TWI477288B - 與口腔發光裝置一起使用的口腔保健組成物 - Google Patents
與口腔發光裝置一起使用的口腔保健組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI477288B TWI477288B TW099144653A TW99144653A TWI477288B TW I477288 B TWI477288 B TW I477288B TW 099144653 A TW099144653 A TW 099144653A TW 99144653 A TW99144653 A TW 99144653A TW I477288 B TWI477288 B TW I477288B
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- YZRQUTZNTDAYPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sanguinarine pseudobase Natural products C1=C2OCOC2=CC2=C3N(C)C(O)C4=C(OCO5)C5=CC=C4C3=CC=C21 YZRQUTZNTDAYPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本申請案係主張2009年12月21日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/288,363號之優先權,該專利係以引用的方式併入本文中。
公認安全的(GRAS)染劑可用作口腔組成中之光敏染劑以提供抗細菌和抗發炎效用。具體實施例包括含光敏染劑之口腔保健組成物、製造此等組合物之方法、使用此等組合物之方法及含有此等組合物及發光裝置之套組。
潔牙劑組成物已被廣泛的用來提供口腔健康。潔牙劑已以牙膏、漱口水、口香糖、可食用膠條、粉末、泡沫及其類似物之形式與廣泛各種可提供使用者許多利益之活性物質調配。其中這些利益有抗微生物、抗發炎和抗氧化性質。
用於潔牙劑組成物中的抗細菌劑通常包括化學物質或天然萃取物。在開發適合的抗細菌劑時,主要必須克服的問題為將藥物攝入細菌的細胞中。革蘭氏陰性菌和革蘭氏陽性菌其外表組成不同且對於抗微生物劑反應不同,特別是在吸收上。由於革蘭式陰性菌表面高負電荷,所以其對中性或陰性藥物(包括大多數常用的光敏劑)相對無法滲透。
已知,特定的有機化合物(「光敏劑」)可在氧的存在下藉由吸收光引發細胞死亡。細胞毒性效應涉及第I型及/或第II型光氧化作用。此等光敏劑發現係與光一起用於治療癌症和其他的疾病或感染(光動力療法或“PDT”),及藉由光引起微生物之破壞用於表面和流體之殺菌(包括消毒)。亦已知,特定有色的啡噻鎓化合物(例如亞甲藍)可參與第I型及第II型光氧化過程,但此類化合物就作為光動力療法之敏化劑已證實不適用或效力低,或顯現低的光化學抗微生物活性。就PDT之應用,良好的敏化劑必須具有至少某些及較佳地所有下列性質。最重要的,其暴露於光中,應有效地破壞目標細胞(例如腫瘤細胞或細菌細胞)。使用光敏劑之PDT治療對於目標及正常的組織應顯現高度的選擇性。敏化劑應具有相當小的暗毒性且其應只造成極小或不應造成病患皮膚光敏感性。就病患和醫院的方便性及最小化治療成本上,敏化劑應具有短的藥物光間隔。
許多不同類型的光敏劑已於細菌中進行研究。這些包括啡噻鎓化合物、酞青素、氯及天然生成的光敏劑。就攝入革蘭氏陰性菌中,可接受的是陽離子衍生物為最有效的。啡噻鎓化合物為藍色染劑在波長600-700 nm間具有最大吸收度。但除了極少的亞甲藍及甲苯胺藍已就光動力進行研究之外,已針對其非光動力性抗細菌性質進行研究。然而,亞甲藍及甲苯胺藍非常毒。因此,希望有較安全的替代性光敏劑用於口腔保健的應用上。
各種口腔的疾病(包括菌斑)咸信係由細菌所造成。牙齦炎為支撐牙齒的牙齦及齒槽骨發炎或感染。牙齦炎咸信一般係由口中的細菌(特別是造成菌斑形成之細菌)及細菌的副產物形成之毒素所造成。此等毒素咸信造成了口中之口腔組織發炎。相較於牙齦炎,牙周病為逐漸惡化的疾病狀態,其中牙齦發炎並由牙齒和囊袋形式開始衰退,其最後可能造成骨頭和牙周韌帶毀壞。支撐齒列結構之細菌感染可包括牙齦炎和牙周病,但亦可包括因手術治療所造成之骨頭感染,例如下顎。再者,口腔組織發炎可能是由手術、局部損傷、創傷、壞死、不適當的口腔衛生或各種全身性病因所造成。
一般而言咸信,涉及這些疾病和症狀之細胞組份包括上皮組織、牙齦纖維母細胞及循環白細胞,所有的組份促使宿主對細菌所產生的病源因子回應。涉及這些口腔感染之最常見的細菌性病源有鏈球菌屬(Streptococci
spp.)(例如變形鏈球菌(S. mutans
))、卟啉單胞菌屬(Porphyromonas
spp.、放線桿菌屬(Actinobacillus
spp.)、類桿菌屬(Bacteroides
spp.)及葡萄球菌屬(Staphylococci
spp.)、具核梭桿菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum
)、極小韋永氏球菌(Veillonella parvula
)、內氏放線菌(Actinomyces naeslundii
)及
牙齦卟啉單胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis
)。雖然在許多這些口腔疾病中細菌感染常為原生性因素,但疾病之病理係藉由宿主的反應所媒介。在感染位置所發現的活性過高,大多係由循環多形核嗜中性細胞(PMNs)所造成。通常,PMNs及其他發炎的細胞介子會變為亢進並釋放毒性化學物,而部分造成了感染病灶周圍的組織毀壞。
本項技術中描述了各種用於預防和治療因細菌感染所造成的口腔病症之組成物。特言之,為了預防由花生四烯酸路徑所衍生的發炎介子之堆積,非類固醇抗發炎藥物(NSAIDs)已成功地用於治療患有牙周疾病和由花生四烯酸代謝物所造成的發炎疾病之病患。實驗及臨床的數據顯示,吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、伊布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)及甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamic acid)在對抗齒槽骨流失、降低前列腺合成素和牙齒疾病模型中的白三烯具有顯著的改善效果。然而,規律的使用NSAIDs之一項主要的缺點為產生胃灼熱、胃潰瘍、胃腸出血及毒性之潛在性。
其他治療的方法包括使用抗微生物治療劑及抗生素來消除潛在的感染。特定的抗生素及其他的抗微生物治療劑潛在上會造成口腔黏膜潰瘍,引發脫屑性牙齦炎、褪色,及在長時間的使用後可能造成抗生素阻抗性,以及因刺激使組織發炎惡化。
因各種波長和強度的光曾被用來增白牙齒、處理菌斑及/或吸附細菌和照射細菌,使得使用者能看到菌斑集中的區域。曾單獨地使用光來處理細菌,或藉由使用光敏劑,例如亞甲藍或甲苯胺藍,與光源共同作抗細菌劑。參見,例如美國專利第5,611,793、6,616,451、7,090,047、7,354,448號及美國專利申請公開案第2004/0091834、2006/0281042、2006/0093561及2009/0285766號,該等揭示文其全文係以引用的方式併入本文中。許多這些系統係使用具固有危險性之雷射光,或光所具有的波長和強度會對使用者或在口腔表面產生不欲的熱。因此,有需要開發光敏組成物,其為安全及有效的,且係利用相當低強度的光源,不會因使用而對使用者的手或口腔造成傷害。
已發現公認安全的(GRAS)染劑,當習用於口腔保健組成物中作為色劑,在以可吸收的可見光照射時具有強的抗細菌活性,且可非常快速地給予此抗細菌活性,較佳地在低於2分鐘內。本發明者等亦發現,在缺乏光照下,文中所述的GRAS染劑沉靜且具有極小或無抗細菌活性。然而,其抗細菌活性在可吸收的可見光之存在下則可啟動。
根據實施例之特徵,係提供一光學透明的口腔保健組成物,其包含至少一光敏染劑、產氧劑或攜氧劑及口腔可接受和光學透明載劑。根據另一實施例,口腔可接受載劑具有實質上與唾液類似的折射率,以提供具有實質上與唾液類似折射率之口腔組成物。
本發明亦提供根據本發明任何方面之光學透明口腔組成物於製造醫藥品供治療及/或預防由一對象之微生物所造成的症狀之用途,此治療及/或預防包括:a)投予此光學透明口腔組成物;及b)以可被至少一光敏染劑吸收波長之光,照射該組成物投予之區域。
組成物可用於治療及/或預防由一對象口腔中的微生物所造成之症狀。例如,此等組成物可用於治療及/或預防牙周、牙齦及/或口臭症狀。例如,此等症狀包括(但不限於)牙齦炎、菌斑形成、蛀洞形成、牙周炎、齲齒、牙根齲蝕、根管感染、根尖牙周炎及其類似症狀。此等組成物亦可用於處理齲齒病灶深處內的細菌,或消除細菌生物膜。
本發明特定的實施例亦包括治療及/或預防由一對象微生物所造成的症狀之方法,其中該方法包括:a)投予本發明任何方面之光學透明口腔保健組成物;及b)以可被至少一光敏染劑吸收波長之光,照射該組成物投予之區域。在某些實施例中,此方法涵蓋僅以足夠減低發炎及/或減低或消除細菌之波長的光照射發炎組織或含細菌之組織。
此方法可用於治療及/或預防由一對象口腔中的微生物所造成之症狀。例如,此方法可用於治療及/或預防牙周、牙齦及/或口臭症狀。例如,此等症狀包括(但不限於)牙齦炎、菌斑形成、蛀洞形成、牙周炎、齲齒、牙根齲蝕、根管感染、根尖牙周炎及其類似症狀。此方法亦可用於處理齲齒病灶深處內的細菌,或消除細菌生物膜。
至少一種光敏染劑可以一定量包含在光學透明的口腔保健組成物中。照射的程序可進行一段120分鐘或更少的時間。例如,照射可進行1秒至120分鐘,在某些情況下係介於2秒至15分鐘。進行照射的時間係依照所用的光敏染劑種類而定。
在某些實施例中,用於照射程序之光通常係具有從380 nm至1450 nm範圍內之波長,而更佳地,從400 nm至780 nm。用於步驟(b)之光量可為具1至500 mW/cm2
之功率密度,從1 J/cm2
至450 J/cm2
之範圍。
根據另一實施例,本發明亦提供用於治療及/或預防由一對象的微生物所造成的症狀之套組,此套組包括一布置在至少一適合容器內之本發明任何方面的光學透明口腔保健組成物。此套組可進一步包括能於適當波長、以適當劑量及適合功率發光之發光裝置。此發光裝置可包含在一塗敷器內,此塗敷器能將光學透明的口腔保健組成物塗敷至口腔,及然後亦能照射此組成物施予的區域。此套組可用於治療及/或預防由一對象口腔中的微生物所造成之症狀。例如,此套組可用於治療及/或預防牙周、牙齦及/或口臭症狀。此等症狀包括前述之症狀,且此套組可用於處理齲齒病灶深處內的細菌,或消除細菌生物膜。
根據本發明實施例之另一特徵,係提供製備本發明任何方面之光學透明口腔保健組成物之方法。此方法可包括:a)藉由以適當分散組份之方式將載劑組份混合,而產生光學透明的載劑來製備一口腔可接受及光學透明載劑;及b)於a)之混合物中加入至少一種光敏染劑。
此等實施例提供許多優於已知的抗細菌劑治療之優點。此等實施例不會使用有毒或不安全的光敏劑。這些實施例使用比雷射或其他高功率光發射裝置更安全之可見光譜中較低功率的光,亦提供有效的抗細菌治療。此外,可於牙周袋中使用較低濃度的活性成份(GRAS染劑/光敏劑),不像習用的抗微生物劑需要以高濃度進行許多小時。此為優於將抗微生物劑用於口腔保健的先前技術之重要差別,其中其佔優勢地為減少許多時間。光敏劑可像催化劑重複使用以產生足夠的單態氧或其他的自由基種類用作抗微生物之優點。經由使用文中所述的實施例可得到這些或其他的優點。
本發明之其他適用區域由下文所提供的實施方式將顯而易見。應了解,實施方式及特定的實例,在指出本發明較佳地實施例之同時,係希望僅作為說明之目的,而不希望限制本發明之範圍。
在查照文中所述的本發明說明時,必須考慮下列定義及非限定導引。文中所用之標題(例如「先前技術」和「發明內容」)及副標題(例如「組成物」和「方法」”)僅希望用作本發明揭示文中之一般的標題組織,而不希望限制本發明揭示文或其任何方面。特言之,「先前技術」中所揭示的主題可將技術方面包括在本發明之範圍內,且不應視為先前技術之敘述。「發明內容」中所揭示的主題並非詳盡或完全揭示本發明之整體範圍或其任何實施例。當用於任何所給予的組成物時,本說明書章節內的物質之分類或討論,如具有特定用法(例如為「活性」或「載劑」成份),係為方便起見,而不應推論此物質必須或單獨地必定根據其文中之分類來作用。
文中引述的參考文獻不應視為認可該等參考文獻為先前技術或與文中揭示的本發明之專利性有任何相關。前言中所引述的參考文獻之內容論述係希望僅提供參考文獻作者主張之一般概要,而不應視為認可此等參考文獻內容之精確性。
說明及特定實例,在指出本發明實施例的同時,係希望僅作為說明之目的而不希望限制本發明之範圍。再者,已陳述特徵之多個實施例之敘述不希望排除其他具有另外特徵之實施例,或其他併入不同陳述特徵組合之實施例。除非另有說明,否則特定的實例係提供作為如何製造和使用組成物及本發明方法之說明性目的,且不希望代表已經或尚未建立或試驗之本發明所給予的實施例。
如文中所用,「較佳的」及「較佳地」一詞係指在特定情況下提供特定利益之本發明實施例。然而,在某些或其他的情況下,其他的實施例亦可能為較佳的。再者,一或多個較佳的實施例之陳述並不意味其他的實施例為無用的,且不希望將其他的實施例排除在本發明範圍之外。此外,組成物及方法可包括,基本上包含或包含文中所述之成份。
如全文所用,範圍係用作速記供描述各個和每個在此範圍內之值。任何此範圍內的值可選作此範圍的終端值。此外,所有文中所引述的參考文獻其全文係以引用的方式併入本文中。就本揭示文定義和引述的參考文獻之定義有衝突的情況下,係以本揭示文為主。
除非另有說明否則文中和說明書之其他地方所表示的所有百分比和量,應了解係指重量百分比。所給予的量係以物質之有效重量為基準。文中陳述的特定值,無論是指個別的組份之量或其他實施例之特徵,希望係指該值加或減一定程度的變異以計入測量上的誤差。例如10%之量可包括9.5%或10.5%,給予一定程度測量上的誤差,所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者應可明白及了解。
如文中所用,「抗細菌活性」在文中係指以任何一般活體外或活體內可接受的抗細菌分析或試驗所測定的活性。「抗發炎活性」在文中係指以任何一般活體外或活體內可接受的分析或試驗所測定的活性,例如抑制前列腺素產生或環氧化酶活性之分析或試驗。「抗氧化活性」在文中係指以任何一般活體外或活體內可接受的分析或試驗所測定的活性。
「口腔表面」在文中涵蓋任何口中之軟或硬表面,其包括舌頭表面、軟顎和硬顎、頰內黏膜、牙齦和牙齒表面。「牙齒表面」在文中為天然牙齒表面或人造齒列(包括牙冠、牙套、填充物、牙橋、假牙、植牙及其類似物)之硬表面。與例如口腔組織發炎之症狀有關的術語「抑制」在文中係涵蓋症狀之預防、抑制、降低程度或嚴重度或改善。
本發明之口腔保健組成物可為任何適合施用於口腔表面之形式。在各種說明性的組成物之實施例中,該組成物可為適合灌洗、沖洗或噴之液體溶液;潔牙劑例如牙粉、牙膏或牙膠;牙周膠;適合塗在牙齒表面之液體(例如液體美白劑);口香糖;可溶、部分可溶或不可溶的膜或條帶(例如每白貼片);珠粒劑(例如包膠於明膠中之組成物)、薄片;口含錠、擦巾或濕巾;植入物;漱口水、泡沫或牙線等。除了上述的成份外,組成物可含有活性及/或載劑成份。
較佳的口腔保健組成物包括該等選自潔牙劑、漱口水、口條、口含錠、珠粒、微脂體、微胞、反微胞、微米或奈米包膠容器、酵素、蛋白質、細菌標定胜肽/小分子、凝膠、溶膠-凝膠、水凝膠、矽石、有機沸石、無機矽石例如存在於潔牙劑中的矽石、塗劑、口貼片、聚合物、噴霧、煙霧吸入裝置、泡沫、口香糖、由背面或經由牙刷頭、油或其他用於口腔衛生或利益之產品。這些產品亦可包括食品、液體及內生性含有或可摻入光吸收物類供口腔治療之益生菌。
整個說明書,「光學上透明的」係指一物質具有澄清度接近或等於澄清或透明物質,即使組成物可能為有色的。澄清度較佳地係藉由測量經過組成物整體厚度之總亮度透出及/或濁度(散射透出可見光之%)來測定。總亮度透出範圍在80至100,特別是88至95,及濁度範圍<3.5%,特別是<2.5%為較佳的。
相較於經由澄清裝置(例如澄清薄膜或玻璃)之光透出度,本發明之光學透明組成物較佳地亦不會明顯地減低光的強度。例如,相較於經由澄清玻片透出之光量,經由口腔保健組成物透出的光量可減少40%以下,較佳地25%以下,及更佳地10%以下。相較於於經由澄清裝置透出之光量,在使用光敏染劑時,經由潔牙劑漿液透出的光量可減少20%以下,更佳地10%以下,最佳地8%以下。在某些情況下,在使用光敏染劑時,經由潔牙劑漿液透出的光可能會增加,不會下降。
文中作為活性劑或載劑成份之成份分類係為闡明或方便之用,而不應推斷特定的成份必須根據文中之分類作用在組成物中。再者,特別的成份可用作數種功能,因此,文中作為例示一種功能類別所揭示的成份,不能排除其亦可為另一功能類別之例示的可能性。
文中所述的實施例包括光學透明的口腔組成物,其包含至少一種光敏染劑、產氧劑或載氧劑,及口腔接受及光學上透明之載劑。其他實施例涵蓋如上所述的口腔組成物,但是此口腔可接受的載劑係具有實質上與唾液類似的折射率以提供具有實質上與唾液類似折射率之口腔組成物。
文中所述的口腔保健組成物較佳地係包含限制光量和光度散射之成份。其將可使抗菌或抗牙齦炎效力所需之光學劑量最小化,因而降低了供電至口腔光裝置中的光所需之光學強度及總功率消耗。在一實施例中,例如,潔牙劑必須為光學透明的,及在另一實施例中,調配物漿液之折射率必須與口腔中唾液的折射率非常吻合。可用來符合折射率之成份因此在潔牙劑中應為有幫助的,例如,山梨醇、甘油、聚乙二醇(PEG)600。研磨及失透成份例如矽石較佳地應降至最少(通常3%重量比以下),或以其他不透明度較低的研磨劑例如透明研磨水凝膠微球及/或珠粒來取代。潔牙劑較佳地係包括增進以所欲的光波長透出光,及/或不會明顯降低光透出之成份。
口腔保健組成物亦可含有產氧劑或載氧劑。產氧劑為可產生氧之化合物,而載氧劑為可運送氧之化合物,其二者係用來增進氧可利用性且因此產生單態激發狀態。適合的產氧劑或載氧劑包括,例如氫氟碳化合物、全氟化物或其混合物。適合的化合物包括(但不限於)全氟十氫化萘、全氟萘烷、全氟己烷、八氟丙烷、全氟丁烷、全氟辛烷、全氟癸烷、全氟甲基萘烷、稀次氯酸鈉、過氧化氫及其他的過氧化物、DMSO、二氧化氯及其混合物。可用於文中所述的組成物中之成份較佳地亦可增加光敏染劑之三重態的生命期或光敏染劑之量子產率。
調配物較佳地係以可幫助光敏染劑結合及/或遞送至所欲的目的地(含生物膜之口腔硬及/或軟組織)之成份來製造。例如,細菌標定蛋白質、胜肽及其他分子可用來將染劑運送至細菌的位置。當細菌存在口腔中難以觸及的位置時,此方面之實施例係特別有用。在一實施例中,光敏染劑可併入食物或口香糖中,或可使用富含此等染劑之食品。含有光敏劑(例如光敏染劑)之已知的食品之實例包括(但不限於)荷蘭芹、歐洲防風草根、番茄及胡蘿蔔。
光敏染劑亦可為水溶性並分散於整個潔牙劑,或可包含在珠粒、條帶或小容器中散佈至整個潔牙劑。在所用的光之波長和光學劑量下,及對光敏劑為穩定之潔牙劑風味成份皆可使用。較佳地,風味不會被光波長吸收。此外,潔牙劑可含有一種以上的光敏染劑或光敏劑以便給予不同的消費者可接受的顏色。潔牙劑調配物可含有,例如氧化鈦以便給消費者色度更明亮的顏色,同時仍保有相同的GRAS染劑之濃度。然而若使用二氧化鈦,需使用夠低的量以保持組成物之光學透明度。
可用於本發明中之光敏染劑較佳地係具有一或多個下列特性。染劑最好具有高消光係數(>10 L mol-1
cm-1
。例如,核黃素之莫耳消光係數為約10,000;及β-胡蘿蔔素180,000 L mol-1
cm-1
)。染劑較佳地係具有高量子產率(0.05最大1.0)之三重激發態。此外,染劑應具有足夠能產生高度、反應細胞毒性物類以破壞微生物之三重能量生命期。最後,染劑最好具有高產率之單態氧1
O2
、超氧化物O2 -
及其他破壞性自由基或非自由基類。典型的光敏劑之量子產率、供系間跨越及形成單態氧之速率及產率係描述於“生物相關分子之單態氧產率彙編”Photochemistry & Photobiology,1999,70(4),391-475。
其他有用的光敏染劑之特徵包括下列。染劑應僅因光活化作用而具毒性,且應具有最小的暗毒性。染劑應具低的全身性毒性,在無光褪色重複光照循環下,選擇和快速地侷限及保持在目標微生物中。染劑亦應給予硬或軟組織極小或無染色,以避免任何不良的副作用或不欲的外觀染色。染劑在細胞中、口腔或在產品調配物中亦不應被其他成份吸收或消退至可察覺的程度。光敏染劑最好亦為化學上純的及屬於已知的組成物。
任何具有一或多個上列鑑定之特色的光敏染劑皆可用於本發明之實施例。光敏染劑為該等公認安全或GRAS之染劑,且因而排除通常有毒的染劑例如亞甲藍或甲苯胺藍。用於本發明之光敏劑可具有介於380 nm及以上之最大吸收波長。活性劑亦可為螢光。可表現螢光之活性劑可能特別有利,因為其高的三重能量生命期將轉換成轉移其能量至基態氧之增加的效能上,因此對應增加單態氧之產率,其將使得光治療之效能增加。用於本發明之代表性的GRAS化合物係如下表1中所示。
表1
光敏染劑(GRAS)
一般種類的化合物花青素亦可用於光觸發之滅菌上。許多花青素可用作食品添加劑。事實上,用於無酒精飲料之色素,例如Kool AidTM
含有許多不同的的食品染色添加劑,亦可與光組合使用來消滅細菌。因此,使用富含此等化合物之漱口水可與光組合使用以提供有效的口腔衛生。天然的食物色素、沉澱色料食物色素、合成食物色素經由使用特定所欲波長的光、光學動力及照射時間,皆可用來幫助滅菌。
存在細菌中之內生性發色團亦可加到無論為潔牙劑或漱口水之遞送媒劑中,以增進光媒介滅菌之效力及效果。內生性之發色團例如紫質可包括,例如尿紫質八羧基、七羧基紫質、六羧基紫質、五羧基紫質、鈷-紫質四羧基紫質、異紫質三羧基紫質、原紫質二羧基紫質及其混合物。
用於消滅微生物之另外的化合物,雖然並非必須為GRAS,亦可作用為新的抗細菌活性劑,其係揭示於,例如Photochemistry & Photobiology,1999,70(4),391-475“生物相關分子之單態氧產率彙編”中。許多可用於本發明之已知的光敏劑係列於下表2中
表2
因此,光敏染劑可由下列各物組成之群中選出:葉綠素鈉銅鹽、酒石黃(FD&C黃色5號)、薑黃素、核黃素5'-單磷酸鈉鹽、阿洛拉紅AC(FD&C紅色40號)、胭脂紅(CI 16255,食用色素紅色7號)、鉻變素FB(CI 14720,食用色素紅色3號)、靛胭脂、罌紅二鈉鹽(FD&C藍色1號)、固綠FCF(FD&C綠色3號)、麗絲胺綠B、萘酚綠或酸綠、胭脂蟲紅、偶氮玉紅、莧菜紅、亮猩紅4R、葉綠素和銅複合物、明黑BN(PN)、巧克力棕HT、β-胡蘿蔔素、胭脂樹素、番茄紅素、甜菜素、核黃素、赤藻紅B鈉鹽、TiO2
銳鈦P25德固薩、花青素、尿紫質八羧基、七羧基紫質、六羧基紫質、五羧基紫質、鈷-紫質四羧基紫質、異紫質三羧基紫質、原紫質二羧基紫質、吖啶、啡、花青、啡噻鎓、紫質、酞青素及其混合物。
光敏染劑較佳係由下列各物組成之群中選出:葉綠素鈉銅鹽、酒石黃(FD&C黃色5號)、薑黃素、核黃素5'-單磷酸鈉鹽、阿洛拉紅AC(FD&C紅色40號)、胭脂紅(CI 16255,食用色素紅色7號)、鉻變素FB(CI 14720,食用色素紅色3號)、靛胭脂、罌紅二鈉鹽(FD&C藍色1號)、固綠FCF(FD&C綠色3號)、麗絲胺綠B、萘酚綠或酸綠、胭脂蟲紅、偶氮玉紅、莧菜紅、亮猩紅4R、葉綠素和銅複合物、明黑BN(PN)、巧克力棕HT、β-胡蘿蔔素、胭脂樹素、番茄紅素、甜菜素、核黃素、赤藻紅B鈉鹽及其混合物。更佳的是,該光敏染劑係由下列各物組成之群中選出:酒石黃、薑黃素、阿洛拉紅、固綠FCF及其混合物。
光敏染劑亦可以有效濃度之光學透明的口腔保健組成物存在,當以適當波長的光於適當劑量和功率密度照射一段適當的時間,提供抗細菌效用。較佳地,此染劑以組成物的總重量計係以範圍從0.0001至2.0%重量比之量存在。更佳地,此染劑係以範圍從0.001至1.0%重量比之量存在,甚佳地,從0.05至0.5%重量比。
任何適合的光皆可用於光照步驟。例如,可使用低功率的光源或二極體雷射光源。可使用任何適合的光例如可見光雷射或紅外線雷射。亦可使用高能量的不可見光例如鎢鹵素或氙弧光源。亦可使用LED光源。使用LED光之優點為可降低不適的熱產生之潛在性,且因此減少患者的不適感。照射步驟可於整個受感染的區域中施行。特言之,較佳地係照射整個嘴巴內部。例如,可操縱光源使其照射至可到達的內部表面。另一種選擇,僅照射某些區域。例如可照射個別的囊袋區域。可調整光源照射所有的口腔區域,包括舌下及通過包括舌、唇、口腔前方和後方區域之肉及通過咬合表面。
較佳地,光源係發射具有380 nm至1450 nm波長範圍之光,及更佳地從400 nm至780 nm(亦即,可見光譜)。用於步驟(b)之光劑量範圍可以從1至500 mW/cm2
之功率密度,從1 J/cm2
至450 J/cm2
。光源最好為足以活化光敏染劑之劑量和功率密度之發光二極體(LED)形式,但作用不足以傷害所治療的區域。LED為較佳,因為各種波長的光(通常以10 nm變動)及各種光功率輸出可以外部的電源供應藉由改變通到LED的電流來達成。
所用的光波長將依光敏染劑吸收的最大波長而定。在光敏染劑具有一個以上顯著的吸收帶之情況下,此染劑可在個別地或連續地,一個吸收波長接著另一個之波長,或同時以多個波長之光激發。在某些情況下最佳為脈衝光源,特別是當高劑量的發射光限制了由單態氧或在氧消耗的速度比其可補充的氧快時其他單態氧所產生的氧依從反應基團所衍生的抗細菌效力程度時。產氧劑或載氧劑較佳地係與光一起使用以增進抗細菌作用。
實施例之組成物較佳地係以適當波長之光照射120分鐘或更短。例如,光照可進行1秒至120分鐘,及在某些情況下係介於2秒至15分鐘。組成物較佳地係以能量劑量介於1至450 J/cm2
間,更佳地介於1至100 J/cm2
,更佳地從10至50 J/cm2
,及最佳地從15至45 J/cm2
之適當波長的光來照射。組成物亦較佳地係以具有從1至500 mW/cm2
,更佳地從1至400 mW/cm2
,甚佳地從1至5 mW/cm2
,及最佳地從3至15 mW/cm2
光學功率密度之適當波長的光來照射。
任何適合在上述波長、能量劑量及光學功率下發光之裝置皆可使用,其包括牙刷、迷你牙刷、小鉛筆或筆型裝置。替代性光源包括能一次照射大部分口腔之發光處理裝置,例如該等美國專利第5,487,662、4,867,682、5,316,473、4,553,936號及美國專利申請公開案第2006/0093561、2006/0281042、2004/0091834及2009/0285766號中所描述之裝置,各專利之揭示文其全文係以引用的方式併入本文中。可人工操縱將光遞送至口中各種區域之其他可使用的發光處理裝置包括光纖棒、槍或光導、利用石英鹵素、汞氙、氙、金屬鹵化物、硫或其他發光二極體(LED)技術形式產光法之遙控光引擎、包含許多個別的光纖元件或液體光導管之彈性光導管及其他含發光二極體之牙印膜盤。當可使用各種光裝置之同時,應了解,光裝置應能以有效的波長遞送有效的光劑量。因此,較高的密度可與脈衝光遞送組合使用,或較低密度與連續光遞送組合使用。發光處理裝置所發射的光譜應配合所用的光敏染劑之特定吸收曲線來選擇。帶通濾波器可用來消除不被光敏劑吸收的波長。
較佳的發光處理裝置預期係以LED為基底,且可作成對病患舒適及對牙醫師及/或牙齒保健師操作簡單之各種形狀。預期適合的光裝置可由攜帶包膠的散射凝膠之標準的牙口版來製造(本領域中已知),當在使用此裝置時,該凝膠係緊貼著牙齦。LED係直接嵌入凝膠中且放置在面對牙齦組織之處。散射的媒劑應確保光線係以均勻的橫切面遞送至牙齦組織的表面。LED之電子連接器可使其連接至嘴巴前方外的牙版。另一種選擇,係考慮光源可為與LED偶合、其末端散射在凝膠中之光纖或其他光導。
本發明之特定的實施例包括治療及/或預防由一對象之微生物所造成的症狀之方法,其中該方法包括:a)投予如中文所述的光學透明口腔保健組成物;及b)以被至少一光敏染劑吸收波長之光,照射該組成物投予之區域,並以一適當劑量和光學功率密度進行一段有效的時間。
此方法可用於治療及/或預防由一對象口腔中的微生物所造成之症狀。例如,此方法可用於治療及/或預防牙周、牙齦及/或口臭症狀。例如,此等症狀包括(但不限於)牙齦炎、菌斑形成、蛀洞形成、牙周炎、齲齒、牙根齲蝕、根管感染、根尖牙周炎及其類似症狀。此方法亦可用於處理齲齒病灶深處內的細菌,或消除細菌生物膜。
文中所述的實施例,亦擬思用於治療及/或預防由一對象的微生物所造成的症狀之套組,此套組包括一布置在至少一適合容器內之如文中所述的光學透明口腔保健組成物。此套組可進一步包括能於適當波長、以適當劑量及適合功率發光之發光裝置。此發光裝置可包含在一塗敷器內,此塗敷器能將光學透明口腔保健組成物塗敷至口腔,及然後亦能照射此組成物施予的區域。此套組可用於治療及/或預防由一對象口腔中的微生物所造成之症狀。例如,此套組可用於治療及/或預防牙周、牙齦及/或口臭症狀。此等症狀包括前述之症狀,且此套組可用於處理齲齒病灶深處內的細菌,或消除細菌生物膜。
本發明之另外的特徵包括以:a)藉由以適當分散組份之方式將載劑組份混合,而產生光學透明載劑來製備一口腔可接受及光學透明載劑;及b)於a)之混合物中加入至少一種光敏染劑,來製備光學透明口腔保健組成物之方法。
在各種實施例中,光學透明組成物可與習用的潔牙劑組份,包括例如至少一保濕劑、至少一研磨物質及其類似物一起調配。在各種實施例中,光學透明口腔保健組成物不包括額外的抗細菌劑,雖然抗細菌劑是視需要使用。在使用額外的抗劑菌劑之情況下,組成物可進一步包括由下列各物組成之群中選出之抗細菌劑:天然萃取物、十六烷基氯化吡錠、多酚、酚系化合物、亞錫離子、鋅離子及其類似物。
文中所述的組成物可與視需要的其他成份一起調配,包括(不限於)抗齲劑、抗結石或酒石控制劑、陰離子羧酸聚合物、黏度調整劑、界面活性劑、調味劑、色素、標誌(風味、顏色、光、熱、氣味及標記組成物之有效或有利用用途之其他標誌)、治療口亁之試劑及其類似物。視需要成份之添加須以添加後組成物應保留光學透明為前提。亦即,此等成份不應對組成物之光學透明性有不利的影響。發明者等已發現大於6%之量的矽石研磨劑對組成物之光吸收性有不利的影響,且因而,最好使用從1至6%的矽石研磨劑,更佳地從1至4%的矽石研磨劑,甚佳地從1至3%的矽石研磨劑及最佳地2%以下的矽石研磨劑。
在各種實施例中,組成物係包括作為抗齲劑之口腔可接受的氟化物離子來源。可存有一或多種此等來源。適合的氟化物離子來源包括氟化物、單氟磷酸鹽及氟矽酸鹽以及胺氟化物,包括口樂氟(olaflur)(N'-十八基三伸甲基二胺-N,N,N'-叁(2-乙醇)-二氫氟酸鹽)。
作為抗齲劑,一或多種的氟化物釋放鹽類可視需要以提供總計100至20,000 ppm、200至5,000 ppm或500至2,500 ppm氟化物離子之量存在。當氟化鈉為單獨存在的氟化物釋放鹽時,說明性地,以重量計氟化鈉可存在組成物中的量為0.01%至5%、0.05%至1%或0.1%至0.5%之量。可使用的其他抗齲劑,例如精胺酸及精胺酸衍生物(例如乙基月桂醯精胺酸(ELAH))。
可用於文中之酚系化合物說明性地包括,經測定口腔可接受性,該等經Dewhirst(1980),Prostaglandins 20(2),209-222辨識具有抗發炎活性之化合物,但不限於此。抗細菌酚系化合物之實例包括4-烯丙基兒茶酚、對羥基苯甲酸酯類包括苯甲基對羥苯甲酸酯、丁基對羥苯甲酸酯、乙基對羥苯甲酸酯、甲基對羥苯甲酸酯及丙基對羥苯甲酸酯、2-苄苯酚、丁基羥基甲氧苯、丁基羥基甲苯、辣椒素、香旱芹酚、木焦油醇、丁香酚、癒創木酚、鹵素化雙酚類包括六氯酚和溴氯酚、4-己基間苯二酚、8-羥基喹啉及其鹽類、柳酸酯類包括柳酸薄荷酯、硫酸甲酯及柳酸苯酯、酚、鄰苯二酚、柳醯胺苯及瑞香草酚。這些酚系化合物通常係存在於一或多種上述之天然萃取物中。
至少一種酚系化合物視需要係以0.01%至10%重量比之總量存在。說明性地,在本發明牙膏或凝膠潔牙劑或漱口水中之至少一種酚系化合物的總濃度可為0.01%至5%,例如0.1%至2%,0.2%至1%或0.25%至0.5%。
其他適合的抗細菌劑包括(不限於)銅(II)化合物例如氯化銅(II)、氟化銅、硫酸銅及氫氧化銅、鋅離子來源例如乙酸鋅、檸檬酸鋅、葡萄糖酸鋅、甘胺酸鋅、氧化鋅、硫酸鋅及檸檬酸鈉鋅、酞酸及其鹽類例如酞酸氫鎂鉀、海克替啶(hexetidine)、奧替尼啶(octenidine)、血根鹼(sanguinarine)、苯扎氯銨(benzalkonium chloride)、度米芬(domiphen bromide)、烷基氯化吡錠(alkylpyridinium chloride)例如十六烷基氯化吡錠(CPC)(包括CPC與鋅及/或酵素之組合物)、十四烷基氯化吡錠及N-十四烷基-4-乙基氯化吡錠、碘、磺醯胺類、雙二胍類例如雙胍啶(alexidine、氯己啶(chlorhexidine)及氯己啶葡萄糖酸鹽(chlorhexidine digluconate)、哌啶衍生物例如地莫匹醇(delmopinol)和辛哌醇(octapinol)、木蘭萃取物、葡萄籽萃取物、薄荷醇、香葉醇、檸檬醛、桉油醇、抗生素例如安滅菌(augmentin)、阿莫西林(amoxicillin)、四環素(tetracycline)、多西環素(doxycycline)、米諾環素(minocycline)、甲硝唑(metronidazole)、新黴素(neomycin)、卡那黴素(kanamycin)及克林黴素(clindamycin)及其類似物。有用的抗細菌劑之進一步說明性的列表係提供於Gaffar等人之美國專利第5,776,435號(以引用的方式併入本文)。若存在,這些額外的抗微生物劑係以抗微生物有效之總量存在,通常,以組成物的重量計0.05%至10%,例如0.1%至3%。
在另一實施例中,該組成物包括口腔可接受之抗結石劑。可存有一或多種此等試劑。適合的抗結石劑包括(不限於)磷酸鹽和聚磷酸鹽(例如焦磷酸鹽)、聚胺基丙磺酸(AMPS)、檸檬酸鋅三水合物、多肽例如聚天門冬胺酸及聚麩胺酸、聚烯烴磺酸鹽、聚烯烴磷酸鹽、二磷酸鹽例如例如氮雜環烷-2,2-二膦酸鹽(例如,氮雜環庚烷-2,2-二膦酸)、N-甲基氮雜環戊烷-2,3-二膦酸、乙烷-1-羥基-1,1-二膦酸(EHDP)及乙烷-1-胺基-1,1-二膦酸鹽、膦烷羧酸及任何此等試劑之鹽類,例如其鹼金屬鹽類和銨鹽。有用的無機磷酸鹽和聚磷酸鹽說明性地包括磷酸二氫鈉、磷酸氫二鈉和磷酸三鈉、三聚磷酸鈉、四聚磷酸鈉、焦磷酸一鈉、焦磷酸二鈉、焦磷酸三鈉及焦磷酸四鈉、焦磷酸二氫二鈉、三偏磷酸鈉、六偏磷酸鈉及其類似物,其中鈉可視需要以鉀或銨取代。其他有用的抗結石劑包括陰離子聚羧酸聚合物。陰離子聚羧酸聚合物包含在碳主鏈上的羧基基團及包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸酐和順丁烯二酸酐之聚合物或共聚物。非限定實例包括聚乙烯甲基醚/順丁烯二酸酐(PVME/MA)共聚物,例如該等來自紐澤西偉恩市ISP公司商品名GantrezTM
之共聚物。又其他有用的抗結石劑包括螯合劑,其包括羥基羧酸例如檸檬酸、延胡索酸、檸檬酸、戊二酸和草酸及其鹽類,以及胺基多羧酸例如伸乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)。一或多種的抗結石劑係視需要以抗結石有效之總量存在於組成物中,通常,以重量計0.01%至50%,例如0.05%至25%或0.1%至15%。
在各種實施例中,抗結石系統包括三聚磷酸鈉(STPP)及焦磷酸四鈉(TSPP)之混合物。在各種實施例中,SPP與STPP之比例範圍為1:2至1:4。在一較佳的實施例中,第一抗結石活性成份TSPP係存有1至2.5%,而第二結石活性成份STPP係存有1至10%。
在一實施例中,陰離子聚羧酸聚合物係存有0.1%至5%。在另一實施例中,陰離子聚羧酸聚合物係存有口腔保健組成物之0.5%至1.5%,最佳地1%。在本發明一實施例中,抗結石系統包括順丁烯二酸酐及甲基乙烯醚之共聚物,例如上述之Gantrez S-97產品。
在各種實施例中,TSPP與STPP和合成的陰離子聚羧酸酯之比例範圍為5:10:1至5:20:10(或1:4:2)。在一實施例中,口腔保健組成物之抗結石系統包括1:7:1比例之TSPP、STPP及聚羧酸酯例如順丁烯二酸酐和甲基乙烯醚之共聚物。在一非限定的實施例中,抗結石系統基本上係包括以0.5%至2.5%存在之TSPP,以1%至10%存在之STPP及以0.5%至1.5%存在之順丁烯二酸酐及甲基乙烯醚共聚物。
在另一實施例中組成物係包括可用於幫助降低牙齦炎、菌斑、結石、齲蝕或敏感之口腔可接受的亞錫離子來源。可存有一或多種此等來源。適合的亞錫離子來源包括(不限於)氟化亞錫、其他的鹵化亞錫例如氯化亞錫二水合物、焦磷酸亞錫、有機亞錫羧酸鹽例如甲酸亞錫、乙酸亞錫、葡萄糖酸亞錫、乳酸亞錫、酒石酸亞錫、草酸亞錫、丙二酸亞錫及檸檬酸亞錫、伸乙基果綠定亞錫(stannous ethylene glyoxide)及其類似物。一或多種亞錫離子來源係視需要及說明性地以組成物的重量計0.01%至10%,例如0.1%至7%或1%至5%之總重量存在。
在另一實施例中組成物係包括可用作例如抗微生物劑、抗結石劑或口氣清新劑之口腔可接受的鋅離子來源。可存有一或多種此等來源。適合的鋅離子來源包括(不限於)乙酸鋅、檸檬酸鋅、葡萄糖酸鋅、甘胺酸鋅、氧化鋅、硫酸鋅、檸檬酸鈉鋅及其類似物。一或多種鋅離子來源係視需要及說明性地以組成物的重量計0.05%至3%,例如0.1%至1%之總重量存在。
在另一實施例中組成物係包括口腔可接受之口氣清新劑。一或多種試劑可以口氣清新有效之總量存在。適合的口氣清新劑包括(不限於)鋅鹽例如葡萄糖酸鋅、檸檬酸鋅及次氯酸鋅、α-紫羅蘭酮及其類似物。
在另一實施例中組成物係包括口腔可接受之抗斑劑,包括菌斑破壞劑。一或多種此等試劑可以有效抗斑之總量存在。適合的抗斑劑包括(不限於)亞錫、銅、鎂及鍶鹽、二甲基矽氧烷共聚多醇例如鯨蠟二甲基矽氧烷共聚多醇、木瓜蛋白酶、葡萄糖澱粉酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、尿素、乳酸鈣、甘油磷酸鈣、聚丙烯酸鍶及螯合劑例如檸檬酸和酒石酸及其鹼金屬鹽類。
在另一實施例中組成物係包括上述迷迭香組份以外的口腔可接受之抗發炎劑。一或多種此等試劑可以抗發炎有效之總量存在。適合的抗發炎劑包括(不限於)類固醇藥劑例如氟輕松(flucinolone)和氫化可的松(hydrocortisone),及非類固醇藥劑(NSAID)例如酮咯酸(ketorolac)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、異丁苯乙酸(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)、依托度酸(etodolac)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、舒林酸(sulindac)、托美丁(tolmetin)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、非諾洛芬(fenoprofen)、毗羅昔康(piroxicam)、萘丁美酮(nabumetone)、阿斯匹靈(aspirin)、二氟苯水楊酸(diflunisal)、甲氯美酸(meclofenamate)、甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)、羥基保泰松(oxyphenbutazone)及苯丁唑(phenylbutazone)。一或多種抗發炎劑係視需要以抗發炎之有效量存在於組成物中。
本發明組成物視需要含有其他成份,例如酵素、維生素和抗黏劑。酵素例如可添加蛋白酶作為防染和其他效用。維生素之非限定實例包括維生素C、維生素E、維生素B5及葉酸。在各種實施例中,維生素具有抗氧化特性。抗黏劑包括乙基月桂醯精胺酸(ELAH)、羥基苯甲酸酯(solbrol)、無花果蛋白酶(ficin)、矽聚合物和衍生物及群聚感應抑制劑。
視需要包含在本發明組成物之有用的載劑有稀釋劑、研磨劑、碳酸氫鹽、pH調節劑、界面活性劑、泡沫調節劑、增稠劑、黏度調節劑、保濕劑、甜味劑、調味劑和色劑。可視需要存在一種載劑物質,或多個相同或不同種類的載劑物質。載劑應就彼此以及與組成物的其他成份之相容性來選擇。
水為較佳的稀釋劑且在某些組成物,例如漱口水和增白液中,通常伴隨醇類例如乙醇。漱口水中的水和醇的重量比一般為1:1至20:1,例如3:1至20:1或4:1至10:1。在增白液中,水和醇的重量比可在上述範圍內或低於上述範圍,例如1:10至2:1。
在一實施例中,本發明之組成物係包括至少一種可用作如拋光劑之研磨劑。任何口腔可接受的研磨劑皆可使用,但研磨劑之種類、細度(顆粒大小)和量應經選擇,使其在正常使用組成物下不會過度磨損牙齒琺瑯質。適合的研磨劑包括(不限於)矽石,例如矽膠形式、水合矽石或沉澱矽石、鋁石、不溶性磷酸鹽、碳酸鈣、樹脂研磨劑例如尿素-甲醛縮合產品及其類似物。其中可用作研磨劑之不可溶磷酸鹽有正磷酸鹽、聚偏磷酸鹽和焦磷酸鹽。說明性的實例有正磷酸二鈣二水合物、焦磷酸鈣、β-焦磷酸鈣、磷酸三鈣、聚偏磷酸鈣及不可溶聚偏磷酸鈉。一或多種的研磨劑係視需要以研磨有效之總量存在,通常以組成物的重量計5%至70%,例如10%至50%或15%至30%。若存在,研磨劑之平均顆粒大小一般為0.1至30 μm,例如1至20 μm或5至15 μm。若使用矽石作為研磨劑,則所用的矽石研磨劑之量最好低於6%重量比,較佳地低於4%矽石研磨劑,甚佳地低於3%矽石研磨劑,及最佳地低於2%矽石研磨劑。
在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一碳酸氫鹽,其可用於例如因起泡和釋出二氧化碳而給予牙齒和牙齦「清潔感」。任何口腔可接受的碳酸氫鹽皆可使用,其包括(不限於)鹼金屬碳酸氫鹽,例如碳酸氫鈉和碳酸氫鉀、碳酸氫銨及其類似物。一或多種的碳酸氫鹽係視需以組成物的重量計0.1%至50%,例如1%至20%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種pH調節劑。此等試劑包括降低pH之酸化劑、提升pH之鹼化劑和將pH控制在所欲的範圍內之緩衝劑。例如,一或多種選自酸化劑、鹼化劑和緩衝劑之化合物可包括提供2至10之pH,或在各種說明性的實施例中2至8、3至9、4至8、5至7、6至10、7至9之pH等。任何口腔可接受的pH調節劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)羧酸、磷酸和磺酸、酸鹽(例如檸檬酸一鈉、檸檬酸二鈉、蘋果酸一鈉等),鹼金屬氫氧化物例如氫氧化鈉、碳酸鹽例如碳酸鈉、碳酸氫鈉鹽、二碳酸氫鹽、二碳酸氫鹽、硼酸鹽、矽酸鹽、磷酸鹽(例如磷酸二氫鈉、磷酸三鈉、焦磷酸鹽等)、咪唑及其類似物。一或多種的研磨劑係視需要以有效將組成物維持在口腔可接受的pH範圍之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種界面活性劑,其可用於例如增加組成物的其他組份之相容性,且因此提供更佳的穩定性,經由去污力幫助清潔牙齒表面,及因攪動提供泡沫,例如在以本發明之潔牙劑組成物刷洗期間。任何口腔可接受的界面活性劑(其大部分為陰離子、非離子或二性離子界面活性劑)皆可使用。適合的陰離子界面活性劑包括(不限於)C8-20
烷基硫酸鹽之水溶性鹽類、C8-20
脂肪酸之磺酸單甘油酯、肌胺酸鹽、牛磺酸鹽及其類似物。這些及其他種類之說明性實例包括月桂基硫酸鈉、椰子基單酸甘油酯磺酸鈉、月桂基肌胺酸鈉、月桂基羥基乙磺酸鈉、月桂醇聚醚羧酸鈉及十二烷基苯磺酸鈉。適合的非離子界面活性劑包括(不限於)泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐酯、脂肪醇乙氧基化物、烷基酚乙氧基化物、三級胺氧化物、三級膦氧化物、二烷基亞碸及其類似物。適合的二性界面活性劑包括(不限於)具有一陰離子基團例如羧酸基、硫酸基、磺酸基、磷酸基或膦酸基之C8-20
脂族二級和三級胺衍生物。適合的實例有椰油醯胺丙基甜菜鹼。一或多種的界面活性劑係視需要以組成物的重量計0.01%至10%,例如0.05%至5%或0.1%至2%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種泡沫調節劑,可用於例如增加因攪動組成物所產生的泡沫之量、濃稠度或穩定性。任何口腔可接受的泡沫調節劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)聚乙二醇(PEG)又稱為聚氧乙烯。適合的為高分子量PEG,包括該等具有200,000至7,000,000平均分子量者,例如500,000至5,000,000或1,000,000至2,500,000。一或多種的PEG視需要係以組成物的重量計0.1%至10%,例如0.2%至5%或0.25%至2%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種增稠劑,可用於例如給予所欲的稠度及/或對組成物之口感。任何口腔可接受的增稠劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)卡波姆(carbomer)又稱為羧乙烯聚合物、角叉菜膠又稱為愛爾蘭青苔及更特言之ι-角叉菜膠(iota-角叉菜膠),纖維素聚合物例如羥乙基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素(CMC)及其鹽類,例如CMC鈉、天然膠如刺梧桐膠(karaya)、黃原膠(xanthan)、阿拉伯膠及西黃耆膠(tragacanth)、膠體矽酸鎂鋁、膠體矽石及其類似物。較佳的增稠劑或凝膠劑種類包括丙烯酸與新戊四醇的烷基醚交鏈之同元聚合物或蔗糖的烷基醚或卡波姆類。卡波姆為市售B. F. Goodrich公司之Carbopol系列。特佳的卡波姆包括Carbopol 934、940、941、956、974P及其混合物。一或多種的增稠劑視需要係以組成物的重量計0.01%至15%,例如0.1%至10%或0.2%至5%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種黏度調節劑,可用於例如抑制成份沉澱或分離或促進液體組成物攪動之再分散性。任何口腔可接受的黏度調節劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)礦物油、石蠟油、黏土及有機修飾黏土、矽石及其類似物。一或多種的黏性調節劑視需要係以組成物的重量計0.01%至10%,例如0.1%至5%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種保濕劑,可用於防止牙膏因暴露在空氣中而硬化。任何口腔可接受的保濕劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)多元醇例如甘油、山梨醇、木糖醇或低分子量之PEG。大部分的保濕劑亦作為甜味劑。一或多種的保濕劑視需要係以組成物的重量計1%至70%,例如1%至50%、2%至25%或5%至15%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種甜味劑劑,可用於例如增進組成物之口味。任何口腔可接受的甜味劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)葡萄糖、蔗糖、麥芽糖、糊精、乾燥轉化糖、甘露糖、木糖、核糖、果糖、左旋糖、半乳糖、玉米糖漿(包括高果糖玉米糖漿和玉米糖漿亁粉)、部分水解澱粉、氫化澱粉水解物、山梨醇、甘露醇、木糖醇、麥芽糖醇、異麥芽糖醇(isomalt)、阿斯巴甜(aspartame)、紐甜(neotame)、糖精及其鹽類、雙肽基高倍甜味劑、塞克拉美(cyclamate)及其類似物。一或多種的甜味劑之存在總量視需要係依照所選的特定甜味劑強度而定,但通常以組成物的重量計0.005%至5%。
又在另一實施例中,本發明組成物包括至少一種調味劑,可用於例如增進組成物之口味。任何口腔可接受的天然或合成的調味劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)香草、鼠尾草、馬郁蘭、荷蘭芹油、綠薄荷油、肉桂油、冬青油(柳酸甲酯)、椒薄荷油、丁香油、月桂油、茴香油、桉樹油、柑橘油、果油及香精包括衍生自檸檬、柳橙、萊姆、葡萄柚、油桃、香蕉、葡萄、蘋果、草莓、櫻桃、鳳梨等之果油和香精,來自豆類和核果汁風味例如咖啡、可可、可樂、花生、杏仁等,吸附和包膠調味劑及其類似物。又涵蓋在本文調味劑中的有提供嘴巴香味及/或其他感覺效果,包括清涼或溫暖效果之成份。此等成份說明性地係包括薄荷腦、乙酸薄荷酯、乳酸薄荷酯、樟腦、桉樹油、桉樹醇、茴香腦、丁香酚、桂皮、4-(對羥基苯基)-2-丁酮(oxanone)、α-紫羅蘭酮、丙烯基乙基癒創木酚(propenyl guaiethol)、瑞香草酚、芫荽油醇(linalool)、苯甲醛、肉桂醛、N-乙基-對-薄荷烷-3-羧胺、N,2,3-三甲基-2-異丙基丁醯胺、3-(1-薄荷氧基)-丙-1,2-二醇、肉桂醛甘油縮醛(CGA)、薄荷酮甘油縮醛(MGA)及其類似物。一或多種的調味劑視需要係以組成物的重量計0.01%至5%,例如0.1%至2.5%之總量存在。
又在另一實施例中,雖然光敏染劑剛好可提供顏色,但除了光敏染劑外本發明組成物可包括至少一種色劑。在光敏染劑無法提供適當的美觀愉悅顏色情況下,額外的色劑可用來調整顏色。文中的色劑包括色素、染劑、沉澱色料及給予特定光澤或反射率之試劑例如珠光劑。色劑可作為許多功用,包括例如提供白或淺色的牙齒表面之塗層、作為已有效地與組成物接觸之牙齒表面所在處的指標,及/或修飾組成物的外觀,特別是顏色及/或不透明度,以增加對消費者的吸引力。任何口腔可接受的色劑皆可使用,其包括(不限於)滑石、雲母、碳酸鎂、碳酸鈣、矽酸鎂、矽酸鎂鋁、矽石、二氧化鈦、氧化鋅、紅色、黃色、棕色和黑色氧化鐵、亞鐵氰化鐵銨、錳紫、群青(ultramarine)、雲母鈦、氯氧化鉍及其類似物。一或多種色劑視需要係以組成物的重量計0.01%至20%,例如0.01%至10%或0.1%至5%之總量存在。
在各種實施例中,本發明係提供口香糖組成物,其包含一膠基及一有效量的上述萃取物之組合物。除了一或多種光敏染劑外,口香糖調配物通常含有至少一甜味劑及至少一調味劑。口香糖調配物較佳地係使用光學透明的載劑以提供光學透明的口香糖組成物。
膠基物質已為本項技術所熟知且包括天然或合成的膠基或其混合物。代表性的天然膠或彈性物包括糖膠樹膠(chicle)、天然橡膠、南洋桐膠(jelutong)、巴拉塔樹膠(balata)、古塔波膠(gutta-percha)、來開歐膠(lechi caspi)、索馬樹膠(sorva)、加塔卡膠(guttakay)、冠膠及派禮羅膠(perillo)。合成膠或彈性物包括丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物、聚異丁烯及異丁烯-異戊烯共聚物。膠基係以10至40%及較佳地20至35%之濃度併入口香糖產品中。
在一實施例中,口腔組成物包括一可食用的口條,其含有一或多種聚合物成膜劑及一有效量的上述萃取物之組合物。一或多種聚合物成膜劑係由下列口腔可接受的聚合物組成之群中選出,例如:聚三葡萄糖、纖維素衍生物及其他可溶性聚合物(包括本領域熟知之聚合物)。再者,聚合物條較佳地為光學透明的。
在各種實施例中,此等組成物,如實例所示,在人造口腔抗斑研究中可有效對抗口腔細菌組成。在各種實施例中,相較於不含抗細菌組成物之陰性對照組,出現顯著降低菌斑發生。
如對各種口腔微生物之最小抑制濃度(MIC)試驗所示,本發明組成物顯現抗細菌活性。MIC試驗已為本領域所熟知,而其過程本處不需再重複。可用於本發明組成物中之光敏染劑較佳地係具有在0.00001%至10%重量/體積(w/v),較佳地0.00005%至5%及甚佳地0.0001%至1% w/v範圍內之MIC。
可用於實施例之光敏染劑亦具有抗發炎效用。使用文中所述的光敏染劑可降低前發炎細胞介素例如IL-6、IL-8和TNFα。
較佳的實施例現參照下列非限定實例更詳盡描述。
MIC係定義為抑制微生物生長之最低的抗微生物劑濃度,且通常以ppm(μg/mL)表示。MIC係以培養液稀釋法來測定。準備一系列的培養試管用以測定MIC,各試管生長培養基(培養液)含有濃度遞減的抗微生物劑。然後將這些試管接種試驗微生物並於37℃培養。培養後,將試管以目測如渾濁度所示,檢查生長狀況。無法看見生長的最低濃度為MIC。下述光敏染劑之MIC通常係在0.0001%(w/v)至1%(w/v)範圍。
以濃度低於其最小抑制濃度(MIC)之下表所述的光敏劑或光觸發活性劑處理細菌生物膜(24 h大)。將活性劑預培養,之後暴露光線2秒至15分鐘,通常低於2分鐘,或在給劑的同時將生物膜暴露於光下。以介於1-450 J/cm2
間之能量劑量、一固定波長照射細菌2秒至15分鐘(通常低於2分鐘)。光學功率密度通常係在1-500 mW/cm2
範圍內。光線可為脈衝光或以持續的光暴露來提供。對高光學能量治療,脈衝光治療為較佳。
在一實施例中,係單獨使用LED光來提供定位靶向口腔保健治療,其中光係集中在口腔的特定區域。在另一實施例中,係使用多波長的光以提供多個、口腔保健利益,例如以藍光(450±10 nm)同時及選擇性殺死黑色素細菌,同時以低階紅光使軟組織疼痛降低及抗發炎。
與光一起使用之典型的口腔保健調配物
表3-潔牙劑調配物
表4-漱口水調配物
表5a-經由牙刷遞送之漱口水
表5b-典型的標地口腔微生物:
於內氏放線菌之生物膜上,在光的存在下評估四種「光敏劑」(0.1%濃度)之影響。MIC通常範圍係從0.0001%(w/v)至1%(w/v)。將生物膜減低的百分比製成下表。相較於單獨使用光,核黃素、阿洛拉紅、固綠及麗絲胺綠提高了生物膜下降率。
表6-生物膜之減少百分率
各波長之劑量:24J/cm2
(200mW/cm2
@ 2分鐘)。照光前以各光敏劑培養2分鐘。
上表之數據顯示單獨的各波長、劑量和光學密度之光有效減少生物膜,且因此可有效用於降低口腔中細菌和菌斑形成。此數據亦顯示,相較於只單獨使用光照,對許多的光敏染劑而言,染劑的存在使得生物膜減少率大幅增加。
用於此實例之細胞包括人類胚胎上顎間質(HEPM)細胞及口腔角質OBA9細胞。實施例亦可使用其他細胞例如人類牙齦纖維母細胞(HGF)。將細胞接種於24-孔盤並培養直到達到80%以上的滿度。將佔滿期的細胞以刺激物例如IL-1β處理,接著單獨以光照射,或光照與GRAS光敏染劑組合。細胞在曝光前以光敏染劑預培養,或在曝光的同時給劑。細胞於光敏劑中培養不同的時間,光敏染劑的濃度不同,且細胞每次曝光係以光照射不同的時間量,以及照射一次或多次。照光後將細胞於37℃下培養。在一定的時間後收集細胞培養基進行細胞介素分析。
製於下表之結果顯示,可見光(各種波長,380-700 nm)單獨以及與可見光(各種波長,380-700 nm)照射一起的光敏染劑具有抗發炎效用。下示之結果顯示,在活體外細胞培養中,於625 nm曝光每次2分鐘(劑量:9 mW/cm2
,1.1 J/cm2
),單次或多次曝光,可降低前發炎細胞介素IL-6和IL-8濃度。結果進一步顯示,在活體外細胞培養中,光敏染劑固綠在1000 ppm結合以625 nm曝光2分鐘(劑量:9 mW/cm2
,1.1 J/cm2
)可降低前發炎細胞介激素TNFα濃度。結果係如下表所示。
表7
表7中的對照組為無刺激,且因而無發炎和細胞介素產生。Il-1β之刺激係刺激細胞之發炎作用,並因而產生Il-6、Il-8和TNF-α。如上表7所示,625nm的光可降低口腔角質OBA9細胞中經IL-1β刺激之IL-6濃度。每次曝光為2分鐘,劑量:9 mW/cm2
,1.1 J/cm2
。表7亦顯示625nm的光可降低口腔角質OBA9細胞中經IL-1β刺激之IL-8濃度。每次曝光為2分鐘,劑量:9 mW/cm2
,1.1 J/cm2
。最後,單獨625nm的光及光結合1000ppm的固綠可降低HEPM細胞中經IL-1β刺激之TNFα濃度。每次曝光為2分鐘,劑量:9 mW/cm2
,1.1 J/cm2
。
此實例包括一系列評估特定波長的LED光經由牙膏和牙膏凝膠透出之實驗。試驗下列組成物:
表8
具有15%孔洞之基底潔牙劑調配物
如下製備基底潔牙劑。加入PEG、山梨醇、Na CMC、COP Carbopol、水及苯甲酸鈉並以此順序混合。先加入PEG和山梨醇使CMC和卡波姆(carbopol)分散於溶液中。讓聚合物分散後,加入水之後加入苯甲酸鈉以幫助防腐劑較快分散於溶液中。上述基底組成物之光學透明度視覺上與保濕劑(山梨醇+水)之光學透明度相符,且該組成物含有3-8%研磨劑或矽石。然而,3%矽石提供最佳光學透明度之調配物。
有關一般的潔牙劑黏度,CMC和卡波姆(carbopol)之組合提供了似乎良好的消費者一致認同之黏度。CMC/卡波姆/苯甲酸鹽0.5%亦提供較佳的微生物穩固性。15%孔洞可用來接納不同的成份,例如保濕劑、氣味遮蔽成份、抗發炎活性劑、安定劑、結著劑、保濕劑、甜味劑、調味劑、界面活性劑、氟化物、精胺酸碳酸氫鹽、研磨劑、光學流體、條帶、珠粒、起泡劑等。
表9-含有GRAS染劑酒石黃之潔牙劑調配物
GRAS染劑酒石黃可以0.001%至1%來調配,雖然通常為0.01%。可使用的其他GRAS染劑包括阿洛拉紅、固綠及薑黃素。在下表15中,除了以阿洛拉紅或固綠取代酒石黃外,阿洛拉紅和固綠調配物係與上述調配物相同。
表10-不含TiO
2
之潔牙劑
此調配外含有額外的牙膏成份(月桂基硫酸鈉(SLS)和調味劑),並保留其光學透明性,但當包含了二氧化鈦後,潔牙劑則變得渾濁。含少許二氧化鈦或不含二氧化鈦之牙膏就抗細菌矽效力將需要較少的光學劑量。因此,在實施例中最好使用光學透明的口腔保健組成物。如下表10所示製備含TiO2
之潔牙劑。
表11-含TiO
2
之
潔牙劑
如下表所示製備其他牙膏調配物。
表12-口腔保護
製備類似的牙膏,但無添加光敏劑。
表13-控制酒石
製備類似的牙膏,但無添加光敏劑。
表14-含0.01%薑黃素之潔牙劑調配物
提供不同的潔牙劑及其漿液對425 nm之透光度之影響作為實例。若潔牙劑或其漿液降低了LED經由透明的塑膠覆罩發射之光學密度,則此潔牙劑或漿液對透光度具有負面影響。進行下列實驗用以測定不同的潔牙劑調配物對光學透明度或透光度之影響。
以透明的塑膠罩覆蓋425 nm之LED發射光,及然後將一襯墊放在塑膠罩上方。此襯墊係用來確保所有的實例之光密度係在同等的環境下測量。測量光密度以測定在無任何口腔組成物(牙膏或漿液或凝膠)下LED之光學密度。此光學密度為用以與其他讀數作比較之最初讀數。
測定不同的牙膏對LED的透光度之影響係先將牙膏或凝膠樣本放置在整個透明罩,及然後使用一鑄造棒使透明罩之牙膏的厚度或凝膠的厚度平均。然後如上述以相同的方法測定牙膏或凝膠的光學密度,並使用二者間的差來計算透光度減少之百分比。
用來評估漿液的透光度減少百分比之方法係先將LED以透明罩蓋住,及然後將一片顯微鏡載玻片放在透明罩的上方,就在LED的正上方。如上述測量光密度得到一用以與其他讀數作比較之最初讀數。然後,將具有對水重量比1:2(牙膏或凝膠)之100μl的漿液加到在透明罩上方的各孔槽,及然後將顯微鏡載玻片放在漿液的上方。再次測定光密度,並將二者間的差用來計算透光度減少之百分比(或增加的透光度,視情況而定)。
試驗下列樣本:
表15
將各潔牙劑之色帶放在以十字標示的透明紙上,以便快速評估穿過其中的光穿透度。在樣本1(透明-白色)、A(黃色)及B(黃色)提供的凝膠中,可清楚地看見十字。雖然不如樣本I、A和B般清楚,但可看見樣本E(黃色)中的十字。於樣本F(黃色)、K(白色)、G(黃色)、L(白色)和H(黃色)所提供的凝膠中皆無法看見十字。經由樣本J(黃色)、C(藍色-綠色)及D(紅色)亦可清楚地看見十字。
樣本A-L皆以膏狀或以漿液(牙膏與水的重量比1:2),進行透光度降低之試驗。結果係如下表所示。
表16-透光度
表6之結果顯示,在無牙膏下之LED光密度和通過無GRAS染劑之牙膏所看見的光密度視覺上為相同的。亦即,相較於無染劑調配物,含GRAS染劑之潔牙劑已經設計和調配為對光透過性具有極少或並無負面影響。當基底牙膏調配物中加入0.01%的酒石黃時,光密度下降,且當染劑量增加至0.1%,甚至下降更多(比較樣本A和B間透過度之下降)。425 nm之光密度幾乎與使用綠色和紅色染劑取代黃色GRAS染劑時一樣。
從表16中亦可看出,於基底調配物中添加SLS及調味劑些微地增加光密度(比較樣本E和I)。於卡波姆基底的調配物中添加TiO2
大大地降低光密度及透過度。市面上現有的Colgate產品(樣本G(口腔保護)及H(酒石控制1))得到與含TiO2
之光調配物(樣本F)類似的光密度。
為了提高透光度和提供光學透明的口腔保護組成物,此等組成物較佳地應含有極少或不含有TiO2
,含有光敏染劑例如酒石黄、薑黄素、固綠、阿洛拉紅及其類似物,及含有3%或更少的矽石作為研磨劑。
本發明已參照說明性實例描述於上,但應了解,本發明並非僅限於此等所揭示的實施例。閱讀本說明書時,所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者可作改變和修飾,此改變和修飾亦在所附的申請專利範圍中所定義的本發明範圍內。
Claims (10)
- 一種光學透明的口腔保健組成物,其包含:以組成物的總重量計0.0001至2.0%之量的至少一種光敏染劑;以組成物的重量計1至3%之量的矽石;以及一口腔可接受和光學透明的載劑,其中該光敏染劑係由下列各物組成之群中選出:酒石黄(tartrazine)、阿洛拉紅(allura red)、固綠(fast green)、麗絲胺綠(Lissamine Green)及核黃素(riboflavin);前提是該組成物不含有二氧化鈦(TiO2 )。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中該光敏染劑以範圍從0.001至1.0%重量比之量存在。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中當與經由透明玻片透出之光量相比較時,經由該口腔保健組成物透出的光量係減少25%以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之組成物,其中當與經由透明玻片透出之光量相比較時,經由該口腔保健組成物透出的光量係減少10%以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中該組成物係為由下列各物組成之群中選出之形式:適合灌洗、沖洗或噴灑之液體溶液;選自牙粉、牙膏或牙膠之潔牙劑;牙周膠;適合塗在牙齒表面之液體;口香糖;可溶、部分可溶或不可溶的膜或條帶;珠粒;薄片;口含錠;擦巾或濕巾;植入物;漱口水、泡沫及牙線。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項之組成物,其中該組物為牙膏、漱口水或牙膠。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其具有範圍在80至100之總亮度透度。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其具有3.5%以下之濁度。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其進一步包括至少一種由下列各物組成之群中選出之成份:抗齲劑;抗結石或酒石控制劑;陰離子羧酸聚合物;黏度調整劑或增稠劑;界面活性劑;調味劑;色素;選自風味、顏色、光、熱及氣味之標記物;治療口亁之試劑及其混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其進一步包括一或多種由下列各物組成之群中選出之成份:聚乙二醇、山梨醇、羧甲基纖維素、苯甲酸鈉、卡波姆及水。
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- 2010-12-20 TW TW099144653A patent/TWI477288B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-12-20 CN CN201080058764.6A patent/CN102740930B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-20 CN CN201710542750.5A patent/CN107260573A/zh active Pending
- 2010-12-20 MX MX2012006092A patent/MX362103B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2010-12-20 US US13/518,097 patent/US20120258053A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-20 MY MYPI2012002395 patent/MY150838A/en unknown
- 2010-12-20 AU AU2010339764A patent/AU2010339764B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-12-20 WO PCT/US2010/061325 patent/WO2011084744A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-12-20 CA CA2781260A patent/CA2781260C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-12-20 PH PH1/2012/501274A patent/PH12012501274A1/en unknown
- 2010-12-20 JP JP2012546116A patent/JP2013515069A/ja active Pending
- 2010-12-20 RU RU2012131248/15A patent/RU2012131248A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-12-20 BR BR112012015428A patent/BR112012015428A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-12-20 EP EP10803425.7A patent/EP2516014B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-12-21 AR ARP100104853A patent/AR079681A1/es unknown
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2012
- 2012-05-31 CO CO12091352A patent/CO6481007A2/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-06-19 ZA ZA2012/04538A patent/ZA201204538B/en unknown
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2011084744A1 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
| CA2781260A1 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
| AR079681A1 (es) | 2012-02-15 |
| MX362103B (es) | 2019-01-07 |
| JP2013515069A (ja) | 2013-05-02 |
| PH12012501274A1 (en) | 2012-11-05 |
| CN102740930B (zh) | 2017-07-28 |
| CN102740930A (zh) | 2012-10-17 |
| TW201143807A (en) | 2011-12-16 |
| EP2516014B1 (en) | 2017-09-20 |
| EP2516014A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 |
| US20120258053A1 (en) | 2012-10-11 |
| ZA201204538B (en) | 2014-12-23 |
| AU2010339764A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
| CN107260573A (zh) | 2017-10-20 |
| AU2010339764B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
| BR112012015428A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
| MY150838A (en) | 2014-02-28 |
| CA2781260C (en) | 2015-06-30 |
| RU2012131248A (ru) | 2014-01-27 |
| CO6481007A2 (es) | 2012-07-16 |
| MX2012006092A (es) | 2012-06-19 |
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