陣列延伸所沿之水平及垂直方向可相對於影像陣列延伸所沿之水平及垂直方向旋轉使得透鏡陣列相對於影像陣列旋轉，如圖14E中描繪。舉例而言，透鏡陣列可相對於影像陣列旋轉達小於或等於15度之一量。藉由使透鏡陣列相對於影像陣列旋轉，影像/圖示可經組態以在視角改變時相對於觀察者在相對於傾斜方向之一垂直方向上移動。在此等實施例中，透鏡週期可被視為相對於影像週期旋轉。可藉由使影像陣列延伸所沿之水平及垂直方向相對於透鏡陣列延伸所沿之水平及垂直方向旋轉而獲得一類似效應，如圖14F中展示。 安置在一2D影像陣列上方之2D透鏡陣列可產生許多不同光學效應。舉例而言，當光學裝置傾斜時，不同影像/圖示可看似橫向移動。作為另一實例，複數個部分之各者可經組態以產生具有一第一大小之一影像/圖示之一第一版本及具有一第二大小之影像/圖示之一第二版本。當光學裝置傾斜時，影像/圖示可看似改變大小而不改變其等形狀。當光學裝置傾斜時，不同影像/圖示可看似形成彼此相交及/或移動遠離彼此之拼圖。當光學裝置傾斜時，不同影像/圖示可看似改變光學密度。在一些實施例中，複數個部分之各者可經組態以產生反射性(使得其看似明亮)之一影像/圖示之一第一版本及漫射性之影像/圖示之一第二版本。當光學裝置傾斜時，影像/圖示可看似自一反射狀態變為一漫射狀態或反之亦然，同時維持相同形狀。在一些實施例中，複數個部分之各者可經組態以產生具有一第一定向之一影像/圖示之一第一版本及具有一第二定向之影像/圖示之一第二版本。當光學裝置傾斜時，影像/圖示之定向可看似改變。當光學裝置傾斜時，不同影像/圖示可看似更緊靠在一起或移動遠離彼此。當光學裝置傾斜時，不同影像/圖示可看似在相反方向上橫向移動。當光學裝置傾斜時，不同影像/圖示可看似自一個符號改變為另一符號、自一個數字改變為另一數字、自一個幾何圖形改變為另一幾何圖形、自一個標誌改變為另一標誌或自一個圖形表示改變為另一圖形表示。 圖14G圖解說明包括安置在一影像陣列上方之一透鏡陣列之安全裝置之一俯視圖。影像陣列包含包括經組態以產生相異圖示(例如，一鐘及一文字100)之光學特徵之部分。產生第一圖示(例如，一鐘)之影像陣列之特徵相對於透鏡陣列之透鏡之中心沿著一第一方向(例如，逆時針方向)旋轉且產生第二圖示(例如，文字100)之影像陣列之特徵相對於透鏡陣列之透鏡之中心沿著一第二相反方向(例如，順時針方向)旋轉。當裝置傾斜時，則第一圖示(例如，一鐘)及第二圖示(例如，文字100)可看似在不同方向上移動。 圖14H圖解說明包括安置在一影像陣列上方之一透鏡陣列之安全裝置之一俯視圖。影像陣列包含包括經組態以產生相異圖示(例如，一鐘及一文字100)之光學特徵之部分。產生第一圖示(例如，一鐘)之影像陣列之特徵經安置使得其等相對於透鏡陣列之透鏡之中心重合。相應地，影像中之第一圖示之間距(或鄰近第一圖示之間之距離)實質上等於透鏡陣列之間距。影像陣列中之第二圖示之間距可不同於透鏡陣列之間距。舉例而言，第二圖示之間距可在比透鏡陣列之間距大或小約1%至20%之間。當裝置傾斜時，則第二圖示(例如，文字100)可看似移動遠離或更靠近第一圖示。可藉由改變影像陣列及/或影像陣列之圖示相對於透鏡陣列中之透鏡之中心之配準而產生許多此等光學效應。舉例而言，在一些實施例中，由複數個部分之特徵產生之一些影像/圖示可看似處於裝置之表面，而由複數個部分之特徵產生之一些其他影像/圖示可看似浮動在裝置之表面上方或下方。 本文中已描述本發明之各種實施例。儘管已參考此等特定實施例描述本發明，然描述意欲圖解說明本發明且非意欲為限制。熟習此項技術者可想到各種修改及應用而不背離本發明之真實精神及範疇。 Cross reference of related applications This application claims that the U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/326707 (agent file number WVFRNT.013PR) filed on April 22, 2016, titled "OPTICAL SWITCH DEVICES", and the title of the application filed on January 13, 2017 is " OPTICAL SWITCH DEVICES'' U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/446315 (Agent File Number WVFRNT.013PR2) and the U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/447842 (Applied on January 18, 2017) titled ``OPTICAL SWITCH DEVICES'' ( The agent file number WVFRNT.013PR3) priority right. The entire content of each application cited in this paragraph is incorporated herein by reference. Statement on Federal Government Funding for Research and Development This invention is supported by the government under the contract No. TEPS 14-02302 awarded by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The government has certain rights in this invention. The first line of defense against counterfeiting and the effectiveness of security systems are usually (for example) tested by the public. The security features of banknotes are preferably easily seen and remembered by the general public (including color-blind people) within a 5 to 10 second time frame under various lighting conditions. In addition, in general, security features should not be able to be reproduced by electronic or photographic means. The trend of safety features has been towards more complex structures and discoloration effects. However, this trend is frustrating for the public. These complex safety devices have puzzled ordinary people looking for distinctive safety features. On the other hand, the public is generally aware of paper currency watermarks (about 70% know it). The watermark is an image defined by light-colored and dark areas as seen by viewing the watermark under light transmission by lifting a banknote. Furthermore, the color shift characteristics are low in public recognition and awareness. For example, the color in the color shifting ink is not bright. The colors in kinegrams are bright, but they are too complicated for ordinary people to remember or to temper the authenticity in the features. Recent security devices (e.g., color-shifting ink and movement type features) are not easy to see under low-light conditions (e.g., in low-light bars, restaurants, etc.), are poor in image clarity, or have movement relative to banknotes Its slow optical movement. Therefore, in many security devices, a clear image with high contrast relative to the background is required, which is turned on and off when operating under various light conditions including low light, or uses very few (if not) transitions to change the state to a high change Switch to a different image. In essence, we expect to change one of the high-contrast reflection "watermarks" of one of the images when we change our viewing angle to a small angle. Certain embodiments described herein utilize the dramatic effect of the device transforming itself into a shiny silver or black icon of a different image relative to a white diffuse background as the device is tilted relative to the observer. Some embodiments use black, white, and gray color gamuts to produce strong high-definition images. According to certain embodiments described herein, an optical switch device such as a safety device is disclosed. Although the embodiments can be described with respect to safety devices, the devices disclosed herein can also be used for non-safety devices. In various embodiments, the security device may present an icon for viewing when it is illuminated. The icon may appear bright or dark relative to its background and may appear clear (for example, with high definition). In some embodiments, when tilting the device, a user can turn on and off the icon (and/or turn off and on the icon), and in various cases, a relatively small tilt angle ( For example, in some cases, from 2 degrees to 15 degrees). In various other embodiments, instead of turning on and off an icon when the device is tilted, a user can switch between at least two icons. Advantageously, the security device disclosed in this article can present clear and high-contrast icons with fast switching, which are difficult to forge. For additional safety, the various embodiments of the features described herein can be combined and/or combined with other features known in the art or yet to be developed. Certain embodiments of the security devices described herein can present one or more clear icons with high contrast relative to the background by incorporating two different types of optical features with high contrast relative to each other. In some embodiments, the optical features may include specular reflective features (e.g., optically variable) and diffusive features (e.g., optically constant). In some embodiments, the specular reflection feature and the diffusion feature can be incorporated to include configurations that are configured to tilt the device (eg, tilt the device so that the viewer moves his or her viewing angle, while the light source remains fixed in place Position) to turn on and off a safety device in a lens array as shown in the figure. In some embodiments, the position of the light source can be moved while keeping the observer's angle fixed without changing the shape of the image (for example, the shape of the image can remain unchanged). Figures 1A and 1B schematically illustrate an example of such a safety device. As shown in FIG. 1A, the security device 100 may include a lens array 105 and a plurality of first segments 101 and second segments 102 disposed under the lens array 105. Referring to FIG. 1B, a first segment 101a, 101b, 101c, 101d may correspond to a part of the illustration 112 and/or the background 115. 1A, at a first viewing angle α (for example, an angle relative to a normal plane of the device 100), the lens array 105 may be configured to allow the illustration 112 to be viewed. At a second viewing angle β that is different from the first viewing angle α (for example, an angle relative to a normal plane of the device 100), the lens array 105 may be configured to not allow viewing of the illustration 112. For example, as will be disclosed herein, the first segment 101 may include specular reflection features and diffusion features, and the second segment 102 may include specular reflection features or diffusion features. (Or the second segment 102 may include specular reflection features and diffusion features, and the first segment 101 may include specular reflection features or diffusion features.) In FIG. 1A, the lens array 105 can be used to make the device 100 from a first viewing angle α When tilted to the second viewing angle β, the icon 112 is turned on and off. For example, the security device 100 may include a set of first segments 101 and a set of second segments 102 disposed under the lens array 105. The first segment 101 may correspond to the part of the illustration 112 and a first background 115, so that at the first viewing angle α, the lens array 105 can allow the illustration 112 and the first background 115 to be viewed. The second segment 102 may correspond to a portion of the second background 125 that does not have an icon 112 (for example, as represented by the lack of an icon 112 in the second background 125), so that at the second viewing angle β, the lens array 105 does not allow viewing Illustration 112. Therefore, by tilting the device 100 from the first viewing angle α to the second viewing angle β, the lens array 105 can turn on and off the icon 112. Thus, the viewer can see that the icon 112 appears and disappears when the device 100 is tilted. In various embodiments, the lens array 105 may include a 1-D lens array. As shown in Figure 1C-1, the lens can extend longer in length than shown in Figure 1A. However, the drawings and schematic diagrams are only explanatory. One of the wide variations in size and dimensions is feasible. In some embodiments, referring to FIG. 1A, the lens array 105 may include a plurality of cylindrical, semi-cylindrical lenses, truncated semi-cylindrical lenses, or plano-convex cylindrical lenses with one convex surface and one flat surface. In some embodiments, the lens may have a convex surface and a concave surface. The lens array can include a range that can be in one of from 5 microns to 200 microns (such as 6.6 microns, 8.4 microns, 12.5 microns, 16 microns, 22 microns, 84 microns, 120 microns, 150 microns, etc.), and can be within this range. In any range (such as 5 micrometers to 150 micrometers, 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, 5 micrometers to 85 micrometers, 5 micrometers to 50 micrometers, 5 micrometers to 25 micrometers, 5 micrometers to 20 micrometers, 6.6 micrometers to 150 micrometers, 6.6 micrometers To 22 microns, 8.4 microns to 150 microns, 8.4 microns to 22 microns, 12.5 microns to 150 microns, 16 microns to 150 microns, 22 microns to 150 microns, 84 microns to 150 microns, etc.), any of these ranges The value may be a microlens array at a pitch (for example, the lateral distance between the centers of two lenses) in any range formed by this equivalent value. In some embodiments, the pitch may be constant across the lens array 105. However, in some embodiments, the pitch may vary across the array 105. One of the lenses in the lens array 105 can have a range from 5 microns to 200 microns (such as 6.6 microns, 8.4 microns, 12.5 microns, 16 microns, 22 microns, 84 microns, 120 microns, 150 microns, etc.), In any range within this range (such as 5 microns to 150 microns, 5 microns to 100 microns, 5 microns to 85 microns, 5 microns to 50 microns, 5 microns to 25 microns, 5 microns to 20 microns, 6.6 microns to 150 Micrometers, 6.6 micrometers to 22 micrometers, 8.4 micrometers to 150 micrometers, 8.4 micrometers to 22 micrometers, 12.5 micrometers to 150 micrometers, 16 micrometers to 150 micrometers, 22 micrometers to 150 micrometers, 84 micrometers to 150 micrometers, etc.), can be this Any value in the range or a width W in any range formed by the equivalent value _L (For example, along the x-axis). In some embodiments, the width of a lens W _L Compatible with the width W of the other lens in the lens array 105 _L the same. However, in other embodiments, the width W of a lens _L Compatible with the width W of the other lens in the lens array 105 _L different. The radius of curvature of a lens can be in a range from 5 microns to 100 microns (such as 5 microns, 12.5 microns, 25 microns, 37.5 microns, 50 microns, 62.5 microns, 75 microns, 87.5 microns, 100 microns, etc.). In any range within this range (such as 5 microns to 87.5 microns, 5 microns to 75 microns, 12.5 microns to 87.5 microns, 12.5 microns to 75 microns, etc.), any value within this range or can be In any range formed by the value. In some embodiments, the radius of curvature of one lens may be different from the radius of curvature of another lens in the lens array 105. The curvature may be rotationally symmetric or may be rotationally asymmetric. The lens can be made of various materials such as polymers. For example, the lens array 105 can be UV cast into a resin layer coated on a polymer substrate. Some exemplary substrate materials may include (but are not limited to) polyethylene terephthalate (PET), oriented polypropylene (OPP), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), poly Propylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polycarbonate (PC). As another example, the lens array 105 may be molded or embossed in a polymer substrate. Moldable and/or imprintable substrates may include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) modified by glycol. Other methods and materials known or yet to be developed in this technology can be used. In some embodiments, a lens may have a focal length (and a corresponding focal ratio) and be placed at a distance from the back side of the substrate compared to the focal length of the lens to focus light on the back side of the substrate. In other embodiments, a lens may have a focal length (and a corresponding focal ratio) and be placed at a distance from the back side of the substrate compared to the focal length of the lens to focus light on the front side of the substrate. In other embodiments, a lens may have a focal length (and a corresponding focal ratio) and be placed at a distance from the back side of the substrate compared to the focal length of the lens to focus light between the front side and the back side of the substrate . Exemplary focal lengths include those that can range from 5 microns to 200 microns (such as 5 microns, 12.5 microns, 25 microns, 37.5 microns, 50 microns, 62.5 microns, 75 microns, 87.5 microns, 100 microns, 112.5 microns, 125 microns, 137.5 microns, 150 microns, 162.5 microns, 175 microns, 187.5 microns, 200 microns, etc.), can be in any range within this range (such as 5 microns to 187.5 microns, 5 microns to 175 microns, 12.5 microns to 187.5 microns, 12.5 microns to 175 microns, etc.), can be any value within this range, or can be a number in any range formed by the equivalent value. In some embodiments, the focal length (and focal ratio) of one lens may be different from the focal length (and focal ratio) of another lens in the lens array 105. Although the lens array 105 is illustrated in FIG. 1A as a 1D lens array, in some embodiments, the lens array 105 may include a 2D lens array. Figure 1C-2 shows an exemplary 2D lens array. A 1D lens array (for example, FIG. 1A) may include a series of cylindrical, semi-cylindrical lenses, truncated semi-cylindrical lenses, or plano-convex cylindrical lenses in a row with diopters in only one direction (for example, curvature) Lens, and a 2D lens array (e.g., Figure 1C-2) can have diopters (e.g., curvature) in two directions. In various embodiments, the 2D array includes a lens having a surface (which is a rotationally symmetric surface). In some embodiments, the 2D array may include lenses with asymmetric surfaces. For example, the lens may be elliptical, where the lens is longer in one orthogonal direction than in another orthogonal direction. In some embodiments, the 2D array may include spherical lenses. In some embodiments, the 2D array may include lenses with aspheric surfaces. In various embodiments, the 2D array may include elliptical, hexagonal, Fresnel, and/or achromatic lenses. The lenses in the 2D lens array can be arranged in a close-packed arrangement or a square arrangement. However, the shape and or configuration of the lens should not be regarded as limiting. As additional examples, the surface of the lens may be convex, aspheric, toroidal, and/or off-center. The lens may have a circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal aperture shape or occupied area, or may have other shapes, and the aperture may be truncated. Similarly, the lenses can be arranged in a square array, triangular array, hexagonal close-packed, or arranged in other ways. In some embodiments, the lens array 105 may include a first lenticular lens array with a first longitudinal axis and a second lenticular lens array with a second longitudinal axis. In some examples, the first and second arrays may be configured such that the first longitudinal axis of the first array can form an angle from 5 degrees to 90 degrees (or within this range) with respect to the second longitudinal axis of the second array. Any range, such as from 5 degrees to 80 degrees, 10 degrees to 90 degrees, 20 degrees to 90 degrees, etc.). In various embodiments, the lens array 105 may include a series of lenses (for example, lenticular lenses, micro lenses, spherical lenses, etc.), which are configured to allow different viewing angles corresponding to different images placed under the lens. feature. For example, in some cases, the lens is used to magnify a magnifying lens that corresponds to different features of different images at different viewing angles and is placed under the lens. As another example, the lens can provide a way to switch between different images through different channels. Therefore, the security device 100 may include a set of a first segment 101 and a set of a second segment 102 disposed under the lens array 105. In FIG. 1B, the first segment 101 and the second segment 102 are interlaced with each other. A first segment 101a, 101b, 101c, 101d can correspond to a part of a first image 110 (only the top is illustrated), so that at the first viewing angle α, the lens array 105 can be configured to allow the first image 110 to be viewed The plural parts. Although the lens array 105 allows a plurality of separate parts to be viewed, the viewer can see the sum of all parts of the first image 110 (for example, the entire first image 110). A second segment 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can correspond to a portion of a second image 120, so that at the second viewing angle β, the lens array 105 can be configured to allow multiple portions of the second image 120 to be viewed. Although the lens array 105 allows a plurality of separate parts to be viewed, the viewer can see the sum of all parts of the second image 120 (for example, the entire second image 120). In the example shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the first image 110 includes an icon 112 and a first background 115, and the second image 120 includes a second background 125 without an icon 112. In various embodiments, the first image 110 (or the icon 112) may include at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an image (for example, an artistic image), a halftone image, a graphic, or an object. Other lines are feasible. In this example, the first image 110 shown is an icon 112 of the letter A. Since the first image 110 includes the icon 112, the lens array 105 allows the icon 112 to be viewed at the first viewing angle α. However, since the second image 120 does not include the icon 112, the lens array 105 does not allow the icon 112 to be viewed at the second viewing angle β. Therefore, by tilting the device 100 from the first viewing angle α to the second viewing angle β, the lens array 105 can turn on and off the icon 112. Referring to FIG. 1A, the first segment 101 and the second segment 102 may be arranged under the lens array 105. In various embodiments, the first segment 101 and the second segment 102 may have a width W smaller than one of the lenses in the lens array 105 _L One of the width w. In some embodiments, a one-to-one first segment 101 and a second segment 102 can be aligned below each lens in the lens array 105. However, the one-to-one first segment 101 and the second segment 102 need not be precisely aligned under one of the individual lenses in the array 105, and may deviate from this alignment. For example, a first segment 101 can be placed under a single lens in the array, and a portion of a second segment 102 can be placed under a portion of two different lenses in the array 105. Therefore, in various embodiments, the pair of a first segment 101 and a second segment 102 under the lens array 105 is not alignment sensitive (for example, there is no need for a first segment 101 and a first segment 101 and a second segment under a single lens in the array 105 The second segment 102 is precisely aligned with it). Although it is not necessary to precisely align a pair of a first segment 101 and a second segment 102 under a single lens in the array 105, a lens in the lens array 105 can usually be registered with a pair of the first segment 101 and a pair of The second segment 102. For example, a lens may correspond to a first segment 101 and a second segment 102 one to one. Light from a first segment 101 can pass through a first part of a lens and light from a second segment 102 can pass through a divided part of the lens, and the corresponding parts of the lens can be two as described herein. Different angles form different images. Generally, most lenses can be registered with respect to the segments 101, 102 in this manner. A first segment 101 and/or a second segment 102 may have a length l (along the y-axis), a width w (along the x-axis), and a thickness t (along the z-axis). The length l, width w, and thickness t are not specifically limited, and may be based on applications. In some embodiments, the width w of a first segment 101 and/or a second segment 102 may be based on the size of the lenses in the array 105 (for example, approximately one-half pitch of the lenses). In various embodiments, for example, for a security thread on a banknote, the width w of a first segment 101 and/or a second segment 102 may be less than or equal to 80 microns, less than or equal to 70 microns, or less than or Equal to 60 microns, and/or in a range from 10 microns to 80 microns, in any range within this range (for example, 10 microns to 75 microns, 15 microns to 75 microns, 15 microns to 70 microns, etc.), It can be any value within this equivalent range or in any range formed by this equivalent value. A first segment 101 and/or a second segment 102 may include multiple features per segment. For example, the feature may include a feature smaller than 10 microns in size corresponding to a portion of an image (as will be described herein). In various embodiments, the lens array 105 can magnify features less than 10 microns in size placed under the lens so that they can be viewed with the naked eye. For example, in some embodiments, the first segment 101 and/or the second segment 102 may have a lens width W _L It is about one half of the width w. However, when viewing the first segment 101 and/or the second segment 102 below one of the lenses in the array 105, the features can fill the width of the lens and therefore the features within the segment can present the full width of the lens or at least the size of the segment itself . In some embodiments, the first segment 101 and/or the second segment 102 may include a micro image (for example, at least one alphanumeric character, symbol, an artistic image, a graphic, an object, etc.) that cannot be viewed by the naked eye , Where the height of the micro image is smaller than the width w of the fragments 101 and 102. In some of these embodiments, the lens array 105 can magnify the micro image so that it can be viewed by the naked eye. In other such embodiments, for an additional security feature, the micro image can remain invisible to the naked eye but can be viewed using an additional auxiliary device such as a magnifying glass or microscope. In various embodiments, the lens array 105 may be disposed on a first side 151 of a substrate or carrier 150. The first segment 101 and the second segment 102 may be disposed on the second side 152 of the substrate 150 opposite to the first side 151. 1B, some embodiments may be manufactured by applying specular reflective features 132 and/or diffusing features 135, 145 on a substrate or carrier 150 (e.g., on the second side 152 of the substrate 150). In some embodiments, the specular reflection feature 132 and the diffusion feature 135 can be embossed into a coating or substrate or carrier 150. After UV curing the embossed coating or substrate, the specular reflective feature 132 and the diffusing feature 135 can be metalized (e.g., simultaneously in some cases). The substrate or carrier 150 may include various polymer substrates, such as, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), oriented polypropylene (OPP), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC) or any other type of plastic film or carrier. In various embodiments, the polymer substrate may be transparent. The polymer substrate can have a range from 10 microns to 300 microns (e.g., 12.5 microns, 25 microns, 37.5 microns, 50 microns, etc.), any range within this range (e.g., 10 microns to 200 microns , 12.5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, 12.5 micrometers to 50 micrometers, etc.), can be any value in this range or a thickness in any range formed by the equivalent value. After the device 100 is formed, some of these devices 100 can be incorporated into a banknote having a thickness of paper, plastic, or polymer. The thickness can be in a range from 10 microns to 110 microns (e.g., 12.5 microns, 25 microns, etc.). , 40 microns, 50 microns, 90 microns, 95 microns, 98 microns, 100 microns, 105 microns, 107 microns, etc.), in any range within this range (for example, 10 microns to 105 microns, 10 microns to 90 microns, 10 micrometers to 50 micrometers, 10 micrometers to 40 micrometers, etc.), can be any value within this range or any range formed by the equivalent value. In some embodiments, various devices 100 can be incorporated into a banknote (for example, embedded in the paper, plastic, or polymer of the banknote or laminated on the paper, plastic, or polymer of the banknote) so that the total thickness of the banknote can be In a range from 10 microns to 130 microns, from 10 microns to 120 microns, from 10 microns to 110 microns, from 10 microns to 100 microns, from 10 microns to 90 microns, in any range within these ranges, It can be any value within this equivalent range or in any range formed by this equivalent value. The security device 100 may be formed as a security thread in banknotes. A security thread can be a polymer film that is interwoven into paper money (or plastic or polymer) when it is made so that parts of it are visible on the surface and some parts are not visible. The security device 100 can be a hot stamping feature, an embedded feature, a window feature, or a laminated feature. A release substrate (a security feature (for example, a holographic image) positioned on the release substrate) can be used to transfer a hot stamping feature to the surface of a banknote using heated die and pressure. Usually, a block is thermally printed on the surface of a banknote. An embedded feature can be affixed in a recess, for example, formed in a banknote during the paper (or plastic or polymer) manufacturing process. In some embodiments, this feature can keep the surface of the banknote flat. A windowing feature allows us to see the security device through transmission. A windowing feature can include an opening in paper money (or plastic or polymer) and can be laminated with a polymer film. A windowing feature can include a security thread woven into the paper money (or plastic or polymer). A lamination feature can be attached to the surface of the banknote by means of an adhesive. A laminated strip may comprise a flat polymer film with built-in optical security devices. This flat polymer film can be attached to a banknote across its width (eg, narrow size) using an adhesive on the surface of the banknote. In some embodiments, the security device 100 can be configured to provide a security item (for example, currency, a credit card, a debit card, a passport, a driving license, an ID card, a document, a tamper-proof container or Packaging, or a bottle of medicine) authenticity verification. Although FIGS. 1A and 1B show two fragment sets (eg, the first fragment 101 and the second fragment 102), additional fragment sets (eg, the third fragment, the fourth fragment, etc.) may be included. For the lens array 105 of the same size, in order to incorporate additional segments, the width w of the segments can be reduced. Alternatively, to incorporate additional (e.g., same size) segments, the size of the lens can be increased (e.g., W _L ). With further reference to FIG. 1B, the first segment 101 may include a specular reflection feature 132 and a diffusion feature 135. The specular reflection feature 132 can define the icon 112 and the diffusion feature 135 can define the first background 115. In various embodiments, a master used to form the specular reflection feature 132 and/or the diffusion feature 135 may be prepared by using an electron beam, lithography, and/or etching. The specular reflection feature 132 may be provided by a mirror such as a metalized relatively flat and/or smooth surface. In some examples, the metalized surface may include metals such as aluminum, silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, tin, and alloys thereof (eg, bronze). The diffusion feature 135 can be made of, for example, a Keno diffuser, a customized micro-diffuser, or a resin containing scattering particles (such as TiO ₂ ) Or one of the diffusers of other types (and can be used to form a master copy from a holographic process involving interference with light on a photosensitive material). In some embodiments, the diffusing feature 135 may provide a matte white or a paper white finish or a gray finish. The surface texture of the diffuse feature 135 can provide "color consistency" (e.g., a uniform white or gray appearance). In various embodiments, the surface texture of the specular reflective feature 132 can provide a "color contrast" with the diffuse feature 135 (eg, provide a dark or shiny appearance adjacent to a white or gray appearance). In some embodiments, the diffusing feature 135 may include a colorant, dye, ink, or pigment (or other materials that absorb to provide color) to change the color from white or gray, but maintain a matte finish appearance (e.g., A matte color, such as matte green, matte red, etc.). In various embodiments, high contrast and uniformity may allow the rendered image to be relatively unchanged when the light source changes its position. An image with high contrast and consistency is effective in public recognition and awareness, which can be advantageous for a safety device. In various embodiments, the diffusive features 135 may include relatively fine and shallow features, thereby allowing the features to be used on a product (eg, a banknote) without substantially increasing the thickness of the product. In addition, generally speaking, a feature of a smaller size allows more features to be incorporated for a line of an image, which can allow better diffusion and increase the resolution of the image. The surface measurement of the diffusive feature 135 can be measured by various instruments (such as a device sold by Keyence). For example, the surface texture can be analyzed based on the international standard ISO 25178 to measure (for example) arithmetic mean height, maximum height, texture aspect ratio, arithmetic mean peak curvature, expanded area ratio, root mean square height, skewness, peak Degrees, maximum peak height. Measure an exemplary diffuser within the following parameters. The diffusion feature 135 may have an arithmetic average height S less than or equal to 5 microns (eg, less than or equal to 1 micron, less than or equal to 0.5 microns, less than or equal to 0.3 microns, less than or equal to 0.2 microns, etc.) _a (For example, the arithmetic mean of the absolute value of the height from the average plane of the surface), and/or have any range from 0.01 micrometer to 5 micrometers within this range (e.g., 0.01 micrometer to 3 micrometers, 0.01 micrometers to 1 micron, 0.01 micron to 0.5 micron, 0.05 micron to 3 micron, 0.05 micron to 1 micron, 0.05 micron to 0.5 micron, 0.05 micron to 0.3 micron, 0.05 micron to 0.2 micron, 0.1 micron to 1 micron, 0.1 micron to 0.5 micron , 0.1 micrometer to 0.3 micrometer, 0.1 micrometer to 0.2 micrometer, etc.), having any value within these ranges, or an arithmetic average height in any range formed by such equivalent values. In some embodiments, the maximum height Sz of the diffusing feature 135 (for example, the distance between the highest point and the lowest point on the surface) may be less than or equal to 10 microns (for example, less than or equal to 8 microns, less than or equal to 5 microns, less than or equal to 3 microns, less than or equal to 2 microns, etc.) and/or from 0.01 microns to 10 microns, in any range within this range (e.g., 0.1 microns to 5 microns, 0.15 microns to 5 microns, 0.2 Micrometer to 5 micrometers, 0.5 micrometers to 5 micrometers, 0.5 micrometers to 3 micrometers, 1 micrometers to 3 micrometers, etc.), can be any value within this range or any range formed by the equivalent value. The diffusion feature 135 may have a texture aspect ratio Str (for example, a measure of the uniformity of surface texture) less than 5 (for example, less than 3, less than 1, etc.), and/or have from 0.01 to 5, in this range Within any range (for example, from 0.2 to 1, from 0.5 to 1, etc.), have any value in these ranges, or have a texture aspect ratio in any range formed by such equivalent values. In some embodiments, the diffusion feature 135 may have an arithmetic mean peak curvature Spc (e.g., peak of the peak) greater than or equal to 1,000 l/mm (e.g., greater than or equal to 10,000 l/mm, greater than or equal to 30,000 l/mm, etc.) The arithmetic mean of the principal curvature), and/or has any range from 1,000 l/mm to 100,000 l/mm, within this range (for example, 10,000 l/mm to 80,000 l/mm, 15,000 l/mm to 80,000 l/mm l/mm, 25,000 l/mm to 65,000 l/mm, 30,000 l/mm to 50,000 l/mm, etc.), have any value within these ranges, or one of the arithmetic average peak values in any range formed by these equivalent values Curvature. In various examples, the spread area ratio Sdr of the diffuse feature 135 (for example, the additional surface area of the defined area contributed by the texture compared to the percentage of the area occupied by the plane or the defined area) may be less than or equal to 10 (for example, less than or equal to 5). , Less than or equal to 4, less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, etc.), and/or has any range from 0.5 to 10, within this range (for example, from 0.8 to 7, from 1 to 2, from 1.2 To 1.8, etc.), have any value within these ranges, or an expanded area ratio in any range formed by such equivalent values. In some embodiments, the root mean square height Sq (e.g., the standard deviation σ of the height) may be less than or equal to 5 microns (e.g., less than or equal to 0.5 microns, less than or equal to 0.3 microns, less than or equal to 0.2 microns, etc.), and / Or have from 0.05 microns to 5 microns, any range within this range (for example, 0.05 microns to 1 microns, 0.05 microns to 0.5 microns, 0.1 microns to 0.5 microns, etc.), have any value within these ranges, or A root mean square height in any range formed by this equivalent value. The diffusion feature 135 may have a skewness Ssk (for example, the degree of deviation of the roughness shape) less than or equal to 5 (for example, less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 1, etc.), and/or have from 0.01 to 5, where In any range within the range (for example, from 0.5 to 5, from 0.6 to 2, from 0.7 to 1, etc.), have any value within these ranges, or have a skewness in any range formed by such equivalent values. The surface may have a kurtosis Sku less than or equal to 10 (for example, less than or equal to 8, less than or equal to 5, etc.), and/or have a kurtosis Sku (for example, a measure of the sharpness of the roughness profile), and/or have from 0.5 to 10, in this range Within any range (for example, from 0.8 to 9, from 1.2 to 7, from 2 to 5, etc.), have any value within these ranges, or have a kurtosis in any range formed by such equivalent values. The maximum peak height Sp (for example, the height of the highest peak) of the diffusion feature 135 may be less than or equal to 10 microns (for example, less than or equal to 8 microns, less than or equal to 5 microns, less than or equal to 3 microns, less than or equal to 2 microns, etc.) And/or from 0.05 microns to 10 microns, in any range within this range (for example, 0.1 microns to 5 microns, 0.15 microns to 3 microns, 0.18 microns to 2 microns, etc.), any value within this range Or in any range formed by this equivalent value. The diffusion feature 135 can be configured to provide Lambertian reflectivity, such as reflectivity where the brightness appears to be the same regardless of our viewing angle. In some examples, the diffuse feature 135 may have an elliptical or linear output. In various embodiments, the diffusion feature 135 can be characterized by a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), and can have a zero-order peak. In some embodiments, the diffusive feature 135 may have a range greater than or equal to 85 (such as 85, 86, 88, 90, 95, 99) and/or in a range from 85 to 100, and any range within this range Medium (e.g., from 88 to 100, from 90 to 100, etc.), having any value within these ranges, or one of the brightnesses in any range formed by such equivalent values, and/or may have a brightness greater than or equal to 85 (such as 85 , 86, 88, 90, 95, 99) and/or in a range from 85 to 100, in any range within this range (for example, from 88 to 100, from 90 to 100, etc.), having these Any value within the range or a whiteness index in any range formed by the equivalent value. In various embodiments, the device may depend on the color of the light source. For example, if one looks at the device under a sodium light source, the overall color can be pale yellow, and under a white light source, the device can be achromatic (no color). In some embodiments, due to the relatively high contrast between one of the specular reflection feature 132 and the diffusion feature 135 as will be disclosed herein, the security device 100 can be used in low light conditions (e.g., in bars and restaurants or Operate under various light sources such as the soft lighting found at dusk or at dawn. In some embodiments, the specular reflection feature 132 and the diffusion feature 135 may not provide diffractive or interference colors (for example, no wavelength dispersion or rainbow or rainbow effect). In various embodiments, the brightness range from white to black can be used in the absence of color (e.g., achromatic). However, some embodiments may be colored (eg, green, red, brown, yellow, etc.) so that a single-color effect can be seen. For example, in some embodiments, the diffusing feature can include a colorant, an ink, a transparent dye, an opaque dye, or an opaque pigment, where absorption can provide color. By incorporating the specular reflection feature 132 used to define the icon 112 and the diffuse feature 135 used to define the first background 115 of the first image 110, certain embodiments of the security device 100 can present the icon 112 and the first The relatively high contrast between the background 115 and a clear boundary between the icon 112 and the first background 115. One way to characterize a boundary or a high-definition line can be by difference across the boundary (e.g., derivative or slope). A relatively clear line with little or no gradual change or with an irregular edge can usually have a rapidly changing contour. A line with a gradual transition from one brightness to another can have a slowly rising and falling differential trace. A relatively high contrast may have a narrow differential trace with a large height and a relatively low contrast may have a wide differential trace with a small height. In various embodiments, a ZYGO interferometer may be used, for example, to map a 3D profile of a surface between an area containing specularly reflective features 132 and an area containing diffusive features. In some embodiments, the width of the physical transition of the boundary can be from 0.1 micrometer to 2 micrometers (for example, 0.8 micrometer, 1 micrometer, 1.2 micrometers, etc.), in any range within this range (for example, 0.2 micrometers to 2 micrometers). , 0.5 microns to 2 microns, etc.), any value within these ranges, or any range formed by such equivalent values. The various discussions provided herein are related to viewing in the mirror direction (for example, on-axis viewing) and viewing in a direction other than the mirror direction (for example, off-axis viewing). As we all know, according to Snell's law, according to an incident angle θ _i (For example, measured with respect to the surface normal of a flat smooth surface) The light incident on the flat smooth surface will follow a reflection angle θ _r (For example, measured with respect to the surface normal of a flat smooth surface) The reflection makes the incident angle θ _i Equal to the reflection angle θ _r (E.g. θ _i =θ _r ). The mirror direction refers to the direction of the reflected light, for example, according to the angle θ relative to the normal _r Guide reflected light. The direction other than the mirror direction refers to the direction that does not correspond to the reflected light (for example, according to the angle θ relative to the normal of the surface _r Guide the direction of reflected light). The mirror direction is also used in conjunction with the diffuse surface in this article to correspond to the reflection angle θ _r , Which is equal to the incident angle θ _i , Even a diffusing surface will not necessarily limit the light scattered from it to the mirror direction and will have an angle equal to the incident angle θ except _i One reflection angle θ _r Scatters light in many directions other than one direction. The terms "on-axis" and "off-axis" may also be used interchangeably with the direction of mirror reflection and a direction that does not correspond to the direction of the mirror. Although the above description is about the reflection angle as applicable to the reflective surface, the structure described herein should not be limited to the reflective structure and may, for example, include a transmissive structure and/or a combination of a reflective structure and a transmissive structure. For example, instead of the metalized specular reflection feature 132 and the diffusion feature 135 that reflect light from the same side of the lens array 105, the features 132, 135 can allow light to pass through from opposite sides of the lens array 105. In various embodiments, a coating of partially transmissive and partially reflective ZnS or another high refractive index material can be deposited over the microstructures of the specular reflective feature 132 and the diffuse feature 135, and then an opaque coating of vacuum deposited aluminum can be deposited. Aluminum can be selectively metallized (for example, using a partial metallization method, such as using an oil ablation technique to form a patterned metal layer) or demetallized (for example, using a demetallization method, such as alkaline etching to form a patterned metal layer). Remove the exposed unprotected metal) so that the area with the specular reflection feature 132 is reflective and the diffusive feature is transmissive. Alternatively, in some embodiments, only one high refractive index coating covers both the specular reflective feature 132 and the diffusive feature 135 so that both features are viewed in transmission. After the device is coupled (eg, laminated) to the backside 152 of the substrate or carrier 150, the ZnS layer can provide a high refractive index layer. For example, refractive index mismatch can provide reflection (e.g., Fresnel reflection). Alternatively, in some embodiments, the high refractive index layer may be deposited after incorporation of aluminum (e.g., after selective metallization or after demetallization). 2A schematically illustrates viewing at an angle in the mirror direction of the specular reflection feature 132 (for example, on-axis viewing) and viewing at the same angle of the diffusion feature 135 (for example, Off-axis viewing). For simplicity, the lens array 105 is not shown. As shown in Figure 2A, it can be mainly in a single direction R _S The upper self-specular reflection feature 132 reflects from an incoming direction I _S Light. When in the single direction of the specular reflectance R _S When viewed from above (for example, viewed from an angle in the mirror direction), the reflectance from the specular reflection feature 132 may appear to be the brightest. In contrast, R can be in multiple directions _D The upper self-diffusion feature 135 reflects from an incoming direction I _D Light. The reflectivity from the diffuse feature 135 is generally the same in multiple directions (including the direction of the specular reflectivity of the specular feature 132). Generally speaking, when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, the reflectivity from the diffuse feature 135 is not as bright as the reflectivity from the specular feature 132. However, when viewed from an angle in a non-specular direction, the reflectivity from the diffuse feature 135 may be more reflective than the specular feature 132. For example, as shown in Figure 2B, since it can be mainly in a single direction R _S1 The upper self-specular reflection feature 132 reflects from an incoming direction I _S Light, so it should be in the non-mirror direction (for example, except for a single direction R _S1 Outside direction R _S2 When viewed from the previous angle, the reflectance from the specular reflection feature 132 may appear dark. With further reference to Figure 2B, R can be in multiple directions _D The upper self-diffusion feature 135 reflects from an incoming direction I _D Light. The reflectivity from the diffuse feature 135 may appear to be the same in multiple directions (e.g., the direction of the specular reflectance of the specular feature 132 and other directions) (e.g., and is not as bright as the specular feature 135 from the specular reflectance angle) ). In some embodiments, two regions (a first region defined by the specular reflection feature 132 and a second region defined by the diffusion feature 135) can be achieved at multiple (if not all) viewing angles. The high contrast. For example, FIG. 2C schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by a security device during viewing from an angle in the mirror direction according to certain embodiments described herein. FIG. 2D schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by the security device during viewing from an angle in a non-mirror direction according to certain embodiments described herein. In this example, the specular feature 132 defines the icon 112 and the diffuse feature 135 defines the background 115. Referring to FIG. 2C, with respect to a matte white or gray background 115, the icon 112 appears extremely bright (for example, high reflectivity). Referring to FIG. 2D, with respect to a matte white or gray background 115, the illustration 112 appears dark (eg, low reflectivity). In the two viewing scenarios, there is a high contrast between the illustration 112 and the background 115. Contrast can be measured as the difference between the maximum brightness and the minimum brightness divided by the percentage of the sum of the maximum brightness and the minimum brightness. In various embodiments, when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction of the specular reflection feature 132 (e.g., FIG. 2C), the contrast of an image presented by the specific device described herein may be from 25% to 50% ( For example, 30%, 32%, 35%, 40%, 42%, 45%, etc.), and/or any range within this range (for example, from 30% to 50%, from 30% to 48%, From 30% to 45%, etc.), it can be any value within this range, or any range formed by this equivalent value. When viewed from an angle in a non-mirror direction (e.g., Figure 2D), the contrast of an image presented by the specific device described herein can be from 50% to 90% (e.g., 60%, 62%, 65%) , 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, etc.), and/or any range within this range (for example, from 55% to 85%, from 60% to 85%, from 60% to 80%, etc. ), can be any value within this equivalent range, or within any range formed by this equivalent value. In other embodiments, when viewed from an angle in the mirror direction of the specular reflection feature 132, the contrast of an image presented by the specific device described herein may be from 50% to 90% (e.g., 60%, 62%). %, 65%, 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, etc.), and/or any range within this range (for example, from 55% to 85%, from 60% to 85%, from 60% To 80%, etc.), can be any value within the same range, or in any range formed by this equivalent value. When viewed from an angle in a non-mirror direction, the contrast of an image presented by the specific device described herein can be from 25% to 50% (for example, 30%, 32%, 35%, 40%, 42% , 45%, etc.), and/or any range within this range (for example, from 30% to 50%, from 30% to 48%, from 30% to 45%, etc.). Any value, or in any range formed by such equivalent values. In these examples, the contrast percentage is higher for viewing from an angle in the mirror direction or the non-mirror direction. However, in some embodiments, the contrast percentage may be similar for viewing from an angle in the mirror direction and the non-mirror direction. For example, for two viewing situations, the contrast percentage can be from 25% to 90% (e.g., 30%, 32%, 35%, 40%, 42%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 62%, 65%, 70%, 72%, 75%, 78%, etc.), and/or any range within this range (for example, from 30% to 50%, from 30% to 48%, from 30% to 45 %, from 55% to 85%, from 60% to 85%, from 60% to 80%, etc.), can be any value in this range, or in any range formed by the equivalent value. In various embodiments, the device 100 may have a viewing angle from a negative angle (for example, the device 100 is tilted toward the viewer) through the normal and to a positive angle (for example, the device 100 is tilted away from the viewer). Since it can be mainly in a single direction _S1 The upper self-specular reflection feature 132 reflects from an incoming direction I _D Therefore, for most of the time, the device 100 can be viewed from an angle in a non-mirror direction. For example, as the device 100 tilts through the normal from a negative angle to a positive angle, a dark icon 112 (e.g., FIG. 2D) relative to a matte white or gray background 115 can be switched between appearing and disappearing. The figure 112 and the background 115 and 125 are achromatic. When the device 100 is tilted to an angle of specular reflectance, a very bright icon 112 (eg, FIG. 2C) may appear relative to a matte white or gray background 115. In some cases, depending on the metallization and processing of the specular reflection feature 132, a color (for example, a shiny aluminum color or a shiny copper color) may appear at any time relative to a matte white or gray background 115. As the device 100 tilts and exceeds the angle of the specular reflectance, a dark icon 112 (eg, FIG. 2D) with respect to a matte white or gray background 115 can be switched between appearance and disappearance again. Various embodiments may utilize between two areas (e.g., between the illustration 112 and the first background 115), and/or between an area of the first viewing angle α and an area of the second viewing angle β (e.g., Between the illustration 112 and the second background 125) one of relatively high contrast and a sharp border. The contrast and sharpness of the image in an exemplary device are shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B-1, 6B-2, 6B-3, and 6B-4. Referring back to FIG. 1B, the specular reflection feature 132 can define the icon 112 and the diffusive feature 135 can define the first background 115. In other embodiments that still utilize a relatively high contrast ratio, the specular reflection feature 132 can define the first background 115 and the diffusive feature 135 can define the icon 112. As shown in FIG. 1B, the first background 115 may have an outer shape 115b and a size. The second background 125 may also have an outer shape 125b and a size. The outer shapes 115b, 125b can be shaped as described herein, but are shown as a rectangle in FIG. 1B for simplicity. With further reference to FIG. 1B, the second segment 102 may include diffusive features 145. The diffusion feature 145 can define the second background 125. Since there is no icon 112 in the second background 125, the lens array 105 can turn off the icon 112 by tilting the device 100 from the first viewing angle α to the second viewing angle β. In some embodiments, the diffusion feature 145 of the second segment 102 may be different from the diffusion feature 135 of the first segment 101. However, in various embodiments, the diffusion feature 145 of the second segment 102 may be the same as the diffusion feature 135 of the first segment 101. In some of these embodiments (for example, where the first background 115 and the second background 125 also have the same shape 115b, 125b and size), the second background 125 at the second viewing angle β (for example, in shape, size, and brightness) Aspect) It seems to be the same as the first background 115 that can be viewed at the first angle of view α. For example, when the device 100 is tilted from the first viewing angle α to the second viewing angle β, the viewer can see that the icon 112 appears and disappears with respect to the similar backgrounds 115 and 125. Although the lens array 105 is switched from the first background 115 to the second background 125, the viewer sees a background 125 that seems to be unchanged. In various embodiments, the illustration 112 and/or the background 115, 125 are achromatic. In some examples, the icon 112 and/or the background 115, 125 can be modified by incorporating colors into the specular reflection feature 132, the diffusion feature 135, 145, and/or the lens and/or the substrate 150 in the lens array 105. It has a single color (for example, green, red, brown, yellow, etc.). This can be a matte (or diffuse) color or a mixture of matte colors and patterns or images formed by different colors. In some examples, the specular reflection feature 132, the diffusion feature 135, 145, and/or the lens array 105 may include a colorant, a dye, an ink, or a pigment. For an additional security feature, the specular reflection feature 132, the diffusion feature 135, 145, and/or the lens array 105 may include a concealed feature, such as a fluorescent material (for example, to emit a color when exposed to UV light) or a Up-converting pigments (for example, to convert near-infrared light to visible light). In FIGS. 1A and 1B, the outer shape 115b of the first background 115 is illustrated as a rectangle. The outer shape 125b of the second background 125 is also illustrated as a rectangle. As described herein, in some embodiments, the second background 125 may have the same shape, size, and diffusive features 145 as the first background 115 so that the background is tilted from a first viewing angle α to a second viewing angle β. Appears unchanged (for example, in terms of shape, size, and brightness). In various embodiments, at the first viewing angle α, the lens array 105 may allow the illustration 112 and a modeling background 115 to be observed. At the second viewing angle β, the lens array 105 can allow the same modeling background 125 to be observed. The shapes of the backgrounds 115 and 125 are not specifically limited. In some embodiments, the shape may include a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images (for example, artistic images), graphics, or objects. For example, the background 115, 125 may include a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, an oval, a star, or a knurled edge. Other exemplary backgrounds 115, 125 may be in the form of clocks, inkwells, or numbers. However, a wide range of other backgrounds are feasible. In other embodiments, the shape and/or size of the first background 115 and the second background 125 may be different so that the background may appear to change when the device is tilted from a first viewing angle α to a second viewing angle β. In FIG. 1B, the first segment 101 includes the specular reflection feature 132 that defines the illustration 112 and the diffusion feature 135 that defines the first background 115, and the second segment 102 includes the diffusion feature 145 to match the first segment 101 that defines the A diffuse feature 135 of a background 115. However, in other embodiments, the first segment 101 may include the diffuse feature 135 defining the illustration 112 and the specular feature 132 defining the first background 115, and the second segment 102 may include the specular feature 145 to match the first Specular reflection feature 132 of segment 101. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, there is a relatively narrow range of specular reflection for one of the specular reflection features 132 and a relatively wide range of low reflection. Certain embodiments may incorporate specular reflective features 132 (e.g., in a first segment 101) adjacent to the diffusing feature 145 (e.g., in a second segment 102) so that the security device 100 can be connected with a relatively small tilt angle. Turn on and off an icon 112. For example, under a one-point light source (e.g., an LED), a user can tilt the device forward or backward by less than or equal to 15 degrees (e.g., 4 degrees, 5 degrees, 5.5 degrees, 6 degrees, 7 degrees). Etc.), and/or a range from 2 degrees to 15 degrees, any range within this range (for example, 3 degrees to 15 degrees, 3 degrees to 14 degrees, 4 degrees to 15 degrees, 4 degrees to 14 degrees, 4 degrees to 13 degrees, 5 degrees to 15 degrees, 5 degrees to 13 degrees, etc.), any value within these ranges, or any range formed by these equivalent values, when the icon turns on (or off). As another example, under an extended light source (e.g., incandescent lamp), a user can tilt the device forward or backward by less than or equal to 20 degrees (e.g., 8 degrees, 9 degrees, 10 degrees, 11 degrees, etc.). ), and/or a range from 2 degrees to 20 degrees, any range within this range (for example, 2 degrees to 18 degrees, 2 degrees to 15 degrees, 3 degrees to 15 degrees, 4 degrees to 15 degrees, 5 degrees (Degree to 15 degrees, 5 degrees to 12 degrees, etc.), any value within these ranges, or any range formed by these equivalent values, when the icon is turned on (or off). In some embodiments, the user can turn off the device again when tilting the device in the opposite direction to at least the same tilt angle described herein, or when tilting the device further in the same direction to at least the same tilt angle described herein. Turn off (or turn on again) icon. In addition, incorporating specular reflective features 132 in a first segment 101 adjacent to the diffusing features 145 in a second segment 102 can provide relatively high contrast between these regions as described herein. This incorporation may allow the security device 100 to switch on and off an icon 112 with clear boundaries when tilting from the viewing angle α to the viewing angle β. Advantageously, the safety device according to certain embodiments can present clear illustrations of quick turn-on and turn-off with few (if no) transition states, which are difficult to reproduce. According to certain embodiments described herein, instead of turning on and off an icon, a safety device can be configured to switch between at least two icons when the device is tilted. 3A and 3B schematically illustrate an example of such a safety device. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B is similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, except that instead of the second image 120, only the second background 125 is included (and there is no second illustration). In FIGS. 3A and 3B In addition to the second background 325, the second image 320 also includes a second icon 322. Accordingly, the features disclosed herein with respect to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B extend to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. For example, as shown in FIG. 3A, the security device 300 may include a lens array 305 and a plurality of first segments 301 and second segments 302 disposed under the lens array 305. Referring to FIG. 3B, the first segments 301a, 301b, 301c, and 301d may correspond to a portion of a first image 310 (only the top is illustrated). The second segment 302a, 302b, 302c, 302d may correspond to a part of a second image 320 (only the top is illustrated). The first image 310 may include a first icon 312 and a first background 315. The second image 320 may include a second icon 322 and a second background 325. Therefore, instead of turning on and off an icon 112, the exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B may be between the two icons 312, 322, or more specifically, between the two images 310, 320 Switch between, where each image 310, 320 has an icon 312, 322 and a background 315, 325. For example, at a first viewing angle α, the lens array 305 may be configured to allow viewing of the first image 310 but not the second image 320. At a second viewing angle β that is different from the first viewing angle α, the lens array 305 may be configured to allow viewing of the second image 320 but not the first image 310. Referring to FIG. 3B, the first segment 301 may include a specular reflection feature 332 and a diffusion feature 335. Instead of the second segment 102 including only the specular reflection feature or the diffusion feature 145, the second segment 302 may include both the specular reflection feature 342 and the diffusion feature 345. For the first segment 301 and the second segment 302, the specular reflection features 332, 342 can define the icons 312, 322 or the background 315, 325. If the specular reflection features 332, 342 define the illustrations 312, 322, the diffuse features 335, 345 can define the backgrounds 315, 325. On the other hand, if the diffusive features 335 and 345 define the illustrations 312 and 322, the specular reflection features 332 and 342 can define the backgrounds 315 and 325. In a further embodiment, the specular reflection features (e.g., specular reflection features 332, 342) may define an icon (e.g., the first icon 312) in one segment set (e.g., the first segment 301), and in another A background (for example, the second background 325) is defined in the segment set (for example, the second segment 302). In FIG. 3A, the specular reflection feature 332 in the first segment 301 defines the first illustration 312, and the diffusion feature 335 defines the first background 315. The specular reflection feature 342 in the second segment 302 defines the second illustration 322, and the diffusion feature 345 defines the second background 325. As described herein, incorporating the specular reflection features 332, 342 adjacent to the diffusion features 335, 345 can provide relatively high contrast between the illustrations 312, 322 and the background 315, 325 when tilted from the viewing angle α to the viewing angle β. Advantageously, the security device according to certain embodiments can quickly switch to another clear icon for viewing with few (if no) transition states, which is difficult to reproduce. Even when the icons 312 and 322 have different overall shapes from each other, a quick switch from one icon to the other can still occur. Similar to the disclosure of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B herein, in some embodiments, the outer shape 325b of the second background 325, the size of the second background 325, and the diffusion feature 345 of the second segment 302 The outer shape 315b of the first background 315, the size of the first background 315, and the diffusion feature 335 of the first segment 301 can be the same or different. In their equivalent embodiments, when the device 300 is tilted from the first viewing angle α to the second viewing angle β, the viewer can see the icons 312, 322 relative to a similar background 315, 325 (for example, in shape, size And brightness) switch from one to the other. Therefore, in various embodiments, at the first viewing angle α, the lens array 305 can present the first icon 312 and a modeling background 315 for viewing. At the second viewing angle β, the lens array 305 can present the second icon 322 in the same shape background 325 for viewing. Although the lens array 305 is switched from the first background 315 to the second background 325, the viewer sees that one icon 312 is switched to another icon 322 while the background 315 seems unchanged. Similar to FIG. 2C, FIG. 3C schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by a security device during viewing from an angle in the mirror direction according to some embodiments described herein. Similar to FIG. 2D, FIG. 3D schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by the security device during viewing from an angle in a non-mirror direction according to some embodiments described herein. In this example, the specular reflection feature 332 defines the first illustration 312, and the diffusive feature 335 defines the first background 315. The specular reflection feature 342 defines the second illustration 322 and the diffusion feature 345 defines the second background 325. Referring to FIG. 3C, the icons 312 and 322 appear extremely bright (for example, high reflectivity) relative to a matte white or gray background 315 and 325. Referring to FIG. 3D, the illustrations 312, 322 appear dark (eg, low reflectivity) relative to a matte white or gray background 315, 325. In the two viewing situations, there is a high contrast between the illustrations 312, 322 and the backgrounds 315, 325. In various embodiments, when the device 300 is tilted through the normal from the negative angle to the positive angle, a viewer can see the first dark icon 312 and the first dark icon 312 relative to a first matte white or gray background 315. An image is flipped between a second matte white or gray background 325 and a second dark icon 322 (eg, FIG. 3D). Illustrations 312, 322 and backgrounds 315, 325 are achromatic. When the device 300 is tilted to the angle of the specular reflectance, a first flashing icon 312 (eg, FIG. 3C) may appear relative to a first matte white or gray background 315. After a further slight tilt, the first shiny icon 312 relative to the first matte white or gray background 315 can be flipped to a second shiny icon 322 relative to a second matte white or gray background 325 (For example, Figure 3C). When the device 300 is inclined and exceeds the angle of the specular reflectance, the viewer can again see the first dark icon 312 relative to the first matte white or gray background 315 and the second matte white or gray background 325 One of the images between the second dark icons 322 is reversed (for example, FIG. 3D). Although the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate that a single icon 312 is switched to another single icon 322, in some embodiments, multiple icons may be switched to other icons. In FIGS. 3A and 3B, the security device 300 may include a plurality of lenses forming a lens array 305 along a longitudinal axis 307. Referring to FIG. 4A, a first segment (for example, the first segment 301 in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) may correspond to a portion of a first set 401a of one of at least two illustrations 411a, 412a. The second segment 302 may correspond to a part of the second set 402a of one of the at least two illustrations 421a, 422a. The icons in each set 401a, 402a can be separated by background. At a first viewing angle α, the array 305 can be configured to allow one of two or more icons 411a, 412a to be viewed in a column along an axis 407 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 307 of the lens array 305, for example. The first set 401a. At a second viewing angle β that is different from the first viewing angle a, the lens array 305 may be configured to allow viewing of two or two in a column along an axis 407 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 307 of the lens array 305, for example. The second set 402a of the above figures 421a and 422a. In various embodiments, one or more of the plurality of icons 411a, 412a in the first set 401a may be different from a corresponding one of the plurality of icons 421a, 422a in the second set 402a. For example, for two icons 411a and 412a, each icon can be switched to the same icon or to a different icon, resulting in 4 (for example, 2×2) different possible icon combinations. As another example, for the two icons 411a and 412a, each icon has the possibility of being in one of the three states (for example, the same icon, different icon, or no icon). In this example, there are 9 (e.g., 3×3) different possible graphical combinations. In the example shown in FIG. 4A, the icons 411a, 412a of the first viewing angle α and the icons 421a, 422a of the second viewing angle β are arranged in a row along the axis 407. However, other configurations are feasible. As another example, referring to FIG. 4B, the first segment (for example, the first segment 301 in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) may correspond to a portion of the first set 401b of one of at least three diagrams 411b, 412b, and 413b. The second segment 302 may correspond to a part of the second set 402b of one of the at least three illustrations 421b, 422b, 423b. The icons in each set 401b, 402b can be separated by background. At a first viewing angle α, the array 305 can be configured to allow three or more icons 411b, 412b, 411b, 412b, The first set 401b of 413b. At a second viewing angle β that is different from the first viewing angle a, the lens array 305 may be configured to allow three or three viewing angles in a column along an axis 407 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 307 of the lens array 305, for example. A second set 402b of the above figures 421b, 422b, 423b. In various embodiments, one or more of the plurality of icons 411b, 412b, and 413b in the first set 401b may be different from a corresponding one of the plurality of icons 421b, 422b, and 423b in the second set 402b. For example, for the three icons 411b, 412b, and 413b, each icon can be switched to the same icon or to a different icon, resulting in 8 (for example, 2×2×2) different possible icon combinations . As another example, for the three icons 411b, 412b, and 413b, each icon has the possibility of being in one of the three states (for example, the same icon, different icon, or no icon). In this example, there are 27 (e.g., 3×3×3) different possible graphical combinations. In the example shown in FIG. 4B, the icons 411 b, 412 b, and 413 b of the first viewing angle α and the icons 421 b, 422 b, and 423 b of the second viewing angle β are arranged in a row along the axis 407. However, other configurations are feasible. In addition, as another example, referring to FIG. 4C, the first segment (for example, the first segment 301 in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) may correspond to the first set 401c of one of at least four icons 411c, 412c, 413c, and 414c. The part. The second segment 302c may correspond to a part of the second set 402c of one of at least four illustrations 421c, 422c, 423c, 424c. The icons in each set 401c, 402c can be separated by background. At a first viewing angle α, the array 305 can be configured to allow four or more icons 411c, 412c, The first set 401c of 413c, 414c. At a second viewing angle β that is different from the first viewing angle a, the lens array 305 may be configured to allow four or four viewing angles in a column along an axis 407 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 307 of the lens array 305, for example. A second set 402c of the above figures 421c, 422c, 423c, 424c. In various embodiments, one or more of the plurality of icons 411c, 412c, 413c, and 414c in the first set 401c may be different from one of the plurality of icons 421c, 422c, 423c, and 424c in the second set 402c. By. For example, for four icons 411c, 412c, 413c, and 414c, each icon can be switched to the same icon or to a different icon, resulting in 16 (for example, 2×2×2×2) different icons Possible combination of illustrations. As another example, for the four icons 411c, 412c, 413c, and 414c, each icon has the possibility of being in one of the three states (for example, the same icon, different icon, or no icon). In this example, there are 81 (e.g., 3×3×3×3) different possible icon combinations. In some instances, the icons can be separated by other icons that are opened or closed at different angles. For example, in a first viewing angle, the first icon 411c and the third icon 413c can be opened, and the second icon 412c and the fourth icon 414c can be closed. In a second viewing angle, the first icon 411c and the third icon 413c can be closed, and the second icon 412c and the fourth icon 414c can be opened. As another example, in a first viewing angle, the first icon 411c and the fourth icon 414c can be opened, and the second icon 412c and the third icon 413c can be closed. In a second viewing angle, the first icon 411c and the fourth icon 414c can be closed, and the second icon 412c and the third icon 413c can be opened. As another example, only the first icon 411c may be turned on, then only the second icon 412c may be turned on, then only the third icon 413c may be turned on, and then only the fourth icon 414c may be turned on. In the example shown in FIG. 4C, the icons 411c, 412c, 413c, 414c of the first viewing angle α and the icons 421c, 422c, 423c, and 424c of the second viewing angle β are arranged in a row along the axis 407. However, other configurations are feasible. In some embodiments, the device can provide a stereoscopic view or a 3D effect. For example, the first and second segments may correspond to parts of an object or an icon or an icon and a background in a right and left view. In some of these embodiments, the lenses (and the first and second segments) in the lens array may have a longitudinal axis arranged in the vertical direction (for example, a cylindrical lens with curvature in the horizontal direction). When the device is tilted around the longitudinal axis of the lens, the lens array can be configured to present the right and left views of the image for a stereoscopic view of the image. As disclosed herein, the first and second segments may include specular reflection features and diffuse features. In some embodiments, the specular reflection feature defines the icon and the diffuse feature defines the background. In some other embodiments, the diffuse feature defines the icon and the specular feature defines the background. In various embodiments, the first and second segments may correspond to parts of at least three images (eg, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.). An icon or an image of an object from a different perspective and angle can provide these multiple views. In some of these embodiments, when the device is tilted about the longitudinal axis of the lens, the viewer can observe around the icon in the image. For additional security, the various embodiments of the features described herein may be combined and/or have other features known in the art or yet to be developed. For example, some embodiments may further include another optical element (for example, a holographic element, a diffractive element, or a non-holographic and non-diffractive element). Additional optical elements may be placed under the lens array 105, 305 (in or outside the first segment 101, 301 and/or the second segment 102, 302) or outside the lens array 105, 305. As another example, various embodiments may include one or more microstructured lenses (e.g., a Fresnel lens or a diamond-shaped turning element). In some cases, the microstructured lens can be overprinted. Furthermore, as yet another example, some embodiments may include optically variable ink and/or interference features in the film. Figure 5A schematically illustrates specific features of an exemplary security device 500 according to one of certain embodiments described herein. As with other embodiments described herein, the security device 500 may include specular reflection features 132, 332, 342 and diffusing features 135, 335, 345 under a lens array 105, 305 (shown collectively as 501). As shown in FIG. 5A, some embodiments may include a metalized coating 502 with a portion 503 that is not metalized (eg, demetalized or selectively metalized) to form at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, a Image or an object. In some examples, the metallization coating 502 may include aluminum, silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, tin, or alloys thereof (for example, bronze). The unmetallized portion 503 may be outside or inside the lens array 501. In various embodiments, the lens array may also extend above the metalized area 502 and the non-metalized area 503. In some embodiments that include a metalized area 502, the device may be incorporated into a security thread that is laid across an entire banknote. When the paper is cut into individual banknotes, the metalized area 502 of the security thread may be in a position to be cut. Therefore, cutting banknotes along a metalized area can cause banknotes to be susceptible to corrosion attacks. For example, oxidation or an irregular edge may occur near the cut in the metalized area. To help prevent these susceptible areas, in some embodiments, non-metallized areas in the area to be cut and/or a protective coating may be applied to help protect the metalized edges. For example, FIG. 5B-1 schematically illustrates a top view of a safety line. The security thread 520 includes a metalized area 522 (for example, from a metalized layer on the bottom surface, but viewable from the top surface). A non-metallized area 524 (for example, by demetallization or selective metallization) can be created at the area of the security thread 520 of the 526 banknote to be cut. Fig. 5B-2 schematically illustrates a side view of the security thread 520 shown in Fig. 5B-1. FIG. 5B-2 shows a lens array 521 arranged on a substrate 527. As shown in FIG. As shown in FIGS. 5B-1 and 5B-2, the metallized area 522 (for example, an aluminum layer) on the bottom side of the substrate 527 does not extend to the edge of the banknote in which the line is to be cut (for example, by removing metal Metallization or selective metallization). A protective layer 530 (for example, a protective organic coating) can also be applied on the bottom surface to cover the metalized area 522 and the unmetalized area 524 to strengthen the edges of the banknotes that have been cut in the metalized area 522. Figure 5C schematically illustrates specific features of an exemplary security device 550 according to one of certain embodiments described herein. As with other embodiments described herein, the security device may include a lens array, and a plurality of first and second segments arranged under the lens array. The first segment may correspond to a first icon and a part of a first background. The second segment may correspond to a second icon and a part of a second background. At a first viewing angle α, the lens array can be configured to allow viewing of the first icon and the first background but not the second icon. At a second viewing angle β that is different from the first viewing angle, the lens array can be configured to allow viewing of the second icon and the second background but not the first icon. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5C, the first segment may include a first surface texture 551 that defines the first illustration. The second segment may include a second surface texture 552 that defines a second illustration. The second surface texture 552 may have a surface texture different from the first surface texture 551. The first and second segments may further include a third surface texture 553 that defines the first and second backgrounds, respectively. The third surface texture 553 may be different from the first surface texture 551 and the second surface texture 552. For example, the first surface texture 551 may include a moth-eye texture (for example, a texture that produces dark reflectivity). The second surface texture 552 may include an interference grating. The third surface texture 553 may include a diffuse texture as described herein. In some of these embodiments, the relatively high contrast between the diffuse texture and a moth-eye texture or an interference grating can present a clear image for viewing. As another example, the first surface texture 551 may include a moth-eye texture, and the second surface texture 552 may include the specular reflection features 132, 332, 342 as described herein. The third surface texture 553 may include a diffuse texture as described herein. As yet another example, the first surface texture 551 may include specular reflection features 132, 332, 342 as disclosed herein, and the second surface texture 552 may include an interference grating. The third surface texture 553 may include a diffuse texture as described herein. In some embodiments, the first surface texture 551 and the second surface texture 552 may be in contact with each other. In additional embodiments, the first surface texture 551 and the second surface texture 552 may not contact each other. FIG. 6A shows the relative brightness (relative intensity unit) that varies according to the distance (for example, 150 data points on 5 mm) of a line scan across an icon in an exemplary security device according to certain embodiments described herein ). The icon is represented by the number "1". When viewing the exemplary device from an angle in the mirror direction, one can see a shining icon, such as a bright aluminum color with respect to a matte white or gray background (or potentially composed of dyes, dyes, inks, etc.). , Pigment or other absorptive material coloring) icon. As shown in trace 602, the relative brightness increases and decreases as the scan passes the flashing icon. When viewing the exemplary device from an angle in a non-mirror direction, a dark or black icon can be viewed relative to a matte white or gray background. As shown in trace 604, the relative brightness decreases and increases as the scan passes through the dark icon. The contrast between the icon and the background can be characterized as the height of the deviation from the background. In this example, the contrast is similar for both viewing conditions (for example, brightness is almost equal to darkness, such as between 120 and 125 relative intensity units). In various embodiments, the contrast can be similar to ±5%, ±7%, or ±10% for the two viewing conditions. As described herein, one way to characterize line definition (e.g., boundary) may be by difference across the boundary (e.g., derivative or slope). For example, a relatively high contrast and a sharp boundary may have a high and/or narrow differential trace, while a relatively low contrast and a sharp boundary may have a low and/or wide differential trace. Figures 6B-1, 6B-2, 6B-3, and 6B-4 show the relatively high contrast and sharpness of the edges of the icons presented in certain embodiments of the devices described herein. For example, FIGS. 6B-1 and 6B-2 respectively show relatively narrow differential traces for the line definitions of the flashing "1" icon and the dark "1" icon. Figures 6B-3 and 6B-4 respectively show relatively narrow differential traces for the line definition of the flashing "U" icon and the dark "U" icon. Table 1 shows the safety effects of an exemplary safety device from a human perspective according to one of the certain embodiments described herein. When the exemplary security device is tilted under an LED (with a diffuser), an icon is presented according to the angle and its contrast relative to the diffuse background. The icon looks shiny (aluminum) or black against a matte white background. The angle of the device is determined by viewing a needle with a pointing tilt angle that is magnetically attached to a protractor. The results are shown schematically in FIG. 7. For example, FIG. 7 schematically illustrates the changes in the brightness of the two icons for various tilt angle switching in the exemplary device used in Table 1. In this example, the icons are switched at an inclination angle of less than 15 degrees. The minimum inclination angle is 5 degrees to 6 degrees, of which the average is 9 degrees. Attributable to the diffuser at the exit of the LED, for most of the measured angles, the icon looks shining against a black background. Table 1

FIG. 8A shows an illustrative diagram of switching from one artwork displayed in the photo on the left to a different artwork displayed in the photo on the right in a device according to some embodiments disclosed herein. In this example, the two icons have two different presentation images (such as sculptures) or artistic images. On the left is an image before tilting, and the other image appears after tilting the device. When the observer tilts the device back and forth with respect to his/her field of view, he/she sees the same bright image relative to a diffuse background and a dark icon relative to a diffuse background. This exemplary embodiment was created using, for example, halftone patterning as shown in Figure 8B. In various embodiments, the number of specular reflection features can be changed by halftone patterning and/or filtering in the first segment and/or the second segment to control the brightness (or darkness, for example, grayscale) of an image. ). For example, the brightness (or darkness, for example, gray scale) as perceived by a viewer in an area can be adjusted by the ratio of the specular reflection feature to the diffusion feature. For example, the ratio of the area of the specular reflection feature (e.g., occupied area) to the area of the diffuse feature (e.g., occupied area) can be used to modulate the brightness of an area in a segment as perceived by a viewer (Or darkness, for example, grayscale). The size, number, and/or distribution of specular reflection features relative to the size, number, and/or distribution of diffuse reflection features in an area within a segment can also be configured to provide brightness and darkness (for example, grayscale) The level. As discussed above, pigments, inks, or other absorptive materials can be used to provide color, in which case the relative area, size, number, and/or distribution of specular reflection features relative to diffuse reflection features will control the hue or perceived brightness of the color Or darkness. The shape (for example, area (e.g., occupied area)) of the specular reflection feature and the diffusion feature can be square, rectangular, hexagonal, circular, or a wide variety of other shapes. Similarly, the specular reflection features and the diffusion features can be stacked in a wide variety of different configurations (for example, in a square array, rectangular array, hexagonal close-packed, or other configurations). In FIG. 8B, the black area may indicate the area of the diffuse feature (or specular reflection feature), and the white area may indicate the specular reflection feature (or the diffuse feature). If the halftone feature is less than about 75 microns, the naked eye usually cannot recognize the image as a halftone image. Accordingly, in various embodiments, one of the smallest halftone features in halftone patterning may be less than or equal to 75 microns (for example, less than or equal to 65 microns, less than or equal to 50 microns, less than or equal to 30 microns, less than or equal to Equal to 10 microns, etc.) and/or within the range from 0.05 microns to 75 microns (e.g., 0.05 microns to 65 microns, 0.05 microns to 50 microns, 0.05 microns to 30 microns, 0.05 microns to 10 microns, 1 microns to 75 microns, 1 microns To 50 microns, etc.), any range within this range, any value within these ranges, or any range formed by such equivalent values. Figure 8C schematically illustrates an exemplary device using halftone patterning in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. The exemplary device can be configured to present an image such as that in Figure 8A. Figure 9 schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented for viewing by a security device according to certain embodiments described herein. As disclosed herein, the shape and/or size of the first background and the second background may be the same or different from each other. FIG. 9 shows the first background 915 having a shape 915b that is different from the shape 925b of the second background 925. This concept can be extended to any number of graphic levels within the graphic. For example, the modeling backgrounds 915 and 925 can be regarded as another modeling icon in this case, although they have the same or different surface textures. FIG. 9 shows an icon 912 in an icon 915, which switches to a different icon 922 in an icon 925. As described herein, various embodiments can switch between the appearance and disappearance of an achromatic image or between a first achromatic image and a second different achromatic image. The achromatic image(s) may include features that do not provide diffracted or interfering colors (for example, specular reflection and/or diffusion). As also described herein, in some embodiments, the image(s) may include one or more of a portion including a specular reflection feature, a portion including a diffusion feature, a lens in a lens array, and/or a substrate The color of dyes, inks, dyes or pigments. In some embodiments, one or more color generating structures (such as microstructures and/or nanostructures configured to provide color) can be used in an image (for example, in an icon or background) Provide color. For example, FIG. 10A schematically illustrates an exemplary color generating structure including a plasmonic substructure 1000. The plasma substructure 1000 may include a plurality of microfeatures and/or nanofeatures. For simplicity, the plasmonic structure 1000 will be described as having nano characteristics. In various embodiments, the plasma substructure 1000 may include microfeatures and/or a combination of microfeatures and nanofeatures. 10A, the plasmonic structure 1000 may include a first metal nanofeature 1002, a second metal nanofeature 1003, and a dielectric between the first metal nanofeature 1002 and the second metal nanofeature 1003 Nano features 1004. The first metal nanofeature 1002 and the second metal nanofeature 1003 can be made of any reflective metal (such as silver, aluminum, gold, copper, tin, combinations thereof, etc.). In various embodiments, the first metal nanofeature 1002 and the second metal nanofeature 1003 may be made of the same reflective metal. The dielectric nanofeature 1004 can be made of a dielectric material. In some embodiments, the dielectric material may be a UV curable resin. Other materials are feasible. As shown in FIG. 10A, the dielectric nanofeature 1004 may have a depth D, a width W, and a periodicity (eg, pitch) P with other dielectric nanofeatures 1004. The first metal nanofeature 1002 and/or the second metal nanofeature 1003 can also have a depth, a width, and a periodicity. Without being bound by theory, in various embodiments, light with a specific wavelength can be funneled through plasmon resonance to the first metal nanofeature 1002, the second metal nanofeature 1003, and/or the medium One or more of 1004 electrical nano features. For example, in some embodiments, the concentrated wavelength may be based at least in part on one or more of the depth D, width W, and/or periodicity P of other dielectric nanofeatures 1004. For example, D can be in the range of 50 nm to 300 nm, 50 nm to 275 nm, 50 nm to 250 nm, 50 nm to 200 nm, 75 nm to 300 nm, 75 nm to 250 nm, 75 nm to 200 nm, 100 In the range of nm to 300 nm, 100 nm to 250 nm, 100 nm to 200 nm, in any range formed by any of these ranges, in any range within these ranges, may be such ranges Any value within may be in any range formed by such equivalent values. As another example, P can be in the range of 50 nm to 400 nm, 50 nm to 375 nm, 50 nm to 350 nm, 50 nm to 300 nm, 75 nm to 400 nm, 75 nm to 350 nm, 100 nm to 300 nm. In a range, in any range formed by any of these ranges, in any range within these ranges, can be any value within this range, or can be in any range formed by such equivalent values. As another example, W can be in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm, 10 nm to 175 nm, 10 nm to 150 nm, 10 nm to 100 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 20 nm to 150 nm, 20 nm to 100 nm, In the range of 30 nm to 200 nm, 30 nm to 150 nm, 30 nm to 100 nm, 40 nm to 200 nm, 40 nm to 150 nm, 40 nm to 100 nm, or any of these ranges In any range, in any range within these ranges, can be any value within this range, or can be in any range formed by such equivalent values. In some embodiments, D, W, and/or P can be selected to produce the desired color or colors. In some embodiments, the wavelength passed through may be based at least in part on one or more of the depth, width, and/or periodicity of the first metal nanofeature 1002 or the second metal nanofeature 1003. In some examples, the plasma substructure 1000 may include a patterned structure such that the patterning can produce the desired color or colors. In various embodiments, the colors produced can be independent of the viewing angle. In some embodiments, the plasma substructure 1000 can be operated as a reflective plasma substructure. Without being bound by any scientific theory, the incident light may in some embodiments, for example, be reflected as filtered light after absorbing the resonance wavelength. In some embodiments, the plasma substructure 1000 may include, for example, a reflective nanofeature 1005 (or microfeature) disposed above the dielectric nanofeature 1004. The reflective nanofeature 1005 may include a reflective metal as described for the first metal nanofeature 1002 and/or the second metal nanofeature 1003. In some of these examples, the plasma substructure 1000 can be configured to reflect filtered light. In some embodiments, the first metal nanofeature 1002, the second metal nanofeature 1003, and the reflective nanofeature 1005 can be provided by a single structure. In some of these examples, the monolithic structure may be provided by a coating (e.g., a coating on and between the plurality of dielectric nanofeatures 1004). In some examples, the coating may be a conformal coating. As another example, the monolithic structure may be provided by a single piece of metal material formed as a first metal nanofeature 1002, a second metal nanofeature 1003, and a reflective nanofeature 1005. In some other embodiments, the first metal nanofeature 1002, the second metal nanofeature 1003, and the reflective nanofeature 1005 may be provided by separate pieces. In some embodiments as shown in FIG. 10B, the plasma substructure 1000 can be operated as a transmission plasma substructure. Without being bound by any scientific theory, incident light can be reflected and/or transmitted, for example, after absorbing the resonance wavelength. In some embodiments, the plasmonic structure 1000 may not include the reflective nanofeature 1005 above the dielectric nanofeature 1004. In some of these examples, the plasma substructure 1000 can be configured to transmit some filtered light. In some of these examples, the plasmonic structure 1000 can filter light in two directions. Some of these embodiments can be used as a dichroic plasma substructure, where reflected light and transmitted light can produce two different colors. Figure 11 schematically illustrates an exemplary color generating structure that includes an opal structure (e.g., a microstructure and/or a nanostructure configured to provide color). In some embodiments, the opal structure may include an inverted (or inverted) opal structure 1100 as shown in FIG. 11. For simplicity, the inverse opal structure 1100 will be described. However, it will be appreciated that in some embodiments, the opal structure may include a positive opal structure and/or a combination of reverse and positive opal structures. Referring to FIG. 11, the inverse opal structure 1100 may include one or more micro-surface or nano-surface slot portions 1101. For simplicity, the inverse opal structure 1100 will be described as having micro-surface slots. In various embodiments, the opal structure 1100 may include nano-surface slots and/or a combination of micro-surface and nano-surface slots. The micro-surface slot portion 1101 may have a depth D, a width W, and a distance between the centers of other micro-surface slot portions 1101 and/or periodicity (for example, pitch) P. In some embodiments, the micro-surface slot portion 1101 may be a hemispherical (or close to a hemispherical) such that 2D is substantially equal to W. However, in some embodiments, the portion of the micro-surface slot may not be a hemisphere so that 2D is larger or smaller than W. For example, the micro-surface slot portion 1101 may be a semi-ellipsoid or some other shape. Some embodiments may include a plurality of microsurface slot portions 1101, for example, microsurface slot portions 1101 configured as a 2D array. In addition, although FIG. 11 shows a plurality of microsurface slot portions 1101 that seem to have no spacing between the microsurface slot portions 1101, various embodiments may have the spacing between the microsurface slot portions 1101 such that P is greater than W. In some embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 may be made of a dielectric material. For example, the inverse opal structure 1100 can be made of a UV curable resin. In various embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 may include a patterned micro-surface slot. Without being bound by theory, in some embodiments, the periodicity P can produce a photonic band gap, in which the transmission of incident light having a wavelength corresponding to the photonic band gap is prohibited. In various embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 may operate as a reflective opal structure. For example, the inverse opal structure 1100 may include an opaque reflective coating on the surface of the micro-surface slot portion 1101. Some exemplary coatings may include any opaque reflective metal, such as aluminum, silver, gold, copper, tin, combinations thereof, and the like. Other examples are feasible. In some of these embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 can be configured to reflect filtered light. In some embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 can be operated as a transmissive opal structure. For example, the inverse opal structure 1100 may include a transparent coating on the surface of the micro-surface slot portion 1101. The exemplary coating may include a dielectric material having a relatively high refractive index (eg, greater than or equal to 1.8, greater than or equal to 1.9, greater than or equal to 2.0, greater than or equal to 1.8 and less than 3.0, etc.). Some of these examples may include zinc sulfide, titanium dioxide, indium tin oxide, combinations thereof, and the like. Other examples are feasible. In some of these embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 may be configured to reflect and/or transmit filtered light. In various embodiments, the inverse opal structure 1100 may include both reflective and transparent coatings and/or partially reflective/partially transmissive coatings. In some examples, the inverse opal structure 1100 may include a patterned metal coated with a dielectric material. Without being bound by theory, in some embodiments, the color of the filtered light can also be generated by diffraction and/or Bragg diffraction and can also be based at least in part on the depth D and width of the microsurface slot portion One or more of W and/or periodic P. For example, D can be in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 microns, 0.3 to 0.65 microns, 0.35 to 0.7 microns, 0.35 to 0.65 microns, 0.03 to 0.6 microns, 0.35 to 0.6 microns, 0.4 to 0.6 microns In a range, in any range formed by any of these ranges, in any range within these ranges, can be any value within this range, or can be in any range formed by such equivalent values. As another example, W may be in the range of 0.5 to 2 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.5 micrometers, 0.5 to 1 micrometer, in any range formed by any of these ranges, within these ranges In any range, it can be any value within this range or can be in any range formed by such equivalent values. As another example, P may be in the range of 0.1 micrometer to 0.6 micrometer, 0.2 micrometer to 0.5 micrometer, 0.25 micrometer to 0.45 micrometer, in any range formed by any one of these ranges, in any of these ranges In any range, it can be any value within this range or can be in any range formed by such equivalent values. In some embodiments, D, W, and/or P can be selected to produce the desired color or colors. In some examples, the opal structure 1100 may include a patterned structure such that the patterning can produce the desired color or colors. In various embodiments, the color produced may depend on the viewing angle. The opal structure (reverse, positive, or a combination thereof) may include a plurality of aligned and/or repeated micro-surface and/or nano-surface slot portions 1101. In some cases, for an additional security feature, the opal structure may include a misalignment and/or an irregularity to provide an identification signature (e.g., an identification mark). For example, the micro-surface and/or nano-surface slot portion 1101 may be misaligned. As another example, the plurality of slot portions may include a slot portion 1101 of different sizes or shapes, a missing slot portion 1101, and/or other defects. In some embodiments, the misalignment and/or irregularity of the opal structure itself cannot be viewed with the naked eye, but can be viewed with an additional auxiliary device such as a white light interferometer, an atomic force microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. As another example, misalignment and/or irregularities can be incorporated into a micro-image (for example, a digital character, symbol, an artistic image, graphic, or an object) so that a misalignment appears in the micro-image Accuracy and/or irregularity (for example, a curved line, one of the blue spots in the orange text, etc.). In some of these embodiments, the misalignment and/or irregularities in the micro image cannot be viewed with the naked eye, but can be viewed with an additional auxiliary device such as a magnifying glass or a microscope. In some embodiments, the misalignment and/or irregularity in the micro image can be viewed with naked eyes/naked eyes. Various embodiments may include one or more color generating structures under a lens array as described herein (eg, microstructures and/or nanostructures configured to provide one or more colors, such as a plasma Substructure, an inverse opal, a positive opal, and/or combinations thereof). For example, some embodiments including one or more color generating structures may be placed under a 1D lens array as described herein. As another example, some embodiments including one or more color generating structures may be placed under a 2D lens array as described herein. For example, any of the examples described herein (e.g., FIGS. 1A-9) may include one or more color generating structures to provide one or more colors. Furthermore, any of the examples described herein (e.g., FIGS. 1A-9) can replace one or more features (e.g., specular reflection and/or diffusion features) with one or more color-generating structures. One or more color generating structures can be added so that the color is higher than the eye resolution (for example, at least 100 microns or more) and can be viewed with the naked eye. Some of these embodiments may also provide a security feature of an identification mark (for example, a colored dot, a colored mark, a color in at least a part of a graphic, a color in at least a part of a text, etc.). Alternatively, as an additional security feature, one or more color generating structures can be added so that the color is lower than the eye resolution (for example, less than 100 microns) and cannot be viewed with the naked eye, but can be viewed with, for example, a magnifying glass or microscope . As an example, referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, one or more color generating structures (for example, 1000 or 1100 shown in FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 11) can be incorporated into a first segment 101a, 101b, 101c, and In/or 101d, a color is provided for the view 110 of the icon 112 (for example, to at least a part of the icon 112 and/or the background 115). Additionally or alternatively, one or more color generating structures may be incorporated into a second segment 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or 102d to provide colors to the view 120 not shown in the figure 112. One or more color generating structures may be incorporated into the specular reflection feature 132 and/or the diffusion feature 135 of the first segment 101 and/or into the diffusion feature 145 of the second segment 102. In some embodiments, one or more color generating structures can replace the specular reflection feature 132 and/or the diffusion feature 135 in the first segment 101 and/or replace the diffusion feature 145 in the second segment 102. As another example, referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, one or more color generating structures can be incorporated into a first segment 301a, 301b, 301c, and/or 301d to provide a color for the first image 310 (e.g., To at least a part of the icon 312 and/or the background 315). Additionally or alternatively, one or more color generating structures may be incorporated into a second segment 302a, 302b, 302c, and/or 302d to provide color to the second image 320 (for example, to the icon 322 and/or background At least part of 325). One or more color-generating structures may be incorporated into the specular reflection feature 332 and/or diffusion feature 335 of the first segment 301 and/or incorporated into the specular reflection feature 342 and/or diffusion feature 345 of the second segment 302 in. In some embodiments, one or more color-generating structures can replace the specular reflection feature 332 and/or the diffusion feature 335 in the first segment 301 and/or replace the specular reflection feature 342 and/or the diffusion feature of the second segment 302 Features 345. As another example, referring to FIG. 5C, one or more color generating structures can be incorporated into the first surface texture 551, the second surface texture 552, and/or the third surface texture 553 or replace the surface textures to provide a color To at least a part of the icon and/or background of the security device 550. As another example, referring to FIG. 8A, one or more color-generating structures can be incorporated into one or more sculpted images. One or more color-generating structures can be incorporated in an area disposed under the lens array. For example, when being incorporated into an area disposed under the lens array, the color may be incorporated into at least a part of one of the switching icon or the background. Referring to FIGS. 8B and 8C, one or more color-generating structures may be incorporated into some or all of the halftone features (eg, specular and/or diffuse features) or replace some or all of the halftone features. In some embodiments, one or more color-generating structures may be incorporated into an area other than the one disposed under the lens array. For example, when it is incorporated into an area other than the one placed under the lens, the color can be incorporated outside the switching icon or the background. In various embodiments, the achromatic image (e.g., black, white, gray, etc.) can be provided by specular reflection and diffusion features. In some embodiments, one or more color generating structures can be configured to provide different colors in the image(s) viewed by the viewer. For example, the color generation structure may provide primary colors and/or composite colors (for example, red, green, blue or cyan, yellow, and magenta). In some embodiments, different colors can be combined to produce a different color or a single color as perceived by the naked eye. For example, the primary colors can be combined in some cases to form a composite color. In some cases, the primary colors can also be combined to form an achromatic appearance. For example, red, green and blue or cyan, yellow and magenta can be combined to form an achromatic white appearance. By incorporating a color generating structure with specular reflection and diffusion characteristics, a clear full-color image and/or a natural tone image can be presented. Some embodiments can be configured to provide the true color of an object. For example, some embodiments may be configured to provide a natural color rendering of an object, for example, through an icon or image. In some examples, the icon or image may include a series of hues, such as more than 5 hues, more than 10 hues, more than 15 hues, more than 20 hues, or any range formed by such equivalent values. Figure 12 schematically illustrates one exemplary method of forming the various color generating structures described herein. The method 1200 may be similar to and/or compatible with the imprinting method used to form various features as described herein (e.g., diffuse and/or specular reflective features). For example, the method 1200 may include forming an imprint tool 1201 such as including a metal 1202 (such as steel or aluminum). An electron beam, lithography technique or etching can be used to form a mother pad 1203. Sub-gaskets can be produced from the mother gasket 1203. In some embodiments, the mother gasket 1203 may be formed in nickel, which may be attached to the metal 1202. Since the method 1200 can be similar to and/or compatible with the embossing method used to form the various features described herein (e.g., diffuse and/or specular reflective features), FIG. 12 illustrates that it can be formed to the mother Various features in the spacer 1203 (e.g., diffusive features 1210a, 1210b and/or specular reflection features 1211a, 1211b) and color generating structure 1212 (e.g., a plasmonic structure, a positive opal structure and/or an inverse opal structure). Advantageously, one or more color-generating structures can be formed simultaneously with one or more other color-generating structures and/or one or more other features described herein (e.g., diffuse and/or specular reflective features). In some embodiments, one or more color-generating structures may be formed sequentially (eg, before or after) with one or more other color-generating structures and/or one or more other features. Some embodiments may form only one of the color generating structures, while other embodiments may form more than one or all of the displayed features and/or color generating structures. As shown in FIG. 12, a substrate or carrier 1250 may be provided. The substrate 1250 can be embossed or can provide support for a material layer 1260, which can be embossed by the embossing tool 1201 to form one or more of the actual color generating structures 1262. In some examples, thermal imprinting may be used to imprint a thermally imprintable polymer (eg, polyvinyl chloride) substrate 1250 or a thermally imprintable polymer 1260 disposed on the substrate 1250. In some embodiments, the substrate 1250 or a material layer 1260 may include a UV curable resin. In some of these embodiments, UV light may be applied to cure the resin during the imprinting operation. In some embodiments, the thickness of the UV curable resin 1260 placed on a substrate can range from 1 to 15 microns, 1 to 12.5 microns, 1 to 10 microns, 2 to 15 microns, 2 to 12.5 microns. , 2 micrometers to 10 micrometers, 1 micrometers to 7 micrometers, 2 micrometers to 7 micrometers, 2 micrometers to 5 micrometers, in any range within these ranges, formed in any of these ranges In any range, any value within any of these ranges or any range that can be formed by such equivalent values is intermediate. The substrate 1250 may be similar to the substrate described herein (e.g., the substrate 150 in FIG. 1A). For example, the substrate 1250 may include a polymer substrate, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or oriented polypropylene (OPP). The substrate 1250 can have a thickness, which can range from 10 microns to 300 microns, from 10 microns to 250 microns, from 10 microns to 200 microns, from 10 microns to 150 microns, from 10 microns to 100 microns, from 10 microns to 20 microns. In the range of micrometers, in any range formed by any of these ranges, in any range within these ranges, any value within this range (for example, 12.5 micrometers, 25 micrometers, 37.5 micrometers) , 40 micrometers, 45 micrometers, 50 micrometers, 80 micrometers, 100 micrometers, etc.) or can be in any range formed by such equivalent values. Similar to FIG. 1A, a lens array (not shown) such as the 1D lens array in FIG. 1C-1 and the 2D lens array in FIG. 1C-2 may be disposed on a first side 1251 of a substrate 1250. The lens array may be disposed on one of the first sides 1251 of the substrate 1250 before the one or more color generating structures 1262 are formed in the material layer 1260. For example, the lens may be disposed on the first side 1251 of one of the substrates 1250 before forming the color generating structure 1262. In some embodiments, the lens array may be disposed on one of the first sides 1251 of the substrate 1250 after the one or more color generating structures 1262 are formed in the material layer 1260. In FIG. 12, the material layer 1260 is disposed on a second side 1252 of the substrate 1250 opposite to the first side 1251. In some of these embodiments, the lens array may be disposed on the first side 1251 or the second side 1252 of the substrate after forming one or more of the actual color generating structures. After the embossed material layer 1260, for a reflective anti-opal, a coating 1265 including a reflective metal can be coated (for example, coated with an opaque reflective metal such as aluminum, silver, gold, tin, etc.) material 1260, For a transmissive inverse opal, a coating 1265 including a transparent (or at least partially transmissive) dielectric material (for example, zinc sulfide, titanium dioxide, indium tin oxide, etc.) having a relatively high refractive index as described herein can be used. Coating material 1260. For a reflective plasma substructure, the material 1260 can be coated with a coating 1265 including a reflective metal (for example, coated with an opaque reflective metal such as silver, gold, aluminum, copper, tin, etc.). In various embodiments, coating the embossing layer may include vacuum or vapor deposition coating. In some cases, since the metal is susceptible to corrosion, the coating 1265 including a reflective metal may be provided with a protective coating 1266 (for example, a layer of dielectric material or other metals such as aluminum). In a transmission plasma substructure, any deposited reflective layer between the metal layers can be removed. In some of these embodiments, some deposited metal can be stripped or ion-washed at an angle. As shown in FIG. 12, the color generating structure 1262 (for example, to reflect colored light) may be combined with one or more diffusing features 1271 (for example, to reflect diffused light) and/or one or more specular reflection features 1272 ( For example, to reflect mirror light) and merge. Figure 13A schematically illustrates an exemplary device according to one of certain embodiments described herein. The device 1300 may include a lens array 1305 as described herein. For example, the lens array may include a UV curable resin in some embodiments. The lens array 1305 can be a 1D lens array or a 2D lens array as described herein. As described herein, each lens can have a diameter from 5 microns to 200 microns (such as from 10 microns to 150 microns, from 15 microns to 100 microns, etc.) (or W along the x-axis of a lenticular lens array). _L ). The size may depend on the application used. For example, for a security device on currency, each lens may have a diameter ranging from 5 microns to 20 microns (eg, 5 microns, 10 microns, 15 microns, etc.). As also described herein, the lens may be disposed on a first side 1351 of a substrate 1350. In some embodiments, the thickness of the substrate 1350 may be based at least in part on the diameter of the lenses in the lens array. For example, in some examples, a lens having a diameter of 15 microns can be disposed on a substrate having a thickness of 15 microns (for example, the image plane can be focused). Likewise, a lens having a diameter of 80 micrometers may be disposed on a substrate having a thickness of 80 micrometers. One or more color generating structures 1362 (such as an inverse opal structure 1362a, a positive opal structure 1362b, or a combination thereof) may be disposed on a second side 1352 of the substrate 1350. For example, one or more color generating structures 1362 may be formed in the UV curable resin 1360. In various embodiments, the one or more color generating structures 1362 may include an inverse opal structure 1362a or a positive opal surface 1362b. As described herein, some embodiments of the opal structure 1362 may include a coating (eg, reflective, transparent, or partially reflective/partially transmissive). As also described herein, various embodiments may include one or more color generating structures 1362 combined with one or more diffusing features 1371 and/or one or more specular reflective features 1372. As shown in FIG. 13B, the one or more color generating structures 1362 may include a plasmonic substructure 1362c. As described herein, the plasma substructure 1362c may be a surface coated with an opaque reflective material 1365 (such as silver) followed by a protective coating of a dielectric material (such as silicon dioxide) or aluminum. Figures 13A and 13B are not drawn to scale. For example, in many embodiments, the size of the opal structure 1362a or 1362b and/or the size of the plasmonic structure 1362c may be much smaller than the size of the lens 1305. In various embodiments, after forming the device, the various embodiments may be incorporated into one of the banknotes as described herein. The security device can be configured to provide a security item (for example, currency, a credit card, a debit card, a passport, a driving license, an ID card, a document, a tamper-proof container or packaging or a bottle of medicine) Authenticity verification. The security device can be a security thread, a hot stamping feature, an embedded feature, a windowing feature, or a laminated feature. In some embodiments, one or more colors produced by a corresponding lens in the lens array can be analyzed by a naked eye. However, to increase security, in some embodiments, at least one color can be added at a concealed level. For example, one or more color generating structures can be added so that the color is lower than the eye resolution (for example, less than 100 microns) and cannot be viewed without the aid of a magnifying glass or microscope. As another example, one or more color generating structures can be added to make color symbols (for example, text, numbers, graphics, etc.) unresolvable without additional auxiliary equipment. As described herein, a 2D lens array as shown in FIG. 1C-2 can be incorporated in the various embodiments described herein to present images/icons with or without color. FIG. 14A schematically illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary security device 1040 including a 2D lens array 1025, the 2D lens array 1025 including a plurality of parts P arranged with optical characteristics as described herein ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Upper lens element L ₁ , L ₂ , L ₃ , L ₄ , L ₅ And L ₆ . The device 1040 can be configured to present different images/icons (e.g., a free bell and a number 100) when viewed from different directions. For example, as discussed above, at a first viewing angle, the device 1040 may present an icon for viewing and at a second viewing angle, the device 1040 may not present an icon for viewing. In the various embodiments discussed in this article, included in a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ The features in each of them can be configured to produce halftone images. As discussed herein, in some embodiments, a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Each of them may include a plurality of features configured to generate a plurality of distinct images/icons. For example, plural parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Each of them may include a first feature set configured to generate a first image/icon and a second image/icon configured to generate a second image/icon that is different from the first image/icon Feature collection. As another example, plural parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Can include specular reflection features and diffuse features. The specular reflection feature can define one of the icon or the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the illustration, the diffuse feature can define the background. When the specular reflection feature defines the background, the diffuse feature can define the icon. In some embodiments, a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Each of them is configured to individually generate a copy of the different images/icons. In these embodiments, the 2D lens array can be configured to be based on a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Different images/icons generated by each of them individually generate different images/icons. For example, each lens element of a 2D lens array can be configured to focus different patterns of different images/illustrations generated by the respective parts of the lens elements placed above it. In this way, a lens array can be used to produce a magnified version of one of the different images/icons. In various embodiments, part P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Any one of the size and shape or any combination and/or position of the icons in the part may be the same. In some embodiments, for example, a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Can be copies of each other. In Figure 14A, the plural parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ It is depicted as having approximately the same size. However, in various embodiments, part P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ It does not need to be the same size and/or shape. Part P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ There is no need for sorting or rules to be configured into columns and rows of the same size. Regardless of plural parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Whether the size and shape of each are the same, different parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ Can be configured to produce the same set of images/icons. The size of each lens element of the 2D lens array 1025 can be matched with the size of the part above which the lens element is arranged so that each of the plurality of parts has a corresponding lens element arranged above it. In these embodiments, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the number of lens elements and the number of parts of the 2D lens array 1025. The curvature of each lens element of the 2D lens array can be configured to produce different optical effects and/or provide different magnifications. Although in FIG. 14A, the sizes of individual lens elements of the 2D lens array are depicted as having approximately the same size, in other embodiments, the sizes of individual lens elements of the 2D lens array may vary. In FIG. 14A, the individual lens elements of the 2D lens array are depicted as spherical lens elements, which are in contact with adjacent lens elements such that the distance between the centers of adjacent lens elements (for example, also referred to as pitch) is equal to that of spherical lens elements. diameter. However, in other embodiments, each lens element of the 2D lens array can be separated from an adjacent lens element by a gap so that the distance between the centers of adjacent lens elements is greater than the diameter of the lens element. In various embodiments, the 2D lens array may be a regular array, where the distance between the centers of adjacent lens elements is constant across the array. However, in other embodiments, the distance between the centers of adjacent lens elements may vary across the lens array. The lens elements of the 2D lens array 1025 can be opposed to a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ And P ₆ The alignment makes each lens element of the 2D lens array aligned with a respective part. For example, the center of each lens element of the 2D lens array 1025 may coincide with the center of each part of the lens element disposed above it. 14B illustrates a top view of an exemplary security device including a 2D lens array 1025 having lens elements 1025a, 1025b, 1025c, 1025d, 1025e, 1025f, 1025g, 1025h, and 1025i. ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ The registration makes the center of each lens element 1025a, 1025b, 1025c, 1025d, 1025e, 1025f, 1025g, 1025h and 1025i and their respective parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ The centers coincide. In the device illustrated in Figure 14B, each part P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ It has optical features configured to produce two distinct images/icons (for example, a clock and a number 100). The feature that is configured to produce two different images/icons (for example, a clock and the number 100) is arranged in a plurality of parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ Each of them is the same so that the similar areas of lens elements 1025a, 1025b, 1025c, 1025d, 1025e, 1025f, 1025g, 1025h, and 1025i are placed above and/or multiple parts of the similar areas of two different images/illustrations P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ The icon in the middle is placed below the similar area of the lens. However, in various embodiments, the lens element need not be aligned with respect to the plurality of parts. For example, as shown in FIG. 14C, the center of the lens element may be laterally offset with respect to the center of the corresponding portion. In these embodiments, when the device is tilted so that the device is viewed from different directions, the icon may appear to move. Although the center of the lens element in FIG. 14C is depicted as being laterally offset along the horizontal direction, in other embodiments, the center of the lens element may be laterally offset along the vertical direction. In Figure 14D, a plurality of parts P configured to generate two different images/icons (for example, a clock and the number 100) ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ The features in each of them are arranged so that in the plural parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ Two different images/icons are generated in different spatial regions in each of them. Therefore, although the individual lens elements of the 2D lens array are aligned with a corresponding part, the different part P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ The illustrations are not in the same position relative to the center of the lens. Without loss of generality, plural parts P ₁ , P ₂ , P ₃ , P ₄ , P ₅ , P ₆ , P ₇ , P ₈ And P ₉ It can be regarded as forming a 2D image array extending along the horizontal and vertical directions. As discussed herein, the image array may be a regular array having a period corresponding to the distance between consecutive images (herein referred to as an image period). The 2D lens array can also extend along the horizontal and vertical directions. In various embodiments, the lens period of the 2D lens array corresponding to the distance between consecutive lens elements may be equal to the image period (for example, as shown in FIG. 14B), greater than the image period, or less than the image period. When the lens period is greater than the image period, the image/icon can appear outside the image plane. When the lens period is less than the image period, the image/icon can appear in front of the image plane. In various embodiments, the horizontal and vertical directions of the lens array can be aligned with the horizontal and vertical directions of the image array (as depicted in FIG. 14B) so that each lens element of the 2D lens array is aligned with (or aligned with) each element of the image array. quasi). However, in some other embodiments, the horizontal and vertical directions along which the lens array extends can be rotated relative to the horizontal and vertical directions along which the image array extends so that the lens array rotates relative to the image array, as depicted in FIG. 14E. For example, the lens array can be rotated relative to the image array by an amount less than or equal to 15 degrees. By rotating the lens array relative to the image array, the image/icon can be configured to move relative to the observer in a vertical direction relative to the tilt direction when the viewing angle changes. In these embodiments, the lens period can be regarded as rotating relative to the image period. A similar effect can be obtained by rotating the horizontal and vertical directions along which the image array extends relative to the horizontal and vertical directions along which the lens array extends, as shown in FIG. 14F. A 2D lens array placed above a 2D image array can produce many different optical effects. For example, when the optical device is tilted, different images/icons may appear to move laterally. As another example, each of the plurality of parts can be configured to generate a first version of an image/icon having a first size and a second version of an image/icon having a second size. When the optical device is tilted, the image/icon can seem to change size without changing its shape. When the optical device is tilted, different images/icons can appear to form a puzzle that intersects and/or moves away from each other. When the optical device is tilted, different images/icons can seem to change the optical density. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of parts can be configured to produce a first version of an image/icon that is reflective (making it appear bright) and a first version of an image/icon that is diffuse. The second version. When the optical device is tilted, the image/icon can appear to change from a reflective state to a diffuse state or vice versa, while maintaining the same shape. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of parts can be configured to generate a first version of an image/icon with a first orientation and a second version of the image/icon with a second orientation version. When the optical device is tilted, the orientation of the image/icon can seem to change. When the optical device is tilted, different images/icons can appear to be closer together or move away from each other. When the optical device is tilted, different images/icons can appear to move laterally in opposite directions. When the optical device is tilted, different images/icons can appear to change from one symbol to another, from one number to another, from one geometric figure to another geometric figure, from one logo to another The logo may change from one graphical representation to another. Figure 14G illustrates a top view of a security device including a lens array disposed above an image array. The image array includes portions that include optical features configured to produce distinct icons (eg, a clock and a text 100). The feature of the image array that generates the first icon (for example, a clock) rotates in a first direction (for example, counterclockwise) relative to the center of the lens of the lens array and generates the second icon (for example, text 100) The feature of the image array rotates in a second opposite direction (for example, clockwise) relative to the center of the lens of the lens array. When the device is tilted, the first icon (for example, a clock) and the second icon (for example, the text 100) may seem to move in different directions. Figure 14H illustrates a top view of a security device including a lens array disposed above an image array. The image array includes portions that include optical features configured to produce distinct icons (eg, a clock and a text 100). The features of the image array that produces the first illustration (for example, a clock) are arranged so that they coincide with the center of the lens of the lens array. Correspondingly, the distance between the first icons in the image (or the distance between adjacent first icons) is substantially equal to the distance between the lens arrays. The distance between the second icons in the image array may be different from the distance between the lens arrays. For example, the distance between the second figures may be about 1% to 20% larger or smaller than the distance between the lens arrays. When the device is tilted, the second icon (for example, text 100) may appear to move away from or closer to the first icon. Many of these optical effects can be produced by changing the registration of the image array and/or the icon of the image array with respect to the center of the lens in the lens array. For example, in some embodiments, some images/icons generated by features of a plurality of parts may appear to be on the surface of the device, and some other images/icons generated by features of a plurality of parts may appear to be floating Above or below the surface of the device. Various embodiments of the invention have been described herein. Although the invention has been described with reference to these specific embodiments, the description is intended to illustrate the invention and is not intended to be limiting. Those who are familiar with the technology can think of various modifications and applications without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

100‧‧‧Safety device 101‧‧‧First segment 101a‧‧‧First segment 101b‧‧‧First segment 101c‧‧‧First segment 101d‧‧‧First segment 102‧‧‧Second segment 102a‧ ‧‧Second segment 102b‧‧‧Second segment 102c‧‧‧Second segment 102d‧‧‧Second segment 105‧‧‧Lens array 110‧‧‧First image/view 112‧‧‧Illustration 115‧‧ ‧Background 115b‧‧‧Appearance 120‧‧‧Second image/view 125‧‧‧Second background 125b‧‧‧Appearance 132‧‧‧Specular reflection feature 135‧‧‧Diffuse feature 145‧‧‧Diffuse feature 150 ‧‧‧Substrate or carrier 151‧‧‧First side 152‧‧‧Second side 300‧‧‧Safety device 301‧‧‧First segment 301a‧‧‧First segment 301b‧‧‧First segment 301c‧‧ ‧First segment 301d‧‧‧First segment 302‧‧‧Second segment 302a‧‧‧Second segment 302b‧‧‧Second segment 302c‧‧‧Second segment 302d‧‧‧Second segment 305‧‧‧ Lens array 307‧‧‧Vertical axis 310‧‧‧First image 312‧‧‧First icon 315‧‧‧First background 315b‧‧‧Shape 320‧‧‧Second image 322‧‧‧Second icon 325‧‧‧Second background 325b‧‧Shape 332‧‧‧Specular reflection feature 335‧‧‧Diffuse feature 342‧‧‧Specular reflection feature 345‧‧‧Diffuse feature 401a‧‧‧First set 401b‧‧ ‧First collection 401c‧‧‧First collection 402a‧‧‧Second collection 402b‧‧‧Second collection 402c‧‧‧Second collection 407‧‧‧Axis 411a‧‧‧Illustration 411b‧‧‧Illustration 411c Graphic 412a‧‧ Graphic 412b‧‧‧ Graphic 412c‧‧‧ Graphic 413b‧‧‧ Graphic 413c‧‧‧ Graphic 414c‧‧‧ Graphic 421a‧‧‧ Graphic 421b‧‧ ‧Illustration 421c‧‧‧Illustration 422a‧‧‧Illustration 422b‧‧‧Illustration 422c‧‧‧Illustration 423b‧‧‧Illustration 423c‧‧‧Illustration 424c‧‧‧Illustration 500‧‧‧Safe Device 501‧‧‧Lens array 502‧‧‧Metalized coating 503‧‧‧Part 520‧‧‧Safety line 521‧‧‧Lens array 522‧‧‧Metalized area 524‧‧‧Metalized area 526‧‧ ‧Cutting 527‧‧‧Substrate 530‧‧‧Protection layer 550‧‧‧Safety device 551‧‧‧First surface texture 552‧‧‧Second surface texture 553‧‧‧Third surface texture 602‧‧‧Trace 604 ‧‧‧Trace 912‧‧‧Illustration 915‧‧‧First background/Illustration 915b‧‧‧Shape 922‧‧‧Illustration 925‧‧‧Second background/Illustration 925b‧‧‧Shape 1000‧‧ ‧Plasma substructure 1002‧‧‧Section One metal nano feature 1003‧‧‧second metal nano feature 1004‧‧‧dielectric nano feature 1005‧‧‧reflective nano feature 1025‧‧‧2D lens array 1025a‧‧‧lens element 1025b‧‧‧lens Element 1025c‧‧‧lens element 1025d‧‧‧lens element 1025e‧‧‧lens element 1025f‧‧‧lens element 1025g‧‧‧lens element 1025h‧‧‧lens element 1025i‧‧‧lens element 1040‧‧‧safety device 1100 ‧‧‧Inverse opal structure 1101‧‧‧Micro-surface or nano-surface slotted part 1200‧‧‧Method 1201‧‧‧Imprint tool 1202‧‧‧Metal 1203‧‧‧Female gasket 1210a‧‧‧Diffuse characteristics 1210b‧‧‧Diffuse feature 1211a‧‧‧Specular reflection feature 1211b‧‧‧Specular reflection feature 1212‧‧‧Color generating structure 1250‧‧‧Substrate or carrier 1251‧‧‧First side 1252‧‧‧Second side 1260 ‧‧‧Material layer/Heat imprintable polymer/UV curable resin 1262‧‧‧Color generating structure 1265‧‧‧Coating 1266‧‧‧Protective coating 1271‧‧‧Diffuse feature 1272‧‧‧Specular reflection feature 1300‧‧‧device 1305‧‧‧lens array 1350‧‧‧substrate 1351‧‧‧first side 1352‧‧‧second side 1360‧‧‧UV curable resin 1362‧‧‧color generating structure 1362a‧‧‧reverse opal structure 1362b‧‧‧ opal structure n / n-opal structure of a surface plasmon 1362c‧‧‧ 1365‧‧‧ opaque 1371‧‧‧ diffuse reflective material wherein 1372‧‧‧ wherein L ₁ ‧‧‧ specular reflection lens element L ₂ ‧‧‧ Lens component L ₃ ‧‧‧ Lens component L ₄ ‧‧‧ Lens component L ₅ ‧‧‧ Lens component L ₆ ‧‧‧ Lens component P ₁ ‧‧‧ Part P ₂ ‧‧‧ Part P ₃ ‧‧ ‧Part P ₄ ‧‧‧Part P ₅ ‧‧‧Part P ₆ ‧‧‧Part P ₇ ‧‧‧Part P ₈ ‧‧‧Part P ₉ ‧‧‧Part α‧‧‧First Perspective β‧‧‧Part two perspective W‧‧‧ width W _L width depth P‧‧‧ D‧‧‧ periodicity (pitch)

Figure 1A schematically illustrates an exemplary security device according to one of certain embodiments described herein. Figure 1B schematically illustrates specific features of the exemplary security device shown in Figure 1A. Figure 1C-1 schematically illustrates a 1D lens array compatible with certain embodiments described herein. Figure 1C-2 schematically illustrates a 2D lens array compatible with certain embodiments described herein. FIG. 2A schematically illustrates viewing at an angle in the mirror direction of the specular reflection feature and at the same angle of the diffusion feature according to some embodiments described herein. FIG. 2B schematically illustrates the angle in the specular direction of the non-specular reflection feature and the viewing angle of the diffuse feature according to the angle in the specular direction of the diffuse feature according to some embodiments described herein. 2C schematically illustrates the specific images and effects that can be presented by a security device during viewing from an angle in the mirror direction according to some embodiments described herein. FIG. 2D schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by a security device during viewing from an angle in a non-mirror direction according to some embodiments described herein. Figure 3A schematically illustrates another exemplary security device in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. Figure 3B schematically illustrates specific features of the exemplary security device shown in Figure 3A. FIG. 3C schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by a security device during viewing from an angle in the mirror direction according to certain embodiments described herein. FIG. 3D schematically illustrates specific images and effects that can be presented by a security device during viewing from an angle in a non-mirror direction according to some embodiments described herein. 4A, 4B, and 4C schematically illustrate specific images and effects that can be presented for viewing by a security device according to certain embodiments described herein. Figure 5A schematically illustrates specific features of an exemplary security device according to one of certain embodiments described herein. Figure 5B-1 schematically illustrates a top view of a safety line. Figure 5B-2 schematically illustrates a side view of the security thread shown in Figure 5B-1 with a protective coating according to certain embodiments described herein. Figure 5C schematically illustrates specific features of another exemplary security device according to certain embodiments described herein. FIG. 6A shows the relative brightness of an exemplary security device according to certain embodiments described herein as a function of the distance of a line scan across an icon (for example, represented by a number "1"). Figures 6B-1, 6B-2, 6B-3, and 6B-4 show the relatively high contrast and sharpness of the edges of the icons presented in certain embodiments of the devices described herein. Fig. 7 schematically illustrates the change in brightness of two icons for various tilt angle switching in a safety device according to certain embodiments described herein. Figure 8A shows a specific image (e.g., artwork) and effects that can be presented for viewing by a security device according to some embodiments described herein. Figure 8B shows an exemplary halftone pattern according to one of certain embodiments described herein. Figure 8C schematically illustrates an exemplary security device using halftone patterning in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. FIG. 9 shows an icon within an icon, which is switched to a different icon within an icon. 10A and 10B schematically illustrate an exemplary color generating structure including a plasmonic structure. Figure 11 schematically illustrates an exemplary color generating structure including an inverse opal structure. Figure 12 schematically illustrates one exemplary method of forming the various color generating structures described herein. Figures 13A and 13B schematically illustrate exemplary devices according to certain embodiments described herein. Figure 14A schematically illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary security device including a 2D lens array disposed over a plurality of portions having optical characteristics as described herein. The device can be configured to present different images when viewed from different directions. 14B, 14C, 14D, 14E, 14F, 14G, and 14H show top views of an exemplary security device including a 2D lens array disposed over a plurality of parts having optical characteristics as described herein.

100‧‧‧Safety device

101‧‧‧First segment

102‧‧‧Second segment

105‧‧‧lens array

110‧‧‧First Image

112‧‧‧Icon

115‧‧‧First Background

115b‧‧‧Appearance

120‧‧‧Second Image

125‧‧‧Second Background

125b‧‧‧Appearance

150‧‧‧Substrate or carrier

151‧‧‧First side

152‧‧‧Second side

α‧‧‧First Perspective

β‧‧‧Second Perspective

Claims (58)

An achromatic security device, comprising: a lens array; and a plurality of first and second segments, which are arranged under the lens array, the first segments corresponding to a first icon and a first background And the second segments correspond to a second icon and a part of a second background. In a first viewing angle, the lens array presents the first icon and the first background for viewing. Present the second icon for viewing, and at a second angle of view different from the first angle of view, the lens array presents the second icon and the second background for viewing without presenting the first icon. For viewing, each of the first and second segments includes specular reflection features and diffusion features, where for the first and second segments, the specular reflection features define the first and second icons , And the diffusive features define the first and second backgrounds, or the diffusive features define the first and second icons, and the specular reflection features define the first and second backgrounds, When viewed from an angle in the mirror direction, when the specular reflection features define the first and second icons and the diffusive features define the first and second backgrounds, the first and second images Shows that it appears to be specularly bright and the first and second backgrounds appear to be matte white or gray, or when the specular reflection features define the first and second backgrounds and the diffusive features define the first and second backgrounds When shown, the first and second icons appear to be matte white or gray, and the first and second icons The two backgrounds seem to be specularly bright, where when viewed from an angle other than the mirror direction, when the specular reflection features define the first and second icons and the diffusive features define the first and second backgrounds When the first and second icons appear to be dark relative to the first and second backgrounds and the first and second backgrounds appear to be matte white or gray, or when the specular reflection features define the first And the second background and the diffusive features define the first and second icons, the first and second icons appear to be matte white or gray, and the first and second backgrounds are relative to the first and second icons. The second icon looks dark. Such as the security device of claim 1, wherein for the first and second segments, the specular reflection features define the first and second icons and the diffuse features define the first and second backgrounds. Such as the security device of claim 1, wherein the first and second backgrounds are in the form of at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure or an object. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first and second backgrounds further include a hidden feature. Such as the security device of claim 4, wherein the concealed feature includes a fluorescent material or an up-conversion pigment. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the lens array includes a 1D biconvex Lens array. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the lens array includes a 2D lens array. The security device of claim 7, wherein the lens array includes a first lenticular lens array having a first longitudinal axis and a second lenticular lens array having a second longitudinal axis, wherein the first and second arrays It is configured such that the first longitudinal axis of the first array forms an angle from 5 degrees to 90 degrees with respect to the second longitudinal axis of the second array. Such as the safety device of any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein under one-point light source, the difference between the first and second viewing angles is less than or equal to 15 degrees. Such as the safety device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein under an extended light source, the difference between the first and second viewing angles is less than or equal to 20 degrees. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein after a change from the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle, the first icon is flipped to the second icon without significant change. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein each of the first and second segments includes a length, a width, and a thickness, and wherein the width of each of the first and second segments is less than Or equal to 80 microns. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first or second icon includes a halftone image. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the contrast percentage between the first icon and the first background or between the second icon and the second background is in the direction of the mirror It is from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle, or from 25% to 90% when viewed from an angle other than the mirror direction. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features provide Lambertian reflectivity. Such as the safety device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusion features have an elliptical output. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the device includes a Keno diffuser that provides the diffusing features. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusion characteristics include a brightness greater than 85 and a whiteness index greater than 85. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusive features include TiO ₂ particles. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein for the first or second segments, the specular reflection features and the diffusion features do not provide diffraction or interference colors. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first or second icon includes at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an artistic image, a figure, or an object. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the background of the first or second icon includes a circle, a square, a rectangle, a hexagon, an oval, a star, or A knurled edge. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the background of the first or second icon includes a pattern of alphanumeric characters, symbols, images, graphics, or objects. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, wherein the lens array is disposed on the first side of the substrate On the side, and where the specular reflection features and diffusing features are arranged on the second side of the substrate. The security device of claim 24, wherein the substrate has a thickness in a range from 10 micrometers to 300 micrometers. The safety device of claim 25, wherein the thickness is in the range from 10 microns to 40 microns. For example, the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the security device is configured to provide authenticity verification of a product for security. Such as the security device of claim 63, where the item is a credit card, a debit card, currency, a passport, a driving license, an ID card, a document, a ticket, a tamper-proof container or packaging, or a bottle drug. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the security device is a security thread, a hot stamping feature, an embedded feature, a window-opening feature, or a laminated feature. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, which further includes another optical element outside the first and second segments. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, which further includes another optical element in the first segment or the second segment. The security device of claim 31, wherein the other optical element includes a holographic element, a diffractive element, or a non-holographic non-diffractive element. Such as the security device of claim 1, which further includes one or more microstructure lenses. Such as the security device of claim 33, wherein the one or more microstructure lenses include a Fresnel Lens or a diamond-shaped turning element. Such as the security device of claim 33 or 34, wherein the one or more microstructure lenses are overprinted. Such as the safety device of claim 1, which further includes a metalized coating. Such as the security device of claim 1, which further includes a metalized coating with a non-metalized part to form at least one alphanumeric character, a symbol, an image or an object. The safety device of claim 36 or 37, wherein the metalized coating includes aluminum, silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, tin or any alloy thereof. Such as the security device of claim 1, wherein the diffusive features are viewed in transmission. Such as the security device of claim 39, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusing features are coated with a transparent high refractive index material. Such as the safety device of claim 39, wherein for the first or second segments, the diffusing features are coated with ZnS. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first segment includes a halftone. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second segment includes a halftone. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features each have a size and are distributed in the first or second segment to provide a halftone image for generating the first segment One or second icon. Such as any one of claims 1 to 3 or the security device, wherein the specular reflection features and the diffusion features are included in the first or second segment in a quantity and distribution to provide a halftone image for generating The first or second illustration. The security device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first or second segment includes a specular reflection feature that provides halftone, wherein it cannot be produced by a corresponding lens in the lens array by the naked eye Analyze individual specular reflection features in the images of these specular reflection features. Such as the safety device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the shape of the first or second illustration does not change as the light source changes position. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first or second segment includes a micro image having a width and a height smaller than a width and a height of the first or second segment. Such as the security device of claim 48, wherein the micro-image is at least one alphanumeric character, symbol, an artistic image, graphic or an object. Such as the security device of claim 7, wherein the plurality of first and second segments form a 2D image An array, wherein each of the plurality of first and second segments is arranged relative to a corresponding lens of one of the 2D lens arrays. The security device of claim 50, wherein the 2D lens array and the 2D image array are registered such that a distance between adjacent lenses of the 2D lens array is equal to one of the corresponding segments disposed under the 2D lens array distance. Such as the security device of claim 50, wherein a distance between adjacent lenses of the 2D lens array is less than or greater than a distance between the corresponding segments arranged below the 2D lens array so that the distance between the 2D lens array is not equal to The distance between the 2D image arrays. Such as the security device of claim 50, wherein the first icon and/or the second icon seem to move laterally when the device is tilted, so that the viewing angle changes from the first viewing angle to the second viewing angle. Such as the safety device of claim 50, wherein in the first or second viewing angle, the first icon and/or the second icon appear to be on the surface of the device or appear to float on the surface of the device Above or below. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the diffusive features are viewed in transmission. Such as the security device of claim 1, wherein for the first and second segments, the diffusive features define the first and second icons and the specular reflection features define the first and second backs view. The security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second background at the second viewing angle appears to be the same as the first background at the first viewing angle in terms of shape, size, and brightness. Such as the security device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein when viewed at an angle other than the mirror direction, when the specular reflection features define the first and second icons and the diffusive features define the When the first and second backgrounds are used, the first and second icons look black and the first and second backgrounds look matte white or gray, or when the specular reflection features define the first and second When the background and the diffuse features define the first and second icons, the first and second icons appear to be matte white or gray, and the first and second backgrounds appear to be black.

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