TWI417831B - Display and its driving method thereof - Google Patents

Description

Display and its driving method

The present invention relates to a display, and more particularly to a two-line inverted display and a method of driving the same.

Please refer to FIG. 1 , which is a circuit diagram of a conventional display. In the prior art, the display 100 includes a pixel array 102, a data driving circuit 104, a scan driving circuit 106, a data driving line 108, a scan driving line 110, and a common electrode 114. The data driving circuit 104 is connected to the pixel array 102 through a plurality of data driving lines 108 to provide a data signal. The scan driver circuit 106 is coupled to the plurality of scan drive lines 110 to provide scan drive signals. The common electrode 114 is electrically coupled to the pixel array 102 to provide a common potential.

In FIG. 1, the intersection of the data driving line 108 and the scanning driving line 110 is defined as a plurality of sub-pixels, and the four sub-pixels may constitute one pixel 112 in the pixel array 102. Wherein, as shown in FIG. 2, the colors of the four sub-pixels 202, 204, 206, and 208 are respectively green (G), blue (B), red (R), and white (W) (arranged into 2x2). matrix). When the display 100 is written with data, the scan driving circuit 106 is used to turn on the sub-pixels (horizontal direction) of the row so that the data signal of the data driving circuit 104 can be transmitted to the capacitor of the sub-pixel (not At one end of the circuit, the other end of the capacitor is the common potential of the receiving common electrode 114. Therefore, the voltage difference between the data signal and the common potential can be used to define the polarity of the sub-pixel.

Taking the row inversion currently used as an example, in the pixel array 102 of FIG. 1, the first and third columns of sub-pixels are defined as positive polarity (the voltage of the data signal is greater than the common potential), The sub-pixels of the second and fourth columns are defined as negative polarity (the voltage of the data signal is less than the common potential). In a picture time, if the sub-pixels in each pixel are arranged in a field type, the first sub-pixel in the first column is the same color as the first sub-pixel in the third column. , but the first subpixel of the first column is not the same color as the first subpixel of the second column. And so on, in the pixel array 102, the polarities of the sub-pixels of the same color in adjacent pixels will be the same. That is, for the same color, when driving with the column inversion technique, the driving method of this color is the driving method of frame inversion (that is, the same color is in one frame). The exact polarity is present in the middle and completely changed to the other polarity in the next frame). This driving method will cause the picture to flicker.

Please refer to FIG. 3A , which is a schematic diagram of the gray scale when the conventional display is in the normal black mode. In the normally black mode display of FIG. 3A, it is assumed that a grayscale block (driven state) 300 and a black block (non-driving state) 306 are included in the entire frame, and the first data driving line 302 is included. The second data drive line 304 passes only the gray level block 300 through the portion of the gray scale block 300 and the portion of the black block 306.

Please refer to FIG. 3B to FIG. 3C respectively, which are schematic diagrams showing an ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the first data line and a schematic diagram of the crosstalk state. In FIG. 3B, the data signal 310 (thick black solid line) is provided by the first data driving line 302, and the common potential 308 (thin black solid line) is provided by the common electrode 114 of FIG. The update frequency of the data signal 310 and the conversion frequency of the common potential 308 are preset to the same frequency. Moreover, the time period of each sub-pixel in the common potential 308 is T, that is, for the purpose of enabling column inversion, the common potential 308 is raised or lowered at every other time T. As shown in FIG. 3B, in the sub-pixel of the driven state of the first data driving line 302, the data signal 310 and the common potential 308 have a first voltage difference 312 (which can be regarded as an inversion). Starting from the first time point 316 (the boundary between the gray level block 300 and the black block 306), the data signal 310 and the common potential 308 are adjusted to be in phase. After the second time point 318 (the boundary between the black block 306 and the gray level block 300), the voltage difference between the data signal 310 and the common potential 308 changes back to the first voltage difference 312. However, since the voltage of the data signal 310 is very large, the common potential 308 and the data signal 310 are coupled together, so that the common potential 308 between the first time point 316 and the second time point 318 is converted by the data signal 310. The crosstalk region as indicated by reference numeral 320 is coupled (as shown in Figure 3C).

Please refer to FIG. 3D to FIG. 3E , which are respectively a schematic diagram showing an ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the second data line of FIG. 3A and a schematic diagram of the crosstalk state. In FIG. 3D, the data signal 324 (thick black solid line) is provided by the second data driving line 304, and the common potential 322 (thin black solid line) is provided by the common electrode 114 of FIG. As shown in FIG. 3D, in the sub-pixel of the driven state of the second data driving line 304, the data signal 324 and the common potential 322 have a first voltage difference 328. Because the second data driving line 304 is affected by the conversion of the data signal 324 of the first data driving line 302, the second data driving line 304 is shared with the sub-pixel adjacent to the black block 306 of the first data driving line 302. The potential 322 is also affected by the large voltage of the data signal 310 on the first data driving line 302 to produce a coupling effect. Therefore, the crosstalk region appears in the common potential 322 as shown in FIG. 3E, and the potential difference between the shared power 322 and the data signal 324 in the crosstalk region is larger than the difference in the standard potential of the original design. Therefore, part of the sub-pixels on the second data driving line 304 are affected by the data signal 310 on the black block 306, and the brightness of the partial sub-pixels on the affected second data driving line 304 is higher than the brightness of the original picture. brighter.

In the conventional technique, when the column inversion is used in the four-color sub-pixel matrix of the field type, the polarity of the sub-pixels of the same color is the same in the same picture time, and the picture is more likely to be generated. Blinking, and the common potential of the driven sub-pixel adjacent to the sub-pixel of the non-driven state will be affected by the data signal of the sub-pixel of the non-driven state to cause distortion.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a display that solves the problem of flicker caused by frame inversion.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a display driving method which can reduce crosstalk between a data signal and a common potential.

The invention provides a display comprising a pixel array, a data drive line, a gate drive line and a common electrode. The pixel array described above has a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel. The first pixel is adjacent to the second pixel, and the first pixel is adjacent to the third pixel. Each pixel includes a plurality of sub-pixels, and each sub-pixel represents a corresponding color. The data driving line is electrically coupled to the first pixel and the second pixel. The gate driving line is electrically coupled to the first pixel and the third pixel. The common electrode is electrically coupled to the first pixel, the second pixel, and the third pixel to provide a common potential to the first pixel, the second pixel, and the third pixel. The data driving line respectively provides the data signal to the first pixel and the second pixel, so that the first pixel and the second pixel represent the same corresponding color sub-pixels have different polarities with respect to the common electrode. And the first pixel and the subpixel representing the same corresponding color in the third pixel have the same polarity with respect to the common electrode.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the corresponding colors include red, green, blue, and white.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sub-pixels in each of the above pixels are identical according to the arrangement of the corresponding colors represented by the respective pixels.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the frequency of the data signal is twice the frequency of the common potential.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, when one of the sub-pixels is in a driven state, the data signal supplied to the sub-pixel has a first voltage difference between the common potential and the common potential.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when one of the sub-pixels is in a non-driving state, the data signal supplied to the sub-pixel has a second voltage difference between the common potential and the first voltage difference is greater than the second pressure difference .

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when two adjacent sub-pixels coupled to the data driving line in the first pixel are sequentially driven and non-driven, respectively, the voltage between the data signal and the common potential The difference is from the first differential pressure to the second differential pressure during a period corresponding to one-half of the common potential of the two adjacent sub-pixels.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when two adjacent sub-pixels coupled to the data driving line in the first pixel are sequentially in a non-driven state and a driven state, respectively, the voltage between the data signal and the common potential The difference is converted from the second differential pressure to the first differential pressure during a period corresponding to one-half of the common potential of the two adjacent sub-pixels.

The invention further proposes a display driving method. The display includes a pixel array composed of a first pixel, a second pixel, and a third pixel, and a data driving line electrically coupled to the first pixel and the second pixel, electrically coupled to the first The gate and the gate driving line of the third pixel are electrically coupled to the common electrode of the first pixel, the second pixel and the third pixel. Each of the pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels, and each sub-pixel represents a corresponding color. The display driving method is to respectively provide data signals to the first pixel and the second pixel. Next, the common potential is supplied to the first pixel, the second pixel, and the third pixel, respectively. Next, the first pixel and the subpixel representing the same corresponding color in the second pixel have different polarities with respect to the common electrode. Then, the first pixel and the sub-pixel representing the same corresponding color in the third pixel have the same polarity with respect to the common electrode.

The invention adopts two line inversion, so that the flicker problem caused by frame inversion can be solved, and the crosstalk between the data signal and the common potential can be reduced.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more <RTIgt;

Please refer to FIG. 4A , which is a circuit diagram of a display according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 4, the display 400 includes a pixel array 402, a data driving circuit 404, a scan driving circuit 406, a data driving line 408, a scan driving line 410, and a common electrode 414. The pixel array 402 is composed of a plurality of sub-pixels, and the intersection of the data driving line 408 and the scanning driving line 410 is defined by a plurality of sub-pixels. Moreover, the area of one sub-pixel is defined by two adjacent data driving lines 408 and corresponding two adjacent scanning driving lines 410.

In this embodiment, the data driving circuit 404 is electrically coupled to the pixel array 402 by a plurality of data driving lines 408, and each data driving line 408 controls a corresponding row (longitudinal) of the pixel array. Pixels to provide information signals. The scan driving circuit 406 is electrically coupled to the pixel array 402 by a plurality of gate driving lines 410, and each gate driving line 410 controls a corresponding column (horizontal direction) sub-picture in the pixel array 402. Prime to provide a gate signal. The common electrode 414 is electrically coupled to the pixel array 402 to provide a common potential to each sub-pixel in the pixel array 402.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sub-pixels in each pixel are arranged in a 2x2 field type, and this is defined as a pixel 412 as an example, but in fact, it is not Limited. Please refer to FIG. 5 , which is a schematic diagram showing the color arrangement of a single pixel according to an embodiment of the invention. This pixel 412 includes, for example, four sub-pixels 502, 504, 506, and 508, and its colors are green (G), blue (B), red (R), and white (W), respectively.

Referring to FIG. 4A, when the display 400 is written with data, the scan driving circuit 406 is used to turn on the sub-pixels (horizontal direction) of the entire column so that the data signals of the data driving circuit 404 can be transmitted to the sub-pixels. One end of the capacitor (not shown) and the other end of the capacitor are the common potentials received by the receiving common electrode 414. The common electrode 414 can be, for example, an electrode plate to connect the other end of all the capacitors, the plurality of small electrode plates or the plurality of electrode strips, but not limited thereto.

4A and 4B, FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of a partial pixel array according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, three adjacent pixels 430, 432 and 434 are taken as an example for illustration. The sub-pixels 430a and 430b in the pixel 430 and the sub-pixels 434a and 434b in the pixel 434 receive the data signal from the same data driving line 408. Similarly, the sub-pixels 430c, 430d in the pixel 430 and the sub-pixels 434c, 434d in the pixel 434 receive the data signal from the same data driving line 408. The sub-pixels 432a and 432b of the pixel 432 receive the data signal from the same data driving line 408, and the sub-pixels 432c and 432d of the pixel 432 receive the data signal from the same data driving line 408. The sub-pixels 430a and 430c in the pixel 430 and the sub-pixels 432a and 432c in the pixel 432 receive the gate signal from the same gate driving line 410. Similarly, the sub-pixels 430b and 430d in the pixel 430 and the sub-pixels 432b and 432d in the pixel 432 receive the gate signal from the same gate driving line 410. In addition, the sub-pixels 434a and 434c in the pixel 434 receive the gate signal from the same gate driving line 410, and the sub-pixels 434b and 434d in the pixel 434 receive the gate signal from the same gate driving line 410.

In FIG. 4B, when the data signal and the common potential are supplied to the pixels 430 and 434, the sub-pixels of the corresponding color corresponding to the pixels 430 and 434 have different polarities with respect to the common electrode 414. In addition, when the data signal and the common potential are supplied to the pixels 430 and 432, the sub-pixels representing the corresponding corresponding colors in the pixels 430 and 432 have the same polarity with respect to the common electrode 414.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the color arrangements of pixels 430, 432, and 434 may all be different. Taking FIG. 5 as an example, the color arrangement of the sub-pixels 502, 504, 506, and 508 in the pixel 430 may be, for example, green (G), blue (B), red (R), and white (W), pixel 432. The color arrangement of the neutron elements 502, 504, 506, 508 may be, for example, green (G), red (R), blue (B), and white (W), and the sub-pixels 502, 504, 506 in the pixel 434. The color arrangement of 508 may be, for example, green (G), blue (B), and white (W) red (R).

Next, please refer to FIG. 6 , which is a flow chart showing the steps of a display driving method according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 4A and FIG. 6 simultaneously, in the display 400, when the screen is to be displayed in the pixel array 402, the gate signal is sequentially supplied from the gate driving line 406 to each column (horizontal direction) in one screen time. Each sub-pixel is opened to open the sub-pixel. After the sub-pixels of one column are turned on, the data driving circuit 404 transmits the data signal to the first sub-pixel of each line (vertical direction) (step S602).

In this embodiment, when the data signal is transmitted to the first sub-pixel of each row, the common electrode 414 transmits the common potential to one end of the connection of the capacitor in each sub-pixel and the common positive electrode 414 (step S604). . In this embodiment, the steps S602 and 604 may be sequential or simultaneous, and are not limited to the description in this embodiment.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, after each sub-pixel of the first column is written into the data signal, the gate driving circuit 406 turns off the sub-pixel of the first column and turns on the sub-pixel of the second column. So that the data driving circuit 404 can write to each sub-pixel of the second column.

Next, when the data driving circuit 404 and the common electrode 414 respectively supply the data signal and the common potential to the pixels 430 and 432 of FIG. 4B, the sub-pixels representing the same corresponding color in the pixels 430 and 432 are opposite to the common electrode. It has the same polarity (step S606).

Then, when the data driving circuit 404 and the common electrode 414 respectively supply the data signal and the common potential to the pixels 430 and 434 of FIG. 4B, the sub-pixels of the corresponding colors corresponding to the pixels 430 and 434 are shared with respect to the common pixels. The electrodes 414 have different polarities (step S608).

7A and 7B are schematic diagrams showing an ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the first data line of FIG. 3A and a crosstalk state diagram, respectively, according to an embodiment of the invention. In the present embodiment, according to the display driving method described above, the switching frequency of the common potential can be adjusted to be half of the update frequency of the data signal. As can be easily seen by those skilled in the art, if a single pixel is composed of a 3x3 sub-pixel matrix, the conversion frequency of the common potential can be adjusted to one-third of the update frequency of the data signal. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, since the present invention utilizes two line inversion, the common potential 708 needs to be increased or decreased every two sub-pixels as compared with FIGS. 3A and 3B. Voltage level. That is, the common potential 708 needs to be converted after 2T elapses, so that the power consumption can be reduced.

In FIG. 7A, the data signal 710 (thick black solid line) is provided by the first data driving line 302 of FIG. 3A, and the common potential 708 (fine black solid line) is provided by the common electrode 414 of FIG. In the sub-pixel of the driven state of the first data driving line 302 of FIG. 3A, the data signal 710 and the common potential 708 have a first voltage difference 712. From the first time point 716 (the boundary between the gray level block 300 and the black block 306), the data signal 710 and the common potential 708 are adjusted to be nearly in phase (but still have a second voltage difference). Among them, as can be easily understood by those skilled in the art, the second differential pressure can be close to 0 or equal to 0, depending on the design requirements.

At the second time point 718 (the boundary between the black block 306 and the gray level block 300), the voltage difference between the data signal 710 and the common potential 708 changes from the second differential pressure to the first differential pressure 712. As shown in FIG. 7B, although the common potential 708 and the data signal 710 still have a coupling effect, the waveform of the common potential 708 is coupled between the first time point 716 and the second time point 718 due to the conversion of the data signal 710. A crosstalk zone as indicated by reference numeral 720. However, in this embodiment, the embodiment can reduce the number of crosstalk areas.

7C-7D are schematic diagrams showing an ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the second data line of FIG. 3A and a crosstalk state diagram according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 7C, the data signal 724 (thick black solid line) is provided by the second data driving line 304, and the common potential 722 (thin black solid line) is provided by the common electrode 414 of FIG. As shown in FIG. 7C, in the sub-pixel of the driven state of the second data driving line 304, the data signal 724 and the common potential 722 have a first voltage difference 728. Because the second data driving line 304 is affected by the conversion of the data signal 324 of the first data driving line 302, the second data driving line 304 is shared with the sub-pixel adjacent to the black block 306 of the first data driving line 302. The potential 722 is still affected by the large voltage of the data signal 724 to cause a coupling effect, and the common potential 722 between the first time point 716 and the second time point 718 is coupled out as indicated by reference numeral 720 due to the conversion of the data signal 710. Indicated crosstalk area. However, in this embodiment, the embodiment can reduce the number of crosstalk areas.

In summary, in the display and display driving method of the present invention, since two line inversion is employed, the problem of flicker caused by frame inversion can be solved. In addition, the present invention can also reduce the number of reduced crosstalk regions between the data signal and the shared potential, and achieve the effect of reducing power consumption.

While the present invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, the present invention is not intended to limit the invention, and the present invention may be modified and modified without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of protection is subject to the definition of the scope of the patent application.

100, 400. . . monitor

102, 402. . . Pixel array

104, 404. . . Data drive circuit

106, 406. . . Scan drive circuit

108, 408. . . Data drive line

110, 410. . . Gate drive line

112, 412, 430, 432, 434. . . Pixel

114, 414. . . Common electrode

202, 204, 206, 208, 430a, 430b, 430c, 430d, 432a, 432b, 432c, 432d, 434a, 434b, 434c, 434d, 502, 504, 506, 508. . . Subpixel

300. . . Grayscale block

302. . . First data drive line

304. . . Second data drive line

306. . . Black block

308, 322, 708, 722. . . Shared potential

310, 324, 710, 724. . . Data signal

312, 328, 712, 728. . . Pressure difference

316, 318, 716, 718. . . Rising edge

320, 326, 720, 726. . . Crosstalk zone

S602～S608. . . Step process

FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a conventional display.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the color arrangement of a conventional single pixel.

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the gray scale when the conventional display is in the normal black mode.

FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram showing an ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the first data line of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C is a schematic diagram showing the crosstalk state of the data signal and the common potential of the first data line of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3D is a schematic diagram showing the ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the second data line of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3E is a schematic diagram showing the crosstalk state of the data signal and the common potential of the second data line of FIG. 3A.

4A is a schematic circuit diagram of a display according to an embodiment of the invention.

4B is a schematic diagram of a partial pixel array in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the color arrangement of a single pixel according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the steps of a display driving method according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram showing an ideal state of a data signal and a common potential of the first data line of FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram showing the crosstalk state of the data signal and the common potential of the first data line of FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7C is a schematic diagram showing an ideal state of the data signal and the common potential of the second data line of FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7D is a schematic diagram showing the crosstalk state of the data signal and the common potential of the second data line of FIG. 3A according to an embodiment of the invention.

400. . . monitor

402. . . Pixel array

404. . . Data drive circuit

406. . . Scan drive circuit

408. . . Data drive line

410. . . Gate drive line

412. . . Pixel

414. . . Common electrode

Claims (14)

A display comprising: a pixel array having a first pixel, a second pixel and a third pixel, the first pixel being adjacent to the second pixel, the first pixel and the pixel The third pixel is adjacent to each other, each of the pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels, each of the sub-pixels representing a corresponding color; at least one data driving line electrically coupled to the first pixel and the first pixel a second pixel; at least one gate driving line electrically coupled to the first pixel and the third pixel; and a common electrode electrically coupled to the first pixel, the second pixel and The third pixel is configured to provide a common potential to the first pixel, the second pixel, and the third pixel; wherein the data driving line respectively provides a data signal to the first pixel and the first pixel a two pixel, such that the first pixel and the subpixel representing the corresponding color in the second pixel have different polarities with respect to the common electrode, the first pixel and the third pixel The sub-pixels representing the same corresponding color in the pixels have the same polarity with respect to the common electrode, and each of the pixels All sub-pixels with respect to the polarity of the common electrode is the same. The display of claim 1, wherein the corresponding color comprises red, green, blue, and white. The display of claim 2, wherein the sub-pixels in each of the pixels are identical according to the arrangement of the corresponding colors represented by the respective pixels. The display of claim 1, wherein the frequency of the data signal is twice the frequency of the common potential. The display of claim 4, wherein the sub-pictures When one of the primes is in a driven state, the data signal supplied to the sub-pixel has a first voltage difference between the common potential and the common potential. The display of claim 5, wherein when one of the sub-pixels is in a non-driven state, the data signal supplied to the sub-pixel has a second voltage difference between the common potential and the common potential. And the first pressure difference is greater than the second pressure difference. The display device of claim 6, wherein when the two adjacent sub-pixels coupled to the data driving line in the first pixel are sequentially in the driven state and the non-driven state, respectively, the data The voltage difference between the signal and the common potential is converted from the first differential pressure to the second differential pressure when the half of the common potential of the two adjacent sub-pixels is corresponding. The display device of claim 6, wherein when the two adjacent sub-pixels coupled to the data driving line in the first pixel are sequentially in the non-driving state and the driven state, respectively, the data The voltage difference between the signal and the common potential is converted from the second differential pressure to the first differential pressure when the half of the common potential of the two adjacent sub-pixels is corresponding. A display driving method, comprising: a pixel array comprising a first pixel, a second pixel and a third pixel, electrically coupled to the first pixel and the second pixel At least one data driving line electrically coupled to the first pixel and the at least one gate driving line of the third pixel and electrically coupled to the first pixel, the second pixel, and the third One of the pixels is a common electrode, wherein each of the pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels, each of the sub-pixels representing a corresponding color, and the display driving method includes: respectively providing a data signal to the first pixel and The second pixel; respectively providing a common potential to the first pixel, the second pixel and the third pixel; And causing the first pixel and the sub-pixels of the corresponding color represented by the third pixel to have the same polarity with respect to the common electrode; and causing the first pixel and the second pixel to be in the second pixel The sub-pixels representing the same corresponding color have different polarities with respect to the common electrode, and all sub-pixels in each of the pixels are the same polarity with respect to the common electrode. The display driving method of claim 9, wherein the frequency of the data signal is twice the frequency of the common potential. The display driving method of claim 10, wherein when one of the sub-pixels is in a driven state, the data signal supplied to the sub-pixel has a first voltage between the common potential and the common potential difference. The display driving method of claim 11, wherein when one of the sub-pixels is in a non-driven state, the data signal supplied to the sub-pixel has a second voltage between the common potential and the common potential Poor, and the first pressure difference is greater than the second pressure difference. The display driving method of claim 12, wherein two adjacent sub-pixels coupled to the data driving line in the first pixel are sequentially in the driven state and the non-driving state, respectively. The voltage difference between the data signal and the common potential is converted from the first differential pressure to the second differential pressure when a period corresponding to one half of the common potential of two adjacent sub-pixels is used. The display driving method of claim 12, wherein two adjacent sub-pixels coupled to the data driving line in the first pixel are sequentially in the non-driving state and the driven state, respectively. The voltage difference between the data signal and the common potential is converted from the second pressure difference to the first voltage difference when the half of the common potential of the two adjacent sub-pixels is corresponding.