TWI667033B - 一種醫藥組合物用於製備預防視網膜神經損傷的藥物的用途 - Google Patents
一種醫藥組合物用於製備預防視網膜神經損傷的藥物的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供一種製備預防視網膜神經損傷之醫藥組合物的用途,其中該醫藥組合物係包含:4.5重量份的當歸,1.5重量份的柴胡,4.5重量份的紅花,3重量份的枳實,4.5重量份的牛膝,1.5重量份的甘草,2.25至2.3重量份的川芎,3重量份的赤芍,2.25至2.3重量份的桔梗,6重量份的桃仁以及4.5重量份的地黃。
Description
本發明係關於一種製備預防視網膜神經損傷之醫藥組合物的用途。
中央視網膜動脈閉塞(Central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO),視網膜中央靜脈閉塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO),視網膜分支動脈閉塞(branch retinal artery occlusion,BRAO),視網膜分支靜脈閉塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO),青光眼和年齡相關性黃斑變性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)都與視網膜缺血(retinal ischemia)有關。所有的這些疾病都可能導致嚴重的後遺症,因此,視網膜缺血的控制至關重要。
位於內視網膜中的神經元,例如視網膜神經節細胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)和無長突細胞,以及它們的神經元突起(neuronal processes)易受缺血/再灌注(I/R)的影響。在I/R後,波形蛋白免疫反應性已顯示在米勒細胞(Müller cells)中增加。缺血則誘發血管生成。此外,在視網膜中,血管新生通常是紊亂且通常導致水腫以及出血的,此對視覺
功能具有不利影響。因此,促進內源性保護性反應以及預防有害血管生成的治療是迫切需要的。已經發現在視網膜缺血後缺氧誘發因子-1α(HIF-1α)的水平增加。HIF-1α結合於缺氧反應性目標基因的缺氧反應元件,並觸發血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelium growth factor,VEGF)的表現。人類視網膜色素上皮中的氧化導致VEGF的調升。所有上述證據表明了HIF-1α和VEGF在視網膜或RGCs中的過度表現與缺血性損傷直接相關。
抗VEGF抗體以於全球臨床上使用,但於治療視覺威脅的視網膜病症上並非完全有效,前述病症如增殖性糖尿病性視網膜病變(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR),濕性年齡相關性黃斑變性(wet age-related macular degeneration,wAMD)和視網膜中央/分支動脈/靜脈閉塞(central/branch retinal vein or artery occlusion)。此外,施予抗VEGF藥劑的患者,即使玻璃體/視網膜下出血和黃斑部水腫已成功乾燥,亦呈現出不好的視覺結果。
血府逐瘀湯是一種治療心腦血管疾病的中藥配方,已有數百年的歷史。研究指出血府逐瘀湯可增強重組組織纖溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,tPA)介導的神經保護作用以對抗大鼠缺血性中風。研究亦已表明,血府逐瘀湯可以藉由降低VEGF和HIF-1α以減緩缺氧並保護肝竇內皮細胞(liver sinusoidal endothelial cel)之功能。
血府逐瘀湯包括十一種組分,即當歸(Radix Angelicae Sinensis),地黃(Radix Rehmanniae glutinosae),赤芍(Radix Paeoniae Rubra),川芎(Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong),桃仁(Semen Pruni Persicae),紅花(Flos Carthami Tinctorii),甘草(Radix Glycyrrhizae Auranti),柴胡(Radix Bupleuri Chinense),牛膝(Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae)以及桔梗(Radix Platycodi Grandiflori)。從該組合物中,鑑定具有藥物功能的化合物。來自當歸和川芎的阿魏酸已被證明能清除羥基自由基並提供對視網膜缺血的神經保護作用。地黃的梓醇顯著增強了抗氧化酶,即超氧化物歧化酶,穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶和過氧化氫酶的活性。來自赤芍的芍藥苷,來自桃仁的杏仁苷,來自紅花的羥基花青黃A(hydroxysafflor yellow A,HSYA),來自甘草的甘草皂苷,來自枳實的木香脂內酯和來自柴胡的柴胡皂苷可以防止腦局部缺血或損傷。此外,杏仁苷和HSYA具有協同作用,例如降低血漿粘度和血小板聚集。來自牛膝的牛膝多醣具有抗氧化能力。來自桔梗的水萃物如桔梗皂苷透過劑量依賴方式降低一氧化氮和脂質過氧化而產生顯著的肝保護作用。
本文所述係關於研究血府逐瘀湯在減弱視網膜缺血性損傷上的應用。此外,由於PKM2和RBP2是共激活HIF-1α,其進一步觸發VEGF分泌並誘發可能的後續血管新生,缺血性視網膜中VEGF和HIF-1α的調升是否與HIF-1α的共激活因子:PKM2和RBP2共存,也包括在本文中。
本發明探討血府逐瘀湯在減輕視網膜缺血性損傷的影響,此影響藉由測量視網膜電波圖(electrophysiologram)b波的變化,視網膜神經節細胞的密度,視網膜的厚度,ChAT免疫標記無長突細胞(amacrine cells),以及用以指示Müller細胞的GFAP/Vimentin免疫反應所測定。研究亦同時藉由即時聚合酶連鎖反應和西方墨點法對VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的mRNA和蛋白表現進行分析。
本發明中呈現了視網膜缺血現象的改變,即指在視網膜電波圖b波振幅顯著降低,視網膜神經節細胞顯著減少,內側或整體視網膜厚度顯著減少,可為ChAT免疫標記的無長突細胞數目顯著減低,GFAP/Vimentin免疫標記的顯著提升,以及VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的mRNA和蛋白質表現量的顯著上調均已於缺血性視網膜被發現。更重要的是,在視網膜缺血前或後連續7天施予血府逐瘀湯會顯著改變視網膜缺血的情形,且此影響為濃度依賴性的。特別的是,與缺血有關的VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的表現增加情形會透過血府逐瘀湯所削弱。
綜上所述,本發明表明了在視網膜缺血的前或後投予血府逐瘀湯減弱了缺血在電生理學,免疫組織化學,細胞活力方面以及分子生物學各方面所引起的下降情形。
本發明之目的係提供一種製備醫藥組合物以預防或治療由視網膜缺血所誘發之疾病,障礙或病症的用途,其中該醫藥組合物係包含:4.5重量份的當歸,1.5重量份的柴胡,4.5重量份的紅花,3重量份的枳實,4.5重量份的牛膝,1.5重量份的甘草,2.25至2.3重量份的川芎,3重量份的赤芍,2.25至2.3重量份的桔梗,6重量份的桃仁以及4.5重量份的地黃。
於一較佳實施例中,其中該川芎為2.3重量份,桔梗為2.3重量份。
於一實施例中,其中該醫藥組合物之施用方式係選自以下族群之一或其組合:溶液,液相分散體,懸浮液,乳液,顆粒,粉末,膠囊,片劑,丸劑,丸劑或固體。
於一實施例中,其中該疾病,障礙或病症係為中樞性視網膜 動脈閉塞(CRAO),視網膜中央靜脈閉塞(CRVO),視網膜分支動脈閉塞(BRAO),視網膜分支靜脈閉塞(BRVO),青光眼,增殖性糖尿病性視網膜病變(DR)或年齡相關性黃斑變性(AMD)。
於一實施例中,其中該預防或治療視網膜缺血或視網膜缺血相關疾病係透過下調HIF-1α表現或下調VEGF分泌,或同時透過兩者。更佳的,其中該下調HIF-1α表現,下調VEGF分泌,或同時透過兩者係透過抑制RBP2或抑制PKM2,或同時透過抑制RBP2及抑制PKM2。
前述之醫藥組合物之當歸係自Angelica sinensis(Olive)Diels的根製備;柴胡係自Bupleurum chinense DC的整株植物或根部製備;紅花係自Carthamus tinctorius L的花製備;枳實係由Citrus aurantium L.或Sinensis Osbeck的未成熟果實製備,或者自Citrus aurantium L.或Sinensis Osbeck的成熟果實的果皮製備;牛膝係自Cyathula officinalis Kuan或Achyranthes bidentate Bl的根部製的;甘草係自Glycyrrhiza glabra L.,Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch,或Glycyrrhiza inflate Bat的根或根莖製備的;赤芍係自Platycodon grandiflorum(Jazq.)A.DC或Paeonia veitchii Lynch的根部製備;桔梗係自Platycodon grandiflorum(Jazq.)A.DC的根製備;桃仁係自Prunus Persica(L)Batsch或P.davidiana(Carr.)Franch的種子製備;地黃係自Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz的根莖製備。
本發明更提供了一種用於預防或治療由視網膜缺血引起的疾病,障礙或病症的方法,其包括向有需求的個體投予治療有效量的醫藥組合物,該組合物包括有PKM2抑制劑或RBP2抑制劑或其組合。
本發明的組合物可以以固體,溶液,乳劑,分散體,微膠粒, 脂質體,以及其他如含有本發明中的一種或多種成分作為活性成分的組合物產物,或與有機或無機載體或賦形劑混合以適用於腸內或腸胃外的施用。活性成分可以被混合,例如,藥學上可接受的通常無毒性的載具如片劑,丸劑,膠囊,栓劑,溶液,乳液,懸浮液以及其他任何合適的形式以供使用。可使用的載體包括葡萄糖,乳糖,阿拉伯樹膠,明膠,甘露醇,澱粉糊,三矽酸鎂,滑石,玉米澱粉,角蛋白,膠體二氧化矽,馬鈴薯澱粉,尿素,中等鏈長的甘油三酯,葡聚醣,以及合適用於製備製劑,固體,半固體或液體形式的其他載體。另外,亦可以使用穩定劑,增稠劑和著色劑和香料作為輔助。
本發明之組合物可以口服的形式,例如作為片劑,錠劑,錠劑,水性或油性懸浮液,可分散粉末或顆粒,乳劑,硬或軟膠囊,或糖漿或酏劑。口服使用的組合物可根據各種已知的醫藥組合物製備方法加以製備,而此組合物可含有一種或多種如蔗糖,乳糖或糖精等甜味劑,如薄荷,冬青油或櫻桃等調味劑,著色劑和防腐劑以提供製藥上的美觀和口感。混合有活性成分與藥學上可接受無毒賦形劑的片劑也可藉由已知方法加以製造。可使用的賦形劑如:(1)惰性稀釋劑,如碳酸鈣,乳糖,磷酸鈣或磷酸鈉;(2)成粒劑和崩解劑,如玉米澱粉,馬鈴薯澱粉或海藻酸;(3)粘合劑,如黃蓍膠,玉米澱粉,明膠或阿拉伯膠,和(4)潤滑劑,如硬脂酸鎂,硬脂酸或滑石。片劑可為未包衣,或可以藉由已知技術進行包衣以延遲胃腸道中的崩解與吸收,從而提供較長時間的持續作用。例如延時材料如單硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯均可採用,亦可藉由如美國專利案號4256108;4160452;及4,265,874所描述的技術包衣,以生成控制藥效釋 放的滲透性治療片劑。
在某些情況下,口服使用的組合物可為硬明膠膠囊的形式,其中活性成分與惰性固體稀釋劑混合,例如碳酸鈣,磷酸鈣或高嶺土。它們也可為軟明膠膠囊的形式,其中活性成分與水或油介質混合,例如花生油,液體石蠟或橄欖油。
在一實踐例中,本發明醫藥組合物還可以以栓劑用於藥物的直腸給藥的形式給藥。這些組合物可通過將藥物與合適的非刺激性賦形劑混合來製備,該賦形劑如可可脂或聚乙二醇等合成甘油酯係為在常溫下成固體,而在直腸腔液化和/或溶解以釋放藥物者。
由於個體受試者可能在症狀的嚴重程度上呈現寬泛的變化,並且每種藥物具有其獨特的治療特徵,因此由專業人員確定受試者對治療的反應並改變劑量。
圖1為視網膜電波圖:缺血前或缺血後給予血府逐瘀湯對於視網膜缺血所帶來的影響。相較於假性手術處理之視網膜,取自於壓力誘發產生的視網膜缺血及再灌注前預先給予載體(載體+I/R;a)或視網膜缺血/灌注後給予載體(I/R+載體;b)的組別的代表性大鼠其b波振幅顯著降低。此降低在缺血前投予藥物的大鼠(1.35克/公斤/天,血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R;2.7克/公斤/天,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R,a)以及缺血後投予藥物的大鼠(1.35克/公斤/天,I/R+血府逐瘀湯1.35;2.7克/公斤/天,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7,b)中有具劑量依賴性的削弱情形。相較於假手術組,載體+I/R(c)或I/R+載體(d)具有一個顯著的b波下降比例(**,P<0.01)。於缺血前 預先給予1.35克/公斤/天及2.7克/公斤/天劑量的血府逐瘀湯可顯著減緩缺血所引起的b波下降,且此減緩為劑量依存性的(†,P<0.05;††,P<0.01,c)。缺血後給予2.7克/公斤/天劑量的血府逐瘀湯(d)可顯著減緩b波的下降(††,P<0.01)。這些實驗結果以平均值±標準差表示。
圖2為螢光金標記。顯微影像顯示了個體施行假手術後(a,假手術組),或缺血及/再灌注前給予載體(b,I/R+載體),或劑量1.35克/公斤/天(c,血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R)及2.7克/公斤/天(d,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R)之血府逐瘀湯,或於缺血/再灌注後給予劑量2.7克/公斤/天之血府逐瘀湯(e,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)之視網膜神經節細胞的密度。視網膜神經節細胞密度的定量分析如(f)所示。每一長條表示平均值±標準差(樣本數為3~4)。**表示顯著差異(P<0.01;假手術組與載體+I/R組之比較);††表示顯著差異(P<0.01;載體+I/R與血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R或I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7之比較)。比例尺=100微米。
圖3為甲酚紫呈色圖:各種視網膜層的厚度分析。此圖顯示了從偏心率(eccentricity)下的視網膜切片。(a)經假手術處理之個體的視網膜(假手術組)。(b)接受缺血/加灌注(I/R)過程以及預前投與載體之個體的視網膜。(c),(d),(e)依序為接受缺血/再灌注以及預前投予劑量1.35克/公斤/天(c,血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R),2.7克/公斤/天(d,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R),以及缺血/再灌注後投予劑量2.7克/公斤/天(e,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)之血府逐瘀湯個體的視網膜切片。(f)針對視網膜各層之厚度所做的型態分析,以相近的偏心率(eccentricity)呈現。實驗結果以平均值±標準差值呈現(樣本數為4)。**表示相較於假手術組具顯著差異(P<0.01)。†或 ††表示相較於載體+I/R具顯著差異。代號:ONL,外核層;OPL,外網狀層;INL,內核層;IPL,內網狀層;GCL,神經節細胞層。比例尺=50微米。
圖4為膽鹼乙酰轉移酶(ChAT)之免疫組織化學。(a)經假手術處理之個體(假手術組)的視網膜細胞核,以4,6-二脒基-2-苯基二鹽酸鹽(DAPI)染色。(b)無軸突神經細胞細胞體(假手術組,箭頭所示處)位於INL及GCL,及其神經元流程(箭號)顯示兩個在IPL中的不同分層。(c)接受回流/再灌注前預先給予載體之視網膜;IPL免疫標記和無軸突神經細胞細胞體數量。(d,e,f)接受缺血/再灌注以及預先投予劑量1.35克/公斤/天(d,血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R),2.7克/公斤/天(e,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R)血府逐瘀湯,或缺血/再灌注後給予劑量2.7克/公斤/天(f,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)血府逐瘀湯之個體視網膜切片。此外,預先給予劑量1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯可顯著且劑量依賴性的削弱缺血誘發的改變。缺血/再灌注後給予劑量2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯亦明顯削弱缺血所誘發的變化。圖(g)中每一長條以平均值±標準差(樣本數為4)表示假手術組或是進行缺血/再灌注的各組別。**表示顯著性(P<0.01;假手術組與載體+I/R相比較)。†或††表示顯著性(P<0.05或P<0.01;載體+I/R與血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R或I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)。代號:ONL,外核層,OPL,外網層,INL,內核層,IPL,內網狀層,GCL,神經節細胞層。比例尺=50微米。
圖5為膠質纖維酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP,綠色)之免疫組織化學。(a)假手術個體之視網膜,其細胞核以4,6- 二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二鹽酸鹽(DAPI)染色,用以呈現假手術組視網膜;(b)位於視網膜內神經終肢的米勒細胞以GFAP免疫標記顯示(箭頭指示處),位於IPL,INL和ONL內神經分支處的米勒細胞以GFAP免疫標記顯示(箭號指示處)。(c)顯示了接受I/R以及預先給予載體的視網膜,其抗GFAP免疫標記訊號是增加的。(d,e,f)依序為是從接受I/R以及預先給予劑量1.35克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(d,血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R),2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(e,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R),或於接受I/R後給予劑量2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(f,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)之視網膜切片。尤其是,預先給予劑量1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯明顯且劑量依賴性的減弱缺血所引起的改變。後給予劑量為2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯亦明顯減弱缺血引起的改變。代號:ONL:外核層,OPL:外網狀層,INL:內核層,IPL:內網狀層,GCL:神經節細胞層。比例尺=50微米。
圖6為波形蛋白之免疫組織化學。(a)顯示假手術組中的視網膜細胞核,以4,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二鹽酸鹽染色(DAPI)。(b)顯示位於假手術組視網膜內神經節細胞層,以波形蛋白免疫標記顯示(箭頭指示處),以及IPL,INL和ONL內神經分支處,以波形蛋白免疫標記顯示(箭號指示處)。(c)顯示接收了I/R和預先給予載體組別的視網膜,不同於假手術組視網膜,其抗波形蛋白免疫標記信號增加。(d,e,f)依序為是從接受I/R以及預先給予劑量1.35克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(5d,血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R),2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(e,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R),或於接受I/R後給予劑量2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(f,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)之視網膜切片。尤其是,預先給予劑量1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯明顯且劑量 依賴性的減弱缺血所引起的改變。後給予劑量為2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯亦明顯削弱缺血引起的改變。代號:ONL:外核層,OPL:外網狀層,INL:內核層,IPL:內網狀層,GCL:神經節細胞層。比例尺=50微米。
圖7為VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2,RBP2相較於β肌動蛋白的mRNA濃度的比率。總mRNA為自假手術組,I/R前預先給予載體組,或低劑量(1.35克/公斤/天)或高劑量(2.7克/公斤/天)預先給予血府逐瘀湯各組別中萃取/分離所得。VEGF(a),HIF-α(b),PKM2(c)或RBP2(d)相較於β肌動蛋白的mRNA濃度比例分別進行了計算。每一長條以平均值±標準差(樣本數為4)表示。**表示顯著性(假手術組與載體+I/R相比較)。†(P<0.05)或††(P<0.01)表示顯著性(載體+I/R相較於血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R或I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)。VEGF:血管內皮生長因子,HIF-1α:缺氧誘發因子1α,PKM2:丙酮酸激酶M2,RBP2:視網膜母細胞瘤蛋白2。
圖8為VEGF,HIF-α,PKM2,RBP2相對於β肌動蛋白的蛋白質表現水平。(a和b)呈現了β肌動蛋白,VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的西方墨點法結果。在圖(a)中,第1行為假手術處理組的視網膜(假手術組);第2行為預先給予載體的缺血視網膜(載體+I/R);第3~5列為接受缺血及再灌注,並預先給予1.35克/公斤/天劑量血府逐瘀湯(血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R),2.7克/公斤/天劑量血府逐瘀湯(血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R),或缺血及再灌注後給予2.7克/公斤/天劑量血府逐瘀湯(I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7)各組別的視網膜。在圖(b)中,第1行為控制組假手術組視網膜(假手術組);第2行為預先給予載體之缺血視網膜(載體+I/R);第3~5行為接受缺血及再 灌注並預先給予4微莫耳濃度中Shikonin(PKM2抑制劑),10微莫耳濃度JIM-04(RBP2抑制劑)和100毫克/4毫升Avastin(抗VEGF)。(c和d)顯示VEGF(樣本數為4),HIF-1α(樣本數為4),PKM2(樣本數為4)或RBP2(樣本數為3)相對於β肌動蛋白的蛋白表現量的比例。*/**或†/††依序表示顯著差異(P<0.05/P<0.01;圖c和d:假手術組與載體+I/R組相比較)或顯著差異(P<0.05/P<0.01,圖c:載體+I/R與血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R,或I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7組相比較;圖d:載體+I/R與I/R+Shikonin,I/R+JIB-04,或Avastin)。每一長條以平均值±標準差表示。VEGF:血管內皮生長因子,HIF-1α:缺氧誘發因子1α,PKM2:丙酮酸激酶M2,RBP2:視網膜母細胞瘤蛋白2。
以下之實施例非為限定用途,僅用以呈現此發明之多種面向。
實施例一、血府逐瘀湯對於視網膜電波圖b波之影響。
實驗動物係依據視覺與眼科研究協會之眼科和視覺研究實驗動物聲明(Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmology and Vision Research)處理,所有的動物實驗係經振興醫院動物照護及使用委員會同意(CHGH;Taipei,Taiwan;批准文號:CHIACUC 104-05)。六週齡雄性Wistar品系大鼠(BioLasco,台北,台灣)以至多6隻同伴的數量下以濕度40-60%,溫度19-23℃飼養於大型塑料保持架(Shineteh儀器有限公司,台北,台灣)。將大鼠任意分配到以下各組中的一組,實驗動物(樣本數為120)使用於多種實 驗方法中,即3組視網膜電波圖分析[樣本數共為16,包含:正常組(樣本數為5);I/R+載體組(樣本數為5);I/R+血府逐瘀湯1.35組(樣本數為6)];病理生理學如甲酚紫及ChAT標記[樣本數共為20,包含:假性手術組,載體+I/R組,XFZUD1.35+I/R組,血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R組,I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7組,樣本數各為4。此外,在壓力誘發的視網膜缺血之前15分鐘,在缺血眼睛(樣本數為12)上進行玻璃體內注射5微克抑制劑,即I/R+Avastin組(樣本數為4),I/R+Shikonin(樣本數為4)或I/R+JIB-04(樣本數為4)。所有大鼠均維持12小時光照/黑暗期的光照週期,以及每小時12-15次換氣。大鼠以任食的方式攝取食物和水。此動物研究係依據報告檢查表之最低標準予以進行並總結。
使用100毫克/公斤氯胺酮(Pfizer,NY,USA)和5毫克/公斤甲苯噻嗪(Sigma-Aldrich,MO,USA)透過腹膜內注射給予大鼠進行動物麻醉。對大鼠施以腹膜內注射至少140毫克/公斤戊巴比妥,以慎重的方式犧牲大鼠(Scientific Procedures Acts1986)。
麻醉後,將大鼠(200-250g克)放置在立體定位架。利用連接與裝有0.9%生理食鹽水針筒的30號針頭施予大鼠眼前房注射,以誘發60分鐘120毫米汞柱的高眼內壓(HIOP)。缺血性損傷係藉由檢測到蒼白的眼底證實。對照組的大鼠眼睛係接受一假手術程序,其為不推動裝有生理食鹽水之針筒。
1.35或2.7克/公斤/天劑量的血府逐瘀湯(順天堂藥廠,台中,台灣)連續7天於高眼壓損傷前或後給予大鼠,直至犧牲大鼠前。眼部進行缺血處置的試驗大鼠餵予固定體積(4毫升)的血府逐瘀湯或等體積的 載體。
如所述麻醉後,以1%托吡卡胺(愛爾康,ZG,瑞士)放大瞳孔,並以0.5%丙美卡因(愛爾康,ZG,瑞士)進行表面麻醉。連接與25微升注射器的30號針頭用於進行玻璃體內注射。於特定情況下,4微米Shikolin(Sigma-Aldrich公司,密蘇里州,美國),10微莫耳濃度JIB-04(Sigma-Aldrich公司,MO,USA),5微升的100毫克/4毫升Avastin(霍夫曼--羅氏,巴塞爾,瑞士)或載體(等體積的DMSO;J.T.Baker,NJ,USA)於壓力引發之視網膜缺血15分鐘前施行。
在缺血前或缺血後連續7天給予血府逐瘀湯或載體,並於視網膜缺血(第0天)之前對所有大鼠進行閃光視網膜電波圖記錄。將大鼠暗適應至少8小時後將之麻醉,並進行視網膜電波圖記錄;為此,以1% Tropicamide和2.5%苯腎上腺素(Akorn,Inc.,IL,USA)擴大瞳孔,眼表則以0.5%丙阿卡因(Alcon,ZG,Switzerland)麻醉。將閃光燈置於大鼠眼睛前面2cm處以提供0.5Hz的刺激。以2秒間隔於10kHz記錄15個連續反應;使用放大器P511/穩壓電源107/刺激器PS22(Grass-Telefactor;AstroNova,QC,Canada)對反應進行放大和平均。計算b波比,意即與未治療的對側正常眼睛相較之施加治療的缺血性眼睛的b波振幅,以供比較。(Osborne NN,Casson RJ,Wood JP,Chidlow G,Graham M,Melena J.Retinal ischemia:mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies.Prog Retin Eye Res.23,91-147,2004;Chao HM,Chen IL,Liu JH.S-allyl L-cysteine protects the retina against kainite excitotoxicity in the rat.Am J Chin Med.42,693-708,2014)。b波比低於75%以及高於125%以上的動物則被排除。
實驗結果如圖1所示。計算經受假手術處理之視網膜中(假手術組,圖1)的視網膜電波圖b波振幅。在視網膜缺血並再灌注後,b波振幅顯著降低。這種降低情形不受局部缺血給藥或載體缺血後給藥的影響(載體+I/R:0.01mV,圖1a;I/R+載體:0.02mV,圖1b)。然而,局部缺血前給予血府逐瘀湯(血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,1.35克/公斤/天;血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R,2.7克/公斤/天,圖1a)和缺血後給予血府逐瘀湯(I/R+血府逐瘀湯1.35,1.35克/公斤/天;I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7,2.7克/公斤/天,圖1b)減輕了因缺血誘發的b波減少,其值並分別增加到0.03,0.13,0.02和0.10mV。如圖1c所示,(樣本數為4~9),與假手術組(1.00±0.21)相比,載體I/R組(0.03±0.02)中的b波比有顯著降低(p<0.001)。值得注意的是,在缺血前施用血府逐瘀湯後,缺血誘發之b波比降低為劑量反應相關(1.35對2.7克/公斤/天)及顯著(於1.35克/公斤/天,p=0.04;於2.7克/公斤/天,p<0.001)地緩解(血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R vs.血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R=0.18±0.16 vs.0.43±0.21)。再次地,圖1d中(樣本數為5~9),相較於假手術組(1.00±0.21),I/R載體組的b波比(0.10±0.07)也有顯著的降低(p<0.001)。值得注意的是,在缺血後施用血府逐瘀湯之後,在缺血誘發的b波比降低中存在劑量反應(於1.35克/公斤/天;0.10±0.10;p=0.91)和顯著的反作用(於2.7克/公斤/天;0.33±0.11;p=0.003)。另一方面,當比較視網膜電波圖b波比時,假手術眼(樣本數為9)和正常眼(樣本數為5;1.02±0.16)之間不存在顯著的差異(p=0.86)。
實施例二、血府逐瘀湯對逆行熒光標記的RGCs密度的影響。
麻醉後,在大鼠頭皮上製成2公分大小的切口,並如先前技術所述在顱骨上鑽兩個小孔。(Peng PH,Chao HM,Juan SH,Chen CF,Liu JH and Ko ML.Pharmacological preconditioning by low dose cobalt protoporphyrin induces heme oxygenase-1 overexpression and alleviates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Curr.Eye Res.36(3):238-246,2011)。接下來,通過微量滴管在頭骨下方3.8,4.0和4.2毫米深處注射2微升的5%氟化金(Sigma-Aldrich,MO,USA)。在所有組別中,氟化金係於犧牲大鼠前三天進行注射。視網膜如先前技術所述為輕柔取出,固定,解剖和處理。(Peng PH,Chao HM,Juan SH,Chen CF,Liu JH and Ko ML.Pharmacological preconditioning by low dose cobalt protoporphyrin induces heme oxygenase-1 overexpression and alleviates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Curr.Eye Res.36(3):238-246,2011)。RGC平均密度定義為總RGC數與所評估的視網膜總面積的比率。(Peng PH,Chao HM,Juan SH,Chen CF,Liu JH and Ko ML.Pharmacological preconditioning by low dose cobalt protoporphyrin induces heme oxygenase-1 overexpression and alleviates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Curr.Eye Res.36(3):238-246,2011)。
實驗結果如圖2所示。假手術視網膜中的RGC密度(假手術組;樣本數為3;圖2a)為366.78±10.30顆細胞。此外,相較於假手術視網膜,經歷視網膜缺血以及缺血前施用載體(載體+I/R;樣本數為4;圖2b)之大鼠RGC密度顯著減少至131.83±9.78顆細胞/區塊(p<0.001)。此外,當大鼠經歷視網膜缺血和缺血前給予1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯時(血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R=191.38±9.45顆細胞/區塊,樣本數為4,圖2c;血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R=276.33±12.11顆細胞/區塊,樣本數為4,圖2d),這種減少係為劑量反應性的並且顯著(p<0.001)減弱的(在1.35克/公斤/天時效 果較小)。缺血後給予2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯也顯著(p<0.001)減弱了該缺血誘發的減少(I/R血府逐瘀湯2.7=227.58±11.60細胞/場,樣本數為4,圖3e)。一個區塊的面積約為0.25平方毫米。另一方面,當比較逆行螢光標記的RGC的密度時,在假手術組眼睛和正常組眼睛之間不存在顯著(p=0.18)的差異(樣本數為4;336.30±16.08)。
實施例三、血府逐瘀湯對甲酚紫染色的各種視網膜層厚度的影響。
犧牲實驗動物並以生理鹽水(重量體積濃度)進行心內灌注,取出眼球,以4%(重量體積濃度)多聚甲醛固定並包埋於石蠟中(Tissue-Tek TEC 5;Sakura,Alphen aan den Rijn,Netherlands)並加以切片處理(5微米)。視網膜切片用甲酚紫染色並在光學顯微鏡(Leica,Heidelberg,Germany)下檢查。在顯微鏡下檢查視網膜切片並以相同的放大倍率(Ilford Pan-F plus film,50 ASA)進行拍攝,並從照片計算各種視網膜層厚度。
測量整體視網膜厚度(從內部限制膜到視網膜色素上皮層)和內視網膜厚度(從內限制膜到內核層)以定量視網膜缺血損傷。所有測量於距離視盤1毫米處進行。對每隻眼睛的三個連續切片取平均值。研究人員係於未知該組織資訊的情況下評估五個定義組之間的厚度變化。
圖3表示從四個組別中(樣本數為4)同一偏心率下得到的視網膜切片結果(距離視盤1毫米)。與進行假手術的視網膜相比(假手術組,圖3a及圖3f:整體視網膜為176.0±14.81微米,內視網膜為99.50±11.33微米),在I/R後並預先施以載體予大鼠,整體視網膜和內視網膜的厚度(載體+ I/R,圖3b及圖3f:整體視網膜為103.00±6.88微米,內視網膜為46.75±7.27微米)顯著降低(p<0.001)。此外,該減少是劑量依賴性的(在1.35克/公斤/天時效果較小)並且當大鼠經歷I/R並且預先施以1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯[血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,圖3c及圖3f:對於整體視網膜為123.25±8.62微米(†,p=0.01),內視網膜為57.75±5.06微米(p=0.048);血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R,圖3d及圖3f:整體視網膜為144.00±8.83微米(p<0.001),內視網膜為67.75±8.18微米(p=0.009)]時顯著減弱。缺血後施用2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯亦顯著減弱了該缺血誘發的減少[I/R血府逐瘀湯2.7,圖3e及圖3f,整體視網膜為130.25±9.98微米(p=0.004),內視網膜為63.50±6.95微米(p=0.016)]。
實施例四、血府逐瘀湯對ChAT免疫標記的影響。
於犧牲後,將眼球嵌入石蠟中並如上所述處理以進行切片。之後,以1:100濃度比例之山羊抗ChAT多株抗體(goat anti-ChAT polyclonal antibody,Millipore,CA,USA)作為一抗處理切片以進行免疫組織化學分析。接下來,將視網膜切片與作為第二抗體的1:500濃度比例之複合玫瑰紅之兔抗山羊抗體(rhodamine-conjugated rabbit anti-goat antibody,Millipore,CA,USA)一起培育。同時,如前所述使用4,6-二脒-2-苯基吲哚二鹽酸鹽(DAPI;EMD Chemicals,Darmstadt,Germany)對細胞核進行染色。(Osborne NN,Casson RJ,Wood JP,Chidlow G,Graham M,Melena J.Retinal ischemia:mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies.Prog Retin Eye Res.23,91-147,2004;Chen YQ,Pan WH,Liu JH,Chen MM,Liu CM,Yeh MY,Tsai SK,Young MS,Zhang XM and Chao HM.The effects and underlying mechanisms of S-allyl l-cysteine treatment of the retina after ischemia/reperfusion.J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther.28(2):110-117,2012)。視網膜樣品係透過螢光顯微鏡進行評估。當需要比較各種定義組中的視網膜組織中的免疫反應性時,一獨立的科學家被要求透過與假手術組(對照組)中的免疫反應性相關聯來對強度進行分級,因而盡可能地防止了偏見。
如圖4所示,經過假手術的視網膜中(假手術組,圖4b),ChAT免疫反應性標記無長突細胞體(箭頭指示處;圖4g:22.75±2.50)在內核層(inner nuclear layer,INL)和神經節細胞層(ganglion cell layer,GCL);以及其神經元突起(neuronal processes)在內叢狀層(inner plexiform layer,IPL)中呈現兩個良好描繪的帶(箭號指示處)。在視網膜缺血前預先給予載體的組別中(載體+I/R;圖4c),CHAT標記的無長突細胞體(圖4g:9.25±1.50)在視網膜I/R後以及於缺血前給予載體後呈現顯著減少(p<0.001)。此外,這些細胞的內叢狀層免疫反應性亦急劇下降。臨床上重要的是,當視網膜缺血前以1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯預先給藥時,這些改變被劑量依賴性並且顯著地減弱(圖4e及4g:20.50±2.08,p<0.001)。缺血後施用2.7微克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(I/R血府逐瘀湯2.7,圖4f和4g 16.25±3.86,P=0.015)亦顯著減弱了這些缺血誘發的改變。DAPI(圖4a)用於染色假手術組視網膜中的細胞核。一個區塊的面積約為0.25平方毫米。
實施例五、血府逐瘀湯對GFAP或波形蛋白免疫標記的作用。
犧牲後,將眼球包埋在石蠟中並如上所述處理以進行切片。以1:100比例之兔抗GFAP多株抗體(Millipore,CA,USA)作為第一抗體,或1:100比例之小鼠抗波形蛋白單株抗體(Sigma-Aldrich,MO,USA)作為 第一抗體處理切片以進行免疫組織化學分析。然後,以1:500比例之螢光素異硫氰酸酯(fluorescein isothiocyanate,FITC)複合山羊抗兔IgG(Millipore,CA,USA)或1:500比例之FITC複合山羊抗小鼠IgG(Millipore,CA,USA)作為第二抗體培育視網膜切片。同時,如先前技術所述,用4,6-二脒-2-苯基吲哚二鹽酸鹽對細胞核進行染色(4,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride,DAPI;EMD Chemicals,Darmstadt,Germany)。(Osborne NN,Casson RJ,Wood JP,Chidlow G,Graham M,Melena J.Retinal ischemia:mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies.Prog Retin Eye Res.23,91-147,2004;Chen YQ,Pan WH,Liu JH,Chen MM,Liu CM,Yeh MY,Tsai SK,Young MS,Zhang XM and Chao HM.The effects and underlying mechanisms of S-allyl l-cysteine treatment of the retina after ischemia/reperfusion.J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther.28(2):110-117,2012)。當需要比較各種定義組中的視網膜組織中的免疫反應性時,一獨立的科學家被要求透過與假手術組(對照)中的免疫反應性相關聯來對強度進行分級,因而盡可能地防止了偏見。
如圖5所示。在假手術組視網膜中(圖5b),在GCL的末端處(箭頭)以及在延伸到IPL,INL和ONL(箭號)的突起中以GFAP免疫標記顯示米勒細胞。在視網膜缺血前先施用載體的組別(載體+I/R,圖5c)中,抗GFAP免疫標記被增強了。此外,當視網膜缺血前先給予1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R,圖5d;血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R,圖5e),抗GFAP免疫標記的增強改變係明顯地和劑量依賴性地減弱。缺血後施用2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7,圖5f)也明顯減弱了該缺血 誘發的改變。DAPI(圖5a)係用於染色假手術組視網膜的細胞核。
使用DAPI(圖6a)染色假手術組視網膜的細胞核。當與對照組視網膜(假手術組,圖6b)比較時,抗波形蛋白免疫反應性在視網膜缺血後以及缺血前給予載體組中亦被增強(載體+I/R,圖6c)。這種增強是急劇的,並且透過缺血前給予1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯以劑量反應的方式抵消。缺血後施用2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯(I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7,圖6f)亦顯著地消除了該缺血所誘發的改變。
實施例六、血府逐瘀湯對VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的視網膜mRNA水平的影響。
使用即時聚合酶連鎖反應測定視網膜中呈現的VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2 mRNA的表現量。在視網膜缺血,在缺血前/缺血後給予指定的化學物質,或在假手術處理的24小時後,犧牲大鼠並取出視網膜。隨後於Tri試劑中(Sigma,Missouri,USA)進行音波振動處理。分離出視網膜RNA,並使用高容量RNA-to-cDNA Master Mix(Applied Biosystems,MA,USA)在2微克RQ1無RNA酶的DNA酶(0.05U/微升;Promega)處理的RNA上進行第一鏈互補DNA合成,接著以Fast Smart Quant Green Master Mix(Bio-protech,Gangwon-do,Korea)對第一鏈cDNA進行即時聚合酶連鎖反應。通過在95℃下培育20秒來啟動PCR;然後進行40個95℃3秒鐘和60℃30秒鐘的循環。在StepOne PlusTM即時聚合酶連鎖反應系統(Applied Biosystems,MA,USA)上進行循環。使用持家基因β-肌動蛋白作為內標進行相對定量(比較法)。該過程允許目標mRNA的標準化定量,並考慮加入每個反應的總RNA量的差異(△Ct=目標Ct-β-肌動蛋白Ct;循環閾值, Ct)。由缺血或假手術誘發的相對VEGF/HIF-1α/PKM2/RBP2表現變化係計算為相對於校準物相對於對側未處理之對照組正常視網膜的倍數變化(Ct=誘發的△Ct-正常的△Ct)。基因表現的相對定量係依據製造商說明書中所述的2-△△Ct方法計算。(Chao HM,Chuang MJ,Liu JH,Liu XQ,Ho LK,Pan WH,Zhang XM,Liu CM,Tsai SK,Kong CW,Lee SD,Chen MM and Chao FP.Baicalein protects against retinal ischemia by antioxidation,antiapoptosis,downregulation of HIF-1α,VEGF,and MMP-9 and upregulation of HO-1.J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther.29(6):539-549,2013;Chao HM,Chen IL and Liu JH.S-allyl L-cysteine protects the retina against kainate excitotoxicity in the rat.Am.J.Chin.Med.42(3):693-708,2014)。合併每次處理所獲得的數據並計算相對於對照組(假手術組)之總百分比變化。從Mission Biotech(Taipei,Taiwan)獲得的PCR寡核苷酸引物如下:PCR用之Beta-actin正向引子:(SEQ ID No:1)5’-AGGGAAATCGTGCGTGACAT-3’;PCR用之Beta-actin反向引子:(SEQ ID No:2)5’-GAACCGCTCATTGCCGATAG-3’; PCR用之VEGF正向引子:(SEQ ID No:3)5’-GCGGGCTGCTGCAATG-3’;PCR用之VEGF反向引子:(SEQ ID No:4)5’-TGCAACGCGAGTCTGTGTTT-3’;PCR用之HIF-1alpha正向引子:(SEQ ID No:5)5’-ACAGCTCCCCAGCATTTCAC-3’;PCR用之HIF-1alpha反向引子:(SEQ ID No:6)5’-GGACAAACTCCCTCACCAAAAA-3’;PCR用之PKM2正向引子:(SEQ ID No:7)5’-TCTACGTGGACGATGGGCT-3’; PCR用之PKM2反向引子:(SEQ ID No:8)5’-AGGAAGACCTTCTCTGCCGGA-3’;PCR用之RBP2正向引子:(SEQ ID No:9)5’-TTGTGGTGACGTTTCCTCGT-3’;PCR用之RBP2反向引子:(SEQ ID No:10)5’-CAGCCAGCCCCACATCTAAG-3’
如圖7所示(樣本數為4),與對照組視網膜相反的(假手術組;VEGF=1.06±0.13,HIF-1α=0.92±0.10,PKM2=1.10±0.33,RBP2=1.09±0.56),視網膜缺血前預先給予載體(載體+I/R;VEGF=3.62±0.33,HIF-1α=3.29±0.24,PKM2=11.25±0.71,RBP2=11.80±3.14)的VEGF(A),HIF-1α(B),PKM2(C)和RBP2(D)比例顯著升高(p<0.001)。此外,當視網膜缺血前預先給予1.35和2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯時,此增加係被劑量依賴性(在1.35克/公斤/天具有較小的作用)且顯著的抵銷[血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R(VEGF=2.2±0.55,p=0.005;HIF-1α=2.30±0.55,p=0.016; PKM2=7.11±0.93,p<0.001;RBP2=5.80±2.37,p=0.023);血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R(VEGF 1.7±0.38,HIF-1α=1.65±0.12,PKM2=2.32±0.51,p<0.001;RBP2=2.39±0.77,p=0.001)]。缺血後給予2.7克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯也顯著減輕了這種缺血誘發的增加[I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7(VEGF=1.90±0.34,HIF-1α=1.87±0.22,PKM2=5.86±0.95,p<0.001;RBP2=5.19±1.17,p=0.008)]。另一方面,當比較VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的視網膜mRNA表現時,假手術組眼睛和正常眼睛之間不存在顯著差異(樣本數為4;VEGF=1.02±0.11,p=0.36;HIF-1α=1.00±0.03,p=0.20;PKM2=1.02±0.13,p=0.36;RBP2=1.00±0.04,p=0.39)。
實施例七、血府逐瘀湯對體內視網膜蛋白濃度的影響。
在視網膜缺血,在缺血前/缺血後給予指定的化學物質,或在假手術處理的24小時後,犧牲大鼠。取出視網膜並在裂解緩衝液,即哺乳動物蛋白提取試劑(HyCell,Taipei,Taiwan),中進行聲波震動處理。如先前技術所述使用3~8%分離凝膠以及3.2%堆積凝膠之NuPAGE® Tris-醋酸鹽微型凝膠電泳(Invitrogen,MA,USA)分離等量的變性蛋白質(100微克/32微升/孔)。(Liu JH,Wann H,Chen MM,Pan WH,Chen YC,Liu CM,Yeh MY,Tsai SK,Young MS,Chuang HY,Chao FP,Chao HM。Baicalein significantly protects human retinal pigment epithelium cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor.J Ocul Pharmacol Ther.26,421-429,2010;Chao HM,Chuang MJ,Liu JH,Liu XQ,Ho LK,Pan WH,Zhang XM,Liu CM,Tsai SK, Kong CW,Lee SD,Chen MM and Chao FP.Baicalein protects against retinal ischemia by antioxidation,antiapoptosis,downregulation of HIF-1α,VEGF,and MMP-9 and upregulation of HO-1.J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther.29(6):539-549,2013)。將分離的蛋白轉漬至聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜片(Millipore,MA,USA)上,然後將膜在室溫下用5%無脂肪脫脂牛奶(Fonterra,Taoyuan,Taiwan)在磷酸鹽緩衝液中進行阻攔1小時。接下來,墨點在4℃下與下列一抗共同培養過夜,所述一抗係指小鼠單株抗β肌動蛋白抗體(1:80000,Novusbio,MA,USA),小鼠單株抗VEGF抗體(1:200,Novusbio,MA,USA),小鼠單株抗HIF-1α抗體(1:1000,Abcom,Cambridge,UK),兔多株抗PKM2抗體(1:600,Abcom,Cambridge,UK)以及兔單株抗RBP2抗體(1:500,Abcom,英國)。然後將墨點在第二抗體(辣根過氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)複合的山羊抗兔或抗小鼠IgG(1:2000或1:10000,Santa Cruz Biotechnology,TX,USA)中在37℃適當培養1小時。將一抗/二抗稀釋在5%無脂肪脫脂牛乳中。最後,使用增強的化學發光分析系統(HyCell,Taipei,Taiwan)顯影膜片,並曝露於X射線膠片(Fujifilm,Tokyo,Japan)。透過掃描光密度法分析存在的每種蛋白質的量。
如圖8a和8c所示(VEGF,HIF-1α以及PKM2組樣本數為4;RBP2組樣本數為3),與對照組視網膜相反(假手術組;VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2以及RBP2=1.00),在I/R以及預先給予載體後(VEGF=5.31±0.53,HIF-1α=3.10±0.40,PKM2=4.51±0.60,RBP2=11.92±3.22),VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的比例顯著提升(VEGF,HIF-1α以及PKM2,樣本數為4,p<0.001;RBP2,樣本數為3,p=0.004)。此外,此提升係為劑量反應性(在1.35克/ 公斤/天時效果較小)並且在預先以1.35和2.7克/公斤/天血府逐瘀湯處理視網膜缺血時被顯著減緩[血府逐瘀湯1.35+I/R(VEGF=3.31±1.54,p=0.049;HIF-1α=1.71±0.92,p=0.032;PKM2=2.88±0.98,p=0.022;RBP2=4.46±3.35,p=0.049;血府逐瘀湯2.7+I/R(VEGF=2.52±1.35,p=0.008;HIF-1α=1.16±0.36,PKM2=1.56±0.53,p<0.001;RBP2=1.00±0.59,p=0.004)]。缺血後施用2.7微克/公斤/天的血府逐瘀湯也顯著減緩了缺血所誘發的增加(I/R+血府逐瘀湯2.7:VEGF=2.91±1.59,p=0.029;HIF-1α=1.57±0.61,p=0.006;PKM2=2.62±0.49,p=0.002;RBP2=1.42±0.52,p=0.005)。此外(圖8b和8d),顯著減緩缺血所誘發的VEGF(載體=6.92±1.55;Shikonin=1.84±0.60,p=0.018;JIB-04=1.68±0.46,p=0.016;Avastin=1.08±0.23,p=0.01),HIF-1α(載體=3.69±0.22;Shikonin=1.95±0.76,p=0.007;JIB-04=2.14±1.11,p=0.04;Avastin=3.65±0.84,p=0.942),PKM2(載體=4.04±0.50;Shikonin=0.61±0.19,p<0.001;JIB-04=1.67±1.31,p=0.028;Avastin=3.42±0.88,p=0.390),以及RBP2(載體=7.77±2.27;Shikonin=1.00±0.71,p=0.043;JIB-04=1.16±0.14,p=0.044;Avastin=6.00±3.61,p=0.597)比例的增加可藉由視網膜缺血前預先給予相應的抑制劑/抗體,4微莫耳濃度的鹽黴素(Shikonin,PKM2抑制劑),10微莫耳濃度的JIB-04(RBP2抑制劑)和100毫克/4毫升Avastin(VEGF抗體)顯著減弱,此種減弱並非給予載體所能達致的。另一方面,當比較VEGF,HIF-1α,PKM2和RBP2的視網膜蛋白水平時,假手術組眼睛和正常眼睛之間不存在顯著差異(樣本數為4;VEGF=0.94±0.01,p=0.46;HIF-1α=0.92±0.02,p=0.26;PKM2=0.46±0.01,p=0.10;RBP2=1.22±0.09,p=0.37)。
上述數據係以平均值±標準偏差(SD)呈現。以單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)後進行Dunnett檢定以比較各組中的結果(樣本數為3~9)。小於0.05的p值定義為統計學上具有顯著性。圖表的分析和繪製係藉由Sigma Plot 12.5(Systat Software,CA,USA)進行。
為使此發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者得以了解製作以及使用這項技藝的方法,此發明已描述並已充分詳細舉例說明,然而,各式各樣的變體,修改或改進應被視為無異於此項發明之精神與範圍。
本發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者易於理解並實現本發明之目的,並獲得先前所提到之結果及優點。本發明所使用之細胞,動物以及生產它們的過程和方法乃代表最佳實施例,乃示例性質,而不作為限制本發明的範圍用途。本領域的技術人員與製作或使用此項技藝時所將產生之修改或其他用途皆涵蓋於本發明的精神內,並且由權利範圍所限定。
<110> 趙效明
<120> 一種製備預防視網膜神經損傷之醫藥組合物的用途
<130> 3106-CHM-TW(2747DIV)
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Claims (5)
- 一種醫藥組合物用於製備預防視網膜神經損傷的藥物的用途,其中該醫藥組合物係包含:4.5重量份的當歸,1.5重量份的柴胡,4.5重量份的紅花,3重量份的枳實,4.5重量份的牛膝,1.5重量份的甘草,2.25至2.3重量份的川芎,3重量份的赤芍,2.25至2.3重量份的桔梗,6重量份的桃仁以及4.5重量份的地黃,其中該視網膜神經損傷係為視網膜神經節細胞密度下降,視網膜厚度降低或視網膜細胞功能失常。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該視網膜厚度係為內側或整體視網膜。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該視網膜細胞係包含無長突細胞(amacrine cells)及米勒細胞(Müller cells)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該川芎為2.3重量份,桔梗為2.3重量份。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中該醫藥組合物之施用方式係選自以下族群之一或其組合:溶液,液相分散體,懸浮液,乳液,顆粒,粉末,膠囊,片劑,丸劑,丸劑或固體。
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