TWI449572B - Oxidation catalyst and the oxidation catalyst using an exhaust gas purification system - Google Patents
Oxidation catalyst and the oxidation catalyst using an exhaust gas purification system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI449572B TWI449572B TW096144312A TW96144312A TWI449572B TW I449572 B TWI449572 B TW I449572B TW 096144312 A TW096144312 A TW 096144312A TW 96144312 A TW96144312 A TW 96144312A TW I449572 B TWI449572 B TW I449572B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- exhaust gas
- oxidation catalyst
- platinum
- palladium
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 180
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims description 76
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 76
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 158
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 148
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 107
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 75
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910004013 NO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- MUMZUERVLWJKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoplatinum Chemical compound [Pt]=O MUMZUERVLWJKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 29
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
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- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
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- ZUGAOYSWHHGDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 5-hydroxy-2,8,9-trioxa-1-aluminabicyclo[3.3.2]decane-3,7,10-trione Chemical compound [Al+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O ZUGAOYSWHHGDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- 230000010718 Oxidation Activity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous cyanic acid Natural products OC#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#C NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Pt+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003468 tantalcarbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H trimagnesium dicitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- WTHDKMILWLGDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea;hydrate Chemical compound O.NC(N)=O WTHDKMILWLGDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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Description
本發明係有關一種氧化觸媒及使用該氧化觸媒的排氣氣體淨化系統。詳而言之,係一種在柴油引擎等之內燃機中,特別是對氮氧化物的淨化之性能優異的排氣氣體淨化系統。
由柴油引擎等之內燃機排出的氮氧化物之淨化方法方面,正著眼於順著排氣氣體的流動而配置還原觸媒,依由還原觸媒前端所供給之還原劑而在還原觸媒上將NOx進行淨化處理之方法。還原劑係有氨(NH3
)、尿素((NH2
)2
CO)、輕油等之碳化氫等。已知使用上述任一者之還原劑並介由NO2
而進行NOx淨化反應。例如:由尿素而使氮氧化物淨化之反應已知有進行如以下之式(1)至(4)者,已知式(2)係standard-SCR(selective catalytic reduction);式(3)係fast-SCR,並知式(2)之反應比式(3)之反應遲緩(C.Scott Sluder,et al.,Low Temperature Urea Decomposition and SCR Performance,SAE paper,2005-01-1858)。
式(3)雖為NO與NO2
在等莫耳之條件下反應,然而在引擎之低輸出(低速)(亦即排氣氣體為低溫)時,排自引擎之排氣氣體中的氮氧化物大多為NO。因而可認為,低溫時使NO2
生成,而NO2
對NO之莫耳比在接近1:1之情形下使式(3)之反應易於進行。
(NH2
)2
CO+H2
O → 2NH3
+CO2
(1) 4NH3
+4NO+O2
→ 4N2
+6H2
O (2) 2NH3
+NO+NO2
→ 2N2
+3H2
O (3) 2NO2
+4NH3
+O2
→ 3N2
+6H2
O (4) 2NO+O2
→ 2NO2
(5)
用以生成NO2
之技術方面,已知有利用等離子體(plasma)之方法,其係揭示,在排氣氣體中利用經由使之產生等離子體所生成的二氧化氮以及臭氧而使粒狀物質減少之方法(US-A-2004-168429(JP-A-2004-169643))。
在用以生成NO2
之其他技術方面,已知有使用使式(3)之反應進行的氧化觸媒之技術。例如:在US-A-4902487(JP-A-1-318715)中,提案以去除柴油微粒(粒狀物質)為目的,作為用以將排氣氣體中之NO氧化為NO2
的觸媒之活性成分雖有鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)、釕(Ru)、銠(Rh)等,然而該等之中除了Pt之外,其他並無具體之數據。另外,在Barry J.Cooper,et al.,Role of NO in Diesel Particulate Emission Control,SAE paper,890404中,Pd、Rh、銥(Ir)、Ru觸媒呈示NO氧化性能為低,尤其是負載於Al2
O3
之Pd呈示NO氧化率為0%。
另一方面,氮氧化物之淨化方法係在US-A-2002-039550(J-P-A-2002-1067號公報)中提案一種排氣氣體之淨化方法,該方法著眼於較之一氧化氮,還原觸媒之多數對於二氧化氮具有較高的活性,使用Pt觸媒將部份之NO氧化為NO2
之後,將排氣氣體與氨一起導入還原觸媒上。
為了有效地去除氮氧化物,必須有效地進行上述(1)至(4)之反應。車子在高速運行之際等排氣氣體溫度較高時,由於式(2)之反應容易進行,因此可有效地去除氮氧化物。另一方面,車子在市區街道行走之際等排氣氣體溫度較低時,為了使NO2
生成,而希望進行式(5)之反應以及式(3)之反應,其係如上所述者。另外在低溫條件下時,由於式(2)之反應不易進行而主要是進行式(3)之反應,因此使NO2
生成即成為重要之課題。然而,在低溫條件下,即使使用上述US-A-4902487或US-A-2002-039550中記載之Pt觸媒,式(5)之反應依然遲緩,而使氮氧化物與粒狀物質之淨化無法獲得充分的效果。而且,所排出之氣體為低溫時,在以往的方法中必須使排氣氣體之溫度提升至高溫,則會有系統複雜化的情形。
式(4)所示NO2
之淨化反應為了亦在較為低溫下進行,對於排氣氣體為低溫時將NO轉化為NO2
之轉化觸媒的要求更加嚴苛。
尤其是如US-A-2004-168429所記載者,另外產生NO2
之裝置的裝設係有裝設電漿(plasma,亦即,等離子體)產生裝置以及其之週邊機器之必要,除了有裝置成本以及電力成本等提高等之問題以外,並且須有充分的車載空間而不適用於汽車等之問題。
因此,本發明之目的係提供一種即使在低溫領域亦可有效地促進由NO至NO2
的氧化之氧化觸媒。
更且,本發明之其他目的係提供即使在低溫領域亦可有效地去除氮氧化物或粒狀物質之排氣氣體淨化系統及其方法。
本發明者等為了解決上述問題而專心致志進行檢討之結果發現一種含有以鉑以及鈀為觸媒活性成分之氧化觸媒,如經相對於上述鉑100質量%而含有上述鈀1至55質量%之氧化觸媒時,即使在低溫領域亦可有效地促進由NO至NO2
的氧化,遂而完成本發明。
亦即,本發明提供一種氧化觸媒,係促進由一氧化氮(NO)至二氧化氮(NO2
)的氧化,且含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分的氧化觸媒,其特徵係:相對於上述鉑100質量%而含有上述鈀1至55質量%者。
本發明又提供一種排氣氣體淨化系統,其特徵係:在內燃機之排氣管路中具備相對於上述鉑100質量%而含有上述鈀1至55質量%之氧化觸媒者,其中,該氧化觸媒係促進由一氧化氮至二氧化氮的氧化,且含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分者。
本發明亦提供一種排氣氣體之淨化方法,係用以淨化排自內燃機之排氣氣體的排氣氣體之淨化方法,其特徵係具有下列步驟:(1)經由使上述排氣氣體與含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分且相對於上述鉑100質量%而含有上述鈀1至55質量%之氧化觸媒相接觸,使上述排氣氣體中之一氧化氮轉化為二氧化氮之步驟;(2)使上述(1)中所得排氣氣體在還原劑之存在下與NOx還原觸媒相接觸,而還原上述排氣氣體中之氮氧化物之步驟。
更且,本發明提供一種排氣氣體之淨化方法,係用以淨化排自內燃機之排氣氣體的排氣氣體之淨化方法,其特徵係具有下列步驟:(1)經由使上述排氣氣體與含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分且相對於上述鉑100質量%而含有上述鈀1至55質量%之氧化觸媒相接觸,使上述排氣氣體中之一氧化氮轉化為二氧化氮之步驟;(2)使上述(1)中所得排氣氣體在還原劑之存在下與NOx還原觸媒相接觸,而還原上述排氣氣體中之氮氧化物之步驟;(3)至少去除部分(3)粒狀物質之步驟。
本發明之氧化觸媒即使排氣氣體溫度為低亦可生成NO2
,因此,對於利用NO2
進行反應之物質,即使排氣氣體溫度為低亦可有效地進行反應。
本發明之另外其他目的、特徵以及有利之處可經由參酌以下說明所示之較佳實施型態而可明瞭。
本發明之第一實施型態係一種氧化觸媒,係促進由一氧化氮至二氧化氮的氧化,且含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分的氧化觸媒,其特徵係:相對於上述鉑100質量%而含有上述鈀1至55質量%者。
如上述之,作為促進由NO至NO2
的氧化之觸媒活性成分,例如在US-A-4902487中係揭示Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh等。然而,在US-A-4902487中呈示具體之效果者係僅以Pt為活性成分之觸媒。在使用單以Pd為觸媒活性成分時,係如Barry J.Cooper,et al.,Role of NO in Diesel Particulate Emission Control,SAE paper,890404所記載,與只有Pt時相比,NO之氧化活性明顯低下,因此通常係使用Pt作為生成NO2
的活性成分。本發明係經由Pt以及Pd之組合而發現觸媒發揮出相乘的二氧化氮生成促進效果,更且,經由特定Pt以及Pd之含量,發現即使在低溫條件下,觸媒有效地發揮作用之範圍者。而且,觸媒即便經長期使用,亦呈現充分之活性。
Pt與Pd之含量比係相對於Pt 100質量%,Pd為1至55質量%。尤其,Pt與Pd之含量比係相對於Pt 100質量%,Pd宜依序為1至45質量%、1至35質量%、1至20質量%、4至20質量%、4至12質量%、5至12質量%。含有該範圍內之Pt與Pd的氧化觸媒,即使在低溫領域亦可有效地進行由NO至NO2
的氧化。
平均毎1L之3維構造體,Pt以及Pd之使用量(總量)宜為0.1至20g,更宜為0.5至10g。如為此範圍者,因初期以及耐久後之觸媒活性優異而佳。
本發明之氧化觸媒只要為以上述之特定比例含有上述Pt、Pd者,亦可含有其他之金屬以及該等金屬之氧化物作為觸媒活性成分。具體上可選自釕、銠、銥、金、鈷、鎳、銅等之金屬以及該等之合金等。Pt、Pd以外之其他金屬以及該等金屬之氧化物之含量,相對於觸媒活性成分100質量%,一般為0至2000質量%。
本發明之氧化觸媒的較佳構造係,上述觸媒活性成分負載於耐火性無機氧化物而成之負載觸媒活性成分的無機氧化物再負載於三維構造體上者。
負載於耐火性無機氧化物而成之觸媒活性成分雖無特別限制,然以存在為觸媒金屬粒子者為佳,該平均粒徑以1至50nm者為佳。
本發明中可使用之耐火性無機氧化物,通常只要能作為觸媒載體者即可而無特別限制,可使用例如:α、γ、δ、η、θ等之活性氧化鋁、氧化鋯、氧化鈦、沸石、氧化矽或該等之複合氧化物,例如:氧化鋁-氧化矽、氧化鋁-氧化鈦、氧化鋁-氧化鋯、氧化鈦-氧化鋯等。由提高觸媒性能之觀點而言,以活性氧化鋁、氧化鋁-氧化矽、氧化鋯、氧化鈦以及沸石為佳,而以活性氧化鋁更佳。上述無機氧化物可單獨或組合2種以上使用。另外,耐火性無機氧化物之形狀以粉末者為佳。
耐火性無機氧化物之使用量(除了活性成分之外)係毎1L之三維構造體,以10至300g者為佳,20至150g者更佳。如為該範圍,因貴金屬充分分散而可得到得以滿足之耐久性而佳。
耐火性無機氧化物之BET比表面積以50至750m2
/g為佳,以150至750m2
/g更佳。另外,耐火性無機氧化物粉末之平均一次粒徑為0.5至150μm,以1至100μ
m為佳。
本發明中可使用之三維構造體之例可列舉如蜂巢型(honeycomb)載體等之耐熱性載體,其中以一體成型之蜂巢型構造體為佳,其例可列舉如:單片蜂巢型載體、金屬蜂巢型載體、管蜂巢型載體、顆粒載體等。
單片蜂巢型載體通常只要稱為陶瓷蜂巢型載體者即可,尤其是以堇青石、莫來石、α
-氧化鋁、氧化鋯、氧化鈦、磷酸鈦、鈦酸鋁、透鋰長石、鋰輝石、矽酸鋁、矽酸鎂等作為材料之蜂巢型載體為佳,其中亦以堇青石材質為特佳。其他亦可使用以不鏽鋼、Fe-Cr-Al合金等之抗氧化性之耐熱性金屬作為三維構造體者。
該等之單片蜂巢型載體係以擠出成形法、或捲起片狀元件並加以固定之方法等而製造。該氣體流通口(小室狀)之形狀可為六角形、四角形、三角形或波紋形之任一者。小室(cell)密度(小室數/單位剖面積)只要為100至600小室/平方英吋即可充分使用,較佳為200至500小室/平方英吋。
本發明之氧化觸媒可含有鉀等之鹼金屬;鎂、鋇等之鹼土金屬;鑭、鈰等之稀土金屬,以及該等之氧化物或沸石,該等之含量係毎1L之三維構造體,通常為0至100g。
本發明之氧化觸媒的製造方法並無特別限制,說明如下之具體例示。
首先,作為Pt、Pd之起始原料係準備:Pt、Pd之氯化物(鹵鹽)、硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽、銨鹽、氨、碳酸鹽、碳酸氫鹽、亞硝酸鹽、草酸鹽等之無機鹽類;甲酸鹽等之羧酸鹽以及氫氧化物;烷氧化物;氧化物等,其中,以氯化物、硝酸鹽、銨鹽、氨、碳酸鹽為佳。具體上,如活性成分為Pt時,可列舉如:二硝基二胺合鉑、氯鉑酸(六氯鉑酸)、硝酸鉑;如活性成分為Pd時,可列舉如:硝酸鈀、氯化鈀等。將上述起始原料、耐火性無機氧化物粉末進行濕式粉碎,調製成水性淤漿。將該淤漿塗佈於三維構造體上並在50至150℃下使之乾燥30分鐘至8小時後,一般再於300至800℃(以400至600℃為佳)下燒成15分鐘至2小時(以30分鐘至1小時為佳),藉此而得本發明之氧化觸媒。經由使如此所得氧化觸媒之觸媒活性成分的金屬粒徑成為1至50nm,即可得到氧化性能優異之觸媒。金屬粒徑小於1nm時,其與載體之相互作用會使氧化性能降低而不佳,而金屬粒徑大於50nm時,因金屬表面積的減少會使使用在觸媒反應中之金屬原子數減少而不佳。
本發明之第二實施型態係一種排氣氣體淨化系統,係在內燃機之排氣管路中具備本發明之第一實施型態的氧化觸媒。如上所述,本發明之第一實施型態的氧化觸媒即使在低溫領域亦可有效地由NO轉化至NO2
,因此本發明之第二實施型態的排氣氣體淨化系統即使在低溫條件下亦可有效地去除氮氧化物。
以下,一邊參照圖面並對本發明加以說明,然本發明之技術領域應依據專利申請範圍之記載而定,並非僅限定於以下之型態。
第2圖係呈示本發明之第二實施型態的淨化系統之一實施型態的簡略圖。第2圖之淨化系統係具備:內燃機之排氣管路中的氧化觸媒2、將還原劑供給至氧化觸媒之後段的還原劑供給裝置(還原劑噴嘴8、幫浦9、還原劑槽10)、另有還原劑供給裝置後段之排氣管路中的NOx還原觸媒3。並且經控制裝置4而可控制內燃機1以及幫浦9。控制裝置4與熱電偶5至7而構成溫度控制裝置。
由內燃機1所排出之排氣氣體通過排氣管路後,導入配置於排氣管路上之氧化觸媒2。排氣氣體中雖包含NO以及NO2
之氮氧化物,但在低溫條件下則以NO佔大多數。經由與氧化觸媒2之接觸,排氣氣體中之NO即進行轉化為NO2
之反應。
接著,儲藏於還原劑槽10之還原劑係經幫浦9之操作而由還原劑噴嘴8供給至排氣管路。
還原劑雖可使用氨、尿素、輕油等之碳化氫;碳數1至3之醇;碳數2至6之醚,然在處理上則宜使用選自尿素、輕油、二甲醚、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、己烷、乙烯、丙烯、己烯、石油、燈油、A重油、C重油、甲醇、乙醇以及丙醇中之任一者,其中以選自尿素、氨、輕油、二甲醚、甲醇、乙醇以及丙醇中之任一者為佳,又以尿素、輕油、二甲醚、乙醇為更佳,更以尿素、輕油為特佳。如使用尿素時,則如第3圖所示,更在後段中作成具有尿素水解觸媒14之型態,或使下述之NOx還原觸媒持有尿素水解機能,因而為佳。又如第3圖所示,尿素水宜由噴嘴8噴射。
接著在配置於排氣管路之NOx還原觸媒3上使殘餘之NO以及NO2
轉化為N2
。經由包括如上述之複數階段的系統,即使在低溫條件下亦可有效地達成排氣氣體中氮氧化物之淨化。另外,在第3圖中,於NOx還原觸媒3之後段配置還原劑逃逸抑制觸媒11。
經由第2圖之控制裝置4、熱電偶5至7所構成之溫度控制裝置即可控制各階段之排氣氣體溫度。排氣氣體溫度在導入至氧化觸媒2之前,宜控制在140℃以上,以控制在160℃以上更佳。
在導入至還原觸媒3之前的排氣氣體溫度,當還原劑為尿素時,宜控制在135℃以上,以控制在160℃以上更佳。如為該溫度範圍,則經由下述式(6)之尿素的熱分解反應或下述式(7)之尿素的熱分解反應所生成之異氰酸的水解反應因易於進行而佳。
(NH2
)2
CO → NH3
+HNCO (6) HNCO+H2
O → NH3
+CO2
(7)
更且,當還原劑為碳化氫時,在導入至NOx還原觸媒3之前的排氣氣體溫度係以成為碳化氫成分之沸點以上者為佳。如使用輕油作為還原劑時,可控制在200℃以上,以控制在250至550℃更佳。如為該溫度範圍,則液狀碳化氫難以附著於還原觸媒表面,因NOx可有效地淨化而佳。
在NOx還原觸媒方面,如為一般之習知者則無特別限制,可依所搭載車輛之重量、引擎之排氣量等而適當地選擇。如使用尿素作為還原劑時,宜使用特定之過渡金屬與經交換之沸石觸媒者。當使用輕油等之碳化氫、碳數1至3之醇類或碳數2至6之醚類作為還原劑時,在300℃以下之低溫領域中,宜使用Pt、Pd、Rh等之貴金屬負載於氧化鋁、氧化矽、氧化鋁-氧化矽等之無機載體者,而在300℃以上之高溫領域中,宜使用特定之過渡金屬與經交換之沸石觸媒者。
過渡金屬與經交換之沸石觸媒以負載於三維構造體者為佳。三維構造體者可使用上述氧化觸媒之欄所述者。
過渡金屬方面並無特別限定,可列舉如銅、鐵、鈰、釩、鉻、鎳以及該等之氧化物等,其中以銅、鐵、釩以及該等之氧化物為佳。
過渡金屬之使用量係毎1L之三維構造體,宜為1至80g,以2至40g更佳。如為此範圍,則因初期以及耐久後之觸媒活性優異而佳。另外,過渡金屬與經交換之沸石係僅為過渡金屬經離子交換之型態的沸石,亦包含混合著過渡金屬與經離子交換之型態以及被覆著過渡金屬之型態的沸石。上述過渡金屬之使用量係指經離子交換之過渡金屬以及沸石上所被覆之過渡金屬的總量。
所使用之沸石並無特別限定,惟可使用BEA型、MFI型、FER型、FAU型、MOR型等,而以BEA型或MFI型之沸石為佳。
沸石之使用量(活性成分除外)係毎1L之三維構造體,宜為10至300g,以50至300g更佳。如為該範圍,因過渡金屬充分分散而可得到得以滿足之耐久性而佳。另外,沸石的BET比表面積以50至750m2
/g為佳,以150至750m2
/g更佳。另外,沸石之平均一次粒徑宜為0.5至150μm,而以1至100μ
m更佳。
本發明中使用之NOx還原觸媒可含有鉀等之鹼金屬;鎂、鋇等之鹼土金屬;鑭、鈰等之烯土類以及該等之氧化物,或沸石。
本發明中所使用之NOx還原觸媒的製造方法並無特別限制,將其中一例之特定之過渡金屬與經交換之沸石觸媒的製造方法具體記載如下。
首先,作為過渡金屬之起始原料係準備:硝酸鐵、醋酸鐵、硫酸鐵等之過渡金屬鹽。接著,將起始原料、沸石進行濕式粉碎,調製成水性淤漿。
將該淤漿塗佈於三維構造體上並一般在50至150℃下使之乾燥30分鐘至8小時後,再於300至800℃(以400至600℃為佳)下燒成15分鐘至2小時(以30分鐘至1小時為佳),藉此而得本發明之NOx還原觸媒。
在本發明之淨化系統中,如為使用本發明之第一實施型態的氧化觸媒,最好是在氧化觸媒後段具備還原劑供給裝置,更於還原劑供給裝置後段具有NOx還原觸媒之型態者,則包括各種改良者。其例可列舉如:於NOx還原觸媒3之後段含有還原劑逃逸抑制觸媒11之型態(第4圖)、於NOx還原觸媒3之後段含有柴油微粒濾器13之型態(第8圖)、於氧化觸媒2之後段含有柴油微粒濾器13之型態(第5圖)、包含尿素水解觸媒14之型態(第3圖)以及該等之組合(第6圖以及第7圖)之型態。在第5圖或第6圖之實施型態中,於NOx還原觸媒3知後段配置熱電偶12。
如使用尿素或氨作為還原劑時,則如第4圖所示,以具有還原劑逃逸抑制觸媒11之型態為佳。另外,還原劑逃逸抑制觸媒係指防止多餘氨排出之觸媒,可使用歷來習知之氧化觸媒。
經由柴油微粒濾器至少可去除部分之粒狀物質。在含有柴油微粒濾器之型態中,則如第5圖或第7圖所示,可在柴油微粒濾器13之前方配置由燃料噴嘴17、幫浦18、燃料槽19所構成之燃料供給裝置。如此之型態在蓄積粒子時即必須進行濾器的再生處理。如將第7圖之系統進行說明,係由燃料供給裝置經過排氣通路將燃料供給至氧化觸媒16,並對排氣氣體升溫至粒子燃燒所需溫度為止者進行控制。在第7圖之實施型態中,於柴油微粒濾器13之後方配置熱電偶15。柴油微粒濾器之再生的必要燃料,可如上所述係供給排氣管路,亦可在引擎汽缸內燃燒燃料之後,排氣步驟之前供給。
當使用柴油微粒濾器時,由柴油微粒濾器之再生的觀點,導入柴油微粒濾器之排氣氣體溫度以不太低者為佳,具體上係以200℃以上者為佳。柴油微粒濾器有各種種類,可使用習知者,例如堇青石製造之濾器、耐熱性高之碳化矽製造之濾器等。並且,柴油微粒濾器可含有觸媒成分。該觸媒成分並無特別限定,其例可列舉如:鉑、鈀、銠、銥、金、銀、鐵銅、錳等之觸媒活性成分中之至少一種負載於耐火性無機氧化物者。耐火性無機氧化物之例可列舉如:活性氧化鋁、氧化鋯、氧化鈦、沸石、氧化矽、氧化鈰、氧化鎂、氧化矽-氧化鋁、氧化鈰-氧化鋯或該等之混合物。觸媒活性成分量係毎1L之觸媒,以0.1至10g為佳,而耐火性無機氧化物量係毎1L之觸媒,以5至100g為佳。還原劑逃逸抑制觸媒、尿素水解觸媒可使用歷來之習知者。
本發明之第三實施型態係一種用以淨化排自內燃機之排氣氣體的排氣氣體之淨化方法,其特徵係具有下列步驟:(1)經由使上述排氣氣體與如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之氧化觸媒相接觸,使上述排氣氣體中之一氧化氮轉化為二氧化氮之步驟;(2)使上述(1)中所得排氣氣體在還原劑之存在下與NOx還原觸媒相接觸,即還原上述排氣氣體中之氮氧化物之步驟。
其較佳者係另具有:至少去除部分(3)粒狀物質之步驟。各步驟之說明係如上所述。
如依本發明之氧化觸媒以及使用該氧化觸媒之淨化系統,即可淨化由柴油引擎或石油引擎、壓縮天然氣體引擎等之各種內燃機所排出的氮氧化物,其中更適用於柴油引擎,並且適用在搭載柴油引擎之車輛上。
以下,使用實施例與比較例而更詳加說明本發明,然本發明之技術範圍並不僅限於下述之型態。
經由將相當於鉑2.32g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液20.4g、相當於鈀0.15g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液1.1g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)80g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(A)。以此淤漿被覆(washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為50mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共82.47g所構成之觸媒A。
經由將相當於鉑2.25g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液19.8g、相當於鈀0.22g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液1.57g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6 μm)80g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(B)。以此淤漿被覆(washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為50mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共82.47g所構成之觸媒B。
經由將相當於鉑1.64g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液14.4g、相當於鈀0.83g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液5.92g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)80g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(C)。以此淤漿被覆(washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為50mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共82.47g所構成之觸媒C。
經由將相當於鉑2.47g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液21.8g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)80g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(D)。以此淤漿被覆(washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為50mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑以及氧化鋁共82.47g所構成之觸媒D。
經由將相當於鈀2.47g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液17.6g以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)80g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(E)。以此淤漿被覆(washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為50mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鈀以及氧化鋁共82.47g所構成之觸媒E。
將觸媒A、B、C、D以及E在700℃下燒成11小時後,對於各個觸媒,使由NO:300ppm、CO:300ppm、O2
:6%、丙烷:60ppm(甲烷換算)、丙烯:240ppm(甲烷換算)、CO2
:6%、H2
O:6%以及剩餘氮所成之氣體作為排氣氣體,以70000h-1
之S.V.(空間速度)流動,測定觸媒入口以及觸媒層之溫度由100℃以1分鐘10℃的升溫速度升至200℃時之一氧化氮(NO)濃度以及二氧化氮(NO2
)濃度。700℃下11小時之燒成係用以評估長期間使用後之觸媒性能的耐久處理。於下述式算出由NO至NO2
之轉化率,並將對觸媒入口溫度標繪之結果示於第1圖。
轉化率(%)=(氧化觸媒後方之NO2
濃度)*100/(氧化觸媒前方之NO濃度)
由以上之結果呈示出,相較於僅含有Pt作為觸媒活性成分之氧化觸媒,本發明經由含有特定量之Pd與Pt作為觸媒活性成分之氧化觸媒,由NO至NO2
之轉化率較高。
經由將相當於鉑3g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液26.4g、相當於鈀1g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液7.13g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(F)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為1英吋且長度為3英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共124g所構成之觸媒F。
經由將相當於鉑3.2g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液28.2g、相當於鈀0.5g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液3.57g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(G)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為1英吋且長度為3英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共123.7g所構成之觸媒G。
經由將相當於鉑3.32g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液29.3g、相當於鈀0.2g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液1.43g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(H)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為1英吋且長度為3英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共123.52g所構成之觸媒H。
經由將相當於鉑3.4g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液30.0g以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(I)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為1英吋且長度為3英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑以及氧化鋁共123.4g所構成之觸媒I。
將觸媒F、G、H以及I在700℃下燒成16小時後,對於各個觸媒,使由NO:175ppm、CO:20ppm、O2
:13.5%、丙烷:18ppm(甲烷換算)、丙烯:72ppm(甲烷換算)、CO2
:6%、H2
O:5.1%以及剩餘氮所成之氣體作為排氣氣體,以45000h-1
之S.V.(空間速度)流動,測定以1分鐘10℃的升溫速度升至175℃時之一氧化氮(NO)至二氧化氮(NO2
)的轉化率,得到表1之結果。700℃下16小時之燒成係用以評估長期間使用後之觸媒性能的耐久處理。
由評估例2之結果(表1)呈示出,即使將貴金屬量、蜂巢型載體容量以及排氣氣體濃度進行變更並加以評估,相較於僅含有Pt作為觸媒活性成分之氧化觸媒,本發明經由含有特定量之Pd與Pt作為觸媒活性成分之氧化觸媒,由NO至NO2
之轉化率較高。
製作15倍重量之實施例4中之水性淤漿(F),並將其被覆在毎一平方英吋之剖面具有300個小室(cell)之直徑為10.5英吋且長度為6英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體上,使毎1L之蜂巢型載體中之鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共計為124g,並在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,得到觸媒J。
製作15倍重量之比較例3中之水性淤漿(I),並將其被覆在毎一平方英吋之剖面具有300個小室(cell)之直徑為10.5英吋且長度為6英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體上,使毎1L之蜂巢型載體中之鉑以及氧化鋁共計為124g,並在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,得到觸媒K。
經由將相當於鐵48g之量的硝酸鐵水溶液以及MFI型沸石(BET比表面積380m2
/g、平均一次粒徑15μ
m)1600g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量4500g之水性淤漿(L)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為10.5英吋且長度為6英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,使毎1L之蜂巢型載體中之鐵以及沸石共計為164.8g,並在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,得到觸媒L。
將觸媒J設置於如第2圖所示引擎1之後方,在該觸媒之後方配置還原觸媒L,製作排氣氣體排出裝置。內燃機係使用9.8L之缸內直噴柴油引擎。
將觸媒K設置於如第2圖所示引擎1之後方,在該觸媒之後方配置還原觸媒L,製作排氣氣體排出裝置。內燃機係使用9.8L之直噴柴油引擎。
除了觸媒K之取代係設置毎一平方英吋之剖面具有300個小室(cell)之直徑為10.5英吋且長度為6英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體之外,其他與比較例5相同做法,製作排氣氣體排出裝置。內燃機係使用9.8L之直噴柴油引擎。
將觸媒J、K以及還原觸媒L在700℃下燒成50小時後,使用實施例8以及比較例5之排氣氣體排出裝置進行NOx轉化率之評估。700℃下50小時之燒成係用以評估長期間使用後之觸媒性能的耐久處理。操作引擎使氧化觸媒前方(在比較例6時,為還原觸媒前方)之熱電偶5成為400℃,在15分鐘間由氧化觸媒前方流出排氣氣體。接著,操作引擎使氧化觸媒前方之熱電偶5成為平均180℃以及平均200℃,在熱電偶平均180℃時,由還原劑噴嘴8平均以每小時140g之流量添加32.5質量%之尿素水溶液,而在熱電偶平均200℃時,由還原劑噴嘴8平均以每小時180g之流量添加32.5質量%之尿素水溶液。測定各個溫度中氧化觸媒前方以及還原觸媒後方(在比較例6時,為蜂巢型載體前方以及還原觸媒後方)之NOx濃度,於下述式中測定NOx的轉化率。將結果示於表2。
NOx轉化率(%)=(還原觸媒後方之NOx濃度)*100/(氧化觸媒前方之NOx濃度)
製作5倍重量之實施例1中之水性淤漿(A),並將其被覆在毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為5.7英吋且長度為6英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體上,使毎1L之蜂巢型載體中之鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共計為124g,並在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,得到觸媒M。
製作5倍重量之比較例1中之水性淤漿(D),並將其被覆在毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為5.7英吋且長度為6英吋之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體上,使毎1L之蜂巢型載體中之鉑以及氧化鋁共計為124g,並在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,得到觸媒N。
將觸媒M設置在2.2L之缸內直噴柴油引擎之後方,並在該觸媒後方配置毎一平方英吋之剖面具有316個小室(cell)之直徑為5.2英吋且長度為9英吋之SiC製圓柱型柴油微粒濾器,其中該柴油微粒濾器儲積著9g由該引擎所排出之粒狀物質,製作排氣氣體排出裝置。
將觸媒N設置在2.2L之缸內直噴柴油引擎之後方,並在該觸媒後方配置毎一平方英吋之剖面具有316個小室(cell)之直徑為5.2英吋且長度為9英吋之SiC製圓柱型柴油微粒濾器,其中該柴油微粒濾器儲積著9g由該引擎所排出之粒狀物質,製作排氣氣體排出裝置。
使用實施例10以及比較例7之排氣氣體排出裝置,進行粒狀物質之去除率的評估。氧化觸媒前方之熱電偶在100分鐘內由115℃升溫至400℃之前後,測定柴油微粒濾器之重量變化,並算出柴油微粒濾器上之粒狀物質的殘留重量。另外,柴油微粒濾器之重量測定係將柴油微粒濾器在150℃下乾燥1小時後而測定。由所得粒狀物質之殘留重量測定下述式中粒狀物質的去除率,將結果示於表3。
由評估例4之結果(表3)呈示出本發明之觸媒即使對於儲積在柴油微粒濾器之粒狀物質的去除率亦高。
經由將相當於鉑7.4g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液65.7g、相當於鈀0.74g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液5.27g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(O)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為67mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共32.04g所構成之觸媒O。
經由將相當於鉑7.4g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液65.7g、相當於鈀0.37g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液2.64g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(P)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為67mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共31.94g所構成之觸媒P。
經由將相當於鉑7.4g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液65.7g、相當於鈀0.19g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液1.32g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(Q)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為67mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共31.90g所構成之觸媒Q。
經由將相當於鉑7.4g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液65.7g、相當於鈀0.093g之量的硝酸鈀水溶液0.66g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(R)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為67mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑、鈀以及氧化鋁共31.87g所構成之觸媒R。
經由將相當於鉑7.4g之量的二硝基二胺合鉑水溶液65.7g、以及活性氧化鋁(γ
-Al2
O3
、BET比表面積200m2
/g、平均一次粒徑6μ
m)120g於球磨機中進行濕式粉碎,調製成總量300g之水性淤漿(S)。以此淤漿被覆(水性塗層:washcoat)毎一平方英吋之剖面具有400個小室(cell)之直徑為24mm且長度為67mm之堇青石製圓柱型蜂巢型載體,在120℃下乾燥8小時後,於500℃下進行1小時之燒成,在毎1L之蜂巢型載體中,得到由鉑以及氧化鋁共31.85g所構成之觸媒S。
將觸媒O、P、Q、R以及S在700℃下燒成50小時後,對於各個觸媒,使由NO:175ppm、CO:20ppm、O2
:13.5%、丙烷:18ppm(甲烷換算)、丙烯:72ppm(甲烷換算)、CO2
:6%、H2
O:5.1%以及剩餘氮所成之氣體作為排氣氣體,以45000h-1
之S.V.(空間速度)流動,測定於200℃之溫度中由一氧化氮(NO)至二氧化氮(NO2
)之轉化率時,得到表4之結果。700℃下50小時之燒成係用以評估長期間使用後之觸媒性能的耐久處理。
本申請案係以2006年9月21日所申請之日本國專利申請第2006-322490號為基準,其揭示內容全經參照引用。
1......內燃機;引擎
2...氧化觸媒
3...還原觸媒
4...控制裝置
5...熱電偶
6...熱電偶
7...熱電偶
8...噴嘴
9...幫浦
10...還原劑槽
11...還原劑逃逸抑制觸媒
12...熱電偶
13...柴油微粒濾器
14...尿素水解觸媒
15...熱電偶
16...氧化觸媒
17...燃料噴嘴
18...幫浦
19...燃料槽
A至L...觸媒
第1圖係呈示評估例1之結果圖。
第2圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
第3圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
第4圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
第5圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
第6圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
第7圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
第8圖係呈示本發明之排氣氣體淨化系統之一例的簡略圖。
Claims (8)
- 一種排氣氣體淨化系統,其特徵係:在內燃機之排氣管路中具備氧化觸媒;在上述排氣管路之上述氧化觸媒的後段具備供給還原劑之還原劑供給裝置;及在上述排氣管路之上述還原劑供給裝置的後段進一步具備NOx還原觸媒,其中該氧化觸媒促進由一氧化氮(NO)至二氧化氮(NO2 )的氧化,其含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分,其中相對於上述鉑100質量%該氧化觸媒含有上述鈀1至55質量%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之排氣氣體淨化系統,另外在上述氧化觸媒的後段具備選自柴油微粒濾器、還原劑逃逸抑制劑、尿素水解觸媒、氧化觸媒所成組群中之至少一種者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之排氣氣體淨化系統,其中,上述還原劑係選自尿素、氨、輕油、二甲醚、甲醇、乙醇以及丙醇所成組群中之至少一種者。
- 一種排氣氣體之淨化方法,係用以淨化排自內燃機之排氣氣體的排氣氣體之淨化方法,其特徵係具有下列步驟:(1)經由使上述排氣氣體與氧化觸媒相接觸,使上述排氣氣體中之一氧化氮轉化為二氧化氮之步驟,其中該氧化觸媒促進由一氧化氮(NO)至二氧化氮(NO2 )的氧化,其含有鉑以及鈀之觸媒活性成分,其中相對於上述鉑100質量%該氧化觸媒含有上述鈀1至55質量%;及 (2)使上述(1)中所得排氣氣體在還原劑之存在下與NOx 還原觸媒相接觸,使上述排氣氣體中之氮氧化物被還原之步驟。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項中之排氣氣體的淨化方法,其中,另具有:至少去除部分(3)粒狀物質之步驟。
- 如申請專利範圍第4或5項之排氣氣體的淨化方法,其中上述氧化觸媒的觸媒活性成分負載於耐火性無機氧化物而形成一負載觸媒活性成分的無機氧化物,其再負載於三維構造體上。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之排氣氣體的淨化方法,其中上述耐火性無機氧化物係至少一種選自活性氧化鋁、氧化鋁-氧化矽、氧化鋯、氧化鈦以及沸石之組群者。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之排氣氣體的淨化方法,其中上述三維構造體係蜂巢型(honeycomb)構造體。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101190410B (zh) | 2013-03-06 |
KR20080048958A (ko) | 2008-06-03 |
CN101190410A (zh) | 2008-06-04 |
US8034311B2 (en) | 2011-10-11 |
EP1941942A3 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
EP1941942A2 (en) | 2008-07-09 |
JP2008155204A (ja) | 2008-07-10 |
US20080124264A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
JP5619340B2 (ja) | 2014-11-05 |
EP3925700A1 (en) | 2021-12-22 |
KR101849342B1 (ko) | 2018-04-16 |
KR20160013242A (ko) | 2016-02-03 |
TW200822967A (en) | 2008-06-01 |
KR20140109344A (ko) | 2014-09-15 |
JP6151002B2 (ja) | 2017-06-21 |
JP2013056336A (ja) | 2013-03-28 |
KR20170049493A (ko) | 2017-05-10 |
JP2017100132A (ja) | 2017-06-08 |
EP1941942B1 (en) | 2021-06-16 |
US20100150800A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
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