TWI240815B - Scattering fringe field optical-compensated reflective and transflective liquid crystal display - Google Patents

Abstract

In a reflective or transflective LCD comprising a TFT plate and a color filter plate with a LC layer of negative dielectric anisotropy inserted therebetween, a pixel electrode and a common electrode consisting of a plurality of strips are provides on the TFT plate to produce a fringe field applied on the LC layer for a phase difference that is compensated by a compensator. A scattering film is introduced in the LCD to enhance the brightness. A polarizer is arranged with its polarization direction at an angle from the extension axis of the compensator.

Description

1240815 V. Description of the invention (1) Field of the invention The present invention relates to a reflective (ref 1 e C tive) and transflective liquid crystal display (LCD), and particularly to a scattered optically compensated bending Electric field (fattering fringe field optical-gompensated, SFFC) reflective and transflective LCD. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The traditional twist (T N) mode L C D basically results in a lower contrast ratio (CR), a narrow viewing angle, and a higher dispersion. In U.S. Patent No. 6,215,542, Lee et al. Proposed a method to improve the viewing angle and transmittance of LCDs. In order to obtain a wider viewing angle of LCDs, they proposed to use a bending electric field to act on the LC molecules therein. However, the method proposed by Lee et al. For manufacturing LCD requires six masks, which requires one more mask than the traditional transmissive tn-mode LCD, and the intaglio tin oxide (IT0) process is also more complicated. On the other hand, the traditional reflective LCD is a TN mode LCD with a reflector. Because it is a TN mode, its viewing angle is limited to less than 40 degrees (CR > 10: 1), and it has severe chromatic aberration ( ΔΕ (χ, y)-0.13). In addition, the manufacturing process of the conventional reflective TN mode LCd is complicated because the structure of the reflective plate is added. In addition, a new type of LCD, the transflective LCD, is receiving more and more attention. The above-mentioned problems for the reflective LCD also exist in the transflective LC]). So far, the technology of curved electric fields has not been effectively applied to reflective and transmissive reflections. Another problem caused by the design of the curved electric field is the poor dark state caused by light leakage in normal black mode.

Page 5

1240815 V. Description of Invention (2) State. Therefore, a trans-reflective, transflective LCD with ultra-wide angle, high contrast, and low dispersion is desired. Objectives and Summary of the Invention One of the objectives of the present invention is to use an electrode structure to generate / match an electric field with a compensator and a polarizer pair to improve the wishes of reflective or transflective LCDs. Angle ratio and dispersion ° One of the goals of the present invention is to use an electrode structure to generate an '$ electric field with a compensation film and a polarizing film to simplify the structure of a reflective or transflective LCD and improve its brightness. degree. According to the present invention, a scattered optically-compensated curved electric field reflective LCD includes a thin film transistor (TFT) plate, a color filter plate, and an LC layer sandwiched between the TFT plate and the color filter plate, and a reflection The electrode structure is formed on the TFT board, and is used to generate a bending electric field to act on the LC layer having a type of negative dielectric anisotropy and an alignment direction. The reflective electrode structure includes A pixel electrode and a common electrode composed of a plurality of stripe electrodes. The phase difference caused by the LC layer is compensated by a compensation film on the color filter plate. A polarizing film is placed outside the pixel element Λ (P i X e 1 c e 1 1), and its polarizing axis forms an angle with the extending axis of the compensation film. Another diffusing film is placed inside the color filter to improve the brightness. °

Page 6 1240815 V. Description of the invention (3) According to the present invention, in a scattered optically compensated bending electric field penetration reflective LCD, a negative dielectric anisotropic LC layer is placed on a TFT panel and a Between the color filter plates, a transflective electrode structure is formed on the T FT plate, which generates a bending electric field to act on the LC layer having a rubbing direction. The transflective electrode has a pixel electrode and a plurality of strip electrodes. The composed common electrode uses the bending electric field to drive the LC layer to cause a phase difference. Two compensation films and two polarizing films are respectively placed on the TFT plate and the color filter plate. The polarization axis of the polarizing film and the extension axis of the compensation film It is adjusted to form an included angle. Similarly, a scattering film is placed on the inside of the color filter to improve the brightness. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The first figure is a simplified structure of an LC pixel in an SFFC reflective LCD according to the present invention. A reflective electrode structure is formed on the TFT panel 10 ', which includes a pixel electrode 12, a common electrode 16 and an insulator 14 placed between the pixel electrode 12 and the common electrode 16. The common electrode is composed of a plurality of strip electrodes. The width of each strip electrode is d and the distance between the strip electrodes is w. The values of d and w are between 1-10 micrometers (#m). The best value is between 3-5 // m. When a voltage difference acts on the common electrode 16 and the pixel electrode 12, a bending electric field is generated between the common electrode 16 and the pixel electrode 12 and passes through the LC layer 18 and the insulator 14 and has a negative type. The LC layer 18 having a dielectric anisotropy (Δε < 〇) is twisted. An optical stack is placed on the other side of the LC layer 18 opposite the TFT panel 10. The optical stack includes a scattering film 20, a color filter plate 22, a compensation film 24, and a polarizing film 26. In this architecture, a single

1240815 V. Description of the invention (4) A polarizing film 26 is outside the liquid crystal cell, so that the reflectivity is large. As a result of a bending electric field E acting on the LC layer 18, a phase difference is generated in the LC layer, and the LC layer is matched with the compensation produced by the compensation film 24 to produce a delay effect. The extension axis of the compensation film 24 and the polarizing film The polarization axis of 2 6 has an included angle. This gives a good dark state in normal black mode. A scattering film may be placed inside the TFT plate 10 or outside the pixel element, for example, above the polarizing film 26. The second figure is a simplified structure of a liquid crystal pixel on a transflective LCD. Except that another compensation film 24b and polarizing film 26b are placed on the other side of the TFT panel 10 opposite the LC layer 18, the other structures are like The first picture shows. An edge insulator 14 is inserted between the pixel electrode 12 and the common electrode 16 on the transflective LCD to form a transflective electrode, and the compensation film 24b and the polarizing film 26b at the rear end and the compensation film 24a and 24a at the front end are formed. The polarizing film 26a has optical correlation. In other words, the compensation film 24 and the LC layer 18 at the front end in the first picture and the compensation film 24a and the LC layer 18 in the second picture are selected and matched to form a quarter wave plate (λ / 4 Plate) or is substantially circularly polarized. The compensation film 24b at the rear end in the second figure is also selected to be a λ / 4 plate or to be substantially circularly polarized. In the second figure, the polarizing film 26b at the rear end is oriented perpendicular to the polarizing film 26a at the front end. This optical arrangement method can be used in the reflective LCD of the first figure and the reflective LCD of the second figure to obtain a good dark state. The third figure is a reflective electrode structure of a reflective LCD, which includes a pixel electrode 28, a common electrode 32, and an insulator 30 sandwiched between the pixel electrode 28 and the common electrode 32. Two of the electrode layers 28 and 32 produce full reflection

1240815 __------ 5. Description of the invention (5) It is made of highly reflective metals such as indium (A1), iron (Cr), silver (Ag), and alloys of these metals. In the pixel electrode 28 and the common electrode 32, the insulator 30 is formed of silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx), or an organic insulator. 'The fourth picture is a transflective electrode structure of a transflective LCD', which includes a total reflective metal electrode 38 and a transmissive electrode 34. The transmissive electrode 34 = the electrode structure is an I T0 layer, so a part can be obtained Reflective and partially penetrating electrode construction. Similarly, an insulator 36 is sandwiched between the top layer 38 and the bottom layer 34. The fifth figure is another penetrating reflective electrode structure of another penetrating reflective LCD. An insulator 4 4 is inserted between the top layer 46 and the middle layer 4 2 so that the top layer 46 is penetrating or partially reflecting and partially penetrating. 40 includes a number of total reflection areas 48 and a number of penetration areas 50. The combination of the three layers 40, 42, and 46 results in a partially reflective and partially penetrated electrode structure. The sixth and seventh figures are plan views of the two aspects of the reflection region 48 and the penetration region 50 on the bottom surface of the electrode structure in the fifth figure. The eighth figure is another transflective electrode structure of a transflective LCD, which includes a common electrode 56, a pixel electrode 52, and an insulator placed between the common electrode 56 and the pixel electrode. Since the common electrode 56 is Very thin metal, so it can be partially reflected and partially penetrated. The ninth figure is a more detailed structure of an LC pixel on a transflective LCD. In addition to the optical arrangement as in the second figure, the TFT panel includes a substrate 58 on which TFTs are formed. The gate electrode 60 and the counter electrode 62 of the TFT are formed of a first metal layer and cover the insulator 64. The source / inverter 68 of the TFT is formed of a second metal layer on the insulator 64 and amorphous silicon (& --Si) on the island 66, and a protective layer 70 covers it, connected to the second metal layer

1240815 ----------------------------- ------------ V. Description of the invention (6) Pixel The electrode 12 is formed of a third metal layer, and the common electrode 16 is formed of a fourth metal layer. In addition, a black matrix 72 is formed at the front end to shield the TFT structure. The processes of the various strip electrode structures in the third to eighth figures have one less mask than the conventional reflective TN mode LCD, so the design becomes simpler, and the etching process of the metal layer is easier to implement than the I T0 etching. In addition, an I T 〇 structure is not required above the color filter. Since the common electrode 16 can be directly formed on the TFT panel, the existing process of the first metal reed and the second metal layer of the LCD panel can be applied, and the overlapping area of the pixel electrode 12 and the prostitute electrode 16 can be used as a storage capacitor (: s, so the stored electricity can be designed to be larger, so the Lc with a higher electrode group, such as nitrogen ^ (cyano, -CN), can be selected to improve the response time and earth voltage of the LCD. The figure is a plan view of the electrode structure of the ninth figure. Between the scan line counter electrode 62 (the first metal layer), the pixel electrode (the third gold / the common electrode 16 (the fourth metal layer) above) includes a number of widths of 4 And the intermediate electrode 9 is a strip electrode of w, and the bus line 74 connected to the TFT is also formed by a metal layer. The width d and the distance w are between 10 / zm, and 7 // 2. The value is between 3-5 / zm. The eleventh and twelfth figures show the interaction between the electric field E generated by the electric 16 of the electric H and the LC molecule 18. In the OFF state, there is a voltage difference plus Between the electrodes 12 and 16, so all LC molecules 18 g z are not rubbed and formed with the axis orthogonal to the common electrode. Jiao Lu, as shown in Figure ^. The angle of the stone ranges from 0 to 90 degrees, the preferred angle is 5-However, when a voltage difference is added between the electrodes 12 and 16, that is, in the shape of 0N ~ ^. An electric field is generated to act on the LC molecule 18 from the top layer to the bottom layer, Τ ^ Γ

1240815 V. Description of the invention (7) The angle is between the rubbing direction and 90 degrees, as shown in the twelfth figure. The cross-sections of the 13th and 14th diagrams, which are in the OFF and ON states, are explained more clearly. In the thirteenth figure, the voltage difference between the electrodes 12 and 16 is the OFF-state voltage V o f f. Since there is no electric field effect, the LC molecules 18 are all aligned with the rubbing direction. In contrast, in the fourteenth figure, a 0N state voltage von is applied between the electrodes 12 and 16, and a bending electric field E is generated to cause the LC molecules 18 to twist. The LC molecules closest to the top and bottom layers still maintain the friction direction. However, other molecules have different angles from the original direction. The farther away the LC molecules from the top and bottom layers, the greater the degree of twist. As shown in the twelfth figure, the L C molecule in the middle of the pixel element is parallel to the common electrode 16. Furthermore, the strip electrodes of the common electrode 16 can have various types. For example, the fifteenth figure shows a curved strip or a dual-area common electrode. In this structure, when the voltage Vs is applied to the electrodes 12 and Between 16, an electric field E is generated from a strip-shaped electrode to another strip-shaped electrode on the horizontal plane, and the L c molecules 18 are twisted by the influence of the electric field. When the LC molecules produce the maximum angle twist, their directions are perpendicular to the common electrode 1 6 Strip electrode. In order to obtain a better contrast display, that is, a better dark state, the conventional reflective T N mode L C D requires at least two compensation films extending in one axis and one polarizing film. On the other hand, in the conventional transmissive LCD, the bending electric field that twists its molecules on the horizontal plane with a pair of orthogonal polarizing films can obtain a wider viewing angle and improve the contrast ratio (normal black). However, if such a curved electric field design is applied to a reflective LCD, a poor dark state and contrast ratio will be obtained, because when a polarizing film is used, the effect is equivalent to a parallel polarizing film. In contrast, the architecture according to the present invention introduces a

Page 11 1240815 V. Description of the invention (8)

The film is used to improve the brightness and increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, using only a single compensation film and a single polarizing film with the retardation effect of the LC layer itself is sufficient to obtain a good dark state and contrast ratio, and a linearly polarized incident light passes through the prime LC to form a circular or The elliptical polarization is reflected by the pixel LC and then linearly polarized perpendicular to the polarization direction of the original incident light. In other words, the adjustment mechanism of this light is different from the conventional reflective LCD and the transmissive LCD using a curved electric field. In this architecture, a curved electric field E is generated to drive the LC 18 to generate a phase difference, so that a wide viewing angle and low dispersion are achieved at the same time, and the contrast ratio is improved by LC delay with a scattering film and a compensation film. The sixteenth figure shows the simulation of the transmittance of various types of wavelengths of the reflective LCD in the dark state in the first figure. Among them, the extreme contrast ratio of 1 0 0 0: 1 is reached, and the light wavelength is 3 8 0 nm. The wavelength correlation between (nm) and 780 nm is very low. The seventeenth and eighteenth figures respectively show the contrast contours of the reflective LCD of the first figure in the dark state and the simulated figures of the brightness contour in the light state. In this simulation, Merck MJ981000 LC is used, which has Δε-4.5 and Δ η = 0,0771, and the cell gap is 3.57 / zmo. The nineteenth and twentieth images are in the light state and the dark state, respectively. The simulation of transmittance versus wavelength in the state is used to explain dispersion. Its light leakage is very small and dispersion is very low. Its contrast ratio in the orthogonal direction exceeds 1000: 1.

The twenty-first figure is a simulation of the brightness of the light leakage against the LC retardation and the angle between the compensation films in the dark state, and the twenty-second figure is the transmittance versus wavelength when the LC retardation and polarizing film are at the optimal angle Simulation diagram. FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a transflective LCD according to the present invention.

Page 12 1240815 V. Brief description of the optical arrangement of the invention description (9), and a reflective LCD can be obtained by removing the rear-end compensation film R 2 and polarizing film P 2. In this architecture, Pi & P2 is a polarizing film at the front end and at the rear end, respectively, and h and 1 are compensation films at the front end and the rear end, respectively. Pi & P2 is arranged so that the directions of its polarized light are parallel. The compensation films 1 ^ and 1? 2 may be a flat plate or a series of films. In addition, it has the element gap g, the refractive index η of normal light and abnormal light. And a negative LC layer of 1 produces a phase difference of 0LC = △ !! X g,

Where △ nzr ^ -n. . The twenty-fourth figure is a plan view of the arrangement in the twenty-third figure, and is a diagram for explaining the directional relationship between the optical elements. Taking the penetration axis Pi of the front-end polarizing film as a reference direction, the average alignment direction of the LC molecules has an angle of 0 IX with Pi, and the extension axis of the front-end compensation film Ri and Pi have an angle of 0 R1. An example with a better display effect, the conditions are: R! = (Nx- (ny + nz) / 2) X tl 9 I I S 30nm, and 85 ° $ I 0R1- 0LCI ^ 95 °.

Here nx, ny, and 112 are the refractive indexes on the three directions of the compensation film 1 ^, and h is the thickness of the compensation film 1 ^. Another example has a better display effect, and the conditions are:

Page 13 1240815 V. Description of the invention (ίο) | 2 θί (:-RJ S30nm, 40 ° $ (0LC-2 0R1) $ 50 °, and I 0R1-14 ° | '8 °. A better condition is as follows: 0R1 = 125 ° to 145 °,

0LC = 3 5 ° to 5 5 °, 1 ^ = 120 to 160 / zm, and ㊀ lc = 1 ^ 2 = 250 to 300 / zm 〇 Here R2 is the delay caused by the back-end compensation film.

The above description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is for the purpose of clarification, and is not intended to limit the present invention to exactly the disclosed form. Modifications or changes are possible based on the above teachings or learning from the embodiments of the present invention. The embodiments are selected and described in order to explain the principle of the present invention and allow those skilled in the art to use the present invention in practical applications in various embodiments. The technical idea of the present invention is intended to be covered by the following patent application scope and its equivalent. Decide

Page 14 1240815 V. Description of the invention (π) Setting 0 inn Page 15

1240815 Brief description of the drawings The first diagram is a schematic sectional view of a pixel structure on a reflective LCD according to the present invention; the second diagram is a schematic sectional view of a pixel structure on a transflective LCD according to the present invention; The reflective electrode structure of the reflective LCD in the first picture; the fourth diagram is the partial reflection and the partially penetrating electrode structure of the transflective LCD in the second picture; the fifth diagram is the transflective LCD in the second picture Figure 6 shows the bottom layout of the electrode structure in Figure 5; Figure 7 shows the bottom layout of the electrode structure in Figure 5; Figure 8 shows the second layout Another type of partially reflective and partially penetrated electrode structure of the transflective LCD in the figure; FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the pixel structure of the transflective LCD in the second figure, including the detailed structure of a TFT panel; Figure 9 is a plan view of a complete electrode of a transflective LCD; Figure 11 is a plan view of a liquid crystal cell in an off (0 FF) state; Figure 12 is a plan view of a liquid crystal cell in an on (0N) state; Thirteenth picture series Sectional view of the element in the OFF state; Figure 14 is a sectional view of the liquid crystal cell in the 0N state; Figure 15 is a structure of another reflective or transflective electrode for generating a dual-region bending electric field; The sixteenth picture is the first picture that the SFFC reflective LCD penetrates in the dark state.

1240815 The figure briefly illustrates the simulation of rate versus wavelength; Figure 17 is a simulation of the contrast profile of the SFFC reflective LCD in the dark state in the first picture; Figure 18 is the SFFC reflective LCD in the first picture in the light Figure 19 is a simulation diagram of the luminance profile in the first state; Figure 19 is a simulation diagram of the transmittance versus wavelength of the SFFC reflective LCD in the bright state in the first figure to illustrate the dispersion of the SFFC reflective LCD; In the figure, the simulation of transmittance versus wavelength of SFFC reflective LCD in the dark state is used to illustrate the dispersion of the SFFC reflective LCD. The twenty-first graph is the brightness of the light leakage in the dark state versus the LC delay and compensation. Simulation diagram of the angle between the films; Figure 22 is a simulation of the transmittance versus wavelength when the angle between the LC retardation and the polarizing film is at the optimal angle; Figure 23 is the reflection-type LCD optics A schematic sectional view of the arrangement; and the twenty-fourth figure is a top view of the twenty-third figure, which is used to explain the direction relationship between the optical elements. Drawing number comparison table: 10 thin film transistor plate 12 pixel electrode 14 insulator 16 common electrode 18 liquid crystal layer

1240815 Brief description of the drawing 20 Scattering film 22 Color filter 24 Compensation film 24 a Compensation film 24 b Compensation film 26 Polarizing film 26 a Polarizing film 26 b Polarizing film 28 Pixel electrode 30 Insulator 32 Common electrode 34 Penetrating electrode 36 Insulator 38 Full Reflective electrode 40 Partially reflective part Penetrating layer 42 Pixel electrode 44 Insulator 46 Common electrode 48 Total reflection area 50 Penetration area 52 Pixel electrode 54 Insulator 56 Common electrode 58 Substrate

Page 18

1240815

Page 19

Claims (1)

1240815 VI. Scope of patent application 1. A scattered optically-compensated curved electric field reflection type liquid crystal display, comprising: a TFT panel; a color cross panel; a negative dielectric anisotropic liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the TFT panel Between the color filter and the color filter, the liquid crystal layer has a normal light and an abnormal light refractive index η. And 1, a one-dimensional gap and a friction direction; A reflective electrode structure is formed on the TF T plate, and a curved electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer. The reflective electrode structure includes a common electrode, a pixel electrode, and an insulator between the common electrode and the pixel electrode. Composed of many strip electrodes; a scattering film between the liquid crystal layer and the color filter plate; a compensation film above the color filter plate, the compensation film has a thickness t, an extension axis and refraction on three axes The ratios are nx, ny, and ηζ; and a polarizing film is on the outside of the color filter, which has a polarizing direction having an angle with the extension axis and an angle with the rubbing direction. Where 'GLc = (ne_n〇) xg and R = (nx_ (ny nz) / 2) xt' and the liquid crystal layer, compensation film and polarizing film are arranged as I eu-2R | S 30nm and 85 ° S | 0R_ < Kc I '95 °, or | 2 eLC —R | S30 nm, 40 ° S (0Lc-2 Φ,) S50 ° and | 0R_14 ° I S8 °. 2. The liquid crystal display of item 1 of the patent application scope, wherein the common electrode and the pixel electrode are totally reflective. Page 20 1240815 6. Scope of patent application 3. For the liquid crystal display of the first scope of patent application, the common electrode and pixel electrode are metal. 4. The liquid crystal display of item 1 of the patent application, wherein the width of each stripe electrode is between 1 and 10 microns. 5. The liquid crystal display of item 1 of the patent application, wherein the distance between the strip electrodes is between 1 and 10 micrometers. 6. The liquid crystal display as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the strip electrodes is curved. 7. —Scattered optically compensated transflective liquid crystal display, including: A TFT plate; a color filter plate; a negative dielectric anisotropic liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the TFT plate and the color filter plate, and the liquid crystal layer has a normal light and an abnormal light refractive index η. And ne, a unitary gap g, and a rubbing direction; a transflective electrode structure is formed above the TFT plate to generate a bending electric field to apply to the liquid crystal layer, and the transflective electrode structure includes a common electrode, a pixel electrode, and An insulator is between the common electrode and the pixel electrode, and the common electrode is composed of a plurality of strip electrodes; a scattering film is between the liquid crystal layer and the color filter plate; A front-end compensation film is above the color filter plate, and the front-end compensation film has a thickness tf, a first extension axis, and refractive indexes in three directions of axes are nfx, nfy, and nfz, respectively. Below the TFT board, the rear-end compensation film has Page 21 1240815 VI. The scope of application for patents The refractive index of a thickness tr, a second extension axis and three directions of axes are Π r X Π ry and Π rz, respectively. A front polarizing film is on the outside of the color filter. Having a first polarizing direction forming an included angle 0 Rf with the first extension axis and forming an included angle 0 IX with the rubbing direction; and a rear polarizing film on the outside of the TFT plate, the rear polarizing film having a second The polarization direction is parallel to the first polarization direction; wherein ㊀LC = (ne-n.) Xg and Rf = (nfx- (nfy + nfz) / 2) x tf, the liquid crystal layer, the front-end compensation film, and the front-end polarizing film are Arranged to be IIS 30nm and 85 ° $ | 0Rf- 0LCI $ 95 °, or I 2 eLC-Rf I S30nm, 40 ° 0LC-2 0Rf) $ 50 ° and I 0Rf_14 ° I $ 8 °. 8. The liquid crystal display of claim 7 in which the common electrode and the pixel electrode are partially reflected and partially penetrated. 9. The liquid crystal display of claim 7 in which the common electrode is reflective and the pixel electrode is transmissive. 10. The liquid crystal display according to item 7 of the patent application scope, wherein the common electrode and the pixel electrode are metal and indium tin oxide, respectively. 1 1. The liquid crystal display according to item 7 of the patent application, wherein the pixel electrode includes a plurality of reflective regions and a plurality of transmissive regions, and the common electrode is transmissive. 12. The liquid crystal display according to item 7 of the patent application, wherein the common electrode and the pixel electrode are very thin metals. 1 3. The liquid crystal display of claim 7 in which the pixel electrode includes a plurality of reflection areas and a plurality of penetration areas, and the common electrode is 1240815 VI. The patent application scope of the sexual ejection reflector shows the crystal liquid. 7 Fan Li specially asked for the application of which the mother applies as a pole. ΓΟ 雩 1 bar is the degree of micrometer, which is 16 poles. 7 For example, if you want to apply for a bend, please show the item of crystal liquid in the special device. The small items of liquid rice 0 7 1 The first-1 display of the liquid crystal items 7 The small fan of the liquid crystal of which each of them to, the middle of them, the rice between the micro. J π is equidistant to the objective 4 film. It is f 5 to compensate 3 small to make up big endian, AR shows the Θ table. While ir's On page 23, where 0 Rf at tf is 1 20-1 60 2 5 0-3 0 0 microns