TW202518139A - Framing system - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are systems, apparatuses, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media related to a display construct coupled to a structure (e.g., a vision window). The structure can be a supportive structure such as a fixture. The display construct is configured to facilitate media display and is at least partially transparent. The vision window may be a tintable window, e.g., a window in which its tint is electrically controllable (e.g., an electrochromic window). Various interactive capabilities with the display construct are disclosed (e.g., via a touch screen).

Description

Frame system

The present invention relates to tandem visual windows and media displays. Priority Applications This application claims U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/952,207, filed on December 20, 2019, entitled "Tandem Visual Window and Transparent Display" to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/975,706, filed on February 12, 2020, entitled "Tandem Visual Window and Media Display", and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/085,254, filed on September 30, 2020, entitled "Tandem Visual Window and Media Display" Priority is claimed to and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/950,774, filed on November 17, 2020, entitled “DISPLAY FOR TINTABLE WINDOW,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 16/608,157, filed on October 23, 2019, entitled “DISPLAY FOR TINTABLE WINDOW,” which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US18/2, filed on April 25, 2018, entitled “DISPLAY FOR TINTABLE WINDOW” No. 9476, which asserts claims against (i) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/607,618, filed on December 19, 2017, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY,” (ii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/523,606, filed on June 22, 2017, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY,” (iii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/523,606, filed on June 22, 2017, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY,” and (iv) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/523,606, filed on May 17, 2017, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY.” 62/507,704, filed on May 15, 2017, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY”, and (v) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/490,457, filed on April 26, 2017, entitled “ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW WITH TRANSPARENT DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY”, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Many facilities (e.g., buildings) have windows installed, for example, on their facades. Windows provide a means of viewing the environment outside the facility. In some facilities, windows may occupy a large portion of the facade of the facility. Users may request to utilize the window surface area to view multimedia (e.g., for entertainment purposes, processing data, and/or conducting video conferences). Sometimes, users may want to optimize the use of interior space to visualize media (e.g., by using window surfaces). The media can be electronic media and/or optical media. Users may request to view media with minimal impact on visibility through the window. The media can be displayed via a display that is at least partially transparent. Sometimes, viewing the media may require a colored (e.g., darker) backdrop. Sometimes, users may want to obscure their interior environment. Sometimes, the useful life of a media display (e.g., an OLED display) can be damaged over time, for example, by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, heat, and atmospheric elements. This damage can reduce the long-term use of the media display. Sometimes, a user may want to enhance the external view with a cover, augmented reality, and/or lighting. The present invention provides a solution to this problem and others.

In one aspect, disclosed herein is a display structure coupled to a window (e.g., a viewing window such as a tintable window). The viewing window may include an integrated glass unit. The display structure may include more than one glass sheet. The display may include a display matrix. The display matrix may include, for example, at least partially transparent light emitting diodes (LEDs). The display may include a liquid crystal display (LCD).

In another aspect, a glass display configuration is used to utilize at least a portion of a window surface in a facility to display multimedia. The display can be utilized to (e.g., at least partially) view an environment outside the window (e.g., an outdoor environment), e.g., when the display is not operating. The display can be used to enhance the external view through (e.g., optical) coverings, augmented reality, and/or lighting (e.g., the display can be used as a light source). This use of a portion of the window surface can optimize the efficient use of space inside the facility (e.g., a room therein), e.g., when a media screen will occupy at least a portion of the space in which one or more windows are installed.

In another aspect, a viewing (e.g., tintable) window is used (e.g., as a backdrop) to assist with shading and/or contrast of a display structure. The shading may be on the outside of the display structure (e.g., in a direction away from the viewer). Portions of the support structure behind the display structure may be shading or shading-capable (e.g., using a tintable or tinted window). The viewing window may be active (e.g., tintable) or passive. For example, the viewing window may include a tinting that cannot be changed (e.g., controllably and/or electronically). The viewing window may include a tinting (e.g., shading) that (i) cannot be changed electronically, and/or (ii) can be changed optically (e.g., due to illumination of the viewing window by external lighting such as daylight and/or streetlights). The shading may include phosphor coatings, application of black pigments, and/or glass tinting. The tinting (e.g., shading) may be static or dynamic (e.g., using tintable glass). The shading may or may not be electronically controlled. The shading may be passive. The tinting (e.g., shading) may be transparent or opaque. The tinting may include a visible color (e.g., any color of the rainbow, such as blue, or yellow. For example, the color may be brown, gray, or black). The tinting may be at least partially transparent. Transparent tinting may promote a significant portion (e.g., greater than about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, or 95%) of the shift in intensity and/or wavelength perceived by the average human eye, or the tinting may be completely transparent (e.g., relative to the average human eye perception). The shading may be disposed on the back side of the display structure (e.g., as an addition and/or layer). The back side of the display structure is the side opposite to the viewer side (e.g., the surface of the display structure 101 facing the window 102 (showing a partial view)). The shading may be disposed on a structure coupled to the display structure and disposed behind the display structure (e.g., on a wall, plate or window coupled and disposed behind the display structure, such as the shading, 102 in FIG. 1).

In another aspect, the display structure may include materials (e.g., as a backdrop) to assist in the shading and/or contrast of the media displayed as part of the display structure. The shading may be on the outside of the transparent display. The material may be incorporated into the polymer, resin, and/or glass that is part of the display structure.

In another aspect, the material (e.g., in the viewing window and/or in the media construction) extends the life of the transparent display.

In another aspect, the display can be controlled separately or in conjunction with the control of the tintable windows (e.g., by a separate controller or by the same controller).

In another aspect, a system for viewing includes: a viewing (e.g., tintable) window having at least one faded state and a tinted state; and a display structure configured to display and/or manipulate electronic media, the display structure being disposed adjacent to and aligned with the viewing (e.g., tintable) window such that a user can view through (i) the display structure and (ii) the viewing (e.g., tintable) window (e.g., at least when the tintable window is in a faded state), the display structure being at least partially transparent.

In some embodiments, viewing is of an external environment outside of a viewing (e.g., tintable) window. In some embodiments, viewing is of media projected by a display structure. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a network that transmits electronic media. In some embodiments, the network is AC coupled to a building management system. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to one or more controllers that control the display of electronic media by the display structure. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a first controller, and wherein the viewing (e.g., tintable) window is AC coupled to a second controller. In some embodiments, the first controller and the second controller are the same controller. In some embodiments, the first controller and the second controller are different controllers that are AC coupled. In some embodiments, the first controller and the second controller are AC coupled to a third controller. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a first controller (e.g., a timing controller) disposed in a window frame that houses a viewing (e.g., tintable) window. In some embodiments, the display structure is electrically coupled to a power source disposed in a building fixture adjacent to the viewing (e.g., tintable) window. In some embodiments, the building fixture is a wall, ceiling, floor, or window frame that houses the viewing (e.g., tintable) window. In some embodiments, the display structure is electrically coupled to a power source disposed at a minimum distance from the display structure, the minimum distance being at least about fifteen (15) feet. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a controller (e.g., a timing controller) that controls the display structure, the controller being disposed at a minimum distance from the display structure, the minimum distance being at least about five (5) feet. In some embodiments, the tintable window comprises an electrochromic glass structure. In some embodiments, the display structure comprises a first sheet of glass, a second sheet of glass, and a display matrix (e.g., a lamp array) disposed between the first sheet of glass and the second sheet of glass. In some embodiments, the display matrix comprises an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs). In some embodiments, the display matrix comprises an array of transparent organic light emitting diodes (TOLEDs). In some embodiments, the display matrix has at least about 2000 pixels on its basic length scale. In some embodiments, the basic length scale of the display matrix is the height or width of the display matrix. In some embodiments, the display matrix is a high resolution or ultra high resolution display matrix. In some embodiments, the display structure is coupled to a viewing (e.g., tintable) window by a fastener. In some embodiments, the fastener comprises a hinge, a bracket, or a cover. In some embodiments, the hinge is (i) connected to a bracket, which is connected to the display structure, and (ii) connected to a cover, which is connected to a fixture, and the hinge facilitates rotation of the display structure relative to the fixture about the hinge joint. In some embodiments, the hinge is (i) reversibly connected to a bracket that is irreversibly connected to the display structure, and (ii) reversibly connected to a cover that is reversibly connected to a fixture, the hinge facilitating rotation of the display structure relative to the fixture about the hinge joint. In some embodiments, the cover includes a swivel portion that can be reversibly opened and closed. In some embodiments, circuitry and/or wiring is covered by the cover so as to be invisible to a viewer, and the circuitry and/or wiring can be at least partially exposed by opening the swivel portion. In some embodiments, when the tintable window is in its darkest tinted state and the display structure projects the media, the user is unable to see through (i) the display structure and (ii) the tintable window. In some embodiments, the tinting level of the tintable window takes into account the position of the sun, weather conditions, the transmittance of light through the tintable window, and/or the reading of one or more sensors. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more sensors is located outside the building in which the tintable window is located. In some embodiments, the weather conditions include any cloud cover. In some embodiments, the transmittance of light through the tintable window is relative to the external light shining on the viewing (e.g., tintable) window. In some embodiments, the transmittance of light through a viewing (eg, tintable) window depends on the material properties of the viewing (eg, tintable) window.

In another aspect, a system for media viewing includes: a viewing (e.g., colorable) window; a display structure, disposed adjacent to the viewing (e.g., colorable) window and/or aligned with the viewing (e.g., colorable) window, such that a viewer can view the external environment through the display structure and the viewing (e.g., colorable) window, the display structure including: (i) a pair of substrates, and (ii) a display matrix, stacked between the pair of substrates, the display matrix having at least about 2000 pixels on its basic length scale; and a fastener, constructed to support the display structure, the fastener being fixed to a frame element of the viewing (e.g., colorable) window.

In some embodiments, the viewing is of an external environment outside the viewing (e.g., tintable) window. In some embodiments, the viewing is of a media projected by a display structure. In some embodiments, the display structure is at least thirty percent (30%) transparent. In some embodiments, the viewing (e.g., tintable) window is an electrochromic window. In some embodiments, the fastener comprises at least one hinge, and wherein the display structure is secured to the viewing (e.g., tintable) window by at least one hinge. In some embodiments, the hinge is configured to facilitate maintenance of the display structure. In some embodiments, a driver board AC-coupled to the display structure is concealed by at least one hinge blade from view by a viewer. In some embodiments, the system includes a control board and a power supply. In some embodiments, the shortest distance between the display structure and the power supply is at least fifteen feet (15'). In some embodiments, the shortest distance between the control board and the power supply is at least five feet (5'). In some embodiments, the display structure is coupled to one or more controllers and/or networks by coaxial cables. In some embodiments, the coaxial cables include micro coaxial cables. In some embodiments, the basic length scale of the display matrix is the height or width of the display matrix. In some embodiments, the display matrix is a high resolution or ultra high resolution display matrix.

In another aspect, a system for media viewing includes: a tintable window having at least one faded state and a tinted state; a display structure configured to display and/or manipulate electronic media, the display structure being disposed adjacent to and aligned with the tintable window so that at least when the tintable window is in the faded state, a user can view through (i) the display structure and (ii) the tintable window, the display structure being at least partially transparent; and optionally, a display circuit system wired directly to the display structure.

In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a network that transmits electronic media. In some embodiments, the network is AC coupled to a building management system. In some embodiments, the display circuit system is constructed to be at least partially accessible during its operation and/or after its installation, for example, without the need to remove (I) fasteners from its supporting structure, (II) remove the display structure from the fasteners, and/or (III) an electrical box and/or a power supply. The electrical box (e.g., E-Box) may include a timing controller for the display structure. In some embodiments, the system further includes a hinge that is constructed to facilitate reversible access or restriction to the display circuit system during operation and/or after the display structure is installed. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to one or more controllers that control the display of electronic media through the display structure. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a first controller, and wherein the tintable window is AC coupled to a second controller. In some embodiments, the first controller and the second controller are the same controller. In some embodiments, the first controller and the second controller are different controllers that are AC coupled. In some embodiments, the first controller and the second controller are AC coupled to a third controller. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a first controller disposed in a window frame that accommodates the tintable window. In some embodiments, the display structure is electrically coupled to a power source disposed in a building fixture adjacent to the tintable window. In some embodiments, the building fixture is a wall, ceiling, floor, or window frame that accommodates the tintable window. In some embodiments, the display structure is electrically coupled to a power source disposed at a minimum distance from the display structure, the minimum distance being at least about fifteen (15) feet. In some embodiments, the display structure is AC coupled to a controller that controls the display structure, the controller being disposed at a minimum distance from the display structure, the minimum distance being at least about five (5) feet. In some embodiments, the tintable window comprises an electrochromic glass structure. In some embodiments, the display structure comprises a first sheet of glass, a second sheet of glass, and a display matrix (e.g., a lamp array) disposed between the first sheet of glass and the second sheet of glass. In some embodiments, the display matrix comprises a light emitting diode (LED) array. In some embodiments, the display matrix comprises a transparent organic light emitting diode (TOLED) array. In some embodiments, the display matrix has at least about 2000 pixels on its basic length scale. In some embodiments, the basic length scale of the display matrix is the height or width of the display matrix. In some embodiments, the display matrix is a high resolution or ultra high resolution display matrix. In some embodiments, the display structure is coupled to the tintable window by (e.g., at most one) fastener. In some embodiments, the fastener comprises a hinge, a bracket, or a slat, and in some embodiments, the hinge (i) is connected to a bracket, which is connected to the display structure, and (ii) is connected to a slat, which is connected to a fixture, and the hinge facilitates rotation of the display structure relative to the fixture about the hinge joint. In some embodiments, the hinge (i) is reversibly connected to the bracket, which is irreversibly connected to the display structure, and (ii) is reversibly connected to the slat, which is reversibly connected to the fixture, and the hinge facilitates rotation of the display structure relative to the fixture about the hinge joint. In some embodiments, the slats include a pivoting portion that can be reversibly opened and closed. In some embodiments, circuitry (e.g., display circuitry and/or touch screen circuitry) and/or wiring is covered by the slats so as to be invisible to a viewer, and such circuitry and/or wiring can be at least partially exposed by opening the pivoting portion. In some embodiments, when the tintable window is in its darkest tinted state and the display structure projects media, the user is unable to see through (i) the display structure and (ii) the tintable window. In some embodiments, the tintable window is configured to align with the media displayed by the display structure for tinting adjustments. In some embodiments, the tintable window is configured for manual and/or automatic tinting adjustments. In some embodiments, the tintable window is configured to perform tinting adjustments while the display is configured to project media. In some embodiments, the media has passive content that is static at least during the tinting adjustment. In some embodiments, the media has active content that changes at least during the tinting adjustment. In some embodiments, the tintable window is configured to perform tinting adjustments by considering the position of the sun, the time of day, the date, the geographic location of the enclosure in which the display is configured, weather conditions, the transmittance of light through the tintable window, and/or the readings of one or more sensors. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more sensors is located on the exterior of the building in which the tintable window is located. In some embodiments, the weather conditions include any cloud cover. In some embodiments, the transmittance of light through the tintable window is relative to external light impinging on the tintable window. In some embodiments, the transmittance of light through the tintable window depends on the material properties of the tintable window. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is disposed adjacent to at least one display structure, the at least one touch screen being disposed such that the at least one touch screen overlaps at least a portion of a viewing surface of the at least one display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to be operatively coupled to the at least one touch screen, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to adjust the media displayed on the at least one display structure based at least in part on a tactile interaction of a user with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, the at least one display structure is configured as a plurality of display structures that display a portion of a screen image, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to adjust the media displayed on the plurality of structures based at least in part on a user's tactile interaction with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, the at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens and is configured so that the user can use the plurality of touch screens as if it were a single touch screen spanning the plurality of touch screens. In some embodiments, the at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens including a first touch screen, a first side of the first touch screen being adjacent to a second side of a second touch screen. In some embodiments, being adjacent means that there is no other intermediate touch screen. In some embodiments, the first side contacts the second side through an adhesive. In some embodiments, the first side is free of the first panel, and wherein the second side is free of the second panel. In some embodiments, the first side is bounded by the first panel, and wherein the second side is bounded by the second panel. In some embodiments, the first panel includes a sensor and an emitter, and wherein the second panel includes a sensor and an emitter. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to operatively engage at least two sensor and transmitter panels, the at least two sensor and transmitter panels being disposed (a) parallel to each other or substantially parallel to each other, and (b) spaced apart from each other by a distance, and at least a portion of the at least one touch screen is disposed within the distance. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to operatively engage at least two sensor and transmitter panels, the at least two sensor and transmitter panels being disposed (a) parallel to each other or substantially parallel to each other, and (b) spaced apart from each other by a distance, and one touch screen of the at least one touch screen is disposed beyond the distance.

In another aspect, a system for media viewing includes: a tintable window having at least one faded state and a tinted state; a display structure configured to display and/or manipulate electronic media, the display structure being disposed adjacent to and aligned with the tintable window such that, at least when the tintable window is in the faded state, a user is able to view through (i) the display structure and (ii) the tintable window, the display structure being at least partially transparent; and optionally (e.g., at most one) fastener configured to couple to the display structure.

In some embodiments, the fastener (I) is configured to facilitate access to at least a portion of the display circuit system, (II) is configured to span at least thirty percent (30%) of the lateral length of the display structure, (III) is configured to facilitate heat exchange, and/or (IV) includes a plurality of hinges. In some embodiments, the fastener includes a hinge that is configured to facilitate reversible access and restraint of the display circuit system. In some embodiments, the display structure includes: (i) a pair of substrates, and (ii) a display matrix stacked between the pair of substrates. In some embodiments, the display matrix has at least about 2000 pixels on its basic length scale. In some embodiments, the display structure is at least thirty percent (30%) transparent. In some embodiments, the tintable window is an electrochromic window. In some embodiments, the fastener includes at least one hinge, and wherein the display structure is secured to the tintable window by the at least one hinge. In some embodiments, the hinge is configured to facilitate maintenance of the display structure. In some embodiments, a driver board AC-coupled to the display structure is hidden by at least one hinge blade so as to be invisible to a viewer. In some embodiments, the system includes a control board and a power supply. In some embodiments, the shortest distance between the display structure and the power supply is at least fifteen feet (15'). In some embodiments, the shortest distance between the control board and the power supply is at least five feet (5'). In some embodiments, the display structure is coupled to one or more controllers and/or networks via coaxial cables. In some embodiments, the coaxial cables include micro-coaxial cables. In some embodiments, the basic length scale of the display matrix is the height or width of the display matrix. In some embodiments, the display matrix is a high-resolution or ultra-high-resolution display matrix. In some embodiments, the tintable window is constructed to align the media displayed by the display structure to perform tinting adjustments. In some embodiments, the tintable window is constructed for manual and/or automatic tinting adjustments. In some embodiments, the tintable window is constructed for tinting adjustments when the display structure projects the media. In some embodiments, the media has passive content that is static at least during the tinting adjustment. In some embodiments, the media has active content that changes at least during the tinting adjustment. In some embodiments, the tintable window is configured to perform tinting adjustments by considering the position of the sun, the time of day, the date, the geographic location of the housing in which the display structure is located, weather conditions, the transmittance of light through the tintable window, and/or the readings of one or more sensors. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to be adjacent to the at least one display structure, and the at least one touch screen is configured so that the at least one touch screen overlaps at least a portion of the viewing surface of the at least one display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to be operatively coupled to at least one touch screen, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to adjust the media displayed on the at least one display structure based at least in part on a tactile interaction of a user with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, the at least one display structure is a plurality of display structures, wherein each of the plurality of display structures is configured to display a portion of a screen image, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to adjust the media displayed on the plurality of structures based at least in part on a tactile interaction of a user with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens and is configured so that a user can use the plurality of touch screens as if it were a single touch screen spanning the plurality of touch screens. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens including a first touch screen, wherein a first side of the first touch screen is adjacent to a second side of a second touch screen. In some embodiments, adjacent means that there is no other intermediate touch screen. In some embodiments, the first side contacts the second side through an adhesive. In some embodiments, the first side is free of a first panel and/or the second side is free of a second panel. In some embodiments, the first side is bounded by a first panel, and/or wherein the second side is bounded by a second panel. In some embodiments, the first panel includes a sensor and an emitter, and/or wherein the second panel includes a sensor and an emitter. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to operatively engage at least two sensor and emitter panels, the at least two sensor and emitter panels being disposed (a) parallel to each other or substantially parallel to each other, and/or (b) spaced a distance from each other, with at least a portion of the at least one touch screen being disposed within the distance. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to operatively incorporate at least two sensor and emitter panels, the at least two sensor and emitter panels being arranged (a) parallel or substantially parallel to each other, and/or (b) spaced apart from each other by a distance, one of the at least one touch screen being arranged beyond the distance. In some embodiments, the at least two sensor and emitter panels are arranged such that radiation emitted by an emitter in a first panel can be sensed by a sensor in a second panel, the second panel being arranged parallel or substantially parallel to the first panel, wherein the first panel and the second panel are included in the at least two sensor and emitter panels.

In another aspect, an apparatus for controlling media viewing includes at least one controller including a control circuit system, wherein the at least one controller is configured to: (a) be operatively coupled to a display structure configured to display and/or manipulate electronic media, the display structure being disposed adjacent to and aligned with a tintable window so that at least when the tintable window is in a faded state, a user can pass through the display structure to control the viewing of the media; The display structure may be configured to (i) be displayed on a display screen and (ii) be viewed through a tintable window, the display structure being at least partially transparent, the tintable window having at least one faded state and one tinted state, the display structure being optionally (A) coupled to a display circuit system, the display circuit system being wired to the display structure, and/or (B) coupled to (e.g., at most one) fastener, the fastener being configured to be coupled to the display structure; and (b) controlling, or directly controlling, the display structure.

In some embodiments, the display circuit system is configured to be at least partially accessible during its operation and/or after its installation, for example, without removing (A) the fasteners from its supporting structure, (B) the display structure from the fasteners, and/or (C) the electrical box and/or power supply. The electrical box (e.g., E-Box) may include a timing controller for the display structure. In some embodiments, the fasteners are configured to (I) facilitate access to at least a portion of the display circuit system, (II) span at least thirty percent (30%) of the lateral length of the display structure, (III) facilitate heat exchange, and/or (IV) include a plurality of hinges. In some embodiments, the display circuit system includes at least a portion of the control circuit system, and the display structure is coupled to a hinge, which is configured to facilitate reversible entry, exit and restriction of the display circuit system. In some embodiments, at least one controller is part of a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to diagnose or directly diagnose the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to compensate or directly compensate for the operation of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to (i) diagnose, or directly diagnose the display structure to generate a diagnosis, and (ii) compensate or directly compensate for the operation of the display structure by using the diagnosis. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust, or directly adjust, the display structure to compensate for deviations from the expected operation of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to monitor, or directly monitor the condition of a filter, which is configured to filter the atmosphere. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to monitor, or directly monitor the life of the filter. In some embodiments, the condition includes the effectiveness of the filter. In some embodiments, the condition includes the congestion state of the filter, the flow rate of the atmosphere through the filter, the accumulated operating time, and/or durability. In some embodiments, the filter includes a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. In some embodiments, the filter is configured to filter particles up to the millimeter, micrometer, or nanometer scale. In some embodiments, the filter is configured to filter pathogens and/or particulate matter. In some embodiments, the filter is configured to filter living and/or non-living matter. In some embodiments, the filter is included in a ventilation system. In some embodiments, the filter is disposed in a vent to the housing or in a vent in the housing, and the display structure is disposed in the housing. In some embodiments, the filter is disposed outside the housing, and the display structure is disposed in the housing. In some embodiments, the filter is disposed in a fixture. In some embodiments, the fixture is a wall or a window frame. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to monitor, or directly monitor the temperature of a display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to diagnose, or directly diagnose a display structure, at least in part, by monitoring, or directly monitoring the temperature of a display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to use the temperature of a display structure to compensate, or directly compensate for an operation of a display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to monitor, or directly monitor the state of one or more pixels of a display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to diagnose, or directly diagnose a display structure, at least in part, by monitoring, or directly monitoring the state of one or more pixels of a display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust or directly adjust the operation of the display structure based at least in part on the state of one or more pixels of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to monitor or directly monitor the operation of at least one fan, which is configured to align the display structure with the operation. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to diagnose or directly diagnose the display structure at least in part by monitoring or directly monitoring the operation of at least one fan, which is configured to align the display structure with the operation. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust or directly adjust the operation of the display structure based at least in part on the operation of at least one fan. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust, or directly adjust, the display structure based at least in part on the use of at least one pixel of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust, or directly adjust the display structure based at least in part on the temperature of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to be operatively coupled to at least one sensor including a pressure sensor, a gas flow sensor, a temperature sensor, or an electromagnetic sensor, and wherein at least one controller is configured to adjust, or directly adjust the operation of the display structure based at least in part on the operation of at least one sensor. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust, or directly adjust the operation of the display structure based at least in part on the current, voltage, and/or power supplied to the display structure to achieve the intended purpose. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to adjust, or directly adjust the operation of the display structure to achieve a desired purpose based at least in part on current, voltage, and/or power supplied to at least one pixel of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least one controller is configured to cycle, or directly cycle, the display structure after a predetermined time interval, wherein the cycling of the display structure includes modifying the displayed media over time to reduce degradation of one or more pixels of the display structure. In some embodiments, one or more pixels include a light emitting diode. In some embodiments, the light emitting diode is an organic light emitting diode. In some embodiments, the light emitting diode is at least partially transparent. In some embodiments, the predetermined time interval is adjusted based at least in part on the type of viewing of the display structure during the previous predetermined time interval. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to be operatively coupled to at least one touch screen disposed adjacent to the display structure, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to adjust the media displayed on the display structure based at least in part on a tactile interaction of a user with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, the at least one display structure is configured as a plurality of display structures that display a portion of a screen image, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to adjust the media displayed on the plurality of structures based at least in part on a tactile interaction of a user with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens, and at least one controller is configured to allow a user to use the plurality of touch screens as if it were a single touch screen spanning the plurality of touch screens. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens including a first touch screen, a first side of the first touch screen being adjacent to a second side of a second touch screen. In some embodiments, adjacent means there is no other intermediate touch screen. In some embodiments, the first side contacts the second side via an adhesive. In some embodiments, the first side is free of the first panel, and/or wherein the second side is free of the second panel. In some embodiments, the first side is bounded by the first panel, and/or wherein the second side is bounded by the second panel. In some embodiments, the first panel includes a sensor and an emitter, and/or wherein the second panel includes a sensor and an emitter. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to operatively engage at least two sensor and emitter panels, the at least two sensor and emitter panels being disposed (a) parallel or substantially parallel to each other, and (b) spaced a distance from each other, with at least a portion of the at least one touch screen being disposed within the distance. In some embodiments, at least one touch screen is configured to operatively incorporate at least two sensor and emitter panels, the at least two sensor and emitter panels being arranged (a) parallel or substantially parallel to each other, and (b) spaced apart from each other by a distance, one of the at least one touch screen being arranged beyond the distance. In some embodiments, the at least two sensor and emitter panels are arranged such that radiation emitted by an emitter in a first panel can be sensed by a sensor in a second panel, the second panel being arranged parallel or substantially parallel to the first panel, wherein the first panel and the second panel are included in the at least two sensor and emitter panels.

In another aspect, a non-transitory computer program product for controlling media viewing includes instructions written thereon, which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform operations, including any operations of the above-mentioned devices.

In another aspect, a method for controlling media viewing includes: displaying and/or manipulating electronic media on a display structure, the display structure being disposed adjacent to and aligned with a tintable window such that a user can view the media through (i) the display structure and (ii) the tintable window when, at least when, the tintable window is in a faded state, the display structure being at least partially transparent, the tinted window having at least one faded state and one tinted state; and optionally using (A) a display circuit system configured to communicate with the display structure, and/or (B) (e.g., at most one) fastener configured to couple to the display structure.

In some embodiments, the display circuit system is configured to be at least partially accessible during its operation and/or after its installation, for example, without removing (A) the fasteners from its supporting structure, (B) the display structure from the fasteners, and/or (C) the electrical box and/or power supply. The electrical box (e.g., E-Box) may include a timing controller for the display structure. In some embodiments, the fasteners are configured to (I) facilitate access to at least a portion of the display circuit system, (II) span at least thirty percent (30%) of the side length of the display structure, (III) exchange heat, and/or (IV) include a plurality of hinges. In some embodiments, the display circuit system is reversibly accessible or restrained, for example, by using at least one hinge of a fastener, without removing (A) the fastener from its supporting structure, (B) removing the display structure from the fastener, and/or (C) an electrical box and/or a power supply. The electrical box (e.g., E-Box) may include a timing controller for the display structure. In some embodiments, the method further includes diagnosing the display structure to form a diagnostic result. In some embodiments, diagnosing the display structure is performed by at least one controller of a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the method further includes using the diagnostic result to compensate for one or more operations of the display structure. In some embodiments, the method further includes adjusting the media displayed on the display structure based at least in part on a user's touch interaction with at least one touch screen disposed adjacent to the display structure. In some embodiments, the display structure is a plurality of display structures that display a portion of a screen image. In some embodiments, the method further includes adjusting the media displayed on the plurality of display structures based at least in part on a user's touch interaction with the at least one touch screen. In some embodiments, the at least one touch screen is a plurality of touch screens. In some embodiments, the method further includes the user using the plurality of touch screens as if the plurality of touch screens were a single touch screen spanning the plurality of touch screens.

In another aspect, a non-transitory computer program product for controlling media viewing includes instructions written thereon, which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform operations, including any of the operations of the above method.

In another aspect, a method for maintaining a media display includes: (a) displaying electronic media on a display structure including light projection components; (b) using at least one sensor to sense the media displayed by the light projection components of the display structure to generate sensor data; (c) using the sensor data to evaluate the state of at least one of the light projection components by comparing the displayed media with the media requested to be displayed; and (d) using a control system to (i) adjust the illumination of at least one of the light projection components to illuminate the media to be displayed at a desired illumination level, and/or (ii) predict maintenance of the display structure when the state of at least one of the light projection components is below a threshold, wherein the control system is operatively coupled to the display structure and the at least one sensor.

In some embodiments, maintaining the display structure includes replacing the display structure. In some embodiments, the control mechanism includes a hierarchy of controllers. In some embodiments, the method further includes using a control system to control an enclosure in which the display structure is disposed. In some embodiments, the method further includes using a control system to control an atmosphere of the enclosure in which the display structure is disposed. In some embodiments, the method further includes using a building management system to control a building in which the display structure is disposed, the control system being coupled to and/or controlling the building management system. In some embodiments, the method further includes using a control system to control cyclic illumination of at least one of the light irradiation components. In some embodiments, the method further includes using a control system to use, or directly using, a learning module to predict maintenance of at least one of the light irradiation components. In some embodiments, the control system is AC coupled to a network that is configured to provide data and/or power to the display structure.

In another aspect, a non-transitory computer program product for maintaining a media display includes instructions written thereon, which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform operations, including any of the operations of the above method.

In another aspect, an apparatus for maintaining a media display includes at least one controller including a circuit system, wherein the at least one controller is configured to: (a) be operatively coupled to a display structure and at least one sensor; (b) direct the display structure to display electronic media, wherein the display structure includes a light irradiation component; and (c) direct the at least one sensor to sense the media displayed by the light irradiation component of the display structure to generate a sensor signal. (d) using, or directly using, the sensor data to evaluate the state of at least one of the illumination components by comparing the displayed media to the desired media to be displayed; and (e) directing at least one of the illumination components to adjust illumination so that at least one of the illumination components will illuminate the desired illumination level of the media to be displayed, and/or (f) predicting, or directly predicting maintenance of the display structure when the state of at least one of the illumination components is below a threshold.

In some embodiments, maintenance of the display structure includes replacing the display structure. In some embodiments, the control mechanism includes a hierarchy of controllers. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to control an enclosure in which the display structure is disposed. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to control the atmosphere of the enclosure in which the display structure is disposed. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to control a building management system for a building in which the display structure is disposed. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to control cyclic illumination of at least one of the light irradiation components. In some embodiments, the control system is configured to use, or directly utilize, a learning module to predict maintenance of at least one of the light irradiation components. In some embodiments, the learning module includes a neural network. In some embodiments, the learning module includes more than one deep learning algorithm. In some embodiments, the control system is AC-coupled to a network configured to provide data and/or power to the display structure.

In another aspect, a non-transitory computer program product for maintaining a media display includes instructions written thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations, including any operations of the at least one controller described above.

In some embodiments, methods for viewing media disclose using any of the systems and/or apparatus disclosed herein to view media on a display configuration operatively coupled to a viewing (eg, colorable) window.

In some embodiments, a method for viewing an external environment of a viewing window discloses using any system and/or apparatus disclosed herein to view the external environment of such a viewing (e.g., tintable) window, and a display structure is, for example, operatively coupled to the viewing (e.g., tintable) window and is in line of sight between a user and the external environment.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of using any of the systems and/or apparatus disclosed herein, for example, for their intended purpose.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides systems, apparatus (eg, controllers), and/or non-transitory computer-readable media (eg, software) for implementing any of the methods disclosed herein.

In another aspect, an apparatus includes at least one controller programmed to direct a mechanism for use in implementing (eg, performing) any of the methods disclosed herein, wherein the at least one controller is operatively coupled to the mechanism.

In another aspect, the apparatus includes at least one controller, which is configured (eg, programmed) to implement (eg, perform) the method disclosed herein. The at least one controller can implement any method disclosed herein.

In another aspect, the system includes at least one controller, the at least one controller being programmed to direct the operation of at least one other device (or component thereof), and the device (or component thereof), wherein the at least one controller is operably coupled to the device (or component thereof). The device (or component thereof) may include any device (or component thereof) disclosed herein. The at least one controller may direct any device (or component thereof) disclosed herein.

In another aspect, a computer software product includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing program instructions, which, when read by a computer, causes the computer to direct the mechanism disclosed herein (e.g., an apparatus and/or any component thereof) to implement (e.g., perform) any method disclosed herein, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium is operatively coupled to the mechanism. The mechanism may include any apparatus disclosed herein (or any component thereof).

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium containing machine-executable code that, when executed by one or more computer processors, implements any of the methods disclosed herein.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer-readable medium containing machine-executable code that, when executed by one or more computer processors, implements the directions of a controller (e.g., as disclosed herein).

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a computer system including one or more computer processors and non-transitory computer-readable media coupled thereto. The non-transitory computer-readable media includes machine executable code that, when executed by one or more computer processors, implements any of the methods disclosed herein and/or implements the directions of the controller disclosed herein.

Further aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be understood, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modification in various obvious respects, all without departing from the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not restrictive.

These and other features and embodiments are described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Incorporated by Reference

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although many embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present invention. It should be understood that many alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

For example, words such as "a", "an", and "the" are not intended to refer to only a single entity, but include general classes that can be illustrated using specific examples. The terms herein are used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their use does not limit the invention.

When referring to a range, unless otherwise specified, the range is intended to be inclusive. For example, a range between value 1 and value 2 is intended to be inclusive and include value 1 and value 2. Inclusive values will span any value from about value 1 to about value 2. As used herein, the term "adjacent" or "adjacent to" includes "closely adjacent to," "adjacent to," "in contact with," and "near."

The term "operably coupled" or "operably connected" means a first component (e.g., a mechanism) coupled (e.g., connected) to a second component to allow the intended operation of the second component and/or the second component. Coupling can include physical or non-physical coupling. Non-physical coupling can include signal induced coupling (e.g., wireless coupling). Coupling can include physical coupling (e.g., physical connection) or non-physical coupling (e.g., via wireless communication).

An element (e.g., a mechanism) that is "configured" to perform a function includes structural features that cause the element to perform the function. Structural features may include electrical features, such as circuit systems or circuit elements. Structural features may include circuit systems (e.g., including electrical or optical circuit systems). Circuit systems may include more than one wire. Optical circuit systems may include at least one optical element (e.g., a beam splitter, a reflector, a lens, and/or an optical fiber). Structural features may include mechanical features. Mechanical features may include latches, springs, closures, hinges, chassis, supports, fasteners, or cantilevers. Performing the function may include utilizing logical features. Logical features may include programmed instructions. Programmed instructions may be executed by at least one processor. Programmable instructions stored or encoded on a medium may be accessed (eg, non-transitory) by one or more processors.

In some embodiments, the display structure is coupled to a viewing (e.g., tintable viewing) window. The viewing window may include an integrated glass unit. The display structure may include more than one glass sheet. The display (e.g., display matrix) may include a light emitting diode (LED). The LED may include an organic material (e.g., an organic light emitting diode abbreviated herein as "OLED"). The OLED may include a transparent organic light emitting diode display (abbreviated herein as "TOLED"), which is at least partially transparent. The display may have 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, or 8000 pixels on its basic length scale. The display may have any number of pixels between the aforementioned numbers of pixels on its basic length scale (e.g., from about 2000 pixels to about 4000 pixels, from about 4000 pixels to about 8000 pixels, or from about 2000 pixels to about 8000 pixels). The basic length scale may include the diameter, length, width, or height of the bounding circle. The basic length scale may be abbreviated herein as "FLS". The display configuration may include a high-resolution display. For example, the display configuration may have a resolution of at least about 550, 576, 680, 720, 768, 1024, 1080, 1920, 1280, 2160, 3840, 4096, 4320, or 7680 pixels by at least about 550, 576, 680, 720, 768, 1024, 1080, 1280, 1920, 2160, 3840, 4096, 4320, or 7680 pixels (at 30 Hz or 60 Hz). The first number of pixels may specify the height of the display and the second number of pixels may specify the length of the display. For example, the display may be a high resolution display having a resolution of 1920x1080, 3840x2160, 4096x2160, or 7680x4320. The display may be a standard definition display, an enhanced definition display, a high definition display, or an ultra high definition display. The display may be rectangular. The image projected by the display matrix may be refreshed at a frequency (e.g., at a refresh rate) of at least about 20 Hz, 30 Hz, 60 Hz, 70 Hz, 75 Hz, 80 Hz, 100 Hz, or 120 Hz. The FLS of the display configuration may be at least 20", 25", 30", 35", 40", 45", 50", 55", 60", 65", 80", or 90 inches (inches). The FLS of the display configuration may be any value between the above values (eg, from about 20″ to about 55″, from about 55″ to about 100″, or from about 20″ to about 100″).

In some embodiments, at least a portion of a window surface in a facility is utilized to display multimedia using a glass display configuration. The display may be utilized to (e.g., at least partially) view an environment outside the window (e.g., an outdoor environment), such as when the display is not operating. The display may be used to display media (e.g., as disclosed herein) to enhance the external view using (e.g., optical) coverings, augmented reality, and/or lighting (e.g., the display may be used as a light source). The media may be used for entertainment and non-entertainment purposes. The media may be used for work (e.g., data analysis, mapping, and/or video conferencing). The media may be manipulated (e.g., by utilizing the display configuration). Utilization of the display configuration may be direct or indirect. Indirect utilization of the media may be by using an input device such as an electronic mouse or keyboard. The input device may be coupled to the media in an alternating manner (e.g., wired and/or wirelessly). Direct utilization may be by using the display structure as a touch screen for use by a user (e.g., finger) or a guide device (e.g., an electronic pen or stylus). The guide device may be made of and/or coated with a low-abrasive material (e.g., a polymer). The low-abrasive material may be constructed to facilitate (e.g., repeatedly) contact with the display structure with minimal damage (e.g., scratching) to the display structure. The low-abrasive material may include a polymer or resin (e.g., a plastic). The guide device may be passive or active. The active guidance device may be operably coupled to the display structure and/or the network. The active guidance device may include a circuit system. The active guidance device may include a remote control. The guidance device may facilitate the direction of operations related to the media presented by the display structure. The guidance device may facilitate (e.g., in real time and/or in situ) interaction with the media presented by the display structure.

Embodiments described herein relate to a visual window having a serial (e.g., transparent) display configuration. In certain embodiments, the visual window is an electrochromic window. The electrochromic window may include solid and/or inorganic electrochromic (EC) devices. The visual window may be in the form of an integrated glass unit (IGU). When an IGU includes an electrochromic (abbreviated herein as "EC") device, it may be referred to as an "EC IGU." An EC IGU may tint (e.g., darken) a room in which a tinted (e.g., darker) backdrop is provided as compared to an untinted IGU. A tinted IGU may provide a better (e.g., required) backdrop for acceptable (e.g., good) contrast on a (e.g., transparent) display configuration. In another example, a window with a (e.g., transparent) display structure can replace televisions (abbreviated herein as "TVs") in commercial and residential applications. Taken together, the (e.g., transparent) display structure and EC IGU can provide visual privacy glass functionality, for example, because the display can increase the privacy provided by EC glass alone. Embodiments disclosed herein also describe particular methods, apparatus, and systems for mounting a display structure (e.g., a transparent display) to a framing system of a visual window.

FIG. 1A shows an example of a window 102 framed in a window frame 103 (partial view shown), and a fastener structure 104 including a first hinge 105a and a second hinge 105b that facilitates rotation of a display structure 101 about a hinge axis, such as in the direction of arrow 111. The window may be an electrochromic window. The window may be in the form of an EC IGU. In one embodiment, one or more display structures (e.g., transparent displays) (e.g., 101) that are at least partially transparent are mounted to a window frame (e.g., 103). In one embodiment, one or more display structures (e.g., transparent displays) include TOLED technology, but it should be understood that the present invention should not be limited or confined to this technology. In one embodiment, one or more display structures (e.g., transparent displays) are mounted to a frame (e.g., 103) via a fastener structure (e.g., 104). In one embodiment, the fastener structure (also referred to herein as a "fastener") includes a bracket. In one embodiment, the fastener structure includes an L-shaped bracket. In one embodiment, the length of the L-shaped bracket includes approximately or equal to the length of one side of the window (e.g., and in the example shown in Figure 1A, also the length of fastener 104). In an embodiment, the basic length scale (e.g., length) of the window is up to 60 feet ('), 50', 40', 30', 25', 20', 15', 10', 5' or 1'. The FLS of the window can be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from 1' to 60', from 1' to 30', from 30' to 60', or from 10' to 40'). In an embodiment, the basic length dimension (e.g., length) of the window is at least about 50', 60', 80', or 100'. In one embodiment, the display structure (e.g., a transparent display) encompasses an area that (e.g., substantially) matches the surface area of a thin plate (e.g., a glass sheet). The fastener structure can be mounted to a structure (e.g., a frame portion, such as a sash) via a locking mechanism (e.g., a spring lock) and/or via screws, for example, can be configured for slide and snap attachment. The fastener can include a mounting plate. The fasteners may be constructed to allow their associated cabling and/or wiring to remain in a support structure cavity (e.g., a framing portion) without applying pressure on the support structure (e.g., a fixture). The support structure may include a clip (e.g., a spring clip) that holds the fastener in place.

In a particular embodiment, the area of the display approximates the visual area of the window (e.g., the area within the framing system of the window (e.g., see 1 in FIG. 1B ). In one embodiment, one or more display structures (e.g., transparent displays) together (e.g., approximately and/or substantially) cover the visual area of the window (e.g., see 2 and 3 in FIG. 1b ). In one embodiment, the transparent display encompasses an area that is approximately half of the visual area of the (e.g., tintable) window. In one embodiment, two or more displays are mounted on a single visual window (see 2 and 3 in FIG. 1b ). The display structure may cover at least a portion of the (e.g., tintable) window. The display structure may cover at least about 10%, 20%, or more of the visible portion of the (e.g., tintable) window. 0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. The area occupied by the display structure may be the entire visible portion of the (e.g., tintable) window (100%). The area occupied by the display structure may be any percentage of the visible portion of the (e.g., tintable) window between the aforementioned percentages (e.g., from about 10% to about 100%, from about 10% to about 50%, or from about 50% to about 100%). Sometimes, multiple display structures may cover the (e.g., tintable) window. The display structures may be installed in more than one layout and/or configuration, for example to maximize design flexibility. Multiple fasteners may be (e.g., separately) coupled to multiple display structures (e.g., to allow display FIG1B shows an example of a plurality of windows in a facade 120 of a building, the facade including windows 122, 123, and 121 and display structures 1, 2, and 3. In the example shown in FIG1B , the display structure 1 is at least partially transparent and disposed above the window 123 (for example, the display structure 1 is superimposed on the window 123), so that the entire window 123 is covered by the display structure, and a user can view the external environment (for example, flowers, glass, and trees) through the display structure 1 and the window 123. The display structure 1 is coupled to the window with a fastener, which facilitates the display structure to rotate around an axis parallel to the bottom horizontal edge of the window, and the rotation is in the direction of arrow 127. In the example shown in FIG1B , display structures 2 and 3 are at least partially transparent and are disposed above window 121, so that the entire window 121 is covered by the two display structures, each display structure covers (e.g., extends to) approximately half of the surface area of window 121, and the user can view the external environment (e.g., flowers, glass, and trees) through display structures 2 and 3 and window 121. Display Structure 2 is coupled to window 121 with fasteners that facilitate rotation of the display structure about an axis parallel to the left upright edge of the window, in the direction of arrow 126. Display structure 3 is coupled to the window with fasteners that facilitate rotation of the display structure about an axis parallel to the right upright edge of window 121, in the direction of arrow 125.

In some embodiments, the display structure is coupled to a structure (e.g., a fixture). The structure may include a window, a wall, or a panel. The display structure may be coupled to the structure with a fastener. For example, when the display structure is operable, there may be a distance between the display structure and the structure. The distance may be at most about 0.5 meters (m), 0.4m, 0.3m, 0.2m, 0.1m, 0.05m, 0.025m, or 0.01m.

In some embodiments, the E-box is operatively coupled to, or includes, a power source. The power source may be an electrical device that supplies power to an electrical load. The power source may convert current from the power source to the correct voltage, current, and/or frequency to power the load. The power source may limit the current drawn by the load to a safe level (e.g., according to a governing and/or safety standard), cut off the current (e.g., if an electrical fault occurs), regulate power (e.g., to prevent electronic noise and/or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load), correct power factor, and/or store energy (e.g., to facilitate continued operation of the load in the event of a temporary power outage). The load may be a media display (e.g., an OLED display). The power source may be a power converter. The power source may be a separate, independent device. The power source may be included in an E-box. The independent power source device may be located in a structure such as a fixture. The structure may include a window frame portion (e.g., a vertical frame or a cross beam), or a wall. The power source device may be located at a distance from the electrical box and/or the timing controller. The distance may be at least about 30 feet ('), 50', 100', 200', 300'. The E-box may or may not be part of the fastener (e.g., attached to the fastener). In some embodiments, the E-box (e.g., including any analog to digital converter) may be located at a distance from the fastener (e.g., not part of the fastener).

In some embodiments, the housing of an electronic component (e.g., a circuit system) includes at least one heat exchanger. For example, an E-box, a power supply housing, and/or a timing controller housing (e.g., a fastener) may include one or more heat exchangers (e.g., as disclosed herein). The heat exchanger may be a fan. The heat exchanger may be passive or active. The heat exchanger may include a heat pipe. The heat exchanger may include a component configured to effectively absorb and/or transfer heat. For example, the heat exchanger may include a metal plate (e.g., a heat sink). The metal plate may include elemental metal or a metal alloy.

In some embodiments, the housing of an electronic component (e.g., a fastener) may include more than one fan. The fan may direct gas (e.g., air) from one side thereof to the other side (e.g., push the gas into the surrounding environment or eject the gas out of the surrounding environment). The direction in which the fan rotates may determine its functionality of pushing/ejecting the gas. The fan may have a basic length scale (e.g., height, length, width, radius, or radius of a bounding circle). The basic length scale (FLS) of the fan may be at most about 5 centimeters (cm), 4 cm, 3 cm, 2.5 cm, 2 cm, 1.5 cm, 1 cm, or 0.5 cm. The FLS may have any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 5 cm to about 0.5 cm, from about 5 cm to about 2 cm, or from about 2 cm to about 0.5 cm). The height and length of the fan may be (e.g., substantially) equal. The width of the fan may be at most about half, one-third, one-quarter, or one-fifth of the height and/or length of the fan. The fan may have a plurality of blades (e.g., at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 blades). In some embodiments, the fan may be bladeless. The fan may require a low voltage, such as at most about 1.5 volts (V), 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V, 6V, 7V, 8V, 9V, or 10V. The speed of the fan may be at least about 5,000 revolutions per minute (KRPM), 5.5 KRPM, 6 KRPM, 6.5 KRPM, 7 KRPM, 7.5 KRPM, 8 KRPM, 8.5 KRPM, 9 KRPM, 9.5 KRPM, 10 KRPM, 10.5 KRPM, 11 KRPM, 11.5 KRPM, or 12 KRPM. The fan may have a low noise characteristic. The low noise characteristic may be at most about 10.0 decibels (dbA), 15 dbA, 20 dbA, 25 dbA, or 30 dbA, wherein the dbA is adjusted to vary the sensitivity of the human ear to different sound frequencies. The low noise characteristic may be below the sound of a speaking voice (e.g., about 65 dbA). The low noise characteristics may be at most below the level of breathing noise (e.g., about 10 dbA), quiet study (e.g., about 20 dbA), whisper (e.g., about 40 dbA), or office environment (e.g., from about 50 dbA to about 65 dbA). The noise level of the fan may comply with the standards of the jurisdiction, such as those promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The fan may have a weight of at most about 5 grams (g), 6g, 8g, or 10g. The fan may have an air conductance of at least about 0.02 cubic meters per minute ( ^M3 /min), 0.03 ^M3 / ^min , 0.04 ^M3 /min, 0.05 ^M3 /min, 0.06 ^M3 /min, 0.07 ^M3 /min, 0.08 ^M3 / ^min , 0.09 ^M3 /min, 0.1 ^M3 /min, 0.15 M3/min, 0.2 ^M3 /min, 0.3 M3/min, 0.4 ^M3 /min, or 0.5 ^M3 /min. The fan can have a conductance between any of the conductances mentioned herein (eg, from about 0.02 ^M3 /min to about 0.05 ^M3 /min, from about 0.05 ^M3 /min to about 0.1 ^M3 /min, or from about 0.1 ^M3 /min to about 0.5 ^M3 /min).

In some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of circuit boards can be arranged in a manner that promotes shielding, heat exchange, and/or cooling elements disposed therebetween. At least one shielding element can be disposed between a first circuit board and a second circuit board that are adjacent to each other (e.g., directly). The shielding element can include electrical and/or electromagnetic (e.g., radio frequency) shielding. The shielding may or may not act as a heat exchanger and/or cooling element. The housing of the electronic component can include a heat exchanger and/or cooling element that can be separated from the shielding element. The heat exchanger and/or cooling element can include a heat pipe, or a metal plate. The metal can include an elemental metal or a metal alloy. The metal can be constructed for (e.g., efficient and/or rapid) heat conduction. The metal can include copper, aluminum, brass, steel, or bronze. The cooling element may comprise a fluid, gaseous, or semi-solid (e.g., gel) material. The cooling element may be active and/or passive. The cooling element may comprise a circulating substance. The cooling element may be operatively coupled to an active cooling device (e.g., a thermostat, a cooler, and/or a refrigerator). The active cooling device may be disposed outside of the overall housing of the device. The cooling element may be disposed in a fixture (e.g., a floor, ceiling, wall, or frame) of a housing (e.g., a building or room) in which the housing of the electronic component is disposed. The fixture may comprise a vertical frame or a cross beam.

In some embodiments, the display structure assembly may receive more than one connector type for media signals and/or power. For example, at least one connector and/or socket is connected to more than one driver and/or receiver, for example, for use in a serial communication system (e.g., RS485 (input and output)). The connector and/or socket type may include HDMI, display port (DP) input and/or output, or alternating current (AC) input and/or switch. Figure 17 shows an example of one side of a controller and power supply assembly 1700, which includes an HDMI input 1701, a DP1 input 1702, an RS485 input 1703, an AC switch and AC input 1704, an RS485 output 1705, and a DP output 1706. FIG. 17 shows a disassembled perspective view (e.g., exploded view) of a controller and power assembly 1710 connected to a main power line 1711, a window controller 1712, an IGU 1715, a frame cover 1718 (sometimes referred to as a "cosmetic cover"), a window frame 1719, a circuit system 1716 (e.g., including amplifiers and/or drivers for a display matrix), hinges (e.g., hinge 1717), a display structure 1714, a cover 1720, and a display structure frame (e.g., an edge bezel) 1713 for the display structure. The display structure frame may be a cover for a touch screen assembly. The window controller may be mounted to one side of the window, closer to or further from the window. The window controller may be disposed in (or on) the window frame, in (or on) the wall, in (or on) the ceiling, or in (or on) the floor. The hinge may or may not be temporarily lockable (e.g., using an insert (e.g., a slit or gap), a protrusion, and/or a spring (e.g., a spring plunger)).

In some embodiments, a display configuration is aligned with a viewing window (e.g., an integrated glass unit abbreviated herein as "IGU"). The display configuration may be configured to be positioned over (e.g., may be tinted) at least a portion of a window. For example, the display configuration may be configured to overlap at least a portion of a window. The display configuration may be configured to facilitate simultaneous viewing from one side of the window (e.g., the interior environment) to an opposite side thereof (e.g., the exterior environment). This display configuration may be positioned in the line of sight of a user viewing through the window (or any portion thereof).

In some embodiments, the controller is operatively coupled (e.g., AC coupled) to the display structure. The AC may be wired and/or wireless. The controller may control the display structure at least partially automatically. The controller may be, for example, a timing controller (e.g., T-CON) disclosed herein. The control may include electronic and/or optical control. The controller may include a microcontroller. The controller may be disposed adjacent to the glass (e.g., IGU) and/or the display structure. The controller may be disposed in a window frame (e.g., a crossbar or a sash). In some embodiments, the sash (e.g., FIG. 1B, 131) is the vertical direction of the window frame, and the crossbar (e.g., FIG. 1B, 130) is the horizontal direction of the window frame. The window frame may (e.g., directly or indirectly) hold the glass and/or the display structure. The glass may be tintable glass. The tintable glass may be controlled (e.g., using at least one controller). For example, tintable glass can be controlled by a hierarchy of controllers (e.g., see FIG. 15 ). The hierarchy of controllers can be static or dynamic (e.g., where the hierarchy of controllers specifies that it changes dynamically). One or more controllers controlling viewing (e.g., tintable) windows may or may not control a display configuration (also referred to herein as a “media display configuration”).

In some embodiments, the display construction includes glass. The glass can be in the form of more than one glass sheet. For example, the display construction can include a display matrix (e.g., an array of lights) disposed between two glass sheets. The array of lights can include an array of colored lights. For example, an array of red, green, and blue lights. For example, an array of cyan, magenta, and yellow lights. The array of lights can include light colors used in electronic screen displays. The array of lights can include an array of LEDs (e.g., OLEDs, such as TOLEDs). The matrix display (e.g., an array of lights) can be at least partially transparent (e.g., to the average human eye). Transparent OLEDs can facilitate a significant portion (e.g., greater than about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, or 95%) of the shift in intensity and/or wavelength sensed by the average human eye. A matrix display can minimally interfere with a user's viewing through the array. An array of lamps can minimally interfere with a user's viewing through a window on which the array is disposed. A display matrix (e.g., an array of lamps) can be maximally transparent. At least one sheet of glass of the display construction can be of ordinary glass thickness. Ordinary glass can have a thickness of at least about 1 millimeter (mm), 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, or 6 mm. Ordinary glass can have a thickness of a value between any of the aforementioned values (e.g., from 1 mm to 6 mm, from 1 mm to 3 mm, from 3 mm to about 4 mm, or from 4 mm to 6 mm). At least one glass sheet of the display construction may have a thin glass thickness. The thin glass may be at most about 0.4 millimeters (mm), 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, or 0.9 mm thick. The thin glass may have a thickness of any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from 0.4 mm to 0.9 mm, from 0.4 mm to 0.7 mm, or from 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm). The glass of the display construction may be at least transmissive (e.g., in the visible spectrum). For example, the glass may be at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% transmissive. The glass may have a transmittance percentage value between any of the aforementioned percentages (e.g., from about 80% to about 99%). The display construction may include more than one glass sheet (e.g., a glass sheet). For example, the display construction may include a plurality (e.g., two) of glass sheets. The glass sheets may have (e.g., substantially) the same thickness, or different thicknesses. The front-facing glass sheet may be thicker than the rear-facing glass sheet. The rear-facing glass sheet may be thicker than the front-facing glass sheet. The front may be in the direction of the intended viewer (e.g., in front of the display structure 101, looking at the display structure 101). The rear may be in the direction of a (e.g., tinted) window (e.g., 102). One glass may be thicker than the other glass. The thicker glass may be at least about 1.25*, 1.5*, 2*, 2.5*, 3*, 3.5*, or 4* thicker than the thinner glass. The symbol "*" represents a mathematical operation of "multiple." The transmittance of a display structure (including one or more glass sheets and a display matrix (e.g., a lamp array or LCD)) can be at least about 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%. The display structure can have a transmittance percentage value between any of the aforementioned percentages (e.g., from about 20% to about 90%, from about 20% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 40% to about 80%, or from about 50% to about 90%). A higher transmittance percentage means a higher intensity and/or a wider spectrum of light passing through a material (e.g., glass). The transmittance can be visible light. The transmittance can be measured as visible transmittance (abbreviated herein as "Tvis"), which means the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum that passes through a material. Transmittance can be relative to the intensity of incident light. The display structure can transmit at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the visible light spectrum (e.g., wavelength spectrum) therethrough. The display structure can transmit any percentage value between the aforementioned percentages (e.g., from about 80% to about 99%). In some embodiments, a liquid crystal display is used instead of a lamp array. FIG2 shows a schematic example of a display structure assembly 200 before stacking thereof, the display structure comprising a thicker glass sheet 205, a first adhesive layer 204, a display matrix 203, a second adhesive layer 202, and a thinner glass sheet 201, the matrix being connected to a circuit system 212 controlling at least one aspect of the display structure via wiring 211, and the display structure being coupled to a fastener 213.

The display matrix has reflectance and/or color properties. The display matrix can be colored, grayscale, or black and white. The display matrix can have color depth. The color depth can be at least about 0.25, 0.5, 1, 125, or 1.5 billion colors. The color depth can be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 250 million colors to about 1.5 billion colors, from about 250 million colors to about 1.25 billion colors, or from about 1 billion colors to about 1.5 billion colors). The display configuration can have a contrast ratio of at least about 100,000, 120,000, 150,000, 170,000, or 200,000 to one. The display structure may have a contrast ratio between any of the above reference values (e.g., from about 100,000:1 to about 200,000:1, from about 100,000:1 to about 150,000:1, or from about 150,000:1 to about 200,000:1). The reflectance of the display structure may be at most about 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%, 14%, or 18%. The reflectance of the display structure may have any value between the above values (e.g., from about 2% to about 18%, or from about 2% to about 14%).

In some embodiments, at least one glass sheet of a display structure and/or IGU is enhanced. At least one glass of a display structure and/or IGU may be natural glass (e.g., not subjected to a strengthening and/or tempering process). The glass may be a strengthened glass. The strengthened glass may be thermally strengthened, thermally tempered, or chemically strengthened. The chemically strengthened glass may be chemically tempered glass. The chemically strengthened glass may include Gorilla Glass. The glass may include used SentryGlass® ^. The chemically strengthened glass may include glass doped with one or more ions (e.g., cations). The cations may be alkali metals (e.g., potassium) or alkali earth metal cations. The glass may include one or more pigments. The glass may allow the passage of ultraviolet light (e.g., wavelength and/or intensity) therethrough. The glass may reduce (e.g., prevent) the penetration of UV light (e.g., wavelength and/or intensity) therethrough. The glass may absorb at least a portion (e.g., wavelength and/or intensity) of UV light. In some embodiments, the glass may include a surface treatment (e.g., polishing).

In some embodiments, the display construction may include an adhesive (e.g., a laminating film and/or an adhesive). In some embodiments, the display construction may include an adhesive, which includes a polymer and/or a resin. The adhesive may be disposed between the glass sheet and the display matrix. The adhesive may be selected to facilitate formation of the construction (e.g., adhesion of the display matrix to the glass sheet) with minimal damage to the display matrix (e.g., no damage). The adhesive may be cured by heat and/or UV treatment. The temperature of the heat treatment may be such that damage to the display matrix is minimized (e.g., without damaging the display matrix to a measurable and/or substantial extent). Not substantially damaging the array may mean not damaging the array to an extent that affects its intended purpose (e.g., performance as a display according to its specifications). The adhesive may include at least one organic polymer. The at least one organic polymer may include polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyacrylamide, SGP resin (e.g., Dupont's SGP 5000). The adhesive may include, for example, 3M's OCA (e.g., 3M 8211, 3M 8212, 3M 8213, 3M 8214, 3M 8215, 3M 8171, or 3M 8172). The polymer may allow for the transition of UV light (e.g., wavelength and/or intensity) therethrough. The polymer can reduce (e.g., prevent) the penetration of UV light (e.g., wavelength and/or intensity) passing therethrough. The polymer can absorb a small portion (e.g., wavelength and/or intensity) of the UV light.

In some embodiments, the display structure includes a stack of layers. The display structure can include a colorable device (e.g., an electrochromic device). The colorable device can be stacked onto the display structure (to form a single display structure unit). For example, the display structure can include a deposited electrochromic layer structure (e.g., deposited on the back of a media display (e.g., the back of LEDs)). The display structure can include more than one layer (e.g., deposited and/or stacked) to protect the media display from radiation (e.g., UV and/or IR radiation). The attached layers can constitute a film (e.g., an electrochromic device, a UV protection layer, and/or an IR protection layer). The film can be part of the display structure. The film can promote longer operating life of the display structure. The film can promote greater contrast of the displayed media. The display structure (e.g., including the electrochromic film) can be coupled to a tintable (e.g., electrochromic) window. The film can be configured to any tintable window capability (e.g., a liquid crystal device, a suspended particle device, a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device (e.g., a micro-shutter), or any technology configured to control the transmission of light through a window). The liquid crystal device can include a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer.

In some embodiments, the display structure may include an adhesive in the form of at least one layer. The adhesive may include at least one optically transparent adhesive layer (abbreviated as "OCA" layer herein). For example, the display structure may include two adhesive layers. The adhesive layer may have a thickness of at least about 0.2mm, 0.3mm, 0.4mm, 0.5mm, 0.6mm, 0.7mm, 0.8mm, 0.9mm or 1mm. The adhesive layer may have a thickness of any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 0.2mm to about 1mm, from about 0.2mm to about 0.6mm or from about 0.7mm to about 1mm). The adhesive thickness may be selected to minimize weight, for example, in fully bonding this structure to form a high tolerance structure that can be mechanically cut (e.g., with high die-cutting mechanical tolerance). The adhesive may increase the durability and/or optical properties of the display construction as compared to a display construction without the adhesive. The adhesive may be (e.g., substantially and/or completely) transparent (e.g., to visible light). The adhesive may be colorless. The adhesive may contact the (e.g., largest) surface of the display matrix and the (e.g., largest) surface of the glass sheet (e.g., the glass sheet), thereby bonding the display matrix to the glass sheet. The adhesive may minimize (e.g., not) contribute to optical and/or visual distortion of the media displayed by the display.

In some embodiments, the glass sheets, adhesive, and display matrix are cured prior to deployment. Curing may be by UV light, moisture, and/or heat. The curing method may be selected to preserve the functionality of the display matrix and minimize any optical distortion (e.g., maximize transmittance, reduce haze and/or air gaps, such as air gaps). The adhesive may increase the durability of the display construction. For example, the adhesive may reduce the fragility of the display construction and/or reduce its flammability. The adhesive may facilitate adjusting the refractive index of the glass sheet to the surrounding air (e.g., where the viewer is located), for example, to (i) minimize losses due to any Fresnel reflections, (ii) transmit all colors through the display construction with minimal distortion, and/or (iii) enhance the image projected by the display construction. Distortion of colors may be due to their passage through the adhesive, through the glass sheet, and by the surrounding air. The display construction (e.g., the adhesive therein) may improve preservation and/or increase the operating temperature range of the display matrix. The adhesive may prevent one or more gases and/or debris (e.g., dust or sebum) from reaching the display matrix. The display structure (e.g., adhesive, glass, and/or any coatings) may prevent physical interference with the display matrix (e.g., due to contact). This contact may be direct contact by a user.

In some embodiments, the IGU and/or display structure may include a coating (e.g., an anti-reflective coating). Such a coating may improve the optical properties of the glass and/or display structure. The coating may be applied to the glass sheet, adhesive layer, display matrix, and/or electrochromic structure. The coating may be deposited in the form of an anti-reflective, anti-glare, anti-condensation, anti-scratch, anti-stain treatment, and/or anti-UV treatment.

In some embodiments, the display structure may include a seal. The seal may be disposed between two glasses of the display structure, and the display matrix is disposed between the two glasses. The seal may include a polymer/resin (e.g., any polymer/resin disclosed herein). The seal may include a carbon-based (e.g., organic) polymer or a silicon-based polymer. The seal may protect the display structure from light (e.g., UV), moisture, oxygen, physical contact (e.g., physical damage), debris, and/or other environmental elements.

In some embodiments, the display is constructed to be durable over an extended life. The expected life may be at least about 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, or 100 (y) years. The expected life may be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 5y to about 100y, from about 2y to about 25y, from about 25y to about 50y, or from about 50y to about 100y). The extended life may be at least 20Kh, 30Kh, 50Kh, 100Kh, 500Kh, or 1000Kh (thousand hours). The extended life of the display construction may have any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 20Kh to about 1000Kh, from about 20Kh to about 100Kh, or from about 100Kh to about 1000Kh). Hours may refer, for example, to the number of hours in which the display construction is operated for its intended purpose. The life of the display construction may depend on its operating time and/or any environmental conditions (e.g., UV light, humidity, and/or temperature at its deployment location).

In some embodiments, the display structure is fastened to a fixture (e.g., a window frame or wall), which holds a (e.g., tintable) window, for example, by a fastening mechanism (also referred to herein as a "fastener". The fastener may include more than one component. For example, the fastener may include a bracket, a hinge, a cover. The fastener may be permanent or non-permanent. Non-permanent fasteners may be removed manually and/or automatically. For example, the fastener may include one or more screws that fasten it to the window frame. The fastener may include a hinge and/or a bracket. The hinge can be flexible. The bracket and/or cover (or any portion thereof) can be inflexible or non-flexible. The fastener (e.g., including the hinge and/or bracket) may be opaque. The fastener (e.g., any component thereof) may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer, or a composite material. At least two components of the fastener may be made of (e.g., substantially) the same type. At least two components of the fastener may be made of different material types. The elemental metal may include aluminum. The metal alloy may include steel. The fastener may include a non-corrosive material. At least a portion of the fastener (e.g., the bracket and/or cover) may be constructed to carry the weight of the display structure, for example, without (e.g., substantially) deforming over its expected life (e.g., as disclosed herein). The display structure can weigh at least about 5Kg, 10Kg, 15Kg, 20Kg, 25Kg, 30Kg, 35Kg, 40Kg, or 50 kilograms (Kg). The display structure can weigh any weight between the aforementioned weights (e.g., from 5Kg to 50Kg, from 5Kg to 25Kg, or from 25Kg to 50Kg). FIG. 3 shows an example of a vertical cross-section of an assembly 300 (showing a partial view), wherein a display matrix 311 as part of the display structure is disposed between a first glass sheet 312 and a second glass sheet 313, and an L-shaped bracket 302 is disposed between the two glass sheets 312 and 313 and coupled to the display structure, and the L-shaped bracket is coupled to a hinge 303.

The fasteners may be configured to facilitate installation and/or removal of a display structure from a supporting structure (e.g., a window frame and/or a wall). Removal may be for maintenance, replacement, and/or upgrading of the display structure and/or any portion of the structure (or any related device). For example, the fasteners may allow (e.g., easy) removal and/or insertion of a display structure. For example, the fasteners may allow (e.g., easy) removal and/or insertion of a framing portion to which the fasteners are attached. For example, the fasteners may allow (e.g., easy) removal and/or insertion of a tintable window supported by a frame to which the fasteners are attached. Easy may mean low labor costs, low labor levels (e.g., low labor qualifications), and/or short labor times. The fasteners may be configured to slide and/or lock for mounting to a support structure (eg, a fixture).

In some embodiments, a connecting material is disposed between the display structure and the fastener (e.g., to the bracket and/or cover). The connecting material may include a polymer (e.g., as disclosed herein). The connecting material may include a sealing gasket. The connecting material can be curable (e.g., by heat, humidity and/or UV). The connecting material may have a low electrical resistance. The connecting material may include at least one polymer and/or at least one resin. The connecting material may have a low electrical resistance, making it suitable for use as a packaging material in the electronics industry (e.g., for smartphones, packaging, LCDs, and personal computers. The connecting material may include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a very high bond (VHB) material (e.g., 3M VHB 4926), or SR, or SRS-40P. The connecting material may include an acrylic material that maintains its properties and shape at ambient temperature. The tensile strength of the connecting material may be at least about 0.60 MPa, 0.63 MPa, 0.66 MPa, 0.68 MPa, or 0.70 MPa. The shear strength of the connecting material may be at least about 0.54 MPa, 0.60 MPa, 0.620 MPa, 0.64 MPa, or 0.68 MPa. The shear strength may be less than the tensile strength. The shear strength and/or the tensile strength may be such that they will facilitate holding the display structure by the fastener (or by connecting the display structure to any portion of the fastener, such as an adhesive), for example, for the expected life and/or use time of the display structure. The connecting material may be hard and/or flexible. The connecting material may be softer before it cures and harder after it cures. The connecting material may be selected to, for example, be stable and/or variable. The bracket may be configured to bear at least the load (e.g., weight) of the display structure under conditions of movement (e.g., according to its intended purpose). The bracket may include straight portions, curved portions, and/or corners. The bracket may have no corners. The bracket may be straight or curved. The bracket may include two straight portions (e.g., two arms) that form (e.g., wrap around) an angle. The angle may be a right angle or a blunt angle. The bracket may be "L-shaped." The bracket and/or the arms of the cover may be disposed between two glass sheets, contact the display matrix, and/or contact the adhesive.

In some embodiments, the wires are hidden by a fastener (e.g., or any component thereof) so that they are not visible to a viewer. For example, a bracket and/or cover may hide one or more (e.g., electrical) wires connected to a display matrix from, for example, a user. The wires may be connected to the bracket and/or cover. The bracket and/or cover may include a recessed portion configured to accommodate the wires. In some embodiments, the cover and the bracket are the same component (e.g., 531). The recessed portion may be hidden so that it is not visible to a viewer (e.g., may be disposed in a rear portion of the bracket and/or cover). The wires may be connected to a display matrix (e.g., a light array or LCD). The wires may be connected to a controller. This controller may include a timing controller and/or a microcontroller. The connecting material (e.g., connector) may be disposed along the width of the display structure (e.g., along the fastener structure 104). The connecting material may be disposed along at least about 50%, 80%, or 90% of the width of the display structure. The fastener may include a curved portion. The fastener may include a non-curved portion.

In some embodiments, the fastener comprises a hinge. In some embodiments, the hinge comprises two blades connected by a joint forming an axis, the blades being configured to move about the axis. A first blade of the hinge is operably coupled (e.g., connected) to a bracket and/or cover. A second blade of the hinge is operably coupled (e.g., connected) to a fixture. The fixture may be a wall or a window frame. The hinge may facilitate movement of the display structure about the hinge axis. The joint may facilitate opening the hinge to a sharp angle, a right angle, a blunt angle, a straight angle (e.g., 180°), or a full rotation (e.g., ~360°). Securing the hinge to the fixture and to the display structure (e.g., via a bracket and/or cover) facilitates axial movement of the display structure about the hinge joint. This movement can facilitate maintenance of the display structure without interfering with the window (e.g., IGU) and/or the fixture. Maintenance can include cleaning, repairing, and/or replacing, for example, the display structure and any portion or component thereof.

In some embodiments, the fastener may include a plurality of components. The plurality of components may include a bracket, a cover, a hinge, and/or a plate. The display structure may be coupled (e.g., connected) to the bracket and/or the cover. The bracket and/or the cover may be coupled to one blade of the hinge. Another blade of the hinge may be indirectly coupled to the fixture by directly coupling another hinge blade to the plate, which is directly connected to the fixture. The plate may include any fastener material disclosed herein (e.g., elemental metal and/or metal alloy). The fastener may include a plurality of components of the same type. For example, the fastener may include a plurality of hinges, a plurality of brackets, a plurality of covers, and/or a plurality of plates. The plurality of fastener components may be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 or 10 components (e.g., of the same type or of different types). The hinge may include a set of hinge components (e.g., a knuckle and a center pin). The fastener may include a plurality of hinge component sets. The hinge component sets may be aligned to have a single hinge axis, and the fastener may be formed by two rotating blades around the axis of the hinge complementary set. At least one (e.g., each) of the blades may include a single plate incorporating half of a plurality of hinge components (e.g., a knuckle) so that when the two blades are integrated, a plurality of functional hinge component sets may be created (e.g., as shown in the example of FIG. 37 ). In some embodiments, two blades with respective hinge components form a plurality of operating hinge components, wherein each of the two blades is formed from a single sheet of material, such as to form a stronger and/or more durable fastener than coupling the display structure to a plurality of separate fasteners, each fastener having a single hinge set. In some embodiments, two blades with respective hinge components form a plurality of operating hinge components, wherein each of the two blades is formed from a single sheet of material, such as to form a fastener that is easier to install, maintain, and/or replace than coupling the display structure to a plurality of separate fasteners, each fastener having a single hinge set. In some embodiments, two blades with respective hinge members form a plurality of operating hinge members, wherein each of the two blades is formed from a single flat plate, such as to facilitate more precise alignment of the display structure as compared to coupling the display structure to a plurality of separate fasteners (each fastener having a single hinge set). Such a single fastener provides additional advantages, such as incorporating a heat exchanger (e.g., a fan), directing heat exchange (e.g., within the fastener and/or along the display structure), and/or coupling more than one circuit board to the fastener.

In some embodiments, at least one blade of the hinge includes one or more holes. At least one of the one or more holes is configured to allow a screw to pass through and connect the hinge (e.g., reversibly) to a fixture (e.g., a window frame) and/or a bracket. The connection of the fastener (or any component thereof) to the display structure and/or the fixture (e.g., a window frame) may be (I) irreversible (e.g., using a connecting material) or (II) reversible (e.g., using one or more screws). The fixture and/or plate may use both irreversible and reversible connections between itself and the display structure. For example, the hinge can be reversibly connected to the window frame and irreversibly connected to the bracket. For example, the hinge can be reversibly connected to the bracket and irreversibly connected to the window frame. For example, the hinge can be reversibly connected to the window frame and reversibly connected to the bracket, which will be irreversibly connected (e.g., glued) to the display structure. For example, the hinge can be reversibly connected to the wall and reversibly connected to the cover, which will be irreversibly connected (e.g., glued) to the display structure. For example, the hinge can be reversibly connected to the panel and reversibly connected to the cover, which will be irreversibly connected (e.g., glued) to the display structure. The panel can be coupled to the fixture reversibly (e.g., via screws) or irreversibly (e.g., via an adhesive (e.g., glue)). FIG. 4 shows a schematic example of a hinge 400 having a first blade 401 having a plurality of holes (e.g., 411) that allow a screw to move in one direction, and a second blade 402 having a plurality of holes that allow a screw to move in a second direction, the first direction being perpendicular to the second direction. The hinge shown in FIG. 4 has a joint 420 that facilitates rotation of the first blade relative to the second blade. In some embodiments, the first blade has holes with a major axis in a first direction, and the second blade has holes with a major axis in a second direction, the first direction forming a non-zero angle with the second direction (e.g., the first direction may be perpendicular to the second direction). When the hinge is closed, the relative directions of the major axes can be measured, and the two blades are positioned overlapping each other. In some embodiments, the bracket can be an extension of a blade of the hinge. In some embodiments, the bracket can be, for example, reversibly (e.g., via screws) or irreversibly (e.g., via adhesive) coupled (e.g., fastened) to the blade of the hinge. In some embodiments, the cover can be an extension of the blade of the hinge. In some embodiments, the cover can be, for example, reversibly (e.g., via screws) or irreversibly (e.g., via adhesive) coupled (e.g., fastened) to the blade of the hinge.

In some embodiments, the circuit system is AC coupled to the display structure. The circuit system may (i) enhance the signal transmitted to the display matrix, and/or (ii) transmit power from the power supply to the display matrix. In some embodiments, the circuit system may include a touch screen circuit system. In some embodiments, the touch screen circuit system may be separate (e.g., and disposed in the touch screen sensor cover). In some embodiments, the circuit system may connect the touch screen sensor to the power supply. In some embodiments, the touch screen circuit system may have a separate connector to the power supply.

Figure 5 shows an example of an assembly 520 in which a display structure 500 (partial view shown) is connected to a fastener, which includes an L-shaped bracket as a first cover portion 501, a thermally conductive gasket 505, a flexible electrical connector such as a connector such as 506 (MXC), a circuit system 502 (e.g., a boost plate), a flexible insulator 503, and a second cover portion 504; and 510 shows a schematic bottom view of the circuit system board with screws and the connectivity of the circuit system board attached to the cover. Assembly 520 is shown in different perspectives at 530 indicating display structure 536, flexible wiring (e.g., MXC) 535, a first portion of a cover 531 as a bracket (shown in partial view), a gasket (e.g., flexible insulator) 533 (shown in partial view), circuitry 532 (shown in partial view), and a second portion of a cover 534 (shown in partial view). The flexible insulator can be a foam gasket (e.g., poron). The flexible insulator can have a compression rate of at least 25%. The bracket can have one or more thermal pads disposed thereon. Referring to FIG. 5 , in one embodiment, an L-shaped bracket 501 is seen extending across the linear dimension of the transparent display (and secured to the cover glass 500), which is the first cover. In one embodiment, the length of the bracket 501 may be up to about 10 feet. A circuit system (e.g., a signal amplifier) may be connected to the display matrix via one or more flexible wiring (e.g., MXC). Sometimes a plurality of circuit system boards (e.g., at least 2, 3, or 4 boards) may be disposed in a fastener (e.g., between the first cover and the second cover). FIG. 5 shows an example of two circuit boards 502 and 507. One or more (e.g., flexible) connectors may connect the circuit system boards to the flexible display matrix. The number of flexible connectors (e.g., MXC) can be at least 2, 5, 6, 8, or 10. FIG. 5 shows examples of flexible connectors 516, 535, and 506. One or more (micro) cable bundles and/or (e.g., micro) coaxial cables can couple (i) a circuit system (e.g., an amplifier) disposed in a fastener and (ii) a controller (e.g., a timing controller). One or more (micro) cable bundles and/or (e.g., micro) coaxial cables can be connected to a circuit board (e.g., a boost board) via a connector. The number of electrical connectors (e.g., connector 630 (partial view shown), e.g., an IPLEX connector) between the circuit board and the controller can be at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. FIG. 5 shows an example of cables 513 connecting a board (e.g., a driver board) and a controller (e.g., a timing controller). One or more fine wire harnesses may connect the controller (e.g., a T-CON) to a boost board, which is connected to a flexible connector (e.g., an MXC cable) and to a display matrix (e.g., a TOLED). The amplifier may be constructed to lock, contain, and/or hide the cables and/or wiring from view by a viewer of the display configuration.

The circuit system (e.g., and any connected cables thereof) can be at least partially shielded from view by the fastener (or any component thereof, such as by a hinge and/or by a plate). The circuit system (e.g., and any connected cables thereof) can be at least partially locked to prevent access by a user. The bracket, cover, plate, and/or hinge can have an openable portion. The openable portion can rotate about an axis (e.g., the openable portion can rotate about a secondary hinge to facilitate its rotation). The fastener can have more than one component type thereof (e.g., more than one bracket, more than one cover, more than one plate, more than one primary hinge, and/or more than one secondary hinge). One or more parts of the fastener may span the FLS of the display structure and/or viewing window, or a portion thereof. The openable and/or removable portion may facilitate maintenance of the circuit system (e.g., and any connecting cables thereof) without, for example, removing the fastener from the support structure to which it is coupled and/or from the display structure. The use of the opening (coupled with a secondary hinge or without any secondary hinge) may facilitate (e.g., reversible) separation of connecting cable lines between (i) the E-box and/or power box and (ii) the circuit system attached to the display structure (e.g., the display structure and/or and the circuit system associated with the touch screen). This (e.g., reversible) cable line attachment and detachment may allow replacement and/or maintenance of the E-box and/or power supply without removing the fasteners from the support structure and/or from the display structure. This (e.g., reversible) cable line attachment and detachment may allow replacement and/or maintenance of the display structure and/or fasteners without disassembling the E-box and/or power supply unit. This (e.g., reversible) cable attachment and detachment may allow separation (e.g., disconnection) between (I) the display structure-fastener assembly and (II) the E-box and/or power supply unit. The display structure-fastener assembly may optionally include a touch screen auxiliary device (e.g., a sensor and emitter panel). For example, an openable and/or removable portion (e.g., a secondary hinge) may facilitate maintenance of the booster panel or any cables and/or connectors connected thereto. Maintenance may include removal, repair, replacement, and/or cleaning. For example, the panel may have a secondary opening that facilitates exposure of at least a portion of the controller and/or wiring. Figure 10 shows an example of a secondary opening including portions 1017 and 1021 as part of a securing system. A buffer may be disposed between the openable and/or removable portion and the circuit system (e.g., and any connecting cables thereto). The buffer may protect the circuit system (e.g., and any connecting cables thereto) and/or prevent movement thereof. It may protect against the effects of light, temperature (e.g., hot or cold), contact, moisture, and/or oxygen. The buffer may include a polymer foam (e.g., polyurethane). The buffer may include a foam gasket. The buffer may assist in maintaining a (e.g., reasonable) bend radius on (multiple) wires. The wiring may include, for example, micro-flex-complete (MXC) cables to connect the circuit system to a controller (e.g., a timing controller) and/or a power supply. The wiring may be coupled to the circuit system via one or more connectors (e.g., IPEX or micro connectors). The micro connector may connect the circuit system (e.g., disposed in a fastener) to a display matrix. The circuit system may include a boost plate. The micro connector may have a plurality of wires, for example, bonded in a shell. The wiring may include coaxial cable.

In some embodiments, the fastener may include a setback that forms an opening. The setback may be a secondary opening. The setback may be centered approximately at the mid-length of the fastener. The setback may or may not be covered. The covering of the setback may or may not be reversible. For example, the covering may be a second hinge blade. The covering may be screwed and/or clamped to the fastener. The fastener may include two hinge blades that are coupled with a steering knuckle and core pin mechanism to form a hinge. The setback may be covered when the fastener is in its closed hinge position. When the (primary) fastener hinge is in its closed position, the setback can be (reversibly) covered. When the (primary) fastener hinge is in its open position, the setback can be (reversibly) opened. FIG. 10 shows a cover 17017 covering an opening in a fastener 1021. The width of the setback (e.g., see FIG. 41 , dashed arrow W _opening ) can extend to at most about 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% or 30% of the width of the hinge blade (e.g., see FIG. 41 , dashed arrow W _total ). The setback can be from the edge of the hinge blade toward the inside thereof. The setback may be an opening in the hinge blade (e.g., a window in the hinge blade), for example, having the above referenced extension as its width. The length of the opening (e.g., the setback, see FIG. 41 , dashed arrow L _opening ) may extend to at most about 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% of the total length of the hinge blade (e.g., see FIG. 41 , dashed arrow L _total ). The setback may extend to a width and/or length that facilitates connecting and/or disconnecting any connectors that couple the circuit board to the display structure and/or touch screen related equipment (e.g., sensor and transmitter panels). The opening (e.g., setback) may or may not be approximately centered about the length and/or width of the fastener (or any of its hinge blades).

In some embodiments, the controller may include a timing controller (abbreviated herein as "T-CON"). The timing controller may control the timing of operations of various components of the display matrix (for example, when an LED in the display matrix is illuminated). The timing controller may convert between video signals and row and column driver signals required by the display matrix. The media signal may be transmitted to the T-CON board via a communication interface such as low voltage differential signaling (LVDS), embedded display port (eDP), mobile industrial processor interface (MIPI®), display serial interface (DSI), or VX1. The circuit system (such as the chip and/or controller therein) may include a 60Hz to 120Hz frame rate converter. The timing controller can refresh the charge to minimize the degradation of the optical response of the LCD chemistry to the charge, for example, to maintain signal uniformity, avoid degradation, and/or sufficient update rate. The controller (e.g., T-CON) can be located at a distance from the display structure components including the display structure and the fastening system (e.g., fasteners).

In some embodiments, the display structure is operatively coupled (e.g., connected by wiring) to a power source. The circuit system is operatively coupled (e.g., connected by wiring) to the power source. The connection may be direct or indirect. The indirect connection may be made through the circuit system (e.g., an amplifier). The power source may be a secondary power source. The power source may be coupled to a municipal power source (e.g., a power plant), and/or a building power source (e.g., a generator, a solar cell, and/or a wind turbine). The power source can be renewable and/or non-renewable. The power source may be coupled to a BMS. The power source may be coupled to a network infrastructure (e.g., as disclosed herein). The power source may be powered at approximately 240V or 120V (e.g., house current) AC. The secondary power source may include a converter that steps down the voltage to, for example, at most about 24V, 48V, or 54V. FIG6 shows an example of a perspective view of an assembly 600 that includes a display structure coupled to a fastener and circuitry, wherein a fastener 602 (partial view shown) is coupled to a display structure 601 (partial view shown), which is connected to a circuitry (not shown) disposed in the fastener via wiring 603 (partial view shown), which wiring is locked by a hook, such as hook 604. The hook may be a tie rod mounting. FIG6 shows a perspective view of a hinge blade 634 having a wiring 633 connected thereto, the wiring being connected to a circuit system 632, the hinge blade 634 being engaged with a hinge blade portion 635 (shown in partial view) and a hinge blade portion 636, which is connected to a fixture (not shown) by screws 637. Hinge blade portions 635 and 636 are part of the same hinge blade. FIG6 shows an example side view of an assembly 620 including a fastener 662 coupled to a fixture (not shown), such as with screws 661, the fixture having a hanging wiring 667 emerging from its body and fastened to a hook 666. Wiring 667 is connected (i) to circuitry (not shown) disposed in fastener body 662 and to (ii) a display structure (partial view shown) including a display matrix 664 disposed between thicker glass 665 and thinner glass 663. FIG. 6 shows an example of a side view of an assembly 612 (similar to 620) disposed in an upright section of a window frame 610. FIG. 6 shows an example of wires 630 that may be used in a display structure assembly. The fastener may include a driver and/or a boost plate. This circuitry may facilitate data (e.g., network communications) and/or power transmission.

The secondary power source may provide a direct current (DC) voltage. The secondary power source may be located adjacent to the display structure and/or the IGU. The secondary power source may be located in a window frame, in a wall, in a floor, or in a ceiling. The controller of the display structure may be located separately from its power source. The shortest distance from (i) the display structure, booster board, driver board, and/or timing controller (e.g., T-CON) to (ii) the power source may be at least about 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m, 2 m, 2.5 m, 3 m, 3.5 m, 4 m, 4.5 m, 5 m, 5.5 m, 6 m, 6.5 m, 7 m, 8 m, 10 m, or 20 meters (m). The shortest distance from (i) the display structure, boost board, driver board, and/or timing controller to (ii) the power supply can be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 0.25 to about 20 m, from about 0.25 m to about 5 m, from about 5 m to about 7 m, or from about 7 m to about 20 m). For example, the shortest distance from (i) the driver and/or boost board to (ii) the power supply and/or T-CON can be at least about 1.5 m, 2 m, 2.5 m, 3 m, 3.5 m, 4 m, 4.5 m, 5 m, 5.5 m, 6 m, 6.5 m, 7 m, 8 m, or 10 m. The shortest distance from (i) the driver and/or booster plate to (ii) the power supply and/or T-CON may be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 1.5 to about 10 m, from about 1.5 m to about 5 m, or from about 5 m to about 10 m). The shortest distance from (i) the display structure and/or amplifier to (ii) the power supply and/or T-CON may be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 5' to about 30', from about 10' to about 25', or from about 15' to about 20'). For example, the shortest distance from (i) the driver board and/or display structure to (ii) the power supply and/or T-CON may be at least about 5', 10', 15', 20', 25', 25', 30', 50', 100', 200', or 300' (feet). The shortest distance from (i) the display structure and/or booster board to (ii) the power supply and/or timing controller may be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 5' to about 300', from about 10' to about 25', from about 15' to about 20', from about 20' to about 50', from about 50' to about 200', or from about 100' to about 300').

In some embodiments, a local controller may control viewing (e.g., tintable) windows (e.g., as part of an IGU) and/or a display structure. The local controller may be part of a control network. The control network may be a hierarchical control network (e.g., as disclosed herein). The hierarchy of controllers in the control network may be static or dynamic. The local controller may be located adjacent to the display structure and/or the IGU. The local controller may be located in a window frame, in a wall, in a floor, or in a ceiling. In some embodiments, a local controller controls viewing (e.g., tintable) windows and display structures (e.g., media displayed by the display structures). In some embodiments, separate controllers control viewing (e.g., tintable) windows and display structures (e.g., media displayed by the display structures). Communications between the local controller and other components of the network interface may be wired and/or wireless. Wired communications may include coaxial cable, twisted pair, NM cable, underground feed (UF) cable, thermoplastic high heat resistant nylon coated (THHN) wire, thermoplastic heat resistant and waterproof nylon coated (THWN) wire, standard telephone wire, or Category 3 (Cat3) cable, and/or Category 5 (Cat5) cable. The control system (e.g., the local controller) may be AC coupled to the display structure (e.g., via a timing controller (T-CON)) by wired and/or wireless communications. For example, the display structure may be connected to the local controller via more than one wire and/or wirelessly. For example, the T-CON may be connected to the local controller via one or more wires. The shortest distance from (i) the display structure and/or the T-CON to (ii) the local controller may be at least about 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m, 2 m, 2.5 m, 3 m, 3.5 m, 4 m, 4.5 m, 5 m, 5.5 m, 6 m, 6.5 m, 7 m, 8 m, 10 meters (m). The shortest distance from (i) the display structure and/or the T-CON to (ii) the local controller may be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 0.25 to about 10 m, from about 0.25 m to about 5 m, from about 5 m to about 7 m, or from about 7 m to about 10 m). This distance may correspond to a minimum measure of wire length (e.g., when the display structure is at least partially AC-coupled to the local controller via wiring). The shortest distance between (I) the display structure and the local controller, and (II) the local controller to the power supply may be (e.g., substantially) equal. The shortest distance between (I) the display structure and the local controller, and (II) the shortest distance between the local controller and the power supply may be (e.g., substantially) unequal. The shortest distance between (I) the timing controller and the local controller, and (II) the local controller to the power supply may be (e.g., substantially) equal. For example, the shortest distance between (I) the timing controller and the local controller may be less than the shortest distance between (II) the local controller to the power supply. For example, the shortest distance between (I) the timing controller and the local controller may be longer than the shortest distance between (II) the local controller and the power source. The shortest distance between (I) the timing controller and the local controller and the shortest distance between (II) the local controller and the power source may be (e.g., substantially) unequal. For example, the shortest distance between (I) the timing controller and the local controller may be less than the shortest distance between (II) the local controller and the power source. For example, the shortest distance between (I) the timing controller and the local controller may be greater than the shortest distance between (II) the local controller and the power source.

FIG7 shows an example of a vertical cross-section of a portion of a display structure coupled to a circuit system and fasteners, including: L-shaped bracket 701, circuit system 702 (e.g., booster plate), cable 703, foam gasket 704, screws 705, tape 706, first glass sheet 707, adhesive (e.g., OCA) 708, display matrix 709, second glass sheet 710, cover 714, buffer 712, adhesive 713, and viewing window 711 (partial view shown) as described in the cross-section. The display structure may include a flexible buffer (e.g., polymer or resin) separating it from the window (e.g., 711). The buffer can prevent glass-to-glass contact between the display structure and the window (e.g., a tinted window), which can cause damage to the display structure and/or the window (e.g., prevent cracks and/or breaks). The buffer can increase safe operation of, for example, rotating the display structure about a hinge axis. In one embodiment in cross-section, the L-shaped bracket is defined by one or more right angles, although the angle may be different than 90 degrees. In the depicted embodiment, the L-shaped bracket is attached to the cover glass (e.g., 707) via an adhesive element. In some embodiments, the adhesive element is a tape. In one embodiment, the adhesive tape includes a VHB type tape. In one embodiment, the adhesive element is a liquid or gel adhesive that joins the L-shaped bracket to the cover glass. The cover glass (e.g., 707) can be plastic, glass, or another transparent material. In one example, the thickness of the cover glass can be about 4 mm, but it can be thicker or thinner than 4 mm. The cover glass can be part of a display structure (e.g., a transparent display) and/or a display structure (e.g., a transparent display) element can be stacked to the cover glass. In the example shown in Figure 7, the second cover glass 710 is stacked to the transparent display element 709, that is, the transparent display element 709 (e.g., TOLED) is sandwiched between the cover glass 707 and the second cover glass 710. The formed stacked structure can be placed statically against the viewing window (e.g., 711) or parallel to the viewing window but separated therefrom. The stacked structure including the first glass sheet 707, the display matrix 709 and the second glass sheet 710 (e.g., the second glass cover) can be considered a transparent display component (also referred to herein as a "display structure").

In one embodiment, the adhesive element has sufficient strength to support the weight of the transparent display assembly. As depicted, one side of the L-shaped bracket (e.g., 701) is used as the surface of the adhesive element, and at least this large surface area is attached to the transparent display assembly via the cover glass (e.g., 707).

As in the example shown in FIG. 7 , a cover 714 is attached to an L-shaped bracket 701. In this example, the L-shaped bracket 701 includes a cantilevered portion on a vertical leg. A chamber is formed with the cover 714, and a circuit system 702 for displaying a matrix is housed within the chamber. The circuit system 702 may be in the form of a circuit board (e.g., a driver and/or a booster board). In one embodiment, the cover seals the electronic device from the environment via one or more gaskets. In one embodiment, the L-shaped bracket 701 is constructed to provide movement and/or physical connectivity between the window frame and the display structure (e.g., see FIG. 1A ). In one embodiment, the circuit system 702 is coupled to the display matrix via one or more conductors (e.g., ribbon cables, flexible circuits, and/or other wired connections 175). In some embodiments, the wired connections 175 (see FIG. 2 b) may be micro-coaxial cables (e.g., see 802 in FIG. 8 ). In an embodiment, the wired connections 802 may terminate at an L-shaped bracket having a multi-pin connector (see FIG. 8 , 803).

In some embodiments, the display structure includes a touch screen. The display structure may include one or more optical sensors at its edges to facilitate the functionality of the touch screen by the user. The touch screen can receive tactile (e.g., touch) input from the user and transmit an output response. This response can be functional, and this response can include changes in vision, data, or sound. The touch screen can utilize a display matrix. The display structure can be operably coupled to an information processing system (e.g., including one or more processors and/or network interfaces). The user can operate the information processing system through simple (e.g., single) or multi-touch gestures by touching the display structure glass piece facing the user. Touching can be done using a dedicated device (e.g., a stylus or electronic pen) or one or any part of the body (e.g., more fingers). The dedicated device can be suitable for the display structure. The touch screen can be a resistive touch screen, a surface acoustic wave touch screen (e.g., using ultrasound), a capacitive touch screen, an infrared grid touch screen (e.g., using a photodetector), optical imaging (e.g., using a CMOS sensor), infrared acrylic projection (e.g., including infrared LEDs), a distributed signal touch screen, or an acoustic pulse recognition touch screen. The display structure is enhanced according to the needs of the touch screen technology. For example, when a touch screen requires sensors (e.g., CMOS) and/or projectors (e.g., LEDs), they are added to the display structure, such as by placing them inside a frame that surrounds at least a portion of the display structure.

In some embodiments, the display structure may act as a touch screen. The frame may include one or more sensors disposed on or in the frame. The frame may include a circuit system, one or more connectors (e.g., to a power source and/or network system), and any optical components (e.g., reflectors, mirrors, prisms, beam splitters, and/or lenses). The sensor may be configured to detect the presence and position of a user's finger, stylus, marker, smart pen, and/or another marking and/or indicating device within an area confined by the shape of the frame (e.g., an area spanned by the surface of the transparent display assembly). The sensor may be disposed along the length of one or more frame portions and/or within such lengths (e.g., within a channel defined by one or more frame portions). One or more frame portions may include sensors, circuits, and/or connectors. One or more frame portions may include at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 frame portions (e.g., 1012, 1019, and 1020). The frame portion may be a frame. The frame portion may include a groove. The frame portion may be configured to hold a display structure. The width of the frame portion groove may be configured to match the width of the display structure. In some embodiments, all edges (e.g., sides) of the display structure may include a touch screen frame. The circuit system may process signals from the sensors and output signals indicating the position of the marker or indicator device within the area confined by the frame. The frame may include connections to other circuits, including circuits disposed on the transparent display assembly or coupled to the transparent display assembly (e.g., circuits on an L-bracket). The circuits may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a processor, memory, display, analog and/or digital circuits.

The frame can provide a transparent display assembly with interactive display functionality (e.g., whiteboard functionality). The fixed or moving position of a user's finger or pointing device against the transparent display can be sensed by the frame's sensors within the area confined by the frame, and a signal representing the position can be generated by the frame's circuitry. The signal representing the position within the area confined by the frame can include a signal compatible with the display technology of the display. In some embodiments, the signal representing the position within the area confined by the frame includes, but is not limited to, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) and/or High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) signal. The signal representing the fixed or moving position of the user's finger or pointing device within the frame area can be processed by software and/or circuitry associated with the frame and/or the transparent frame assembly. The processed signal may be, for example, in the form of a representation of a fixed or moving position (e.g., such as writing, printing, shapes) displayed on the transparent display assembly. Software associated with the frame and/or the transparent display may be configured to provide other functionality, including but not limited to (i) display of a user's finger on another display or device, or the sensed position of another pointing device, (ii) interaction with the transparent display and the frame by two or more users, (iii) output of displayed content, (iv) input of displayed content, (v) erasure of displayed content, and/or (vi) selection of display color. In one embodiment, the frame may include one or more commercially available touch screens (e.g., from FlatFrog USA Inc..333 West San Carlos Street, San Jose CA 95110).

FIG. 10 shows an example of a display structure 1010, components of a fastener including a blade 1021, primary hinges 1018 and 1015 that allow the display structure to rotate about its axis, and a secondary hinge (including portion 1017) that facilitates exposure of a portion of the circuit system 1016 (e.g., a booster plate and/or a driver plate). Blade 1021 has an opening that facilitates access to the circuit system 1016 through the opening covered by hinge blade 1017. Display structure 1010 is framed by a touch screen sensor array 1013 and protective covers 1012 and 1019 that cover the sensor array in a protective frame. Display structure 1050 shows a touch screen sensor array 1052 covered and assembled with display structure 1050, and also as an assembled fastener 1056. In some examples, there is no secondary hinge (e.g., 1017) (e.g., as in example 3504). In some embodiments, the fastener (including the primary hinge) has an opening through which at least a portion of the circuit system (e.g., a PCB) can be viewed and/or accessed. For example, at least some connectors in the circuit system can be viewed and/or accessed through the opening. For example, at least some of the connectors between the circuit system and the display structure can be viewed and/or accessed through this opening (for example, see Figure 35, opening 3504 allows viewing of connector 3509 attached to the circuit system 3530 (e.g., including amplifier and/or driver boards)).

In one embodiment, the fastener includes one or more parts configured to provide physical connectivity of the transparent display to the window (e.g., a hinge). In one embodiment, one or more parts of the fastener are configured to provide movement between the transparent display and a window (e.g., using a hinge of the fastener).

Referring to FIG. 4 , in one embodiment, the L-shaped bracket includes one or more hinges, such as hinge 400. In one embodiment, the hinge includes a plurality of elongated holes or grooves. In one embodiment, the axis of the elongated portion of at least one of the plurality of holes is orthogonal to the axis of the elongated portion of at least another of the plurality of holes. This allows for a method for mounting a transparent display assembly to a window frame. For example, one or more hinges (such as 400) are mounted to a window frame via holes that provide a distance that the transparent display assembly will be from a window (such as 711). Prior to its installation, an L-shaped bracket (e.g., 701) pre-mounted to the transparent display assembly may be secured to the other leg of one or more hinges (e.g., 400), which leg provides, via other multiple holes, an orthogonality to the holes on the other leg of the hinge between the framing elements, thereby centering the L-shaped bracket/transparent display element within the visible area of the window.

Referring to FIG. 7 , in one embodiment, one or more hinges have a joint 750 connecting a first hinge blade 752 and a second hinge blade 753 shown in a closed position 791. An open position is shown at 720 , where a dashed arrow 790 indicates the relative movement of the first hinge blade, which may be referred to herein as the “first leg,” and the second hinge blade, which may be referred to herein as the “second leg.” The first leg may be coupled to or include a bracket. The fasteners including the hinge blades 752 and 753 are coupled to a display structure 754 (showing a partial view) and a window 751 (showing a partial view). The second leg may be coupled to a window frame 755. In one embodiment, one or more hinges are configured to enable the transparent display assembly to move away from or toward the viewing window. In one embodiment, the movement is rotational about a longitudinal axis, i.e., a pivot axis. In one embodiment, during the movement of the transparent display relative to the viewing window, the transparent display assembly does not move relative to the circuit system 757 (e.g., amplifier and/or driver board), conductors 758 (e.g., ribbon cables and/or other wiring elements used to couple the transparent display to the circuit system). Figure 7 shows an example of a display structure 784 coupled to a first hinge blade 782 (showing a partial view). Hinge leaf 782 is joined by joint 780 to a second hinge leaf 783, which is coupled to a cover 785, which is coupled to a window frame for window 781 (partial view shown).

This configuration provides longer life for the electrical connections between the display and the controller (e.g., T-CON) because such connections are not affected by the movement and friction associated with the movement of the transparent display and fastener (e.g., bracket) assembly.

Referring to FIG. 8 , in one embodiment, a seal is provided along at least three edges of a transparent display assembly (e.g., along the edges of a laminated assembly as described herein). In many embodiments, the seal is in the form of a silicone or another transparent plastic, resin, or another polymer cover (or buffer) that is assembled over the edges of the laminated transparent assembly to seal the unit. The seal can provide a buffer function between the second cover glass (e.g., FIG. 7 , 710) and the window (e.g., FIG. 7 , 711). FIG. 8 presents an example of a three-dimensional view of a display structure 850 and a seal, which is applied, for example, along three sides of the display structure 850 using an applicator (e.g., a syringe gun) 810 according to arrows 811, 812, and 813. The display structure 850 is coupled to the fastener 530, and the wire 802 connects the display matrix in the display structure to the fastener 530, so that the circuit system is set in the fastener (not shown). In the example of Figure 8, the display structure 850 is also shown as a vertical cross-section 830 of a portion of the display structure, which includes a thicker glass sheet 804, a thinner glass sheet 805, adhesive layers 806 and 808, a display matrix 807, and a seal 809. The seal can protrude from the glass sheet and/or act as a buffer. The protrusion of the seal can be random or directed. For example, the protrusion can point to one side of the display structure (for example, it is destined to contact the window). The protrusion of the seal may be (eg, substantially) uniform or non-uniform (eg, toward one side of the display structure).

FIG. 9 shows an example of a cover 903 (shown in cross section) that can be used to conceal an L-shaped bracket 904. The cover 903 can be removably attached to a window frame 905. Power and communications can be delivered to the transparent display assembly via wires 906, which in this example are housed within the window frame 905. The L-shaped bracket can allow maintenance or replacement of the transparent display, and/or maintenance or replacement of any circuitry (e.g., disposed in a fastener that is part of the bracket). FIG. 9 shows an example of a transparent display assembly having a display structure that includes a (e.g., glass) sheet 907, a display matrix 908, and a (e.g., glass) sheet 902, which is coupled to or formed by the frame 905. The frame may include portions that are coupled to each other or configured to be coupled to each other. The frame may include at least three (3) portions. The frame may include a shape that (e.g., approximately) matches the shape of at least a portion of the periphery of a display structure (e.g., a transparent display assembly). The frame may be coupled or attached to a side (or edge) of a display structure (e.g., a transparent display assembly). In one embodiment, the frame portions are coupled to each other to form a frame shape, for example, after the frame portions have been coupled to the display structure (e.g., a transparent display assembly). In one embodiment, the frame portions may be coupled to each other to form a frame shape, for example, before the frame portions are coupled to the display structure (e.g., a transparent display assembly). The display structure (e.g., a transparent display assembly) may be positioned within an area confined by the frame shape. The frame portion may include a channel (e.g., a U-shaped channel) configured to receive and/or retain the sides of the transparent display assembly therein.

FIG9 shows an example of a window frame (e.g., sash) portion 951 to which fasteners 953 are attached (the fasteners include hinges/locks 952). Fasteners 953 are coupled to a display structure 954 (partial view shown) and an integrated glass unit 961 (IGU) (partial view shown), which includes: a first glass sheet 955, a closed environment 957, a second glass sheet 956, and an electrochromic structure 958 disposed on the glass sheet 956. The closed environment in the IGU can be an insulating, (e.g., hermetically) sealed, and/or inert environment. FIG. 9 shows an example of a power unit and/or controller (e.g., a timing controller), collectively designated 959, disposed in a frame portion 951, and electrical wiring and/or communication paths 960 from the window frame 951 external environment to the display structure 954. The electrical wiring and/or communication paths may run through the window frame to the IGU. The electrical wiring and/or communication paths may run through the controller and/or power supply assembly to the IGU. The glass sheet may be a transparent hard material (e.g., glass or a polymer such as plastic). Transparency may be at least within a wavelength sensitive to an ordinary human viewer.

The present invention should not be limited by the embodiments, aspects and advantages disclosed above, as other embodiments, aspects and advantages are within the scope thereof, including one or more of the following. In one embodiment, the present invention includes a structure (e.g., a fastener), wherein the structure (e.g., a fastener) is composed of a first portion and a second portion, and the first and second portions are configured to move relative to each other. In one embodiment, the structure includes one or more brackets. In one embodiment, the structure includes one or more hinges. In one embodiment, the structure includes one or more electrical connectors. In one embodiment, the electrical connector includes a microcoaxial cable. In one embodiment, the electrical connector includes one or more ribbon cables. In one embodiment, the structure is configured to be mounted to a display structure (e.g., including a transparent display). In one embodiment, the transparent display is a T.OLED display. In one embodiment, a display structure (e.g., including a transparent display) includes one or more optically transparent glasses, hardened polymers (e.g., plastics), or hardened resins. In one embodiment, the structure includes one or more electronic circuits configured to communicate with a display matrix (e.g., a transparent display matrix). In one embodiment, the structure is configured to be mounted to a frame. In one embodiment, the frame includes a window frame. In one embodiment, the structure is configured to be mounted to a FLS (e.g., a length) of a transparent display. In one embodiment, the structure includes a length, wherein the length is about 0.1 feet to about 10 feet. In one embodiment, a first portion of the fastener includes at least one bracket, and a second portion of the fastener includes one or more hinges. In one embodiment, the structure comprises a display matrix, and an adhesive element, wherein the display matrix is mounted to the first portion and/or the second portion, for example, via the adhesive element. In one embodiment, the adhesive element comprises tape. In one embodiment, the tape comprises VHB tape. In one embodiment, the first portion of the fastener and/or the second portion of the fastener is configured to be mounted to a viewing window (e.g., a tintable window). In one embodiment, the first portion of the fastener is configured to be mounted to a display structure, and the second portion is configured to be mounted to a window (wherein the second portion comprises a hinge). In one embodiment, the hinge comprises a plurality of elongated holes, wherein an axis of extension of at least one of the plurality of holes is orthogonal to an axis of extension of at least another of the plurality of holes.

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a frame. The frame may be comprised of a transparent display and a fastener (including a bracket) configured to provide movement and physical connectivity between the frame and a display structure (e.g., comprising a transparent display). In one embodiment, the frame includes a window frame. In one embodiment, the bracket includes an L-shaped bracket, wherein the L-shaped bracket is coupled to the frame and the display structure (e.g., comprising a transparent display). In one embodiment, the bracket is coupled to the transparent display via an adhesive structure. In one embodiment, the adhesive structure includes an adhesive tape. In one embodiment, the bracket includes more than one hinge. In one embodiment, the hinge is configured to provide movement of the display structure (e.g., comprising a transparent display) relative to a fixed device (e.g., a window frame). In one embodiment, the movement includes rotational movement. In one embodiment, the movement is about a horizontal axis. In one embodiment, the movement is about a vertical axis. In one embodiment, the frame includes a thin plate (e.g., a sheet of window glass). In one embodiment, the bracket is constructed so that one side of the transparent display moves close to or against one side of the thin plate. In one embodiment, the frame defines an interior area (e.g., the surface of a window in the frame), wherein the transparent display includes a height and width that define an area that fits into the interior area. In one embodiment, the area of the display structure (e.g., including the transparent display) fits into (e.g., substantially) all of the interior area. In one embodiment, the area of the transparent display fits into half of the interior area or less than half of the interior area. In one embodiment, the structure includes one or more conductors, ribbon cables and/or connectors, and the one or more conductors, ribbon cables and/or connectors provide electrical connectivity between the control mechanism and the transparent display.

In some embodiments, an assembly having a display structure and a fastener is formed. The display structure may be adhered to at least one component of the fastener, such as a bracket. FIG. 11 presents an example of construction stages of an assembly of a display structure and a fastener. In 1110, a display structure 1112 has an area 1112 designated for adhesive application. In 1120, adhesive is applied to the adhesive designated area according to arrows, such as 1121. In 1130, a fastener 1131 (e.g., an L-shaped bracket) is placed on the adhesive designated area, on which the applied adhesive is placed. Items 1121, 1131, and 1112 show portions of the display structure. The fastener and the display structure may be disposed in the same plane or in different planes. At least a portion of the fastener may be disposed in the same plane or in a different plane relative to the display structure. The display structure may be coupled to the fastener at an angle (e.g., as shown in 1210 in FIG. 12 ). The display structure and the fastener may form a plane (e.g., as shown in 1220 ). FIG. 12 shows an example of a display structure 1211 forming an angle with a fastener 1218, and a display structure 1221 forming a plane with a fastener 1228 . The display structure may include an illuminating entity (e.g., an LED) that radiates more in one direction than in another direction (e.g., radiates more in a forward direction than in a reverse direction). An image displayed by a display matrix may be more clearly seen by one side of the display matrix than by its opposite side. This display construction may include two display matrices (e.g., LED matrices) of an illuminated entity arranged back to back. At least one (e.g., each) of the two display matrices may be arranged with its more illuminated side facing away from a back side (and toward a viewer) and its less illuminated side facing the back side (and away from the viewer). The back-to-back configuration of the display matrices in the display construction may facilitate clear viewing of images from both sides of the display construction. Display constructions having back-to-back display matrices may utilize flat fasteners (e.g., 1228). In some embodiments, two display structures may be arranged adjacent to each other in a back-to-back configuration, for example, such that at least one (e.g., each) of the display structures may have its more illuminated side facing away from the back (and toward a viewer) and its less illuminated side facing the back (and away from the viewer). The two back-to-back display structures may utilize flat fasteners (e.g., 1228) to secure the two display structures to a structure (e.g., a fixture).

In some embodiments, the window is disposed in the shell. In some embodiments, the shell includes an area defined by at least one structure. The at least one structure may include at least one wall. The shell may include and/or surround one or more subshells. The at least one wall may include metal (e.g., steel), clay, stone, plastic, glass, plaster (e.g., calcium sulfate), polymer (e.g., polyurethane, styrene, or vinyl), asbestos, fiberglass, concrete (e.g., reinforced concrete), wood, paper, or ceramic. The at least one wall may include wire, brick, block (e.g., slag block), tile, unplastered stone wall, or frame (e.g., steel frame).

In some embodiments, the shell includes one or more openings. One or more openings can be reversibly closed. One or more openings can be permanently open. The basic length scale of one or more openings can be smaller than the basic length scale of the wall defining the shell. The basic length scale can include the diameter, length, width, or height of the boundary circle. The surface of one or more openings can be smaller than the surface of the wall defining the shell. The opening surface can be a percentage of the total surface of the wall. For example, the opening surface can account for about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or 1% of the wall. The wall can include a floor, a ceiling, or a side wall. The closable opening can be closed by at least one window or door. The shell can be at least a part of a facility. The shell can include at least a part of a building. The building may be a private building and/or a commercial building. The building may include more than one floor. The building (e.g., its floors) may include at least one of the following: a room, a lobby, a foyer, an attic, a basement, a balcony (e.g., an interior or exterior balcony), a stairwell, a corridor, an elevator shaft, a facade, a mezzanine, a loft, a garage, a porch (e.g., an enclosed porch), a terrace (e.g., an enclosed terrace), a cafeteria, and/or an air duct. In some embodiments, the housing may be stationary and/or movable (e.g., a train, an airplane, a ship, a vehicle, or a rocket).

Certain disclosed embodiments provide a network infrastructure in an enclosure (e.g., a facility such as a building). The network infrastructure may be used for a variety of purposes, such as for providing communications and/or power services. Communications services may include high-bandwidth (e.g., wireless and/or wired) communications services. Communications services may be directed to occupants of the facility and/or users outside of the facility (e.g., a building). The network infrastructure may work in conjunction with, or replace part of, the infrastructure of one or more cellular carriers. The network infrastructure may be provided in a facility that includes electrically switchable windows. Examples of components of the network infrastructure include a high-speed backhaul network. The network infrastructure may include at least one cable, switch, physical antenna, transceiver, sensor, transmitter, receiver, radio, processor and/or controller (which may include a processor). The network infrastructure may be operably coupled to and/or include a wireless network. The network infrastructure may include cabling. As part of installing the network and/or after installing the network, one or more sensors may be deployed (e.g., installed) in the environment. The network infrastructure may be configured to facilitate at least third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), or fifth generation (5G) cellular communications. The network may be configured to facilitate media transmission (e.g., transmission of presentations, still images, or videos (e.g., movies)). Such a network may be configured to carry both data and power communications simultaneously (e.g., over the same cable such as coaxial cable).

In some embodiments, the enclosure includes one or more sensors. The sensors may facilitate controlling the environment of the enclosure so that occupants of the enclosure may have an environment that is more comfortable, enjoyable, aesthetic, healthy, productive (e.g., in terms of occupant performance), easier to live (e.g., work), or any combination thereof. The sensors may be configured as low or high resolution sensors. The sensors may provide an on/off indication of the occurrence and/or presence of a particular environmental event (e.g., a pixel sensor).

In many embodiments, a network infrastructure supports a control system for one or more viewing windows, such as electrochromic (e.g., tintable) windows. The control system may include one or more controllers operatively coupled (e.g., directly or indirectly) to the one or more windows. In some embodiments, the electrochromic window is an example of an optically switchable window, a tintable window, and/or a smart window. The concepts disclosed herein may be applicable to other types of optically switchable devices, such as liquid crystal devices, or suspended particle devices. For example, a liquid crystal device and/or a suspended particle device may be implemented instead of, or in addition to, an electrochromic device.

In some embodiments, a tintable window exhibits a (e.g., controllable and/or reversible) change in at least one optical property of the window, e.g., when a stimulus is applied. The stimulus may include an optical, electrical, and/or magnetic stimulus. For example, the stimulus may include an applied voltage. One or more tintable windows may be used to control lighting and/or glare conditions, e.g., by regulating the transmission of solar energy propagating through them. One or more tintable windows may be used to control the temperature within a building, e.g., by regulating the transmission of solar energy propagating through them. Solar control may control the heat load imposed on the interior of a facility (e.g., a building). The control may be manual and/or automatic. The control may be used to maintain one or more desired (e.g., environmental) conditions, e.g., occupant comfort. This control may include reducing energy consumption of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and/or lighting systems. At least two of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning may be induced by separate systems. At least two of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning may be induced by one system. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning may be induced by a single system (abbreviated herein as "HVAC"). In some cases, the tintable windows can be responsive to (and, for example, AC-coupled to) one or more environmental sensors and/or user controls. The tintable windows can include (for example, can be) electrochromic windows. Such windows can be located ranging from the interior to the exterior of a structure (e.g., a facility, such as a building). However, this is not necessarily the case. Tintable windows can be operated using liquid crystal devices, suspended particle devices, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices (e.g., micro blinds), or any technology configured to control light transmission through a window. Windows (e.g., having MEMS devices for tinting) are described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 14/443,353, filed May 15, 2015, entitled "Multi-pane window including an electrochromic device and an electromechanical system device," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some cases, one or more viewing (e.g., tintable) windows may be located inside a building, such as between a conference room and a hallway. In some cases, one or more viewing (e.g., tintable) windows may be used in automobiles, trains, airplanes, and other vehicles, such as to replace passive and/or non-tinted windows.

In some embodiments, the tintable window comprises an electrochromic device (referred to herein as an "EC device" (abbreviated herein as ECD), or "EC"). The EC device may include at least one coating, the coating comprising at least one layer. The at least one layer may include an electrochromic material. In some embodiments, the electrochromic material exhibits a change from one optical state to another optical state, for example when an electric potential is applied across the EC device. The transition of the electrochromic layer from one optical state to another optical state may be caused, for example, by reversible, semi-reversible, or irreversible insertion of ions into the electrochromic material (e.g., by embedding) and corresponding injection of charge-balancing electrons. For example, the transition of the electrochromic layer from one optical state to another optical state can be caused, for example, by reversible insertion of ions into the electrochromic material (e.g., by embedding) and corresponding injection of charge-balancing electrons. Reversibility is applicable to the expected lifetime of the ECD. Semi-reversible means a measurable (e.g., significant) degradation in the reversibility of the coloring of the window over one or more coloring cycles. In some cases, a portion of the ions responsible for the optical transition are irreversibly aligned in the electrochromic material (e.g., and therefore the induced (changed) coloring state of the window is irreversible to its original coloring state). In many EC devices, at least some (e.g., all) of the irreversibly aligned ions can be used to compensate for "shading charges" in the material (e.g., ECD).

In some embodiments, suitable ions include cations. Cations may include lithium ions (Li+) and/or hydrogen ions (H+) (i.e., protons). In some embodiments, other ions may be suitable. Insertion of cations may be into (e.g., metal) oxides. Changes in the insertion state of ions (e.g., cations) into oxides may result in visible changes in the coloration (e.g., color) of the oxide. For example, the oxide may change from a colorless state to a colored state. For example, inserting lithium ions into tungsten oxide (WO3-y (0＜y≦~0.3)) may cause the tungsten oxide to change from a transparent state to a colored (e.g., blue) state. The EC device coating as described herein is located within a visible portion of a tintable window such that the tinting of the EC device coating can be used to control the optical state of the tintable window.

13 shows an example of a schematic cross-section of an electrochromic structure 1300 according to some embodiments. The EC device coating is attached to a substrate 1302, a transparent conductive layer (TCL) 1304, an electrochromic layer (EC) 1306 (sometimes also referred to as a cathode color layer or cathode color layer), an ion conductive layer or region (IC) 1308, a counter electrode layer (CE) 1310 (sometimes also referred to as an anode color layer or anode color layer), and a second TCL 1314. Elements 1304, 1306, 1308, 1310, and 1314 are collectively referred to as an electrochromic stack 1320. A voltage source 1316 operable to apply a potential across the electrochromic stack 1320 to effectuate a transition of the electrochromic coating from, for example, a transparent state to a colored state. In other embodiments, the order of the layers is reversed relative to the substrate. That is, the layers are in the following order: substrate, TCL, counter electrode layer, ion conductive layer, electrochromic material layer, TCL.

In many embodiments, the ion conductor region (e.g., 1308) can be formed by a portion of the EC layer (e.g., 1306) and/or by a portion of the CE layer (e.g., 1310). In these embodiments, an electrochromic stack (e.g., 1320) can be deposited to include a cathodically colored electrochromic material (EC layer) in direct physical contact with an anodically colored counter electrode material (CE layer). An ion conductor region (sometimes referred to as an interfacial region, or as a substantially electrically insulating layer or region of ion conduction) can be formed where the EC layer and the CE layer meet, for example, by heating and/or other processing steps. Examples of electrochromic devices (e.g., including those made without depositing different ion conductor materials) can be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/462,725, filed May 2, 2012, entitled "ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the EC device coating may include one or more additional layers, such as one or more passive layers. Passive layers may be used to improve certain optical properties, provide moisture, and/or provide scratch resistance. These and/or other passive layers may be used to hermetically seal the EC stack 1320. Multiple layers including transparent conductive layers (eg, 1304 and 1314) may be treated with anti-reflective and/or protective layers (eg, oxide and/or nitride layers).

In certain embodiments, the electrochromic device is configured (e.g., substantially) to reversibly cycle between a transparent state and a colored state. The reversibility is within the expected lifetime of the ECD. The expected lifetime may be at least about 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, 25 years, 50 years, 75 years, or 100 years. The expected lifetime may be any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 5y to about 100y, from about 2y to about 25y, from about 25y to about 50y, or from about 50y to about 100y). A potential may be applied to the electrochromic stack (e.g., 1320) such that when the window is in a first tinted state (e.g., transparent), available ions in the stack can cause the electrochromic material (e.g., 1306) to be in a tinted state where it resides primarily in the counter electrode (e.g., 1310). When the potential applied to the electrochromic stack is reversed, ions can be transported across the ion conducting layer (e.g., 1308) to the electrochromic material and cause the material to enter a second tinted state (e.g., tinted state).

It should be understood that references to transitions between a transparent state and a colored state are non-limiting and, in many embodiments, merely suggest one example of an achievable electrochromic transition. Unless otherwise specified herein, whenever a transparent-colored transition is referenced, the corresponding device or process encompasses other optical state transitions, such as non-reflective-reflective, and/or transparent-opaque. In some embodiments, the words "transparent" and "decolorized" refer to an optically neutral state, such as uncolored, opaque, and/or translucent. In some embodiments, the "color" or "coloring" of the electrochromic transition is not limited to any wavelength or wavelength range. The selection of suitable electrochromic materials and counter-electrode materials may govern the associated optical transitions (e.g., from a colored to an uncolored state).

In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., all) of the materials that make up the electrochromic stack are inorganic, solid (i.e., in a solid state), or both inorganic and solid. Since many organic materials tend to degrade over time, especially when exposed to heat and ultraviolet light such as tinted building windows, inorganic materials offer the advantage of a reliable electrochromic stack that functions for a long time. In some embodiments, materials in a solid state can offer the advantage of minimal contamination and leakage problems, sometimes like materials in a liquid state. One or more layers in the stack may contain an amount of organic material (e.g., that is measurable). The ECD or any portion thereof (e.g., one or more layers) may contain little or no measurable organic matter. The ECD or any portion thereof (e.g., one or more layers) may contain one or more liquids that may be present in small amounts. Small amounts may be up to about 100 ppm, 10 ppm, or 1 ppm of the ECD. The solid material may be deposited (or otherwise formed) using one or more processes that employ liquid components, such as certain processes that employ sol-gel, physical vapor deposition, and/or chemical vapor deposition.

FIG. 14 shows an example of a cross-sectional view of a tintable window embodied in an insulating glass unit (“IGU”) 1400, according to some embodiments. When provided for installation in a building, it may be desirable for IGUs to function as a basic structure for holding electrochromic glass sheets (also referred to herein as “lites” and indicated in the singular “lite”). IGU sheets may be single substrate or multiple substrate structures. A sheet may include, for example, a stack of two substrates. An IGU (e.g., having a double or triple glass configuration) may provide many advantages over a single glass configuration, for example, a multiple glass configuration may provide enhanced thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, environmental friendliness, and/or durability when compared to a single glass configuration. A multiple glass configuration may provide enhanced protection for an ECD. For example, an electrochromic film (e.g., and associated layers and conductive interconnects) can be formed on the interior surface of a multi-glass sheet IGU and protected by an inert gas fill in the interior volume of the IGU (e.g., 1408). The inert gas fill can provide at least some (thermal) insulation functionality for the IGU. Electrochromic IGUs can have thermal blocking capabilities, for example, due to a colorable coating that absorbs (and/or reflects) heat and light.

In some embodiments, an "IGU" includes two (or more) substantially transparent substrates. For example, an IGU may include two glass sheets. At least one substrate of the IGU may include an electrochromic device disposed thereon. One or more glass sheets of the IGU may have a partition disposed therebetween. The IGU may be an airtight sealed structure, for example, having an internal area isolated from the surrounding environment. A "window assembly" may include an IGU. A "window assembly" may include a (e.g., independent) laminate. A "window assembly" may include one or more wires, for example, for connecting the IGU and/or laminate. The electrical leads may operatively couple (e.g., connect) one or more electrochromic devices to a voltage source, a switch, etc., and may include a frame supporting the IGU or laminate. The window assembly may include a window controller, and/or components of a window controller (eg, a docking station).

FIG. 14 shows an exemplary embodiment of an IGU 1400, which includes a first glass sheet 1404 having a first surface S1 and a second surface S2. In some embodiments, the first surface S1 of the first glass sheet 1404 faces an external environment, such as an outdoor or exterior environment. The IGU 1400 also includes a second glass sheet 1406 having a first surface S3 and a second surface S4. In some embodiments, the second surface (e.g., S4) of the second glass sheet (e.g., 1406) faces an internal environment, such as an interior environment of a home, building, vehicle, or a compartment thereof (e.g., an enclosed area therein, such as a room).

In some embodiments, the first and second glass sheets (e.g., 1404 and 1406) are transparent or translucent, for example, at least to light in the visible spectrum. For example, each glass sheet (e.g., 1404 and 1406) can be formed of a glass material. The glass material can include architectural glass and/or shatterproof glass. The glass can include silicon oxide (SO _x ). The glass can include sodium calcium glass or float glass. The glass can include at least about 75% silicon dioxide (SiO ₂ ). The glass can include an oxide, such as Na ₂ O or CaO. The glass can include an alkali oxide or an alkali earth oxide. The glass can include one or more additives. The first and/or second glass sheets can include any material having suitable optical, electrical, thermal, and/or mechanical properties. Other materials (e.g., substrates) that may be included in the first and/or second glass sheets are plastic, semi-plastic, and/or thermoplastic materials, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polycarbonate, diethylene glycol allyl carbonate, SAN (styrene acrylonitrile copolymer), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyester, and/or polyamide. The first and/or second glass sheets may include a mirror material (e.g., silver). In some embodiments, the first and/or second glass sheets may be strengthened. Strengthening may include tempering, heating, and/or chemical strengthening.

In some embodiments, one or more sensors are operatively coupled to at least one controller and/or processor. Sensor readings may be obtained by one or more processors and/or controllers. The controller may include a processing unit (e.g., a CPU or GPU). The controller may receive input (e.g., from at least one sensor). The controller may include circuitry, wires, optical wiring, sockets, and/or outlets. The controller may deliver output. The controller may include a plurality of (e.g., sub) controllers. The controller may be part of a control system. The control system may include a main controller, a floor controller (e.g., including a network controller), a local controller. The local controller may be a window controller (e.g., controlling an optically switchable window), an enclosure controller, or a component controller. For example, a controller may be part of a hierarchical control system (e.g., including a master controller that directs more than one controller (e.g., a floor controller, a local controller (e.g., a window controller), an enclosure controller, and/or a component controller). The physical location of the controller types in the hierarchical control system may be modified. For example: at a first time: a first processor may assume the role of the master controller, a second processor may assume the role of the floor controller, and a third processor may assume the role of the local controller. At a second time: the second processor may assume the role of the master controller, the first processor may assume the role of the local controller. At a third time: the third processor may assume the role of the master controller, the second processor may assume the role of the floor controller, and the first processor may assume the role of the local controller. A controller may control more than one device (e.g., directly coupled to the device). A controller may be located proximate to one or more devices that it is controlling. For example, a controller may control an optically switchable device (e.g., an IGU), an antenna, a sensor, and/or an output device (e.g., a light source, a sound source, an odor source, a gas source, an HVA C outlet, or heater). In one embodiment, a floor controller may direct one or more window controllers, one or more enclosure controllers, one or more component controllers, or any combination thereof. A floor controller may include a floor controller. For example, a floor (e.g., including a network) controller may control a plurality of local (e.g., including window) controllers. A plurality of local controllers may be located in a portion of a facility (e.g., in a portion of a building). This portion of the facility may be a floor of the facility. For example, a floor controller may be assigned to a floor. In some embodiments, a floor may include a plurality of floor controllers. The number of local controllers coupled to the floor controller may depend, for example, on the size of the floor and/or the number of local controllers coupled to the floor controller. For example, a floor controller may be assigned to a portion of a floor. For example, a floor controller may be assigned to a portion of local controllers located in a facility. For example, a floor controller may be assigned to a portion of floors of a facility. A master controller may be coupled to more than one floor controller. A floor controller may be located in a facility. A master controller may be located in a facility or external to the facility. A master controller may be located in the cloud. A controller may be part of a building management system or operatively coupled to a building. Building management system. A controller may receive more than one input. A controller may generate more than one output. A controller may be a single input single output controller (SISO) or a multiple input multiple output controller (MIMO). A controller may interpret a received input signal. A controller may acquire data from more than one component (e.g., a sensor). Acquisition may include receiving or capturing. Data may include measuring, estimating, determining, generating, or any combination thereof. A controller may include feedback control. A controller may include feedforward control. Control may include switching control, proportional control, proportional integral (PI) control, or a combination thereof. ) control, or proportional integral derivative (PID) control. The control may include open loop control, or closed loop control. The controller may include closed loop control. The controller may include open loop control. The controller may include a user interface. The user interface may include (or be operatively coupled to) a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch screen, a microphone, a voice recognition package, a camera, an imaging system, or any combination thereof. The output may include a display (e.g., a screen), a speaker, or a printer. FIG. 15 shows an example of a control system architecture 1500, which includes a main control floor controller 1506. Controller 1508, which in turn controls local controller 1504. In some embodiments, the local controller controls more than one IGU, more than one sensor, more than one output device (e.g., more than one transmitter), or any combination thereof. FIG. 15 shows an example of an architecture in which the master controller is operatively coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a building management system (BMS) 1524 and a database 1520. The arrows in FIG. 15 represent communication paths. The controller can be operatively coupled (e.g., directly/indirectly and/or wired and/or wirelessly) to External sources 1510. The external source may include a network. The external source may include one or more sensors or output devices. The external source may include cloud-based applications and/or databases. The communication may be wired and/or wireless. The external source may be located outside the facility. For example, the external source may include one or more sensors and/or antennas, such as those located on the walls or ceiling of the facility. The communication may be one-way or two-way. In the example shown in Figure 15, all communication arrows are meant to be two-way. Figure 15 shows an example of a three-dimensional view of an enclosed area 1501 (e.g., a building).

A controller may monitor and/or direct (e.g., physically) changes in operating conditions of the apparatus, software, and/or methods described herein. Control may include regulating, manipulating, limiting, directing, monitoring, adjusting, modulating, varying, changing, constraining, checking, directing, or managing. Being controlled (e.g., by a controller) may include attenuating, modulating, varying, managing, inhibiting, coaching, regulating, constraining, supervising, manipulating, and/or directing. The control may include controlling a control variable (e.g., temperature, power, voltage, and/or a profile). The control may include real-time or offline control. The calculations utilized by the controller may be performed in real-time and/or offline. The controller may be a manual or non-manual controller. The controller may be an automatic controller. The controller may operate on demand. The controller may be a programmable controller. The controller may be programmed. The controller may include a processing unit (e.g., a CPU or a GPU). The controller may receive input (e.g., from at least one sensor). The controller may transmit output. This controller may include multiple (e.g., sub) controllers. The controller may be part of a control system. The control system may include a main controller, a floor controller, a local controller (e.g., an enclosure controller or a window controller). The controller may receive more than one input. The controller may generate more than one output. The controller may be a single-input single-output controller (SISO) or a multiple-input multiple-output controller (MIMO). The controller may interpret the received input signal. The controller may acquire data from more than one sensor. Acquisition may include receiving or capturing. The data may include measuring, estimating, determining, generating, or any combination thereof. The controller may include feedback control. The controller may include feedforward control. The control may include switch control, proportional control, proportional integral (PI) control, or proportional integral derivative (PID) control. The control may include open loop control, or closed loop control. The controller may include closed loop control. The controller may include open loop control. The controller may include a user interface. The user interface may include (or be operatively coupled to) a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch screen, a microphone, a voice recognition package, a camera, an imaging system, or any combination thereof. The output may include a display (e.g., a screen), a speaker, or a printer. The methods, systems, and/or apparatus described herein may include a control system. The control system may be in communication with any device (e.g., a sensor) described herein. The sensor may be of the same type or a different type, such as described herein. For example, the control system may be in communication with the first sensor and/or the second sensor. The control system may control more than one sensor. The control system may control more than one component of a building management system (e.g., lighting, security, and/or air conditioning system). The controller may adjust at least one (e.g., environmental) characteristic of the enclosure. The control system may use any component of the building management system to adjust the enclosure environment. For example, the control system may adjust the energy supplied by the heating element and/or the cooling element. For example, the control system may adjust the speed of air flowing through the vents and/or from the enclosure. The control system may include a processor. The processor may be a processing unit. The controller may include a processing unit. The processing unit may be central. The processing unit may include a central processing unit (abbreviated herein as "CPU"). The processing unit may be a graphics processing unit (abbreviated herein as "GPU"). A controller or control mechanism (e.g., including a computer system) may be programmed to implement one or more methods of the present disclosure. The processor may be programmed to implement the method of the present disclosure. The controller may control at least one component of the forming system and/or apparatus disclosed herein.

FIG. 16 shows a schematic example of a computer system 1600 that is programmed or otherwise configured for one or more operations of any method provided herein. The computer system can control (e.g., directly, monitor, and/or regulate) many features of the methods, apparatuses, and systems of the present disclosure, such as controlling heating, cooling, lighting, and/or ventilation of an enclosure, or any combination thereof. The computer system can be part of or communicate with any sensor or device (e.g., including a sensor and/or transmitter) assembly disclosed herein. The computer can be coupled to one or more mechanisms disclosed herein and/or any portion thereof. For example, the computer can be coupled to one or more sensors, valves, switches, lights, windows (e.g., IGUs), motors, pumps, optical components, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the circuit system is operatively (e.g., AC) coupled to a network of an enclosure (e.g., a facility containing a building). The circuit system may include a driver board or a controller. The controller may be any controller disclosed herein (e.g., a timing controller, a touch screen controller, and/or any controller of a (e.g., hierarchical) control system). The controller may be operatively coupled to a device collection. The device collection may include a sensor or an emitter. For example, the device collection may include a plurality of sensors, a plurality of emitters, or any combination thereof. The emitter may be a light emitter (e.g., an LED) or a sound emitter (e.g., a buzzer or a speaker). The sensor may sense any environmental characteristic of the environment (e.g., light, temperature, chemical composition (e.g., atmosphere), or sound). The chemical components may include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, or moisture. The control system may be configured to control (e.g., via a network) an environment, such as using a building management system. The control system may be configured to control (e.g., via a network) a ventilation system, a heating system, an air conditioning system, a cooling system, a lighting system, a security system, a safety system, a fire system, or a sound system of an enclosed area (e.g., a facility). The control system may be configured to control (e.g., via a network) at least one tintable window, a display structure, and/or a touch screen. The network may facilitate updating of any software (e.g., non-transitory computer-readable media) associated with a device to which it is operatively (e.g., AC) coupled. The network may facilitate updating any logic (e.g., control logic) associated with a device to which it is operatively (e.g., AC) coupled. The logic may be embedded in software. The network may facilitate updating any data stream associated with a device to which it is operatively (e.g., AC) coupled. This update may be real-time. The network may facilitate response times and/or update times with a latency of up to approximately 2 milliseconds (ms), 3 ms, 4 ms, 5 ms, 7 ms, 10 ms, or 15 ms. The network may facilitate low latency communications. The display configuration, touch screen functionality, and/or colorable windows may (e.g., each) have a unique identification (alphanumeric) code. A display configuration, touch screen functionality, and/or colorable windows (e.g., each) may be uniquely identified by a network and/or control system. A display configuration, touch screen functionality, and/or colorable windows (e.g., each) may be uniquely identified by a network and/or control system as a device and/or node.

In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a display configuration, touch screen functionality, and/or tintable windows) is communicatively coupled to a network. A third-party device and/or data stream (e.g., a third-party media provider) may utilize a network authentication protocol, for example, to communicate with a control system and/or another device. The network authentication protocol may open one or more ports for network access. The port may be opened when an organization and/or facility verifies (e.g., via network authentication) the identity of a device attempting to operationally couple (and/or physically couple) to a network. Operational coupling may include communicatively coupling. The organization and/or facility may verify (e.g., using a network) the device's access to the network. This access may or may not be restricted. This restriction may include more than one security level. The identity of a device may be determined based on credentials and/or certificates. The credentials and/or certificates may be confirmed by a network (e.g., by a server operatively coupled to the network). The authentication protocol may or may not be specific to physical communication (e.g., Ethernet communication) in, for example, a local area network (LAN) utilizing packets. This standard may be maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). This standard may specify the physical media (e.g., target devices) and/or operating characteristics of a network (e.g., Ethernet). The networking standard may support virtual LANs (VLANs) on a local area network (e.g., Ethernet). This standard may support power over a local area network (e.g., Ethernet). The network may provide communication over power lines (e.g., coaxial cable). The power may be direct current (DC) power. The power may be at least about 12 watts (W), 15 W, 25 W, 30 W, 40 W, 48 W, 50 W, or 100 W. The standard may facilitate mesh networking. The standard may facilitate local area network (LAN) technology and/or wide area network (WAN) applications. The standard may facilitate physical connections between target devices and/or infrastructure devices (hubs, switches, routers), for example, via various types of cables (e.g., coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, copper cables, and/or fiber optic cables). Examples of network authentication protocols may be 802.1X, or KERBEROS. The network authentication protocol may include key encryption. The network may support (e.g., communication) protocols including 802.3, 802.3af (PoE), 802,3at (PoE+), 802.1Q, or 802.11s. The network may support communication protocols for building automation and control (BAC) networks (e.g., BACnet). The protocol may define services used for communication between multiple devices coupled to the network. The one or more devices include sensors, transmitters, colorable windows, display structures, touch screen functionality, controllers, transceivers, antennas, third party media provider related equipment, personal computers, mobile circuit systems (e.g., laptops, mobile phones, touch pads), and/or any other (e.g., third party) devices. Protocol services may include device and object discovery (e.g., Who-Is, I-Am, Who-Has, and/or I-Have). Protocol services may include reading properties and writing properties (e.g., for data sharing). A network protocol may define object types (e.g., the object types acted upon by the service). The protocol may define more than one data link and/or physical layer (e.g., ARCNET, Ethernet, BACnet-IP, BACnet/IPv6, BACnet/MSTP, Point-To-Point over RS-232, Master/Slave/Beacon Passing over RS-485, ZigBee, and/or LonTalk). The protocol may be device specific (e.g., Internet of Things (IoT) devices and/or machine-to-machine (M2M) communications). This protocol may be a message delivery protocol. This protocol may be a publish-subscribe type protocol. This protocol may be configured for message delivery. This protocol may be configured for remote devices. This protocol may be configured for devices with a small code footprint and/or minimal network bandwidth. This small code footprint may be configured to be processed by a microcontroller. This protocol may have multiple quality of service levels, including (i) at most once, (ii) at least once, and/or (iii) exactly once. Multiple quality of service levels may increase the reliability of message delivery in the network (e.g., reaching its destination). This protocol may facilitate message delivery (i) between device and cloud and/or (ii) between cloud and device. A message passing protocol is constructed to broadcast messages to a group of devices such as sensors and/or transmitters (e.g., as described herein). This protocol may comply with the requirements of the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). This protocol may support security schemes such as authentication (e.g., using beacons). This protocol may support access authorization standards (e.g., OAuth). This protocol may support granting a first application (and/or website) access to information on a second application (and/or website) without providing the second application with a security code (e.g., a beacon and/or a password) associated with the first application. This protocol may include the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) or Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) protocol. The protocol may be configured for message rates of at least one (1) message per second (e.g., per publisher) or more messages per second (e.g., per publisher). The protocol may be configured to facilitate message payload sizes of up to approximately 64, 86, 96, or 128 bytes. The protocol may be configured to communicate with any device (e.g., from a microcontroller to a server) that operates a protocol-compatible (e.g., MQTT) library and/or connects to a compatible broker (e.g., an MQTT broker) over a network. Each device (e.g., a target device, a sensor, or a transmitter) may be a publisher and/or a subscriber. At least one broker may handle millions of concurrently connected devices, or fewer than millions. The proxy may handle at least about 100, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, or 10,000,000 concurrently connected devices. In some embodiments, the proxy is responsible for receiving at least a portion (e.g., all) of the messages, filtering the messages, determining who is interested in each message, and/or sending the messages to the subscribed devices (e.g., proxy clients). This protocol may require Internet connectivity to a network. This protocol may facilitate bidirectional, and/or synchronous peer-to-peer messaging. This protocol may be a binary line protocol. Examples of this network protocol, control system, and network can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/000,342, filed on March 26, 2020, entitled “MESSAGE DELIVERY IN A MULTI-CLIENT NETWORK,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The computer system may include a processing unit (e.g., 1606) (also referred to herein as "processor," "computer," and "computer processor"). The computer system may include memory or memory locations (e.g., 1602) (e.g., random access memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage units (e.g., 1604) (e.g., hard drives), communication interfaces (e.g., 1603) for communicating with one or more other systems (e.g., network adapters), and peripheral devices (e.g., 1605) such as cache memory, other memory, data storage, and/or electronic display adapters. In the example shown in FIG. 16 , memory 1602, storage unit 1604, interface 1603, and peripheral device 1605 communicate with processing unit 1606 via a communication bus (solid line) such as a motherboard. The storage unit may be a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data. The computer system may be operatively coupled to a computer network (“network”) (e.g., 1601) via the communication interface. The network may be the Internet, the Internet and/or a business network, or an intranet and/or a business network that communicates with the Internet. In some cases, the network is a telecommunications and/or data network. The network may include one or more computer servers, which may enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing. In some cases, the network may implement a peer-to-peer network using a computer system, which allows devices coupled to the computer system to act as clients or servers.

The processing unit may execute a series of machine-readable instructions, which may be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location, such as memory 1602. The instructions may be directed to the processing unit, which may then be programmed or otherwise configured to implement the methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the processing unit may include fetching, decoding, executing, and writing back. The processing unit may interpret and/or execute the instructions. The processor may include a microprocessor, a data processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a system on a chip (SOC), a coprocessor, a network processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific instruction set processor (ASIP), a controller, a programmable logic device (PLD), a chipset, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any combination thereof. The processing unit may be part of a circuit such as an integrated circuit. One or more other components of the system 1600 may be included in the circuit.

The storage unit may store files, such as drivers, program libraries, and saved programs. The storage unit may store user data (e.g., user preferences and user programs). In some cases, the computer system may include one or more other data storage units external to the computer system, such as located on a remote server that communicates with the computer system via an intranet or the Internet.

The computer system can communicate with one or more remote computer systems via a network. For example, the computer system can communicate with a remote computer system of a user (e.g., an operator). Examples of remote computer systems include a personal computer (e.g., a portable PC), a tablet or tablet computer (e.g., an Apple® iPad, a Samsung® Galaxy Tab), a phone, a smartphone (e.g., an Apple® iPhone, an Android-enabled device, a Blackberry®), or a personal digital assistant. A user (e.g., a client) can access the computer system via a network.

The methods described herein may be implemented by means of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored in an electronic storage location of a computer system, such as in memory 1602 or electronic storage unit 1604. The machine executable or machine readable code may be provided in the form of software. During use, the processor 1606 may execute the code. In some cases, the code may be retrieved from the storage unit and stored in the memory for the processor to access at any time. In some cases, the electronic storage unit may be eliminated and the machine executable instructions may be stored in the memory.

The code may be precompiled and constructed for use with a machine having a processor suitable for executing the code or may be compiled at run time. The code may be supplied in a programming language which may be selected to enable the code to be executed in a precompiled or compiled form.

In some embodiments, the processor includes code. This code may be program instructions. The program instructions may cause at least one processor (e.g., a computer) to direct a feedforward and/or feedback control loop. In some embodiments, the program instructions cause at least one processor to direct a closed-loop and/or open-loop control scheme. This control may be based at least in part on one or more sensor readings (e.g., sensor data). A controller may direct multiple operations. At least two operations may be directed by different controllers. In some embodiments, different controllers may direct at least two of operations (a), (b), and (c). In some embodiments, different controllers may direct at least two of operations (a), (b), and (c). In some embodiments, a non-transient computer-readable medium causes each different computer to direct at least two of operations (a), (b), and (c). In some embodiments, different non-transitory computer-readable media cause at least two of each different computer-directed operations (a), (b), and (c). The controller and/or computer-readable media can direct any apparatus or component thereof disclosed herein. The controller and/or computer-readable media can direct any operation of the method disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, at least one display structure and an associated integrated glass unit operate in conjunction with each other. Control of at least one display structure and an associated tintable window (e.g., an integrated glass unit) can be an integration of control of the display structure and control of the tintable window. For example, the display structure and the tintable glass can be coupled to a control system, for example, via a network operation (e.g., AC). At least one display structure can be controlled via Ethernet. When more than one associated display structure is used, the tint level of the tintable window can be adjusted. When more than one display structure is used, the tint level of the tintable window can be automatically changed (e.g., darkened). Automatically changing (e.g., darkening or lightening) the tint level of the tintable window can be based at least in part on external radiation and/or display contrast. Automatically changing the degree of tint of a tintable window can be based at least in part on privacy (e.g., limiting the ability of a display structure to be viewed by someone outside the facility). When tintable windows are used, the degree of tint of an area of tintable windows can be (automatically) changed (e.g., darkened or lightened). An area of tintable windows can include a plurality of tintable windows. This area can include (i) tintable windows facing a particular direction of an enclosure (e.g., a facility), (ii) a plurality of tintable windows on a particular face (e.g., a facade) of a facility, (iii) tintable windows on a particular floor of a building, (iv) a plurality of tintable windows in a particular type of room and/or organization (e.g., an open space, an office, a conference room, a lecture hall, a corridor, a reception lobby, or a cafeteria). tinted windows, (v) tintable windows disposed on the same fixture (e.g., an interior wall or exterior wall), and/or (vi) a plurality of tintable windows defined by a user (e.g., a group of tintable windows in a room or on a facade that is a subset of a larger group of tintable windows, e.g., a conference room with a display configuration on one of eight tintable windows can darken the tinting of the eight tintable windows (areas)). The (automatic) tinting of the tintable windows can be based at least in part on whether the display configuration is displaying active content (e.g., content intended for viewing by a user) or inactive content. When using at least one display configuration, the automatic change of the tinting level of the tintable windows can be overridden by the user (e.g., by manually adjusting the tinting level). A user may override the automatic tinting of one or more tintable windows using a mobile circuit system (e.g., a remote control, a virtual reality controller, a mobile phone, an electronic notepad, a laptop, and/or via a similar mobile device).

In some embodiments, at least one display structure and associated tintable window may be adjacent to a heat dissipation system (e.g., a heater). Heat adjacent to the display structure may be dissipated (e.g., heat generated by the display structure, any touch screen, circuit system, power supply, adjacent sensors, adjacent emitters, and/or solar radiation (e.g., transmitted through the tintable window)). Heat may be transferred via conduction, convection, and/or electromagnetic waves (radiation). Heat may be removed actively or passively. Heat may be removed via convection and/or conduction. Active heat removal may be controlled (e.g., using a control system). Active (e.g., forced) convection (e.g., a fan) may generate airflow to dissipate heat adjacent to the display structure. The air flow may be in a gap (e.g., between a tintable window and a display structure). When a first (high) temperature threshold is reached, one or more temperature sensors adjacent to (one or more) display structures and/or operatively coupled to the display structure may sense the temperature and signal to initiate forced convection. When a second (higher) temperature threshold is reached (e.g., to prevent malfunction and/or damage), the temperature sensor may (automatically) shut down the display structure. The damage may be permanent or temporary. The first temperature threshold may be a lower temperature value than the second temperature threshold. This threshold may depend on the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature may include the temperature outside the housing in which the display structure is located, or the temperature inside the housing in which the display structure is located. The amount of heat that passes through a tintable window can be limited (e.g., by using low-emissivity (Lo-E) glass), for example, to reduce the heat load on the display structure.

In some embodiments, operation of at least one display structure and associated tintable window includes maintenance tasks associated with the display structure. Control of the maintenance tasks of the display structure (e.g., pixel compensation, temperature, usage and/or reset) can be automatic (e.g., using a control system). Pixel compensation can include adjusting the brightness of a pixel in the display structure based at least in part on how the pixel is used throughout its lifetime. For example, what wavelength and/or intensity the pixel emits, and optionally for how long. For example, what is the frequency of the wavelength and/or intensity projected by the pixel. For example, what has been displayed by the pixel (e.g., a video with a dynamic or static display). The display structure temperature, fan speed, degree of display structure usage, and/or type of display structure usage may be monitored over time. Monitoring may be performed by a control system. Monitoring may utilize sensors coupled to a network (e.g., coupled to a control system). Monitoring may be in situ and/or real-time while the display structure is projecting media. The control system may utilize image processing to evaluate the state of one or more emitting entities (e.g., LEDs or other lights) of the display structure. The sensor may include a camera (e.g., a still camera or a video camera). The camera may include an array of pixels (e.g., a charge coupled device (CCD) camera). The camera may be configured for digital imaging (e.g., a CCD or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera). The camera may include a photographic plate. The camera may be sensitive to a color gamut (e.g., the range of all colors visible to the average human eye). The control system may monitor the display configuration continuously and/or intermittently (e.g., at predetermined intervals). The control system may record data related to the continuous or intermittent monitoring of the display configuration. This data may be recorded at predetermined intervals and/or when a threshold is reached. The threshold may be a thermal, electrical, and/or optical threshold. This threshold may be time-dependent (e.g., a temperature exceeding 50°C for more than about 1 minute). Display configuration adjustments (e.g., resets) may be based at least in part on monitoring of display configuration (e.g., optical, thermal, and/or electrical) properties (e.g., dependent on a time threshold). This threshold can be a value or a function (e.g., a time and/or space dependent function). The space can be related to the type of enclosure in which the display structure is located. For example, a display structure in a conference room may have a lower error tolerance than a display structure in a hallway. Monitoring of the display structure can provide predictions about the lifetime of components of the display structure (e.g., pixels, circuit systems, filters and/or fans). Monitoring the display structure (e.g., over time) can actively compensate for any predicted attenuation associated with the display structure or in components of the display structure (e.g., pixels, circuit systems, filters and/or fans). Monitoring and/or diagnosis of the display structure may be performed via a network (e.g., a network at least partially disposed in a surface of the facility). Monitoring and/or diagnosis of the display structure may be performed by a control system. Adjusting (e.g., resetting) the display structure may include (automatically and/or controllably) turning the display structure off and on. For example, if the pixels of the display structure may be susceptible to failure (e.g., burn-in), the display structure may be cycled once every time interval (e.g., every at least about 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours). The time interval may depend on the type of predicted failure and/or its extent (e.g., a predicted failure of a pixel, or a predicted failure of a group of pixels). The time interval used for cycling can depend on the type of viewing of the display configuration. For example, completing static viewing that is longer than a predetermined time threshold (e.g., using the display configuration as a marker) can increase the risk of pixel failure (e.g., malfunction). When the display configuration is used for static viewing rather than video with motion, more frequent on/off cycling can reduce the risk of pixel failure in static viewing. This control system can (e.g., via a software module) predict maintenance and/or replacement of the display configuration or any component thereof (e.g., based on monitored pixel states). Such predictions can be based at least in part on real-time sensor measurements of the output of this display configuration (e.g., as compared to expected output). Such predictions may be based at least in part on previous sensor measurements of the output of a display configuration completed, for example, in a laboratory or another test facility (e.g., fatigue testing) (e.g., as compared to expected output). Such predictions may be based at least in part on observations of the display configuration to be maintained/replaced. Such predictions may be based at least in part on observations of another display configuration (e.g., a test display configuration) rather than observations of the display configuration to be maintained/replaced. Such predictions may be based at least in part on average pixel states, for example, considering the illumination profile of the display configuration and/or any individual pixel thereof. The control system may provide notifications regarding expected replacements and/or maintenance. Such predictions may allow for the implementation of proactive maintenance and/or replacement. Such predictions may allow for expected inventory of respective display configurations to be maintained and/or replaced. These forecasts allow for timely scheduling of personnel who will perform such maintenance and/or replacement.

FIG. 18 shows an example of operations related to at least one display structure and an associated tintable window. Control of the at least one display structure and the associated tintable window may be an integration of control of the display structure and control of the tintable window. The at least one display structure may be controlled via a network. In block 1801, the tinting level of the at least one tintable window is adjusted when one or more associated display structures are in use and/or in preparation for use of the display structures. For example, the tinting level of the tintable window may be automatically dimmed when more than one display structure is used. Automatically darkening the tint level of at least one tintable window may be based at least in part on (i) external radiation, (ii) the media displayed on the display contrast, (iii) the type of media displayed (e.g., static or changing), and/or (iv) privacy requirements. Automatically darkening the tint level of more than one tintable window may be based at least in part on privacy (e.g., limiting the ability of the display configuration to be viewed by someone outside the facility). When more than one display configuration is used, areas of the tintable window may have their tint level changed (e.g., darkened). The region of tintable windows can include a plurality of tintable windows facing a particular direction in the facility, a plurality of tintable windows on a particular face of the facility, a plurality of tintable windows on a particular floor of the facility, a plurality of tintable windows in a particular type of room (e.g., open space, office, conference room, lecture hall, cafeteria), and/or a plurality of tintable windows that may be user-defined (e.g., a group of tintable windows in a room or on a facade that is a subset of a larger group of tintable windows, e.g., a conference room with a display configuration on one of the eight tintable windows may darken the tint of the eight tintable windows (regions)). The region may be any region disclosed herein. Automatic tinting of the tintable windows can be based at least in part on whether the display configuration is displaying active content (e.g., content intended for viewing by the user) or inactive content. In block 1803, the automatic dimming of the tint level of the tintable windows can be overridden by the user manually adjusting the tint level of the one or more tintable windows. The user can override the automatic tinting of the tintable window(s) using a mobile circuitry (e.g., a remote control, a virtual reality controller, a mobile phone, an electronic organizer, and/or a laptop). In block 1804, heat adjacent to the display structure (e.g., heat generated by any components associated with the display structure and/or solar radiation transmitted through the tintable window) may be dissipated and passively and/or actively (e.g., controllably) removed (e.g., using automatic actuation of a fan or any other heat exchanger). When a first high temperature threshold is reached, a temperature sensor adjacent to the display structure may sense the temperature and signal to initiate active heat exchange operations (e.g., initiate forced convection). When a second higher temperature threshold is reached, the temperature sensor may shut down the display structure. Operation 1805 displays (e.g., automates) predictions and/or expectations of maintenance tasks for the display structure (e.g., pixel compensation, temperature, usage, and/or reset). Pixel compensation may include adjusting the brightness of pixels in the display structure based at least in part on how many pixels have been used, how long the pixels have been used, and/or what has been displayed by the pixels (e.g., video with motion or static display). The temperature of the display structure, the intensity of active heat exchange (e.g., fan speed), and/or the usage of the display structure may be monitored. Display structure adjustments (e.g., reset) may be based at least in part on monitoring of display structure properties. As pixels degrade, they may require more current and/or voltage to produce a desired output. Display structure adjustments may include adjusting the intensity of one or more pixels of the display structure to generate the requested output. Monitoring of the display structure may provide predictions regarding the status and/or predicted lifetime of components in the display structure (e.g., pixels, circuit systems, filters and/or fans). The control system may notify and/or actively compensate for any predicted degradation in components associated with the display structure. Monitoring and/or diagnosis of the display structure may be performed via a network, which may be at least partially disposed in the surface of the facility. In block 1807, the display structure is optionally adjusted and/or reset. Adjustment and/or rerouting may include automatically turning display configurations on and off, for example, to increase pixel life and/or reduce pixel output failures.

In some embodiments, the operation of at least one display structure and associated tintable windows is based at least in part on the state of the at least one display structure. The state of the display structure can be checked, monitored, and/or verified to see if the at least one display structure is turned on. If the at least one display structure is not turned on, a default and/or manual tinting level for the tintable windows can be activated. The (e.g., on/off) state of the display structure can be checked periodically. If the at least one display structure is turned on (e.g., operating), a determination can be made as to whether the display structure is displaying active or passive content. If the display structure is not turned on (e.g., not displaying media), a default or manual tinting level for one or more tintable windows can be activated. If the display structure is displaying active content, then (i) an area of tintable windows proximate to the display structure displaying the active content may be identified, (ii) the windows in this area may have an identified degree of tint (e.g., a degree of tint that differs based at least in part on the presence of solar radiation, solar glare, and/or a desired contrast) and/or (iii) the degree of tint of the tintable windows in the identified area may be adjusted.

FIG. 19 shows an example of control operations related to at least one display structure and an associated tintable window. In block 1901, the state of at least one display structure is checked. In block 1902, the control system determines whether at least one display structure is turned on (e.g., at least one pixel is controllably radiating radiation). If at least one display structure is not turned on, a default or manual tinting level for the tintable window is activated in block 1903, and the state of the display structure is periodically checked. If at least one display structure is turned on, a determination is made in block 1904 whether the display structure is displaying active content. If not, a default or manual tinting level for the tintable window may be activated in block 1903, and the state of the display structure may be periodically checked. If the display structure is displaying active content, then a tintable window proximate the display structure displaying the active content is identified in block 1905. The tintable window may have its tint level identified in block 1906 (e.g., different tint levels based at least in part on the presence of sunlight/glare and desired contrast), and any tint level adjustments may be made to the tintable window in block 1907. The tintable window may be part of this region (e.g., and this region may be identified by the controller), or not part of this region. If a first tintable window coupled to the display structure is part of a region that includes at least one second tintable window that is not coupled to the display structure. The tinting of the second tintable window may or may not change the tinting of the first tintable window. Changing the tinting of other windows in this area in conjunction with changes in the tintable windows coupled to the display structure may be predetermined and/or determined by the user.

In some embodiments, multiple display structures are connected together with a control scheme. Multiple display structures can be mounted adjacent to one or more tintable windows. The tintable windows can be connected (e.g., wired or wirelessly) as part of a control system via a local (e.g., window) controller. The control system can include a distributed network of controllers coupled to a power and/or communication network. The control system can control multiple functions (e.g., functions of a facility (e.g., an office building, a warehouse, etc.)), which can include adjusting the tinting of the tintable windows and/or displaying media content on the display structures. The display structures can be connected (e.g., wired or wirelessly) via a display interface that can be housed in one or more housings. The display interface housing may be referred to herein as an electrical box ((E)-box) such as 2006. The E-box may be operably coupled (e.g., for power and/or communications) to a network. The network may provide data and/or power to the display structure. The user content server may provide data to be displayed on the display structure via the network and/or may provide data and power to the display interface via one or more connections to the display interface. The display interface may include an adapter (e.g., an Ethernet adapter (e.g., RS-485 to Ethernet)) and/or the E-box may include local adapter (e.g., Ethernet/IP) support. The E-box may send prompts and/or respond to queries from the network. Connections to devices for data transmission may include, for example, Ethernet, HDMI, DisplayPort, RS-485 and/or other types of connections for data and/or media transmission. The E-box may be powered via the Internet and/or via a separate power cord. Multiple display configurations may display different content on each display configuration, may display the same (e.g., repeated) content, or may be configured to display an image across multiple display configurations (e.g., so that a segment of an image is displayed on each of the multiple display configurations). The connection of the display configurations may allow a small number (e.g., up to 10, 9, 8, 5, 6, or 4) of display configurations to be controlled via a local controller. In some embodiments, a larger number (e.g., more than 10) of display configurations may be coupled via a network (e.g., floor) controller, or may allow all display configurations in a facility to be controlled by a master controller. The display configurations may display media individually (e.g., independently of other display configurations) or a group of display configurations (e.g., at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 75 display configurations may be configured in a group (a group) of displays), for example, which may be controlled to display data as if it were a single display configuration (e.g., a type of media that is individually distributed among displays in a display group). The display configurations may form a video wall. A video wall may include multiple display configurations that are tiled together (e.g., connected or overlapped) to form a large screen. A controller controlling a video wall controller may distribute a single image to be projected onto the video wall as parts to be displayed on the individual display structures that make up the video wall. The display structures may be coupled to a wall surface (e.g., opaque or transparent), or may be tinted windows. The video wall controller may include a hardware-based controller, or a software & media card-based controller. A hardware-based controller may include a media processing chipset and may not have an operating system. A software & media card-based controller may be located in a processor with an operating system. The processor may be a server, or may be local. The processor may be configured with a plurality of output graphics cards and/or video capture input cards.

These display configurations may be constructed in a variety of layouts. The layouts may include matrix grid layouts (e.g., 2×2, 3×3, or 4×4) of identical display geometries (e.g., having the same aspect ratio). The layouts may include layouts of non-identical display geometries (e.g., having different aspect ratios), such as in configurations other than symmetric matrices. The media content displayed may be identical, partially identical, or completely identical. For example, at least two different parallel contents may be displayed on a video wall of the display configuration.

FIG. 20 shows an example of a control scheme for a plurality of display configurations. A plurality of display configurations 2002 may be mounted adjacent to a plurality of tintable windows 2003. The tintable windows 2003 may be connected (e.g., wired and/or wirelessly) 2009 via a local (window) controller 2001 to a control network 2004 that controls a variety of functions of a facility (e.g., an office building, a warehouse, etc.), which may include adjusting the tinting of the tintable windows 2003. The display configurations 2002 may be connected (e.g., wired and/or wirelessly) 2010 to a control network 2004 (including a control system) via a display interface 2005 and controller housed in a housing (also referred to herein as an electrical (E) box) 2006. The control network may be coupled to the colorable window and/or display structure via a wiring network, which wiring (e.g., coaxial cable) may provide data and/or power to the display structure 2002. The user content server 2007 may provide data (e.g., via the wiring and/or control network) to be displayed on the display structure 2002 and/or may provide data and power to the display interface 2005 via one or more connections 2011 to the display interface 2005. The display interface may include an Ethernet adapter (e.g., RS-485-to-Ethernet). The E-box 2006 may include local Ethernet/IP support. The E-box 2006 may send prompts and/or respond to queries from the network 2004. The connection to the device for data transfer may include, for example, Ethernet, HDMI, DisplayPort, RS-485, and/or other types of connections for data transfer. Power may be supplied to the E-box 2006 via the Internet and/or via a separate power cable. The multiple display configurations 2002 may display different content, the same content, or may be used to display an image across multiple display configurations 2002 (e.g., as in a video wall).

In some embodiments, a display structure is used to display multimedia in a facility. The display structure may include more than one media display, for example, when the display structure is not in operation, the media display may be at least partially transparent (e.g., a TOLED display). The display structure may be coupled (e.g., directly or indirectly) to a hard surface such as a wall, a slat, or a window (e.g., a visual window). The hard surface may be a fixed device. The window can be a tintable window (e.g., an electrochromic window). The window may be set in a building or within the scope of a building. The visual window may include a tintable window, which includes an electrochromic window that can be tinted (e.g., darkened, lightened, and/or changed in color (e.g., hue)), which can provide a backdrop for contrasting the media displayed by the display structure.

In some embodiments, one or more display structures may be operatively coupled (e.g., mounted) to a hard surface (e.g., a window, a wall, or a slat). The coupling may be performed via hinges, adhesives, fasteners, and/or by other suitable mechanisms. The coupling may be at least partially disposed within one or more window frame portions. The window frame may include vertical portions (e.g., a sash) and may include horizontal portions (e.g., a beam). The display structure may be directly adhered (e.g., using an adhesive) to the hard surface. The adhesive may or may not contact the window frame (or a portion thereof). The hard surface may be composed of a hardened material (e.g., glass, metal, or polymer). The hard surface may include a solid (e.g., plaster, ceramic, concrete, and/or stone). Most display configurations may be mounted (eg, via hinges, adhesives, fasteners, and/or by other mechanisms).

In some embodiments, the display structure is controlled by at least one controller. The controller may be part of a control system. The controller may include a controller directly coupled (e.g., connected) to the display structure. The connection between the controller and the display structure may use wired and/or wireless communication. The controller may be coupled to the display structure via a plurality of wirings (e.g., for communication and/or power). The controller may be disposed in a housing. The housing may include more than one material. Such materials may include elemental metals, metal alloys, polymers (e.g., plastics), resins, wood, glass, composites, and/or other materials. Such materials may include transparent or opaque materials. Such materials may include conductive or insulating (e.g., dielectric) materials. The housing may include dispersed or mirrored materials. The housing may have multiple faces. At least two (e.g., all) of the plurality of wirings may extend from one of the plurality of faces of the controller housing. Sometimes, a controller housing (e.g., including more than one controller) may be coupled to a plurality of display structures. Sometimes, a controller may be operatively coupled (e.g., directly) to a display structure. Sometimes, a controller may be operatively coupled (e.g., directly) to more than two display structures. The direct coupling may include wires connecting the controller and the display structure. The wires may be uninterrupted wires. The controller and/or housing may include wiring entries. The wiring entries may or may not be in the same face as the wiring exits in the controller housing. Sometimes, multiple control housings may be disposed adjacent to each other (e.g., in contact with each other), or may be directly coupled to each other (e.g., via wiring). At least two wirings (e.g., all wirings) connecting controllers in at least two different housings (e.g., all housings) to at least two (e.g., all) display structures (e.g., in a set of display structures) may (i) extend from the same face type of the housing and/or (ii) extend to the same collective direction (e.g., upward, downward, left, or right). The face type may be assigned according to the direction the face faces (e.g., downward, upward, eastward, westward, northward, southward, or any combination thereof). These directions may be relative to a user facing the display structures and relative to the center of gravity. In some embodiments, the controller housing is mounted in a frame portion. The controller housing may be mounted within at least a portion of a window, slat, or wall frame. A portion of the frame may be an upper horizontal vertical frame (cross beam), within a lower horizontal vertical frame (cross beam), and/or within a vertical (side) vertical frame, or a combination of vertical frames forming a window frame. The upper and lower vertical frames are relative centers of gravity. The display connector may connect the controller to the display structure via one or more cables and/or wires. The display connector that may connect the controller to the respective display structure via cables may extend from one of the multiple sides of the controller housing, or may extend from more than one of the multiple sides of the controller housing. At least two (e.g., all) cables connecting the controller to the corresponding display structure may be (e.g., substantially) the same length. The cables may extend at least partially within the window frame. The lengths of the cables connecting the controller to the display structure may be different. The cable may extend at least partially inside the window frame and/or outside the window frame. The (e.g., local) controller may include, for example, a power connector that can be connected to more than one power source. The power connector may be arranged in the same face or in a different face from the face from which the data cable extends to the display structure. The different faces may form an angle, which may be (e.g., substantially) a right angle. The different faces may be parallel to each other. Data (e.g., communication and/or media) cables may be connected to the controller from more than one data source (e.g., a server). The data cable may be connected to a media content provider server and/or a server that controls the degree of tinting of the window. In some embodiments, power and data are coupled to the display structure via the same cable (e.g., a coaxial cable).

In some embodiments, a plurality of devices (e.g., including sensors and/or transmitters) are integrated into a common housing. The housing may include more than one circuit board. The housing may integrate a collection of devices. The collection may have a single housing (e.g., a cover). More than one circuit board (e.g., a printed circuit board PCB) may be disposed in the single housing. At least one controller may be disposed in the housing. The housing may be adapted to be mounted to a window, wall, ceiling, or any other structure and/or fixture in an enclosure (e.g., a facility, a building, or a room) to perform multiple functions. Common components of a device (e.g., a collection of devices) may include power conditioning components, circuit systems (e.g., a processing unit), memory, and/or a network interface. The housing may include a mounting adapter that may provide at least a portion of a fixture for mounting the assembly to, for example, a window sash. The housing may include one or more features that may be desirable for optimal performance, such as (I) one or more openings for allowing external environmental features to enter the housing, (II) electrical and/or electromagnetic (e.g., RF) shielding, and/or (III) a heat exchanger (e.g., passive or active). For example, the housing may include one or more openings (e.g., holes) that facilitate air flow through the circuit board. The housing may include a heat sink. The heat exchanger and/or shielding may shield the circuit system from external influences and/or may shield between circuit boards enclosed in the housing. The housing may include an open body and a cover. The cover may include one or more openings (e.g., holes). The cover can be snapped into the opened body to close the housing. The housing can include an opening for receiving a cable.

FIG. 21A shows an example of a hard surface 2101 (e.g., a tintable window) mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesives) within a frame 2102. The frame 2102 includes vertical frames 2103a and 2103b, and cross beams 2104a and 2104b (sometimes referred to as horizontal vertical frames). Two display structures 2105a and 2105b are mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesives) within the frame 2102 and cover (e.g., all) the visible surface of the hard surface 2101 (e.g., a slat or window, such as the visible surface of a tintable window). Two controllers housed in housings (also referred to herein as electrical (E-) boxes) 2106a and 2106b are mounted in a portion of frame 2102 within upper (center of gravity relative to vector 2100) crossbeam 2104a. Circuitry in E-Box 2106a (e.g., including timing controllers, network communications (e.g., routers), and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2105a via wiring 2109a. Circuitry in E-Box 2106b is connected to display structure 2105b via wiring 2109b. Display connector 2108a extends from housing 2106a in the same downward direction. Display connector 2108b extends from housing 2106b in the same downward direction. Connectors 2108a and 2108b are configured to point in the same downward direction. Cable 2109a from each E-Box 2106a and 2106b to the respective display structures 2105a and 2105b has (e.g., substantially) the same length and extends within a portion of frame 2102. E-Box 2106a is configured to be connected (e.g., via a connector) to power cable 2110a. E-Box 2106b is configured to be connected (e.g., via a connector) to power cable 2110b. At least one power cable that powers the E-Box circuit system can be connected to its own power supply. At least two power cables that power the E-Box circuit system can be connected to a power supply. FIG. 21A shows an example where two power cables 2110a and 2110b are connected to the same power supply 2111. Power cables 2110a and 2110b extend from each E-box and (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the direction in which display connectors 2108a and 2108b extend from the E-box (e.g., the connectors extend to the same side of the E-box). Media cabling 2112a connects from a data source (e.g., a server) to a circuit system (e.g., a media circuit board) 2106b housed in the E-box. Media cabling 2112b is connected to E-Box 2106a and (via E-Box 2106b) to cable 2112a and data source 2115. Media cables 2112a and 2112b may be connected to a media content provider server. The E-box may be operatively coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, where hard surface 2101 is a tintable window, any (e.g., all) E-boxes may be operatively coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of the window, e.g., via media cables (e.g., 2112a and/or 2112b) or via a dedicated cable (not shown in FIG. 21A ).

FIG. 21B shows an example of a hard surface 2121 (e.g., a tintable window) mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesives) within a frame 2122. The frame 2122 includes vertical frames 2123a and 2123b, and cross beams 2124a and 2124b (sometimes referred to as horizontal vertical frames). Four display structures 2125a, 2125b, 2125c, and 2125d are mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesives) within the frame 2122 and cover all visible surfaces of the hard surface 2121 (e.g., slats or visible surfaces of a window such as a tintable window). Four controllers housed in housings (also referred to herein as electrical (E-) boxes) 2126a, 2126b, 2126c, and 2126d are mounted in a portion of frame 2122 within upper (center of gravity relative to vector 2120) crossbeam 2124a. The circuitry in E-Box 2126a (e.g., including timing controllers, network and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2125a via wiring 2129a. The circuitry in E-Box 2126b is connected to display structure 2125b via wiring 2129b. The circuitry in E-Box 2126c (e.g., including timing controllers and media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2125c via wiring 2129c. The circuit system in E-Box 2126d is connected to display structure 2125d via wiring 2129d. Display connector 2128a extends from housing 2126a in the same downward direction. Display connector 2128b extends from housing 2126b in the same downward direction. Display connector 2128c extends from housing 2126c in the same downward direction. Display connector 2128d extends from housing 2126d in the same downward direction. Connectors 2128a, 2128b, 2128c and 2128d are configured to point in the same downward direction. Cable 2129a has (e.g., substantially) the same length and extends within a portion of frame 2102 from each E-Box 2126a, 2126b, 2126c, and 2126d to the respective display structures 2125a, 2125b, 2125c, and 2125d. E-Box 2126a is configured to connect (e.g., via a connector) to power cable 2130a. E-Box 2126b is configured to connect (e.g., via a connector) to power cable 2130b. E-Box 2126c is configured to connect (e.g., via a connector) to power cable 2130c. E-Box 2126d is configured to connect (e.g., via a connector) to power cable 2130d. At least one power cable that supplies power to the E-Box circuit system can be connected to its own power supply. At least two or more power cables that supply power to the E-Box circuit system can be connected to a power supply. Figure 21B shows an example in which four power cables 2130a, 2130b, 2130c and 2130d are connected to the same power supply 2131. Power cables 2130a, 2130b, 2130c and 2130d extend from each E-box, (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the direction in which display connectors 2128a, 2128b, 2128c and 2128d extend from the E-box. Media cabling 2132a is connected from a data source (e.g., a server) to a circuit system housed in an E-box (e.g., a media circuit board) 2126d. Media cabling 2132b is connected to E-Box 2126c and (via E-Box 2126d) to cable 2132a and data source 2135. Media cabling 2132c is connected to E-Box 2126b and (via E-boxes 2126d and 2126c) to cable 2132a and data source 2135. Media cabling 2132d is connected to E-Box 2126a and (via E-Boxes 2126d, 2126c, and 2126b) to cable 2132a and data source 2135. Media cables 2132a, 2132b, 2132c, and 2132d may be connected to a media content provider server. The E-box may be operatively (e.g., wirelessly and/or wiredly) coupled to a network coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, in the case where the hard surface 2121 is a tintable window, any (e.g., all) E-boxes may be operably coupled to at least one controller which controls the degree of tinting of such window, for example via a media cable (e.g., 2132a, 2132b, 2132c and/or 2132d) or via a dedicated cable (not shown in FIG. 21B).

FIG. 22A shows an example of a hard surface 2221a and 2221b (e.g., tinted windows) mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesive) within a frame 2222a and 2222b. The frame 2222a and 2222b includes a vertical frame 2223 and a crossbeam 2224 (sometimes referred to as a horizontal vertical frame) that are upright. Two display structures 2225a, 2225b are mounted within the frame 2222a, and two display structures 2225c and 2225d are mounted within the frame 2222b and cover all visible surfaces of the hard surfaces 2221a and 2221b (e.g., visible surfaces of slats or windows such as tinted windows). Four controllers housed in housings (also referred to herein as electrical (E) boxes) 2226a, 2226b, 2226c, and 2226d are mounted in a portion of frames 2222a and 2222b within upright side (relative to the center of gravity to which vector 2220 points) vertical frame 2223. Circuitry in E-Box 2226a (e.g., including timing controllers and media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2225a via wiring 2229a. Circuitry in E-Box 2226b is connected to display structure 2225b via wiring 2229b. The circuit system in E-Box 2226c (e.g., including a timing controller, network components and/or media-related circuit systems) is connected to the display structure 2225c via wiring 2229c. The circuit system in E-Box 2226d is connected to the display structure 2225d via wiring 2229d. Display connectors 2228a, 2228b, 2228c and 2228d extend from respective housings 2226a, 2226b, 2226c and 2226d in the same horizontal direction. Connectors 2228a, 2228b, 2228c and 2228d are configured to point in the same horizontal direction. Cables 2229a, 2229b, 2229c, and 2229d are (e.g., substantially) the same length and extend within portions of frames 2222a and 2222b from each E-Box 2226a, 2226b, 2226c, and 2226d to the respective display structures 2225a, 2225b, 2225c, and 2225d. The E-boxes may be operatively (e.g., wirelessly and/or wiredly) coupled to a network coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, where the hard surfaces 2221a and 2221b are more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) of the E-boxes may be operatively coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of the windows.

FIG. 22B shows an example of a hard surface 2231a and 2231b (e.g., a tintable window) mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesive) within a frame 2232a and 2232b. The frame 2232a and 2232b includes a vertical frame 2233, and a crossbeam 2234 (sometimes referred to as a horizontal vertical frame). A display structure 2235a is mounted within the frame 2232a, and a display structure 2235b is mounted within the frame 2232b and covers all visible surfaces of the hard surface 2231a and 2231b (e.g., the visible surface of a slat or window such as a tintable window). Two controllers housed in housings (also referred to herein as electrical (E) boxes) 2236a and 2236b are mounted in a portion of frames 2232a and 2232b within an upper (relative to the center of gravity of vector 2230) vertical frame 2224. The circuitry in E-Box 2236a (e.g., including timing controllers, network components, and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2235a via wiring 2239a. The circuitry in E-Box 2236b is connected to display structure 2235b via wiring 2239b. Display connectors 2238a and 2238b extend from respective housings 2236a and 2236b in the same downward direction. Connectors 2238a and 2238b are configured to point in the same downward direction. From each E-Box 2236a and 2236b to the respective display structure 2235a and 2235b, cables 2239a and 2239b are (e.g., substantially) the same length and extend within a portion of the frame 2232a and 2232b. The E-boxes are operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, in the case where the hard surface 2231a and 2231b is more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) E-boxes are operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of those windows.

23 shows an example of a hard surface 2321a, 2321b, and 2321c (e.g., a tintable window) mounted within a frame 2322a, 2322b, and 2322c (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesives such as 2370). The frames 2322a, 2322b, and 2322c include a vertical frame 2323 that is upright, and a crossbeam 2324 (also called a horizontal vertical frame). Four display structures 2325a, 2325b, 2325c and 2325d are mounted in frame 2322a, two display structures 2325e and 2325f are mounted in frame 2322b, and two display structures 2325g and 2325h are mounted in frame 2322c and may (e.g., substantially) cover all (or only a portion) of the visible surface (e.g., the visible surface of a slat, or the visible surface of a window such as a tintable window) of respective hard surfaces 2321a, 2321b and 2321c. For example, surface 2380 of a tintable window is not covered by the display structures. Four controllers contained in housings (E-boxes) 2326a, 2326b, 2326c and 2326d are mounted in a portion of frame 2322a within an upper (relative to the center of gravity to which vector 2320 points) vertical frame 2323. The circuit system in E-Box 2326a is connected to display structure 2325a via wiring 2329a. This wiring can be configured to transmit data and/or power (e.g., to a touch screen). The circuit system in E-Box 2326b is connected to display structure 2325b via wiring 2329b. The circuit system in E-Box 2326c is connected to display structure 2325c via wiring 2329c. The circuitry in E-Box 2326d is connected to display structure 2325d via wiring 2329d. Display connectors 2328a, 2328b, 2328c, and 2328d extend from respective housings 2326a, 2326b, 2326c, and 2326d in the same downward direction. Connectors 2328a, 2328b, 2328c, and 2328d are configured to point in the same downward direction. Cables 2329a, 2329b, 2329c, and 2329d are (e.g., substantially) of the same length and extend within portions of the frame 2322a from each E-Box 2326a, 2326b, 2326c, and 2326d to the respective display structures 2325a, 2325b, 2325c, and 2325d. The E-boxes are operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, where the hard surfaces 2321a, 2321b, and 2321c are more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) of the E-boxes are operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of the windows. The controller contained in the housing 2330 is mounted in a portion of the frame 2322b within the upper (center of gravity relative to the direction of vector 2320) vertical frame 2323. The circuit system in the controller 2330 (e.g., including a timing controller, network components and/or media-related circuit systems) is connected to the display structure 2325e via wiring 2329e. The circuit system in the controller 2330 is connected to the display structure 2325f via wiring 2329f. The circuit system in the controller 2330 (e.g., including a timing controller, network components and/or media-related circuit systems) is connected to the display structure 2325g via wiring 2329g. The circuitry in the controller 2330 is connected to the display structure 2325h via the cabling 2329h. The cables 2329e, 2329f, 2329g, and 2329h have (e.g., substantially) the same length and extend within portions of the frames 2322b and 2322c from the controller 2330 to the respective display structures 2325e, 2325f, 2325g, and 2325h. The controller 2330 is operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wiredly) to a network coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, where hard surfaces 2321a, 2321b, and 2321c are more than one tintable window, any (eg, all) controllers may be operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of those windows.

24 shows an example of a hard surface 2421a, 2421b and 2421c (e.g., a tintable window) mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesive) within a frame 2422a, 2422b and 2422c. The frame 2422a, 2422b and 2422c includes a vertical frame 2423, and a crossbeam 2424 (sometimes referred to as a horizontal frame). Four display structures 2425a, 2425b, 2425c and 2425d are mounted in frame 2422a, two display structures 2425e and 2425f are mounted in frame 2422b, and two display structures 2425g and 2425h are mounted in frame 2422c and can cover all (or only a portion) of the visible surface of the respective hard surfaces 2421a, 2421b and 2421c (for example, the visible surface of a slat, or the visible surface of a window such as a tinted window). Four controllers housed in housings (also referred to herein as electrical (E-) boxes) 2426a, 2426b, 2426c, and 2426d are mounted in a portion of frame 2422a within an upper (center of gravity relative to which vector 2420 points) vertical frame 2423. Circuitry in E-Box 2426a (e.g., including timing controllers, network components, and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2425a via wiring 2429a. Circuitry in E-Box 2426b is connected to display structure 2425b via wiring 2429b. Circuitry in E-Box 2426c (e.g., including timing controllers, networking components, and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2425c via wiring 2429c. Circuitry in E-Box 2426d is connected to display structure 2425d via wiring 2429d. Cables 2429a, 2429b, 2429c, and 2429d are (e.g., substantially) the same length and extend within portions of frame 2422a from each E-Box 2426a, 2426b, 2426c, and 2426d to the respective display structures 2425a, 2425b, 2425c, and 2425d. The E-box is operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, in the case where hard surfaces 2421a, 2421b, and 2421c are more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) E-boxes are operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of these windows. The controller contained within the housing 2430 is mounted in a portion of the frame 2422b within the upper (relative to the center of gravity to which vector 2420 points) vertical frame 2423. The circuit system in the controller 2430 (e.g., including a timing controller, network components, and/or media-related circuit systems) is connected to the display structure 2425e via wiring 2429e. Circuitry in controller 2430 is connected to display structure 2425f via wiring 2429f. Circuitry in controller 2430 (e.g., including timing controller, networking components and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2425g via wiring 2429g. Circuitry in controller 2430 is connected to display structure 2425h via wiring 2429h. Cables 2429e, 2429f, 2429g and 2429h are (e.g., substantially) the same length and extend within portions of frames 2422b and 2422c from controller 2430 to respective display structures 2425e, 2425f, 2425g and 2425h. The controller 2430 is operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, where the hard surfaces 2421a, 2421b, and 2421c are more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) controllers are operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of these windows.

25 shows an example of a hard surface 2521a, 2521b and 2521c (e.g., a tintable window) mounted (e.g., via hinges and/or adhesive) within a frame 2522a, 2522b and 2522c. The frame 2522a, 2522b and 2522c includes a vertical frame 2523, which is upright, and a crossbeam 2524 (sometimes referred to as a horizontal vertical frame). Four display structures 2525a, 2525b, 2525c and 2525d are mounted in frame 2522a, two display structures 2525e and 2525f are mounted in frame 2522b, and two display structures 2525g and 2525h are mounted in frame 2522c and can cover all (or only a portion) of the visible surface (e.g., the visible surface of a slat or window such as a tinted window) of the respective hard surfaces 2521a, 2521b and 2521c. Four controllers housed in housings (also referred to herein as electrical (E-) boxes) 2526a, 2526b, 2526c, and 2526d are mounted in a portion of frame 2522b within an upper (relative to the center of gravity toward which vector 2520 points) vertical frame 2523. Circuitry in E-Box 2526a (e.g., including timing controllers, networking components, and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2525a via wiring 2529a. Circuitry in E-Box 2526b is connected to display structure 2525b via wiring 2529b. Circuitry in E-Box 2526c (e.g., including timing controllers, networking components, and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2525c via wiring 2529c. Circuitry in E-Box 2526d is connected to display structure 2525d via wiring 2529d. Cables 2529a, 2529b, 2529c, and 2529d are (e.g., substantially) the same length and extend within portions of frame 2522a from each E-Box 2526a, 2526b, 2526c, and 2526d to the respective display structures 2525a, 2525b, 2525c, and 2525d. The E-box is operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, in the case where the hard surfaces 2521a, 2521b, and 2521c are more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) E-boxes are operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of these windows. The controller contained within the housing 2530 is mounted in a portion of the frame 2522b within the upper (relative to the center of gravity of the vector 2520) vertical frame 2523. The circuit system in the controller 2530 (e.g., including a timing controller, network components and/or media-related circuit systems) is connected to the display structure 2525e via wiring 2529e. Circuitry in controller 2530 is connected to display structure 2525f via wiring 2529f. Circuitry in controller 2530 (e.g., including timing controller, networking components and/or media-related circuitry) is connected to display structure 2525g via wiring 2529g. Circuitry in controller 2530 is connected to display structure 2525h via wiring 2529h. Cables 2529e, 2529f, 2529g and 2529h are (e.g., substantially) the same length from controller 2530 to each of display structures 2525e, 2525f, 2525g and 2525h and extend within portions of frames 2522b and 2522c. Controller 2530 is operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wiredly) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. For example, where hard surfaces 2521a, 2521b, and 2521c are more than one tintable window, any (e.g., all) controllers are operably coupled to at least one controller that controls the degree of tinting of those windows.

In some embodiments, one or more controllers in a housing ((E)-boxes) provide functionality to one or more display structures. The E-box may have a cover bracket that can be locked to a mounting bracket. The cover bracket and the mounting bracket can be mounted within a portion of a window frame and/or mounted to another structure. The E-box may have a length, a width, and a height. The length of the E-box may be at most 15 inches (''), 14'', 13'', 12'', 11'', or 10''. The length of the E-box may have any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., approximately between 15'' and 10'', such as approximately 12.5''). The width of the E-box may be at most 5 inches (''), 4'', 3.5'', 3'', 2.5'', 2'', or 1.5''. The width of the E-box can have any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., between about 5'' and 1.5'', such as about 3.75''). The height of the E-box can be at most 3'', 2.5'', 2'', 1.5'', or 1''. The height of the E-box can have any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., between about 3'' and 1'', such as 1.75''). The E-box can include an analog-to-digital converter circuit board that can be mounted to one or both of the cover bracket and the mounting bracket. The circuit board may include terminals for connecting to a power source (e.g., an AC or DC power source) via a cable that provides power to the E-box, the circuit board may include at least one data input connector (e.g., a display port, HDMI, Ethernet, or another type of connector for data transmission) that can receive data for display on an associated display structure, and may include at least one E-box connector (e.g., a display port, HDMI, Ethernet, or another type of connector for data transmission) that can transmit data to another E-box. The E-box may include a controller board that operably engages the circuit board. The controller board may include a timing controller, a networking component, and/or media-related circuitry. A timing controller may be used to accurately coordinate the timing of changing multiple locations (e.g., LEDs) in a display structure. The controller board may include connectors connected to cable lines that may be connected to the display structure. The cable lines may transmit data between the E-box and the display structure. The connectors from the E-box to the display structure (e.g., to transmit power and/or data) may extend in the same direction from the E-box, or may extend in different directions from the E-box. For example, all power connectors from the E-box to the display structure may extend in the same direction and be exposed from the same side of the E-box and/or a PCB disposed therein. For example, all communication connectors from the E-box to the display structure may extend in the same direction and be exposed from the same side of the E-box and/or a PCB disposed therein. The power connector for supplying power from the PCB of the E-box to the display structure may reside on the same PCB side as the data connector from the PCB of the E-box to the display structure (e.g., and extend in the same direction, e.g., toward the display structure and away from the E-box). The connector for data and/or power between the E-Box and the display structure may reside in the E-box on a first side that is at an angle to (perpendicular to) a second side of the E-Box, with the connector for the incoming power cable residing in the second side. Connectors for data and/or power between the E-Box and a display structure may reside in the E-box on a first side that is at an angle to (perpendicular to) a third side of the E-Box, and connectors for incoming data and/or media communications cables reside in the third side. Connectors for (i) incoming power, (ii) incoming data (e.g., media) communications, and (iii) power and/or data to the display structure may or may not reside on a PCB. The E-box may be operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. The E-box may have a unique network identifier (ID), for example, for communicating with at least one controller that controls the facility.

In some embodiments, a plurality of cable lines extend from the E-box to the display structure, and the cable lines are connected to the circuit system in the E-box via a connector. The circuit system may be one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs). The cable lines may be connected to the circuit boards via connectors. The connectors may connect a plurality of wires bundled into cables. The number of connectors may be at least 2, 4, 6, or 8. The number of connectors may be an even number. The cable lines may have the same or different functionalities. This functionality may include the transmission of data and/or the transmission of electricity (e.g., power). For example, a connector may connect a cable line that transmits data from a PCB to a display structure. For example, a connector may connect a cable line that transmits power from a PCB to a display structure. The connectors may form two groups of connectors. The components of the connector groups may be identical or different. For example, a connector group may include a data connector and a power connector. The respective configurations of the connector types in the connector group may follow mirror symmetry, inversion symmetry, and/or rotational (e.g., C ₂ ) symmetry. Mirrors, rotation axes, and/or inversion points for applicable symmetric operations may be disposed between the two connector groups.

FIG. 26 shows an exploded view of an example of a controller in an enclosure (E-Box) 2602. The E-Box 2602 has a cover bracket 2603 that is locked to a mounting bracket 2604. The cover bracket 2603 has a plurality of slits 2620 (e.g., for ventilation and/or heat exchange). The cover bracket 2602 and mounting bracket 2604 can be mounted within a portion of a window frame (not shown in this figure) or mounted to another structure (e.g., a fixture). The E-Box 2602 includes an analog-to-digital converter circuit board 2605, which can be mounted to one or both of the cover bracket 2603 and mounting bracket 2604. Circuit board 2605 may include terminals 2606 for connecting to a (e.g., AC) power cable that provides power to E-Box 2602, at least one data input connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, or another type of connector for data transmission) 2607 that can receive data for display on an associated display structure, and at least one E-box connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, or another type of connector for data transmission) 2608 that can transmit data to another E-Box. E-Box 2602 includes a controller board 2610 operably encapsulating circuit board 2605. Controller board 2610 may include a timing controller and/or media related circuitry. A timing controller may be used to (e.g., precisely) coordinate the timing of changing multiple locations (e.g., LEDs) of a display structure. A circuit board (e.g., controller board) 2610 includes a connector (e.g., 2611) connected to cable lines 2612a-f, which are connected to the display structure. The cable lines 2612a-f can transmit data and/or power between the E-Box 2602 and the display structure. For example, some of the cable lines 2612a-f can transmit data and some of the cable lines can transmit power. For example, the two outermost cable lines 2612c and 2612f may transmit power, and the four innermost cable lines 2612e, 2612d, 2612a, and 2612b may transmit data. For example, the two innermost cable lines 2612d and 2612a may transmit power, and the four outermost cable lines 2612e, 2612f, 2612c, and 2612b may transmit data. For example, the two middle cable lines 2612a and 2612b may transmit power, and the four cable lines 2612d, 2612f, 2612c, and 2612a may transmit data. Two of the cable lines 2612a-f can transmit power, and four of the cable lines 2612a-f can transmit data. The connectors can extend from the E-Box in the same direction, or can extend from the E-Box in different directions. In the example shown in Figure 26, connector 2611 extends from the E-Box 2602 in the same direction. The connector can extend from the E-box at right angles to the direction in which the (e.g., AC) power cable extends, or can extend at any other angle to the direction in which the power cable extends. The E-box can be operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. The E-box can have a unique network ID for communicating with at least one controller that controls the facility.

Figures 27A and 27B show various views of the assembled E-box 2702 shown in Figure 26 in exploded views. The E-Box 2702 has a cover bracket 2703 that is locked to a mounting bracket 2704. The cover bracket 2702 and the mounting bracket 2704 can be mounted within a portion of a window frame (not shown in this figure) or to another structure. The E-Box 2702 can have dimensions (e.g., as disclosed herein) for fitting within a structure (e.g., length 2730, width 2731, and thickness 2732). This structure can be any structure disclosed herein. The E-Box 2702 includes (e.g., an analog to digital converter) a circuit board 2705 that can be mounted to one or both of the cover bracket 2703 and the mounting bracket 2704. Circuit board 2705 includes terminals 2706 for connecting to a (e.g., AC) power cable 2715 that provides power to E-Box 2702, at least one data input connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, or another type of connector for data transmission) 2707 that can receive data for display on an associated display structure, and at least one E-box connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, or another type of connector for data transmission) 2708 that can transmit data to, for example, another E-box or a network via cable 2716. E-Box 2702 includes a controller board 2710 operably encapsulating circuit board 2705. Controller board 2710 can include a timing controller and media related circuitry. A timing controller may be used to precisely coordinate the timing of changing multiple locations (e.g., LEDs) in the display structure. The controller board 2710 includes a connector 2711 connected to a cable line 2712 that is connected to the display structure. The cable line 2712 may transmit data and/or power between the E-Box 2702 and the display structure. The connector 2711 extends from the E-Box 2702 in the same direction.

FIG. 32 shows an example of an exploded view of an E-box 3202. The E-box 3202 has a cover bracket 3203 that is locked to a mounting bracket 3204. The cover bracket 3202 and the mounting bracket 3204 can be mounted within a portion of a structure such as a fixture, such as a window frame (not shown in this figure). The E-box 3202 can have dimensions consistent with the portion of the structure into which the E-box 3202 is assembled, or can have other dimensions that are larger or smaller than these dimensions (e.g., as disclosed herein). The E-box 3202 includes (e.g., an analog to digital converter) a circuit board 3205 that can be mounted to one or both of the cover bracket 3203 and the mounting bracket 3204. Circuit board 3205 may include one or more terminals 3206 for connecting to a (e.g., AC) power cable that provides power to E-box 3202 (e.g., via a coaxial cable); at least one data input connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, and/or another type of connector for data transmission) 3207 that can receive data for display on an associated display structure; and at least one E-box connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, and another type of connector for data transmission) 3208 that can transmit data to another E-box and/or a network. E-box 3702 includes a (e.g., controller) circuit board 3210 that operatively incorporates circuit board 3205. Circuit board 3210 may include a timing controller, network components, and/or media related circuit systems. A timing controller may be used to accurately coordinate the timing of changing multiple locations (e.g., LEDs) in a display structure. Circuit board 3210 includes connectors 3211a-f connected to cable lines (e.g., 3212), which in turn are connected to the display structure. Cable lines 3212 can transmit data and/or power between E-box 3202 and the display structure. E-box 3202 can be operatively coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls a facility or any controllable device of the facility. E-box 3202 may have a unique network ID for communicating with at least one controller that controls the facility.

Figures 33A to 33D show various views of an E-box. E-box 3302 has a cover bracket 3303 that is locked to a mounting bracket 3304. Cover bracket 3303 and mounting bracket 3304 can be mounted in a structure or a portion of a structure (e.g., a fixture such as a window frame (not shown in this figure)). E-box 3302 can have dimensions for mounting in a structure (e.g., having a length 3330, a width 3331, and a thickness 3332), such as any dimensions disclosed herein. E-box 3302 includes a first circuit board (e.g., an analog-to-digital converter) that can be mounted to one or both of cover bracket 3303 and mounting bracket 3304. The first circuit board includes one or more terminal(s) (e.g., 3306) for connecting to a (e.g., AC) power cable (e.g., comprising coaxial cable or twisted pair) that provides power to the E-box 3302; one or more data input connectors (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet and/or another type of connector for data transmission) 3307 that can receive data for display on an associated display structure; and one or more E-box connectors (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet and/or another type of connector for data transmission) 3308 that can transmit data to another E-box. The E-box 3302 includes a second (e.g., controller) circuit board 3305 that is operatively coupled to the first circuit board. In some embodiments, the first circuit board and the second base circuit board are a circuit board (e.g., and reside on the same or different sides of the circuit board). In some embodiments, the first circuit board and the second circuit board are separate circuit boards that are separated by a distance that facilitates heat exchange and/or shielding (e.g., electronic and/or electromagnetic (e.g., RF) shielding). The heat exchanger and/or shielding member may include elemental metal or metal alloy. The heat exchanger may be dynamically and/or actively exchange heat. The heat exchanger may include a heat pipe, a flat plate, or a mesh structure. The heat exchanger may include a heat sink. The second circuit board 3305 may include a timing controller, a network component, and/or a media-related circuit system. A timing controller may be used to accurately coordinate the timing of changing multiple locations (e.g., LEDs) in a display structure. In the example shown in Figures 33A-D, the second circuit board includes one or more connectors 3311 connected to a cable line 3312, which in turn is connected to a display structure. The cable line 3312 can transmit data and/or power between the E-box 3302 and the display structure. There may be other cable lines connecting the E-box and the display structure (not shown). The E-box 3302 can be operably coupled (e.g., wirelessly and/or wired) to a network that is coupled to at least one controller that controls the facility or any controllable device within the facility. The E-box 3302 can have a unique network ID for communicating with at least one controller that controls the facility.

34A to 34E show multiple view examples of a circuit board 3405 that can be installed in an E-box. The circuit board 3405 can include one or more terminals 3406 for connecting to an AC power cable that provides power to the circuit board 3405, at least one data input connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, and/or another type of connector for data transmission) 3407 that can receive data for display on an associated display structure, and at least one E-box connector (e.g., display port, HDMI, Ethernet, and/or another type of connector for data transmission) 3408 that can transmit data to another E-box. Circuit board 3405 operably incorporates a controller board, which may include a timing controller and media related circuitry, and a connector that connects to a cable line that connects to a display structure.

In some embodiments, certain apparatus, non-transitory computer-readable media, and/or methods described herein include techniques for passing a gas (e.g., air) through at least one sheet of a tintable window. The tintable window can include an insulating glass unit, such as a tinted electrochromic coating sheet of an IGU. The passage of the gas (e.g., air) can facilitate the removal of heat and/or reduce the heat load on the sheet, such as any optically switchable devices (e.g., electrochromic coatings) on a substrate on the sheet, and/or other components (e.g., display structures). Passing the gas (e.g., air) can be, for example, to dissipate heat via convection. Heat can be removed via conduction and/or radiation. In some embodiments, the gas that has been heated by and/or through the IGU sheets can be passed, for example, by pumping, pushing and/or suction. The flow of gas can be to the internal environment of the facility and/or to the exterior of the facility (e.g., a building) having the IGU sheets. For example, the heated gas can be used to heat the interior of the facility. In some embodiments, the heated gas can be used to drive a turbine to generate electricity. The electricity so generated can be stored in a battery on the forced air window assembly.

In some embodiments, a forced air tintable (e.g., electrochromic) window may include two or more ventilation modules that communicate with the internal space between the electrochromic sheet and the third sheet of the IGU subassembly. In some cases, one or more of these ventilation modules may include one or more air moving devices, such as one or more fans, for actively moving gas (e.g., air) through the internal space between the electrochromic sheet and the third sheet. In one case, one or more air moving devices (e.g., fans) may include one of a bladed fan, a bladeless fan, or an air pump. In some cases, one or more air moving devices from this structure and on the outside of the forced air tintable window may be configured to supply air into one or more ventilation modules or output air from one or more ventilation modules. In some embodiments, the exhausted air can be used to generate electricity by turning a turbine connected to a generator. The generated electricity can be stored in a battery, such as in one of the ventilation modules. Examples of forced air tinted windows, their uses, and their control can be found in PCT/US15/14453 (WO 2015/120045 A1), filed on February 4, 2015, entitled "Forced Air Smart Window," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 28 shows an example of a display structure 2801 coupled to a fastener 2802, the display structure being framed by a sensor and transmitter panel (e.g., 2803). The display structure is coupled (e.g., via wiring and/or cabling as shown in FIG. 28) to an E-Box 2811 and a power supply 2810. The E-Box and power supply may be disposed adjacent to the display structure, or more remotely as herein (e.g., in a fixture cavity such as in a window frame, or a wall cavity). The fastener 2802 includes a hinge having a first blade 2821 including a bracket, and a second blade 2822 coupled by a knuckle and pin arrangement. Fastener 2802 includes gas guides 2823 (partial view shown) that facilitate directional flow of gas through a set of fans 2805 (partial view shown) coupled to respective holes in blade portion 2821. The gas guide components are configured to attach a circuit board 2830 having connectors 2831 that connect the circuit board to the display structure 2801. The circuit board may include a controller and/or driver board.

In some embodiments, the display structure includes touch screen functionality. In some embodiments, multiple display structures can be arranged adjacent to each other (for example, to form a display wall such as a video wall). The display structures can be arranged in a matrix (also referred to herein as a display structure group or group). There may be a gap between two adjacent display structures. Adjacent display structures do not include another display structure between them. The gap may be shielded or unshielded. The gap shielding may include a flexible filler such as a transparent polymer and/or resin. The flexible filler may include a carbon-based or silicon-based polymer or resin. The filler may include an optical grade material. The filler may be polymerized and/or cured by mixing at least two components. At least one of the at least two components and/or the filler may have a viscosity of at least about 400 millipascal seconds (mPa*s), 1000 mPa*s, 2000 mPa*s, 3000 mPa*s, 5000 mPa*s, 6000 mPa*s, 7000 mPa*s, 8000 mPa*s, 9000 mPa*s, 10000 mPa*s, 25000 mPa*s, or 50000 mPa*s. The density of the filler may be at least about 0.9 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm ³ ), 0.95 g/cm ³ , 0.97 g/cm ³ , 0.98 g/cm ³ , or 0.99 g/cm ³ . The filler may have a low shrinkage rate after curing (e.g., shrinkage rate per volume after curing is at most about 0.2%, 0.1%, or 0.5% by volume relative to before curing). The filler may have a dielectric constant of at most about 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, or 2.9. The filler may have a dielectric constant between any of the aforementioned dielectric constants (e.g., from 2.5 to 2.9, or from 2.7 to 2.8). The filler may be optically transparent (e.g., to an average person). The filler may have a pull strength of at least 2 kilograms force per square centimeter (Kgf/ ^cm2 ), 2.2Kgf/ ^cm2 , 2.5Kgf/ ^cm2 , 3Kgf/ ^cm2 , 3.5Kgf/ ^cm2 , 4.0Kgf/ ^cm2 , 4.5Kgf/ ^cm2 , 5.0Kgf/ ^cm2 , 5.5Kgf/ ^cm2 , or 6Kgf/ ^cm2 . The filler may have a transmittance of (e.g., visible) light of at least about 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.2%, 99.4%, or 99.5%. The filler may have a refractive index of at most about 1.9, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, or 1.3 at 25°C, 23°C, or 20°C, for example. For example, the filler can be Wacker Lumisil ^® (WL) filler (e.g., WL 100, 200, or 300 series). The flexible filler can be configured to allow expansion and/or contraction of the display (e.g., due to temperature changes). The flexible filler can be configured to engage adjacent displays to each other and/or to a structure. The structure can be a tinted window, slats, or wall. Mounting brackets and/or hinges can be locked to the display structure and can be mounted to the structure. The structure can include a frame or wall portion. The structure can include fixings. The frame can include vertical sashes and horizontal sashes (crossbars). The fixture (e.g., a frame) can be mounted (e.g., bonded, fastened, and/or by other attachment mechanisms) to a variety of surfaces (e.g., a wall, a slat, glass inside a facility, and/or another mounting location). In some embodiments, the display structure can be directly attached to such a structure (e.g., a tinted window). Direct attachment can use polymers and/or resins. Direct attachment can use bonding methods. Such bonding methods can utilize adhesive polymers and/or resins (e.g., as disclosed herein). The bonding material can have a state that is more ductile than other (e.g., hard) states. The hard state can be prevalent under ambient conditions. The ductile state can be in specific controllable conditions that are different from the ambient conditions. The change between the ductile state and the hard state can be triggered by an external stimulus (e.g., heat, magnetic fields, electric fields, and/or chemical stimulus). For example, the filler (e.g., adhesive polymer and/or resin) can be heat sensitive. For example, the filler can be more ductile under non-ambient conditions (e.g., in a heated environment) and, for example, facilitate the detachment of the display structure from its supporting structure (e.g., for maintenance or replacement). For example, due to the proximity of the display structures and the lack of an emitter-sensor panel between two adjacent display structures, the spacing between the display structures and/or the set of touch screens can be obscured. A flexible filler can be disposed between two adjacent display structures.

In some embodiments, the display structure can be secured to a side bracket. The side bracket can be secured to a structure (e.g., a fixture such as a frame portion or a wall). The side bracket can be locked to the display structure (e.g., via adhesive and/or screws). The side bracket can be operably coupled to at least one pair (e.g., two pairs) of emitter panels and sensor panels. A first sensor and emitter panel pair can be arranged orthogonally to a second sensor and emitter panel pair. The two orthogonal sensor and emitter panel pairs can facilitate operation of at least one touch screen.

In some embodiments, a plurality of display structures are configured to form a display structure wall. The display structure wall may or may not include touch screen capabilities. For example, at least one (e.g., all) of the display structures in the display structure wall may have touch screen capabilities. The touch screen may be facilitated by at least one pair of sensor panels and emitter panels. The touch screen may include, for example, two orthogonal pairs of sensors and emitters configured orthogonally (e.g., as disclosed herein). The distance between an emitter panel and its sensor panel may span more than one display structure. The display structures can be arranged in a matrix configuration (e.g., a display structure group can be formed with 2x2 display structures). In some embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) display structure in this group includes its dedicated touch screen, which has at least one (e.g., two) sets of sensors and an emitter panel. In some embodiments, at least two display structures in this group include their dedicated touch screens, which have at least one (e.g., two) sets of sensors and an emitter panel. The signal from the transmitter in the emitter panel propagates until it reaches the sensor in the sensor panel. If the signal does not reach the sensor, the touch screen controller can interpret this disturbance as a touch of the touch screen. Therefore, the path between the emitter and the sensor should not be inadvertently disturbed.

In some embodiments, a display structure and/or a display structure group is (e.g., substantially) planar. Tolerances for variations in flatness of the display structure are limited (e.g., to facilitate operation of a sensor-emitter panel disposed adjacent to the display structure). Tolerances for variations in flatness between display structures in the group may be limited (e.g., to facilitate operation of a sensor-emitter panel disposed adjacent to the display structure group). Variations from flatness toward a viewer may be more stringent than variations from flatness away from a viewer. Variations from flatness toward a side of a display structure may be more stringent, and a touch screen may be disposed adjacent to the display structure (e.g., to accommodate sensor and emitter panels). For example, the display structure can protrude toward the viewer and/or touch screen at a predetermined distance or less. The display structure can protrude away from the viewer and/or touch screen beyond the predetermined distance. The touch screen can be configured to present display data as if it were a single display structure (e.g., a media is distributed among the displays of a display set so that each display in the set of displays displays a portion of the screen image). A user can use a selector (e.g., a cursor and/or touch screen) to control multiple display structures as if the set of display structures were a single display. The tolerances may allow for a flatness deviation of up to about 100 micrometers (μm), 300 μm, 500 μm, 700 μm, or 900 μm for any display structure disposed between the sensor-emitter panels. The flatness deviation limit may be in the direction toward the sensor-emitter panel. The display structure may be a (e.g., slightly) concave, convex, or wavy display (e.g., within the tolerances mentioned herein). The gap between two adjacent displays may be up to about 0.1 inches (''), 0.2'', 0.3'', 0.4'', or 0.5''. The gap may have any value between the aforementioned values (e.g., from about 0.1'' to about 0.5''). The display structure set may have a glass panel that is common to multiple displays (e.g., TOLEDS). Each display configuration may have a glass panel that supports a display (eg, TOLED).

Figures 29A-29D show examples of multiple display configurations including touch screen functionality. Figure 29A shows an example of four displays (e.g., OLEDs) 2903a, 2903b, 2903c, and 2903d sandwiched between a front glass 2904 (which may be tempered) common to the four displays and four back glass panels (e.g., 2905), each of which supports a display individually. Together, the displays form a display configuration group. The four displays in Figures 29A and 29B are arranged in a two-by-two matrix (also referred to herein as a group or set) with a gap (e.g., 2915) between two adjacent displays. The gap 2915 can be shielded (e.g., by a flexible filler such as a transparent polymer and/or resin placed between the displays (e.g., to allow the displays to expand and contract due to temperature and/or to bond the display structure and/or glass panels together)). The sensor-emitter panel 2918 is locked to the display structure 2902 and mounted to the frame cap 2919. The display structure is locked to a structure, which is a window frame 2906 having vertical sashes 2907 and horizontal sashes 2908 (cross beams) with hinges (not shown). The frame 2906 can be mounted (e.g., bonded) to a variety of surfaces (e.g., a wall, a slat, interior glass of a facility, or another mounting location). This bonding may be performed with an adhesive polymer and/or resin that may or may not have a state that is more ductile than another (e.g., hard) state that may be prevalent under ambient conditions. FIG. 29A shows an example of a side frame cap 2910 configured to lock a sensor-emitter panel to a display structure 2902 on a side 2920 of a display structure set, allowing the sensor and emitter panels to be configured to operate as a touch screen. The set of displays 2903a-2903d has two sets of sensor-emitter panels that are perpendicular to each other and are adjacent to the set of display structures (rather than adjacent to each display). The tolerance for the height difference between displays 2903a-2903d in the display structure 2902 can be limited (e.g., no display can protrude from the sensor-emitter panel toward the viewer by at most a tolerance threshold (e.g., as disclosed herein)) so that signals from the emitters will be able to reach sensors on the opposite side of the display structure group without obstruction (e.g., displays within this group cannot protrude toward the viewer by a deviation greater than the tolerance threshold, but can be recessed from the viewer far enough to reach beyond the tolerance threshold).

In some embodiments, the fastener is configured to couple the display structure to a support structure. The display structure may or may not be equipped with a touch screen capability. The support structure may be a fixed device. For example, the support structure may be a frame portion of a window (e.g., a tintable window). This structure may be any structure disclosed herein (e.g., a wall, an arch, a door frame, or any other structural frame). In some embodiments, the fastener includes a hinge that is configured to allow (e.g., the coupled display structure) to rotate about its axis. The fastener can include a movable joint (e.g., a hinge). The fastener can allow at least a portion thereof to swing about an axis. The fastener may include a mechanical bearing connecting two solid objects. At least one of the solid objects may oscillate about an axis (e.g., a latch, a core pin, or a rod, such as a cylindrical rod). The oscillating motion may be a limited rotational angle between two solid parts (e.g., hinge blades). This angle may be up to about 270 degrees (°), 180°, 90°, 60°, 45°, or 30°. This angle may facilitate access to any circuitry and/or (e.g., electrical) connectors coupled to the fastener. This angle may facilitate attachment and/or detachment of a display structure to the fastener. This angle may facilitate attachment and/or detachment of the fastener to a support structure. The fastener may include a barrel hinge, a butt hinge, a ferrule hinge, a concealed hinge (e.g., a cup hinge or European hinge), a continuous hinge (e.g., a long braided chain), a flag hinge, an H hinge, an HL hinge, a pivot hinge (e.g., a double-acting hinge), a self-closing hinge, a spring hinge, or a live hinge (e.g., without a knuckle or pin). The swivel may be a hinge blade (e.g., anything attached to a hinge blade). The hinge axis can be the same material as the fastener body (e.g., hinge blade), or a different material. For example, the hinge axis can be a harder material than the hinge body (e.g., hinge blade). The hinge axis and/or blade can include metal (e.g., including elemental metal or a metal alloy). The fastener can include a steering knuckle and/or axis (e.g., a pin). The blade can extend from a set of steering knuckles that retain the hinge axis. For example, the fastener can include two sets of steering knuckles and/or two pins. The steering knuckle can be part of the blade of the fastener (e.g., an integral part of the blade, made from the same piece of material). Any portion of the hinge can include a composite material (e.g., including carbon fiber). The hinge may comprise a ceramic material. The hinge may be made of a thermally conductive material such as a metal (e.g., copper and/or aluminum). The metal may comprise an elemental metal or a metal alloy. The hinge axis (e.g., a core pin) may be a durable material. The durable material may comprise stainless steel, titanium, flat steel, iron, Inconel, Hoechst, Waspaloy, Corrosion Alloy, Incoloy, MP98T, TMS alloy, or CMSX single crystal alloy. The durable material may comprise a superalloy (e.g., a high performance alloy). The hinge (e.g., any component thereof, such as its axis (e.g., a core pin)) may comprise a durable material (e.g., a superalloy). The steering knuckle of the hinge may have a hollow cylindrical bore (e.g., having a circular cross-section). The cavity may form a joint of the hinge through which the hinge axis is set. The steering knuckle of any blade may alternate and interlock with the axis (e.g., a core pin) passing through the steering knuckle. The steering knuckle may form a closed cylindrical cavity. The steering knuckle may form an open cavity. Figure 37 shows an example of a hinge blade 3721 with a steering knuckle (e.g., 3781) that forms an open cavity constructed to accommodate the hinge axis 3720. The open cavity of the steering knuckle facilitates the attachment and/or detachment of its blade (e.g., 3721) from the axis). In the example of a steering joint with an open bore, the steering joint can be separated from the core pin by (i) moving the steering joint away from the core pin in a direction perpendicular to the core pin (e.g., and in a direction opposite to the steering joint bore opening (e.g., 3782) so that it extends along the core pin axis), and/or (ii) extracting it by moving the core pin along the core pin axis. FIG. 36 shows an example of a steering joint 3682 with a closed cylindrical bore, through which its axis (e.g., core pin) 3620 passes transversely. In the example of a closed steering joint, the core pin can be capable of (i) moving along its axis (e.g., 3683) and (ii) moving around its axis in a circular motion. In the case of a closed steering joint, the steering joint and the core pin can be disassembled by moving the core pin along its axis (e.g. 3683) to extract the core pin.

In some embodiments, the plane of the hinge blade face is (e.g., substantially) planar. In some embodiments, the plane of the hinge blade face has no curvature (e.g., concave, convex, or wavy). FIG. 40 shows an example of a three-dimensional view of a hinge blade 4021 having a planar hinge blade face surface 4021a. FIG. 41 shows an example of a hinge blade 4122 having a planar hinge blade face surface 4122a (showing a partial view).

In some embodiments, the fastener is configured to accommodate multiple components. The fastener (e.g., including a hinge) can be configured to accommodate more than one circuit board. For example, the fastener can be configured to accommodate a circuit board that includes an amplifier and/or driver board for connecting it to a display. For example, the fastener can be configured to accommodate a circuit board for touch screen functionality (e.g., a sensor and transmitter panel). The fastener can be configured to allow easy installation, removal, and/or maintenance (e.g., as disclosed herein). Easy can mean low labor cost, low labor level (e.g., low labor qualifications), and/or short labor time. At least one of the hinge blades may include an opening through which at least a portion of a circuit system (e.g., a PCB) may be viewed and/or accessed. At least one of the hinge blades may be configured to facilitate viewing, access, and/or manipulation of at least one connector. For example, at least some of the connectors in (or coupled to) the circuit system may be viewed, accessed, and/or manipulated through the opening. For example, at least some of the connectors between the circuit system and a display structure may be viewed and/or accessed through the opening. The opening may facilitate removal of cables coupled to the connector. The opening may facilitate attachment and removal of cables, such as for maintenance, replacement, and/or removal (e.g., of cable lines, circuit systems, and/or display structures). The fastener may snap and/or tighten to this structure. The circuit board may snap into the fastener, be attached to the fastener (e.g., using an adhesive), or snap to the fastener. Sometimes, the display structure may need to be replaced before replacing any part of the support structure (e.g., and/or tinted glass) to which it is coupled. The fastener may or may not have a magnetic component. The fastener may be coupled to the support structure. The fastener may or may not be attached to the window. The fastener may or may not be bolted into the window (e.g., using a through hole in the window). In some embodiments, the fastener is not directly coupled to the window (e.g., using any through holes in the window and/or using an adhesive). In some embodiments, the display structure is not directly coupled to the window (e.g., using any through holes in the window and/or using an adhesive).

FIG. 35 shows an exemplary view of a fastener 3502 coupled to a display structure 3501 bounded by a sensor-emitter panel housed in a protective frame such as 3503 to facilitate touch screen capabilities. Fastener 3502 has an opening 3504 through which a portion of a circuit board 3530 can be viewed. The circuit board can incorporate an amplifier and/or driver board coupled to the display emitters (e.g., LEDs). Circuit board 3530 includes six connectors 3509. The connectors can facilitate the transfer of data (including media and/or control related data) and/or power from a power supply and/or E-Box (combined circuit board (e.g., timing controller)) to the display structure. The fastener may include a hinge axis 3520 coupled to hinge blades 3521 and 3522. The first hinge blade 3521 includes a bracket configured to attach to a structure (e.g., a frame portion). The second hinge blade 3522 includes an opening 3504 for circuitry and/or a connector. Any hinge blade may be made from a single piece of material (e.g., from a single flat sheet), or may be made from multiple parts attached together to form a single piece. Attachment methods may include press-fitting, welding, interlocking, or tightening.

In some embodiments, the fastener is constructed to extend along one side of the display structure. The fastener may include a single unit that extends to at least a portion of the lateral length of the display structure. This single unit may be a single material (e.g., a single plate). This single unit may or may not have more than one opening. The extension of this unit (e.g., a hinge blade) may be at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the length of the side of the display structure. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the fastener (e.g., at least one hinge blade) extends to the full length of the side of the display structure. In some embodiments, the fastener extends (e.g., slightly) beyond the full length of the side of the display structure. In some embodiments, the fastener accommodates the side of the display structure. Figure 35 shows an example of a fastener 3502 having at least a portion (e.g., a hinge blade) 3522 extending the entire length of the display structure 3501, the hinge blade 3522 having an opening 3504 for facilitating access to at least a portion of the circuit system 3530 (e.g., its connector 3509), and a plurality of openings for air flow and/or heat exchange, the hinge blade being formed from a single portion (e.g., a single plate).

In some embodiments, the fastener may be configured to facilitate heat exchange. The fastener may be configured to accommodate any heat exchange device and/or technology disclosed herein. For example, the fastener may be configured to accommodate one or more fans for active gas (e.g., air) conduction. The fastener may be configured to accommodate at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 20 fans. The fastener may be configured to accommodate any number of fans between the aforementioned numbers (e.g., from 1 to 20, from 1 to 10, or from 10 to 20). The number of fans may be an even number. The number of fans may be (e.g., evenly) distributed on both sides of the opening. The opening to the circuit system may be centered along the length of the fastener. Openings for airflow (e.g., and placement of fans) may be located along the fastener and further away from the openings. Each pair of fans may be symmetrically aligned along the middle portion of the length of the fastener (e.g., the length of the blade). FIG. 35 shows an example of a fastener 3502 having a blade having an opening 3504 centered along its length, the blade having a plurality of openings 3505a and 3505b (eight openings total) for facilitating gas exchange and accommodating fans (e.g., 3524). The plurality of openings may be vents. The openings may be symmetrically arranged along the center of the length of the fastener and extend away from the openings along the fastener blade. The openings in each opening group 3505a and 3505b are uniformly distributed (e.g., uniformly spaced) along a portion of a fastener (e.g., hinge blade) and are arranged in two groups symmetrically about the center of the length of the fastener. The fastener blade 3522 is coupled to a corner 3529 configured to retain a circuit board 3597. The circuit board can be coupled to a sensor and emitter panel disposed in a protective frame cover 3503. The frame cover protects at least a portion of a transparent material (e.g., 3598) that is configured to allow the emitted radiation (e.g., infrared radiation) of the touch screen functionality to propagate therethrough.

In some embodiments, the display construction fastener includes a plurality of circuit boards. The circuit boards may include amplifier and/or driver boards, and/or at least one circuit system that facilitates touch screen functionality. For example, there may be two circuit boards that facilitate touch screen functionality. At least one of the plurality of circuit boards may be attached to the fastener. Figure 35 shows an example of a touch screen circuit system 3597 coupled to a hinge blade 3522 via a connector (e.g., an L-shaped bracket 3529). Additional circuit systems 3599 (e.g., to facilitate touch screen functionality) (e.g., 3599) may or may not be coupled to the fastener (e.g., hinge blade 3522).

In some examples, the fasteners facilitate cooling and/or air flow on one side of the display structure, and the touch screen functionality on the opposite side of the display structure. Figure 35 shows an example of a touch screen 3501 coupled to a fastener 3502 so that airflow 3536 is directed to the back of the display structure 3501, which will be further away from the viewer, and the touch screen functionality (e.g., including transparent material 3598) is disposed on the opposite side of the display structure 3501, which is closer to the viewer (e.g., and the viewer can enter and exit for the touch screen functionality). The viewer is schematically shown as a figurine 3596 to indicate the viewer side of the display structure 3501 (eg, whose proportions may be disproportionate relative to the display structure, for example).

In some embodiments, the fastener may be configured to facilitate heat exchange. The fastener may be configured to facilitate active heat transfer from the external atmosphere toward the display structure (e.g., gas push). The fastener may be configured to facilitate active heat transfer from the display structure toward the external atmosphere (e.g., gas suction). For example, the fastener may be configured to accommodate one or more fans that are configured to direct gas (e.g., air) from the surrounding atmosphere surrounding the fastener toward a specified path. This path may be specified by a guiding structure. The guiding structure may be at least one planar and/or curved portion. Figure 35 shows an example of a gas guiding structure 3523 having planar portions 3531 and 3532, and a curved portion 3533. The gas-guiding structure may be formed from a piece of material (e.g., a flat plate), or a plurality of attached (e.g., pressed, welded, interlocked, and/or fastened) portions. The gas-guiding portion may be configured to guide gas along a path 3526. FIG. 35 shows multiple views of the fastener and associated components. Gas may be directed from an external environment (e.g., the atmosphere of the housing) toward the display structure, for example, through a gas-guiding path (e.g., formed by the gas-guiding structure and/or the fastener). The gas-guiding structure may be part of the fastener or coupled to the fastener. The gas-guiding structure may be coupled (e.g., fastened) to or be part of a first blade of the fastener. The air-guiding structure may be a part of (or coupled to) another (e.g., second) blade that is not a part of (or coupled to such a part). The air-guiding structure may be a first blade that is coupled (e.g., fastened) to a fastener or as a part of it, and this part is configured to be attached to a display structure. The air-guiding structure may be a part of (or not coupled to such a part) another (e.g., second) blade that is not a part of (e.g., second) blade that is configured to be attached to a support structure (e.g., a fixture, such as a frame portion or wall). The support structure may be a part of the housing (e.g., a fixture of the housing). The fan may include an actuator. It may be controlled by a controller (e.g., any controller disclosed herein). The fan may be a local controller (e.g., in a controller of the fastener and/or E-box). The fans may be remotely controlled (e.g., by a BMS and/or by a higher level controller, such as a floor controller or a master controller). The fans may be controlled by a controller configured to control the sensors and/or transmitters (e.g., a device assembly).

FIG. 36 shows an example of a three-dimensional view of a display structure coupled to a portion of a fastener. FIG. 36 shows an example of a hinge blade 3622 having two steering knuckle groups 3685a and 3685b. Each steering knuckle group has a hinge (e.g., 3620) inserted therethrough. Each steering knuckle group forms part of a steering knuckle assembly of a hinge. Steering knuckle groups 3685a and 3685b form an integral part of hinge blade 3622 having a plurality of openings disposed in two symmetrical groups 3605a and 3605b about the center of the length of hinge blade 3622. The hinge blade 3622 has an outward portion 3604 centered about the length of the hinge. The hinge blade 3622 is formed from a single piece (e.g., a single plate, slice, strip, or plate). The hinge blade 3622 extends along the entire length of the side of the display structure 3601. The display structure 3601 does not have a frame around all its sides. The opening (e.g., 3605c) is constructed to allow a gas (e.g., air) to pass through a side of the display structure 3601 (e.g., along path 3626). The hinge blade 3622 also includes a protruding feature (e.g., a boss) 3699. The ending "a" in the numbers 3601a and 3622a indicates that they are part of the respective items, and are displayed without the ending "a" (for example, 3601a is part of the display structure 3601).

FIG. 37 shows an example of a three-dimensional view of a display structure 3701 framed by a sensor-emitter panel, such as 3703. The display structure is coupled to a fastener 3702 having two hinge blades 3721 and 3722. The hinge blade 3721 is configured to be coupled to a support structure. The hinge blade 3721 has two sets of open knuckles 3783a and 3783b, which are configured to be attached to or detached from the hinge blade 3722 by being integrated with closed cavity knuckles 3785a and 3785b, respectively, each knuckle retaining a hinge core pin. The hinge blade 3721 is formed in a bracket shape. The hinge blade 3722 includes an opening 3704 (e.g., a cutout or outlet) centered along its length, which extends to a portion of the hinge blade width. This opening is constructed to facilitate access to any attached circuitry (e.g., amplifier and/or driver boards) and/or a portion of a connector that will be attached to the hinge blade 3722 and/or coupled to (e.g., and communicate with) a display structure, and coupled to an E-box and power supply. The hinge blade 3722 has a plurality of openings (e.g., 3705) configured in two groups around the length of the blade hinge 3722. The openings in each group are evenly spaced. The openings allow for the exchange of gases (e.g., air). Hinge blade 3722 is coupled to a gas guiding structure (e.g., gas guide) 3723. The gas guide is configured to direct any incoming gas (e.g., air) through opening (e.g., 3705) to one side of display structure through cavity 3750 so that the gas will flow, for example, in the direction depicted in dashed arrow 3751 (or in the opposite direction). Portion 3732 covers (and forms) cavity 3750, such portions 3732, 3733, and 3731 being part of gas guide portion 3723. The ending "a" in the numbers 3701a, 3702a, 3703a, 3721a, 3722a, 3723a and 3733a indicates a part of the respective item, and is displayed without the ending "a" (for example, 3701a is a part of the display structure 3701).

In some embodiments, the fastener is constructed to facilitate heat exchange. The heat exchange can be active. The heat exchange can be facilitated by one or more fans, gas (e.g., air) guiding components, and/or gas channels. The path formed in the fastener for the gas to flow can be designed to accommodate the flow of air without, for example, forming excessive or reduced pressure in the fastener compared to the ambient pressure. The area through which the gas is allowed to flow in the fastener can be larger than the area through which the gas is allowed to flow in the fan. For example, the total horizontal cross-sectional area of the fan opening (e.g., 3805) may be smaller than the total horizontal cross-sectional area between the gas guide (e.g., 3823) and the plate (e.g., 3855), and the gas guide and the plate together form a gas channel that guides the gas (e.g., 3851) toward the outside of the display structure (e.g., 3801).

FIG. 38 shows an example of a perspective view of a display structure 3801 coupled to a portion of a fastener 3822 (e.g., a hinge blade) having an opening (e.g., a setback, notch, or outlet) 3804 extending a portion of its width and centered along its length. Opening 3804 is configured to allow access to a portion of a circuit system 3830 and/or its connector. Hinge blade 3822 has two sets of steerable knuckles 3884a and 3884b, and a plurality of openings (e.g., 3805) to facilitate the flow of a gas (e.g., air) therethrough. Hinge blade 3822 is coupled to gas guide 3823, which is configured to guide gas flowing through (e.g., into or out of) an opening (e.g., 3805). The gas guide is coupled to a plate 3855 having protrusions. The protrusions are evenly distributed along the length of the plate. The plate is coupled to the gas guide 3823 to form a gas channel (e.g., between every two protrusions). The protrusions are configured to prevent the gas guide and/or plate from bending (e.g., collapsing). The protrusions are configured to ensure that the gas channel remains operable and/or intact over time. Gas guide 3823 and plate 3855 direct gas in the direction depicted by the dashed arrow (e.g., 3851). Gas guide 3832 (e.g., which is attached to or is part of hinge blade 3822) is constructed to engage with hinge blade 3821 including a bracket. Display structure 3801 is framed by a sensor-emitter panel (e.g., 3803) that facilitates touch screen capabilities. The bracket portion of the fastener can have at least one pointed end (e.g., 3821) or at least one non-tipped portion (e.g., 3525). For example, when the hinge of the fastener is in a closed position, at least one end of the bracket can be configured to be adjacent to the gas guide. At least one end of the bracket may or may not contact the gas guide. The fastener may be constructed to allow gas to pass (e.g., and a gap) between the bracket portion of the fastener and the gas guide when the fastener is in a closed position. Figure 35 shows an example of a gap between a gas guide 3523 and a non-sharp bracket end 3525 of a blade 3921 of the fastener. Figure 38 shows an example of a gap between a sharp bracket end 3825 of a blade 3821 of the fastener and its complementary portion, a gas guide 3823 (which is part of the curved portion 3533). At least one end of the bracket may form a right angle or a non-right angle with the side of the bracket. At least one end of the bracket may have an angle and/or curvature that complements the gas guide portion it abuts, for example, when the fastener is in a closed position (e.g., as shown in the example of 3802). Hinge blade 3822 is configured to mount circuitry 3871 (e.g., to facilitate touch screen functionality) by using a mounting structure in the shape of an L-shaped bracket 3870. The mounting structure may be an integral part of hinge blade 3822, or may be a separate part that is snapped, interlocked, welded, glued, bolted, or otherwise attached to hinge blade 3822. The ending "a" in the numbers 3801a, 3803a, 3821a, 3822a, 3832a, 3821a, 3823a, 3840a and 3855a indicates a part of the respective item, and is shown without the ending "a" (e.g., 3801a is a part of the display structure 3801). Item 3890 is a connector (e.g., 4090). The gas guide can be coupled (e.g., attached) to the fastener by any attachment (e.g., coupling) method disclosed herein (e.g., snap, weld, glue, bolt, interlock, or tighten). In the closed position of the fastener, the first blade and the second blade (and any objects attached thereto) are maintained separated (e.g., a gap) from each other (e.g., not in contact with each other). The spacing (e.g., gap) may be at most about 0.2 millimeters (mm), 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1 mm, 3 mm, or 5 mm. The spacing (e.g., gap) may be between any of the foregoing values (e.g., from about 0.2 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.2 mm to about 0.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, or from about 0.8 mm to about 5 mm). The gap may be between the tip of the bracket portion (e.g., 3525) of the first hinge blade and a complementary portion thereof, which is a portion of (e.g., attached to or as an integral part of) the second hinge blade, such as a gap guide (e.g., 3523) complementary portion (e.g., 3533) to the bracket tip portion (e.g., 3525). The suffix "a" in the numbers 3501a, 3510a and 3522a indicates a portion of the respective item and is shown without the suffix "a" (e.g., 3501a is a portion of the display structure 3501). Item 3505c represents a portion of the fan 3505b. The fasteners and associated components are shown in a side view in 3570.

In some embodiments, the fastener is concealed from view by a cap (e.g., a cosmetic cap). The cap can be used as a protective cover or cover for the fastener. The cap can conceal the fastener in a support structure (e.g., a fixture) in which it is mounted. For example, the cap can mimic a portion of a frame (e.g., a window frame) or a portion of a wall. The cap can be disguised around it (e.g., in a support structure). The cap can be attached to the support structure, for example, using any attachment method disclosed herein, such as bolting, screwing, snapping, or gluing (e.g., using an adhesive). The support structure may be constructed to facilitate such attachment (e.g., by incorporating complementary structure to which the cap is to be attached).

In some embodiments, the gas guide is configured to direct gas along a side of a display structure. The side of the display structure along which the gas is directed may be closest to a supporting structure (e.g., a wall, tintable glass, and/or frame). The side of the display structure along which the gas is directed may be farther away from a viewer. The side of the display structure along which the gas is directed may be opposite the side of the display structure having touch screen capabilities. The side of the display structure along which the gas is directed may be opposite the side along which an emitter emits radiation as part of the touch screen functionality. Figure 38 shows an example of a display structure 3801 having airflow directed onto one side of the display structure 3801, with this side of the display structure being opposite to the side viewed by and/or entering and exiting a viewer, as illustrated by dashed arrows such as 3841, with this viewer being schematically illustrated by figurine 3899 (e.g., the scale of which may be, for example, not proportional to the display structure).

In some embodiments, the gas guide may be separated from the hinge blade by a protruding feature (e.g., a boss). The protruding feature may protrude from the gas guide or from the hinge blade. The protruding feature may be an integral part of the gas guide or the hinge blade. The protruding feature may be a separate piece attached to the gas guide or the hinge blade (e.g., using any of the attachment methods disclosed herein). FIG. 38 shows an example of a protruding feature 3840 (e.g., a boss) protruding from a hinge blade 3822. The protruding feature may provide structural support for one or more portions of the fastener.

In some embodiments, the initiation of active heat exchange may be controlled by a controller. The controller may utilize a feedback control scheme. The feedback control scheme may utilize temperature data. The temperature data may be obtained from at least one temperature sensor. The temperature data may relate to the temperature at one or more locations of the display structure. The fastener may be configured to accommodate and/or connect to at least one temperature sensor (e.g., a thermocouple or an IR sensor). At least one temperature sensor may be configured to sense the temperature of the display structure. The at least one temperature sensor may be positioned so that it will contact a side (e.g., an edge) of the display structure away from the viewer, closest to the support structure, and/or closest to the window to which it is coupled. This at least one sensor may be disposed in a frame (e.g., a sensor and transmitter protection frame) and/or any portion (e.g., a component) of the fastener. When the temperature reaches a first threshold (e.g., as disclosed herein), the control scheme may direct the activation of an active heat exchange system (e.g., a fan and/or a cooler). When the temperature reaches a second threshold (e.g., as disclosed herein), the control scheme may direct the shutoff operation of the display structure. When the temperature reaches a third threshold (e.g., as disclosed herein), the control scheme may direct the deactivation of an active heat exchange system (e.g., a fan and/or a cooler). In some embodiments, the second threshold is higher than the first threshold (e.g., has a higher temperature value). In some embodiments, the third threshold is lower than the first threshold (e.g., has a lower temperature value). Sometimes, the active heat exchange is always in "on" mode and is disabled if the temperature exceeds a threshold (e.g., the second threshold defined herein). The (e.g., any high temperature) threshold may be a temperature having a value of at least about 40°C, 43°C, 45°C, 47°C, 49°C, 50°C, 53°C, 55°C, or 57°C. The lowest threshold may be a temperature having a value of at most about 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, or 45°C. The high temperature threshold may be a temperature at which the light-emitting entity is very likely to be (e.g., permanently) damaged (e.g., burned out).

FIG. 39 shows an example of a three-dimensional view of portions of a display structure 3901 having touch screen capability coupled to a fastener 3902. The fastener has a hinge having a first hinge blade 3921 and a second hinge blade 3922, the blades being configured to swing about an axis. Item 3980 shows a portion of the display structure bounded by a sensor-emitter panel and a portion of its housing. The fastener includes a gas guide 3923, a plurality of holes for facilitating the exit and/or entry of gas therethrough, and a first circuit system 3930. The hinge blade 3922 has a recess 3904. This recess may be configured to facilitate access to a second circuit system and/or connector (not shown in FIG. 39 ) configured to couple to a display structure and an E-box (e.g., a timing controller therein) and/or a power source. A first circuit system 3930 may be disposed on (or otherwise coupled to) a side of hinge blade 3922. The first circuit system may be configured to facilitate operation of the touch screen functionality, including the sensor and emitter panels that define the boundaries of the display structure, e.g., 3923. The sensor and emitter panel includes circuitry 3923 to which sensors and emitters (e.g., 3922) are coupled, a reflective surface (e.g., a mirror) 3925, a protective frame including 3924 and 3927, and a transparent material 3920 configured to allow radiation from the emitters to pass therethrough (and optionally protect the circuitry from the surrounding environment, such as from moisture). Frame portion 3924 is configured to support the display structure 3901 over a portion of the sensor and emitter assembly (e.g., over reflective surface 3925). The protective frames (and components therein) extend along the sides of the display structure 3901. Each two perpendicular protective frames meet at the edge of the display structure 3901 at a connecting corner 3990. This connecting corner includes a body 3991 and a cover 3995 of this body. The body can be a single-piece panel. This cover (e.g., a corner cover) is a trihedral corner cover 3995. The trihedral corner cover has three extensions that together form this trihedral corner. Two of the three extensions are arranged on a plane, and the third extension is arranged perpendicular to this plane. The third extension includes two wavy structures. The trihedral corner cover 3995 is constructed as a connector that seals two common protective frames at their converging edges 3990. The body of the connecting corner is constructed as circuit boards 3998a and 3998b that accommodate the sensor-emitter circuit system. 3901a is part of the display structure 3901. The circuit boards are connected to each other at the corners (not shown). One of the two circuit boards is connected to the touch screen circuit board 3930. The body is configured to accommodate an internal connector 3094, which has two curved edges and two pointed edges that form a cross-section similar to an eye or an almond. The internal connector 3994 includes a housing configured to accommodate screws. The integrated connector can be part of a single-piece panel 3991.

In some embodiments, the frame of the display structure is constructed to (i) support the display structure, and (ii) separate the display structure from the sensor and transmitter assembly, and (iii) protect the sensor and transmitter assembly from the surrounding environment. The display structure is constructed to sit horizontally and/or vertically in a cavity within the sensor and transmitter assembly. The display structure is at least partially separated from the cavity holding the sensor and transmitter assembly by a frame (e.g., 3924) and/or by an adhesive. Figure 39 shows an example of a display structure 3901 held by a framing portion 3924 and an adhesive (e.g., double-sided tape) that contacts the display structure with a transparent material 3920. The frame including 3924 and 3927 forms an internal cavity for sensor and emitter components (e.g., 3922 and 3925), and an external cavity (e.g., 3901) to house the display structure. The transparent material 3920 of the sensor-emitter assembly covers this internal cavity (at least partially, for example, with an adhesive material) from external influences (e.g., moisture and/or debris). 3920a is a portion of the transparent material 3920. The location X on which the display structure 3901 is set is upright and horizontal within the height of the frame h and the width of the frame w. The adhesive material can be a very bonded (VHB) adhesive material (e.g., 3M's VHB double-sided tape).

In some embodiments, two orthogonal sensor and transmitter panels are held together by a corner assembly. The corner assembly may include guiding features that are configured to guide the two orthogonal circuit systems of the sensor and transmitter and, for example, align them relative to each other (e.g., upright) within tolerance. The corner piece may have a stepped guide or a wavy guide. Figure 39 shows an example of a corner assembly 3940 including a body 3991 and a corner cover 3995, the corner assembly having two guides 3996a and 3996b, each guide guiding the sensor and transmitter circuit system. The guide (e.g., a self-guiding feature) can be configured to hold the circuit board in the proper position (e.g., within tolerance). This tolerance may allow for vertical and/or horizontal displacement of the circuit board by up to approximately 0.5 millimeters (eg, mm), 0.4 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.1 mm.

In some embodiments, at least one connector is used to couple the frame of the display structure to the fastener. The connector may include a trihedral. The connector may have three planes facing three orthogonal directions. The connector may be configured to connect the fastener to a protective frame of the sensor-emitter panel. The connector may be configured to have three orthogonal sides that surround a portion of the fastener (e.g., its edge). Figure 40 shows an example of a three-dimensional view of various portions of a display structure and related components. Figure 40 shows an example of an entire connector 4090 with three orthogonal sides 4090a, 4090b and 4090c (4090d is a partial view of 4090a). The connector 4090 is configured to connect to the gas guide portion 4032 (shown in a partial view thereof), which guides gas through the first opening 4005, the second opening 4050, and to the rear side of the display structure 4001 (shown as a part of the display structure), for example, along the dashed arrow 4051. The connector 4090 is configured to seal the circuit system held by the support portion 4070 and is coupled (e.g., connected) to the support portion and coupled at its 4090a side to the side of the protective frame of the sensor-emitter assembly 4003 (shown in a partial view). The fastener includes at least one hinge having a knuckle and a center pin (e.g., 4082), a first hinge blade 4021 (shown in partial view) configured to be mounted on a support structure (e.g., a fixture), and a second hinge blade 4022 (shown in partial view). The second hinge blade having at least one gas opening (e.g., 4005) includes a raised structure 4040 that reduces the escape of gas between the hinge blades when the hinge is in its closed position. The fastener 4002 is configured to accommodate at least one circuit board, such as 4030 (shown as an entire circuit board). Circuit board 4030 (e.g., including a driver and/or a boost board) is configured to connect to display structure 4001 and provide data and/or power via cable line 4031. Circuit board 4030 is also configured to connect to an E-box (e.g., including a timing controller) and/or to a power source via other cables (e.g., six) not shown in FIG. 40. Other cables may extend from a side of circuit board 4030 opposite to the side shown in FIG. 40.

In some embodiments, the fastener is constructed to direct the flow of gas. The flow of gas can be directed along a designated opening in the fastener and/or through an opening formed by the fastener. For example, in its operating and/or closed position, the fastener can reduce the possibility of gas flowing in directions other than the designated opening. The operating position of the fastener can be a position that facilitates the operation of the display structure for its intended purpose (e.g., projection media). The fastener may include a hinge with two blades (e.g., aligned by a steering knuckle and a core pin configuration). At least one blade may include a raised edge to reduce gas from that direction, for example when the fastener is closed and/or operating. At least one blade may include a gasket to reduce gas from that direction, for example when the fastener is closed and/or operating. Figure 41 shows an example of a perspective view and a top view of a display structure 4101 coupled to a portion of a fastener 4122, the fastener portion having a plurality of holes 4105b and 4105a configured to facilitate gas flow therethrough. The hinge blade 4122 includes a steering knuckle 4182. The hinge blade includes a raised portion 4160 that reduces the flow of gas through the raised portion, the flow of gas being between the interior of the fastener (e.g., when closed and/or operating) and the surrounding environment. The raised portion may include a washer; or no washer. The hinge blade 4122 includes a recess 4104 that extends to a portion of its width and is centered on its length. 4104a is a portion of 4104. Items 4122a and 4122b are portions of 4122. A gasket may be placed along the edge of 4122 of opening 4104, as depicted in dashed line 4162. Hinge blade 4122 includes a protruding feature (e.g., a boss) 4162. This protruding feature may provide structural support for one or more components of the hinge. The protruding feature may be an integral part of the fastener (e.g., a hinge blade). The protruding feature may be a separate part that is attached to the fastener (e.g., a hinge blade), for example, using any of the attachment methods disclosed herein. The protruding feature may be configured to prevent bending (e.g., collapse) of a fastener portion (e.g., a hinge blade). The gasket may be formed of a polymer and/or a resin. The polymer and/or resin may comprise a carbon or silicon based material. For example, the polymer may be a polyurethane polymer. The gasket may comprise a foamed material. The gasket may comprise an air pocket, or may be free of (e.g., detectable) air pockets. The gasket may comprise a flexible material (e.g., rubber or latex). The gasket may comprise a material that is opaque or transparent to visible light.

In some embodiments, the circuit system contacts and/or is attached to the gas guide. For example, the circuit system can be disposed and/or attached to the gas guide, for example, above the gas guide. Above can be in a direction opposite to the center of gravity (for example, opposite to the direction of the gravity vector 4200 pointing toward the center of gravity). The circuit system can be constructed to facilitate the flow of gas through the gas channel. Figure 42 shows various portions of the display structure and associated fastener assemblies in a three-dimensional view. Figure 42 shows an example of a circuit board 4230 (for example, including a driver and/or a boost board), which is constructed to connect to the display structure (shown as portion 4201) and provide data and/or power via cable line 4231. Circuit board 4230 (shown in partial view) is also configured to connect to an E-box (e.g., including a timing controller) and/or to a power source via other cables (e.g., six) not shown in FIG. 42. Other cables may extend from a side of circuit board 4230 opposite to the side shown in FIG. 42. FIG. 42 shows an example of integrating circuit board 4230 into a fastener, which includes a first portion 4222 (shown in partial view) and a second portion 4221 (shown in partial view) retained by hinge 4285. Hinge blade 4222 is coupled to gas guide 4223, which is configured to guide gas flowing through (e.g., into or out of) an opening (not shown in FIG. 42). The gas guide is coupled to a plate 4255 having ten protrusions (partial view shown). The protrusions may be evenly spaced along the length of the plate. The plate is coupled to a gas guide 4223 to form a gas channel (e.g., between every two protrusions). The protrusions are configured to prevent the gas guide and/or the plate from bending (e.g., collapsing). The protrusions are configured to ensure that the gas channel remains operable and/or intact over time. The gas guide 4223 and the plate 4255 direct gas in the direction depicted by the dashed arrows (e.g., 4251). The hinge blade 4222 is configured to engage with the hinge blade 4221 including the bracket. Display structure 4201 (showing partial view) is framed by a sensor-emitter panel (e.g., 4203, showing partial view) that facilitates touch screen capability. 4299 shows a partial view of fasteners, display structure, and associated components. At least one gas channel can be aligned with the fan. The gas channel can be constructed to facilitate the flow of gas, which is at least the flow of gas generated by the fan (which is, for example, aligned with the gas channel). The gas channel can be constructed to prevent the pressure in the fastener from being different from the ambient pressure, for example, during operation of the fan. The ambient pressure can be about 1 atmosphere. Pressures that are different from the ambient pressure are included above or below the pressure.

In some embodiments, two parts of the fastener (e.g., first and second hinge blades) are constructed to reversibly engage and disengage with each other. For example, one hinge blade may include a knuckle with a closed bore that retains a core pin, and the other leaf may include a complementary knuckle with an open bore and no core pin. The two sets of complementary knuckles can be engaged. This engagement can include a snap (e.g., slide-in and snap-on). This engagement can compress the spring. This engagement can be detected by compression of the spring and/or by a sensor (e.g., a pressure sensor). Once the complementary knuckle sets are engaged, they can be attached to prevent disengagement. This attachment can be implemented by using screws and/or bolts. The attachment may be automatically activated upon engagement of two sets of complementary steering knuckles (e.g., using sensors and/or springs). This attachment may be manual. Attaching two hinge blades (e.g., by attaching a steering knuckle) can be reversible (e.g., automatically and/or manually). The steering knuckle may include a notch (e.g., a notch or cutout) on its surface. Screws and/or bolts may engage with the notches, e.g., when attaching (e.g., locking) the steering knuckle and core pin mechanism. Attaching the steering knuckle and core pin may prevent the hinge from opening. At least one of the hinges may include a fixing (e.g., attachment) mechanism. Fixing can be (e.g., automatically and/or manually) reversible (e.g., becoming unfixed). The unfixed hinge can be opened and closed. The secured hinge may remain in a position (eg, a closed position). Automatic securing of the hinge may be controlled by a controller (eg, a controller of the control system, or by a separate controller operatively coupled to the hinge).

FIG. 43 shows an example of a hinge blade 4321 having two sets of open bore steering knuckles 4385a and 4385b. A core pin 4320a is shown engaged with the steering knuckle set 4385a, with the core pin simulating a complementary set of closed bore steering knuckle and core pin assemblies (e.g., 4082) of a complementary hinge blade (e.g., 4022 shows a portion of a hinge blade). Screw 4389 is engaged with the steering knuckle 4385a. FIG. 43 shows a protrusion 4388 representing a retaining spring. Screw 4389 can be engaged or disengaged with the steering knuckle in direction 4387. The center pin 4320b (shown in partial view) can be engaged or disengaged with the steering knuckle 4385c (shown in partial view) by moving in direction 4386. 4300 shows a partial view of the hinge blade 4321, the steering knuckle assembly 4851a, and the screw 4389. The fastener portion 4321 is shown as a three-dimensional view in 4370.

In some embodiments, a user controls a set of displays via a touch screen as if the set of displays were a single display (e.g., a split screen of an image). The split screen of a displayed image among the set of displays can be implemented via software (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium). The software can read (e.g., via a network and/or USB) input from each touch display and, knowing where each display is located in the set (also referred to as a group), can calculate where the user is touching the set. For example, assuming this set has a Cartesian coordinate system where 0, 0 is located in the lower left corner (as viewed by a viewer of the display) and 100%, 100% is located in the upper right corner (as viewed by a viewer of the display), for a 2x2 display set, the lower left corner of the display set is 0, 0 and the upper right corner of the display set is 100%, 100%. For this example of a 2x2 monitor set, a touch transition on any monitor is represented by: X=(0.5*(X of one of the left monitors) or (0.5+(0.5*(X of one of the right monitors))); Y=(0.5*(Y of one of the bottom monitors) or (0.5+(0.5*(Y of one of the top monitors)))); where X is in the horizontal direction relative to the monitor viewer, and Y is relative to the left. The display viewers are in an upright orientation. The conversion of the coordinate system may be adjusted to account for screen gaps between touch displays. Each of the four displays may include its own two sets of sensor and emitter panels (e.g., near the edge of each display) to detect user touches for touch screen functionality. Each display may have only two of the four sensor and emitter panels attached, which may be attached around the outer edges of the display set.

FIG. 30A shows an example of four displays 3002a, 3002b, 3002c and 3002d forming a display set 3003. Each of the displays 3002a-d displays the same image. FIG. 30A shows an example of four displays 3022a, 3022b, 3022c and 3022d forming a display set 3023. Each of the displays 3022a-d displays together an image such as that shown in 3002c. If the user would like to click on the surface displayed in the display set 3003, the user will be able to do so by clicking on any position 3008a-d of the display set 3003. If the user were to click on a surface displayed in display set 3023, the user would be able to do so by clicking at location 3029 of display set 3023 rather than, for example, location 3028 (which is similar to location 3008c). Screen splitting of the image in display set 3023 may be accomplished via software. The software may read input (e.g., from a touch screen or cursor) and know how the image is distributed among the displays to calculate where the user is pointing. For example, assuming this set has a Cartesian coordinate system where 0, 0 is located in the lower left corner (as viewed by a viewer of the display) and 100%, 100% is located in the upper right corner (as viewed by a viewer of the display), for a 2x2 display set, the lower left corner of display 3002c is 0, 0 and the upper right corner of display 3002b is 100%, 100%. For this example of a 2x2 display set, a touch transition on any display is represented by: X = (0.5*(X of display 3002a or 3002c) or (0.5+(0.5*(X of display 3002b or 3002d))); and Y = (0.5*(Y of display 3002c or 3002d) or (0.5+(0.5*(Y of display 300 2a or 3002b); where X is in the horizontal direction relative to the display viewer and Y is in the vertical direction relative to the display viewer. The conversion of the coordinate system can be adjusted to account for the screen gap 3005 between touch displays. FIG. 30A shows an example of gaps 3005 and 3025 between two adjacent displays, which gaps can be filled with polymers and/or resins.

FIG30B shows an example of four displays 3010a, 3010b, 3010c, and 3010d in a display set 3011 (shown by the four displays on the left side shown in FIG30B), where an image is displayed across the four displays 3010a-3010d as if they were a single display (shown by the four displays on the right side shown in FIG30B). Each display may have its own identity (e.g., displayed as the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4).

31A shows an example of four display configurations 3101a, 3101b, 3101c, and 3101d in a 2x2 display configuration set 3103. Each of the four displays 3101a-3101d includes its own two sets of sensor and emitter panels 3104 (shown near the edge of each display) to detect user contact for touch screen functionality.

FIG31B shows an example of four display structures 3105a, 3105b, 3105c, and 3105d rolled into a 2x2 display structure set 3106. The set of display structures 3106 has in common two vertical sensor and emitter panels attached to a frame 3108, which are attached near the outer edges of the display set 3106. Thus, each display structure 3105a-d has two sides on which portions of the sensor emitter panels are disposed (e.g., outer matrix sides), and two sides without sensor and emitter panels (e.g., inner matrix sides).

Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended to limit the present invention by the specific examples provided in the specification. Although the present invention has been described with reference to the foregoing specification, the description and illustration of the embodiments herein are not intended to be interpreted in a limiting sense. Many variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that all aspects of the present invention are not limited to the specific descriptions, configurations, or relative proportions set forth herein, which depend on many conditions and variables. It should be understood that many alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the present invention. It is therefore contemplated that the present invention will also encompass any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. It is intended that the scope of the present invention be defined by the following claims, and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents are encompassed thereby.

1: Display structure 2: Display structure 3: Display structure 101: Display structure 102: Window 103: Window frame 104: Fastener structure 105a: First hinge 105b: Second hinge 111: Arrow 120: Facade 121: Window 122: Window 123: Window 125: Arrow 126: Arrow 127: Arrow 130: Crossbeam 131: Vertical frame 200: Display structure assembly 201: Glass sheet 202: Second adhesive layer 203: Display matrix 204: First adhesive layer 205: Glass sheet 211: Wiring 212: Circuit system 213: Fastener 300: assembly 302: L-shaped bracket 303: hinge 311: display matrix 312: first glass sheet 313: second glass sheet 400: hinge 401: first blade 402: second blade 411: hole 420: connector 500: display structure 501: first cover part 502: circuit system 503: flexible insulator 504: second cover part 505: thermal pad 506: flexible electrical connector 507: circuit board 510: circuit system board 513: cable 516: flexible connector 520: assembly 530: fastener 531: component 532: Circuit system 533: Gasket 534: Cover 535: Flexible wiring 536: Display structure 600: Assembly 601: Display structure 602: Fastener 603: Wiring 604: Hook 610: Window frame 612: Assembly 620: Assembly 630: Connector 632: Circuit system 633: Wiring 634: Hinge blade 635: Hinge blade portion 636: Hinge blade 637: Screw 661: Screw 662: Fastener 663: Glass 664: Display matrix 665: Glass 666: Hook 667: Wiring 701: L-shaped bracket 702: Circuitry 703: Cable 704: Foam gasket 705: Screw 706: Tape 707: First glass 708: Adhesive 709: Display matrix 710: Second glass 711: Viewing window 712: Buffer 713: Adhesive 714: Cover 720: Open position 750: Connector 751: Window 752: First hinge blade 753: Second hinge blade 754: Display structure 755: Window frame 757: Circuitry 758: Conductor 780: Connector 781: Window 782: hinge blade 783: second hinge blade 784: display structure 785: cover 790: dashed arrow 791: closed position 802: micro-coaxial cable 803: multi-pin connector 804: glass sheet 805: glass sheet 806: adhesive layer 807: display matrix 808: adhesive layer 809: seal 810: applicator 811: arrow 812: arrow 813: arrow 830: upright cross section 850: display structure 902: glass sheet 903: cover 904: L-shaped bracket 905: window frame 906: wire 907: glass sheet 908: Display matrix 951: Frame section 952: Hinge/lock 953: Fastener 954: Display structure 955: First glass sheet 956: Second glass sheet 957: Enclosed environment 958: Electrochromic structure 959: Power supply unit and/or controller 960: Communication path 961: Integrated glass unit 1010: Display structure 1012: Frame section 1013: Touch screen sensor array 1015: Main hinge 1016: Circuit system 1017: Section 1018: Main hinge 1019: Frame section 1020: Frame section 1021: Section 1050: Display structure 1052: Touch screen sensor array 1056: Fastener 1110: Assembly 1112: Display structure 1120: Assembly 1121: Arrow 1130: Assembly 1131: Fastener 1210: Fastener 1211: Display structure 1218: Fastener 1220: Plane 1221: Display structure 1228: Fastener 1300: Electrochromic structure 1302: Substrate 1304: Transparent conductive layer 1306: Electrochromic layer 1308: Ion conductive layer 1310: Counter electrode layer 1314: Transparent conductive layer 1316: Voltage source 1320: Electrochromic stack 1400: Insulating glass unit 1404: First glass sheet 1406: Second glass sheet 1408: Internal volume 1500: Control system architecture 1501: Enclosed area 1504: Local controller 1506: Floor controller 1508: Main controller 1510: External source 1520: Database 1524: Building management system 1600: Computer system 1601: Computer network 1602: Memory 1603: Communication interface 1604: Electronic storage unit 1605: Peripheral device 1606: Processing unit 1700: Power supply unit 1701: HDMI input 1702: DP1 input 1703: RS485 input 1704: AC switch and AC input 1705: RS485 output 1706: DP output 1710: Controller and power supply assembly 1711: Main power cable 1712: Window controller 1713: Display structure frame 1714: Display structure 1715: Integrated glass unit 1716: Circuit system 1717: Hinge 1718: Frame cover 1719: Window frame 1720: Cover 2001: Local controller 2002: Display structure 2003: Tintable window 2004: Control network 2005: Display interface 2006: Electrical box 2007: User content server 2011: Connection 2100: Vector 2101: Hard surface 2102: Frame 2103a: Vertical frame 2103b: Vertical frame 2104a: Cross beam 2104b: Cross beam 2105a: Display structure 2105b: Display structure 2106a: Electrical box 2106b: Electrical box 2108a: Display connector 2108b: Display connector 2109a: Cabling 2109b: Cabling 2110a: Power cable 2110b: Power cable 2111: Power supply 2112a: Media cabling 2112b: Media cabling 2115: Data source 2120: Vector 2121: Hard surface 2122: Frame 2123a: Vertical frame 2123b: Vertical frame 2124a: Cross beam 2124b: Cross beam 2125a: Display structure 2125b: Display structure 2125c: Display structure 2125d: Display structure 2126a: Electrical box 2126b: Electrical box 2126c: Electrical box 2126d: Electrical box 2128a: Display connector 2128b: Display connector 2128c: Display connector 2128d: Display connector 2129a: Wiring 2129b: Wiring 2129c: Wiring 2129d: Wiring 2130a: Power cable 2130b: Power Cable 2130c: Power Cable 2130d: Power Cable 2131: Power Supply 2132a: Media Cabling 2132b: Media Cabling 2132c: Media Cabling 2132d: Media Cabling 2135: Data Source 2220: Vector 2221a: Hard Surface 2221b: Hard Surface 2222a: Frame 2222b: Frame 2223: Vertical Frame 2224: Cross Beam 2225a: Display Structure 2225b: Display Structure 2225c: Display Structure 2225d: Display Structure 2226a: Electrical Box 2226b: Electrical Box 2226c: electrical box 2226d: electrical box 2228a: display connector 2228b: display connector 2228c: display connector 2228d: display connector 2229a: wiring 2229b: wiring 2229c: wiring 2229d: wiring 2230: vector 2231a: hard surface 2231b: hard surface 2232a: frame 2232b: frame 2233: vertical frame 2234: cross beam 2235a: display structure 2235b: display structure 2236a: electrical box 2236b: electrical box 2238a: display connector 2238b: display connector 2239a: Wiring 2239b: Wiring 2320: Vector 2321a: Hard Surface 2321b: Hard Surface 2321c: Hard Surface 2322a: Frame 2322b: Frame 2322c: Frame 2323: Vertical Frame 2324: Cross Beam 2325a: Display Structure 2325b: Display Structure 2325c: Display Structure 2325d: Display Structure 2325e: Display Structure 2325f: Display Structure 2325g: Display Structure 2325h: Display Structure 2326a: Electric Box 2326b: Electric Box 2326c: Electric Box 2326d: Electric Box 2328a: Display Connector 2328b: Display Connector 2328c: Display Connector 2328d: Display Connector 2329a: Wiring 2329b: Wiring 2329c: Wiring 2329d: Wiring 2329e: Wiring 2329f: Wiring 2329g: Wiring 2329h: Wiring 2330: Controller 2370: Hinge 2380: Surface 2420: Vector 2421a: Hard Surface 2421b: Hard Surface 2421c: Hard Surface 2422a: Frame 2422b: Frame 2422c: Frame 2423: Vertical Frame 2424: Cross Beam 2425a: Display structure 2425b: Display structure 2425c: Display structure 2425d: Display structure 2425e: Display structure 2425f: Display structure 2425g: Display structure 2425h: Display structure 2426a: Electric box 2426b: Electric box 2426c: Electric box 2426d: Electric box 2429a: Wiring 2429b: Wiring 2429c: Wiring 2429d: Wiring 2429e: Wiring 2429f: Wiring 2429g: Wiring 2429h: Wiring 2430: Controller 2520: Vector 2521a: Hard surface 2521b: Hard surface 2521c: Hard surface 2522a: Frame 2522b: Frame 2522c: Frame 2523: Vertical frame 2524: Cross beam 2525a: Display structure 2525b: Display structure 2525c: Display structure 2525d: Display structure 2525e: Display structure 2525f: Display structure 2525g: Display structure 2525h: Display structure 2526a: Electric box 2526b: Electric box 2526c: Electric box 2526d: Electric box 2529a: Wiring 2529b: Wiring 2529c: Wiring 2529d: Wiring 2529e: Wiring 2529f: Wiring 2529g: Wiring 2529h: Wiring 2530: Controller 2602: Electrical box 2603: Cover bracket 2604: Mounting bracket 2605: Converter circuit board 2606: Terminal 2607: Data input connector 2608: Electrical box connector 2610: Controller board 2611: Connector 2612a: Cable line 2612b: Cable line 2612c: Cable line 2612d: Cable line 2612e: Cable line 2612f: Cable line 2620: Slit 2702: Electrical box 2703: Cover bracket 2704: Mounting bracket 2705: Circuit board 2706: Terminal 2707: Data input connector 2708: Electrical box connector 2710: Controller board 2711: Connector 2712: Cable line 2715: Power cable 2716: Cable 2730: Length 2731: Width 2732: Thickness 2801: Display structure 2802: Fasteners 2803: Sensor and transmitter panel 2805: Fan 2810: Power supply 2811: Electrical box 2821: First blade 2822: Second blade 2823: Gas guide 2830: Circuit board 2831: Connector 2902: Display structure 2903a: Display 2903b: Display 2903c: Display 2903d: Display 2904: Front glass 2905: Rear glass panel 2906: Window frame 2907: Vertical frame 2908: Cross beam 2910: Frame cap 2915: Gap 2918: Sensor-emitter panel 2919: Frame cap 2920: Side 3002a: Display 3002b: Display 3002c: Display 3002d: Display 3003: Display assembly 3005: Screen gap 3008a: Position 3008b: Position 3008c: Position 3008d: Position 3010a: Display 3010b: Display 3010c: Display 3010d: Display 3011: Display Group 3022a: Display 3022b: Display 3022c: Display 3022d: Display 3023: Display Group 3025: Gap 3028: Position 3029: Position 3101a: Display Structure 3101b: Display Structure 3101c: Display Structure 3101d: Display Structure 3103: Display Structure Group 3104: Sensor-Emitter Panel 3105a: Display Structure 3105b: Display Structure 3105c: Display structure 3105d: Display structure 3106: Display structure assembly 3108: Frame 3202: Electrical box 3203: Cover bracket 3204: Mounting bracket 3205: Circuit board 3206: Terminal 3207: Data input connector 3208: Electrical box connector 3210: Circuit board 3211a: Connector 3211b: Connector 3211c: Connector 3211d: Connector 3211e: Connector 3211f: Connector 3212: Cable 3302: Electrical box 3303: Cover bracket 3304: Mounting bracket 3305: Circuit board 3306: Terminal 3307: Data input connector 3308: Electrical box connector 3311: Connector 3312: Cable 3330: Length 3331: Width 3332: Thickness 3405: Circuit board 3406: Terminal 3407: Data input connector 3408: Electrical box connector 3501: Display structure 3501a: Display structure 3502: Fastener 3503: Protective frame 3504: Opening 3505a: Opening 3505b: Opening 3505c: Section 3509: Connector 3520: Hinge axis 3521: Hinge blade 3522: Hinge blade 3522a: hinge blade 3523: air guide structure 3524: fan 3525: bracket end 3526: path 3529: corner 3530: circuit system 3531: planar portion 3532: planar portion 3533: curved portion 3536: air flow 3596: figurine 3597: circuit board 3598: transparent material 3599: circuit system 3601: display structure 3601a: display structure 3604: extension portion 3605a: symmetrical group 3605b: symmetrical group 3605c: opening 3620: axis 3622: hinge blade 3622a: hinge blade 3626: Path 3682: Steering Knuckle 3683: Axis 3685a: Steering Knuckle Group 3685b: Steering Knuckle Group 3699: Prominent Features 3701: Display Structure 3701a: Display Structure 3702: Fasteners 3702a: Fasteners 3703: Sensor-Emitter Panel 3703a: Sensor-Emitter Panel 3704: Opening 3705: Opening 3720: Hinge Axis 3721: Hinge Blade 3721a: Hinge Blade 3722: Hinge Blade 3722a: Hinge Blade 3723: Gas Guide Structure 3723a: gas guide structure 3731: part 3732: part 3733: part 3733a: part 3750: display structure through cavity 3751: dashed arrow 3781: steering knuckle 3782: steering knuckle cavity opening 3783a: steering knuckle 3783b: steering knuckle 3785a: steering knuckle 3785b: steering knuckle 3801: display structure 3801a: display structure 3802: closed position 3803: sensor-emitter panel 3803a: sensor-emitter panel 3804: opening 3805: fan opening 3821: hinge blade 3821a: hinge blade 3822: Fastener 3822a: Fastener 3823: Gas Guide 3823a: Gas Guide 3825: Bracket End 3830: Circuitry 3832: Gas Guide 3832a: Gas Guide 3840: Protruding Feature 3841: Dashed Arrow 3851: Gas 3855: Plate 3855a: Plate 3870: L-Bracket 3871: Circuitry 3884a: Steering Knuckle 3884b: Steering Knuckle 3899: Figurine 3901: Display Structure 3901a: Display Structure 3902: Fastener 3903: Display Structure 3904: Recess 3920: Transparent Material 3920a: transparent material 3921: first hinge blade 3922: second hinge blade 3923: gas guide 3924: protective frame 3925: reflective surface 3927: protective frame 3930: first circuit system 3940: corner assembly 3980: item 3990: connection corner 3991: body 3994: internal connector 3995: cover 3996a: guide 3996b: guide 3998a: circuit board 3998b: circuit board 4001: display structure 4002: fastener 4003: sensor-emitter assembly 4005: first opening 4021: hinge blade 4021a: Chain blade surface 4022: Second hinge blade 4030: Circuit board 4031: Cable line 4032: Gas guide portion 4040: Lifting structure 4050: Second opening 4051: Dashed arrow 4070: Support portion 4082: Core pin 4090: Connector 4090a: Orthogonal side 4090b: Orthogonal side 4090c: Orthogonal side 4090d: Orthogonal side 4101: Display structure 4104: Recess 4104a: Recess 4105a: Hole 4105b: Hole 4122: Hinge blade 4122a: Chain blade surface 4122b: Chain blade surface 4160: Elevated portion 4162: Protruding feature 4182: Steering joint 4200: Gravity vector 4201: Display structure 4203: Sensor-transmitter panel 4221: Second section 4222: First section 4223: Gas guide 4230: Circuit board 4231: Cable routing 4251: Dashed arrow 4255: Plate 4285: Hinge 4299: Fastener 4300: Hinge blade 4320a: Core pin 4321: Hinge blade 4385a: Cavity steering joint 4385b: Cavity steering joint 4385c: Steering joint 4386: Direction 4387: Direction 4388: Protrusion 4389: Screw 4851a: Steering Knuckle Assembly 17017: Cover

The novel features of the present invention are particularly set forth in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description, which sets forth illustrative embodiments utilizing the principles of the present invention, and the accompanying drawings or figures (also referred to herein as "Figs." and "Figs."), in which:

[Figure 1A-1B] shows various windows and display structures;

[FIG. 2] schematically shows a display structure assembly;

[FIG. 3] schematically shows a display structure assembly;

[Figure 4] schematically shows the hinge;

FIG. 5 schematically shows various fasteners and display structure components;

[FIG. 6] schematically shows various fasteners, display structural components, and wiring;

FIG. 7 schematically shows various fasteners and display structure components;

FIG8 schematically shows multiple views of a display structure assembly and an applicator;

FIG. 9 schematically shows various views of a display structure assembly;

[FIG. 10] schematically illustrates various fastener options and display construction components;

FIG. 11 schematically shows various operations in forming a display structural component;

FIG. 12 schematically shows various fasteners and display structure components;

[Figure 13] Schematic diagram showing the multiple layers in an electrochromic mechanism;

[FIG. 14A-B] schematically show various views of an integrated glass unit;

[Figure 15] Schematically shows the control layering scheme and buildings;

[Figure 16] schematically shows a processing system;

[FIG. 17] schematically shows a display structure assembly and a controller and power supply assembly;

[FIG. 18] is a flow chart showing an example of an operation method for display construction;

[FIG. 19] is a flow chart showing an example of an operation method for display construction;

[Figure 20] schematically shows a control scheme for a display configuration;

[FIG. 21A-B] schematically show various window and display structures;

[FIG. 22A-B] schematically show various window and display structures;

[Figure 23] schematically shows various window and display structures;

[Figure 24] schematically shows various window and display structures;

[Figure 25] schematically shows various window and display structures;

[FIG. 26] schematically shows a disassembled view (e.g., exploded view) of a box containing a circuit system;

[FIG. 27A-B] schematically show various views of a box containing a circuit system;

[Fig. 28] schematically shows a display structure and related components;

[Figure 29A-D] schematically shows various display configurations;

[FIG. 30A-B] schematically show various display configurations;

[Figure 31A-B] schematically shows various display configurations;

[FIG. 32] schematically shows a disassembled view (e.g., exploded view) of a box containing a circuit system;

[FIG. 33A-D] schematically show various views of a box containing a circuit system;

[FIG. 34A-E] schematically show various views of a box containing a circuit system;

[FIG. 35] schematically shows various views of a display structure and associated components (e.g., portions thereof);

[FIG. 36] schematically shows various views of a display structure and associated components (e.g., portions thereof);

[FIG. 37] schematically shows various views of a display structure and associated components (e.g., portions thereof);

[FIG. 38] schematically shows various views of a display structure and associated components (e.g., portions thereof);

[FIG. 39] schematically shows various views of a display structure and associated components (e.g., portions thereof);

FIG. 40 schematically shows various views of various parts of a display structure and associated components (e.g., parts thereof);

[FIG. 41] schematically shows various views of a display structure and associated components (e.g., portions thereof);

[FIG. 42] schematically shows various views of portions of a display structure and associated components; and

[Fig. 43] Schematically shows various views of the various parts of the fastener and related components.

The drawings and components therein may not be drawn to scale. Many components of the drawings described herein may not be drawn to scale.

120: Facade

121: Window

122: Window

123: Window

125: Arrow

130: beam

131: Vertical frame

Claims (10)

A framing system includes: a first glass sheet; a framing system for supporting the first glass sheet, wherein the framing system includes a first side; a transparent display structure; and a support system coupled to the transparent display structure and to the first side of the framing system, wherein: the support system includes a fastener having a body; and the body has a major axis extending in an orthogonal direction from the first side of the framing system to a second side of the framing system. A framing system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transparent display structure is one of a light emitting diode, a liquid crystal device, or a transparent organic light emitting diode device. A framing system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first glass sheet comprises an electrochromic device. A framing system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the support system comprises a first mounting member and a second mounting member. A framing system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first mounting member is coupled to the framing system and/or the second mounting member is coupled to the transparent display structure. A framing system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first mounting member is orthogonal to the second mounting member. A framing system as in claim 1, wherein the length of the body is between 70% and 95% of the length of the transparent display structure. A framing system as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the support system further comprises a cover, the cover comprises a first side opposite to and parallel to the second side, and a third side connecting the first side and the second side, and the first side and the second side are orthogonal to the transparent display structure. A framing system includes: an electrochromic device; an electrochromic framing system configured to support the electrochromic device; a transparent organic light-emitting diode device; and a support system coupled to the transparent organic light-emitting diode device and the electrochromic framing system, wherein the support system is configured to be adjustable. A framing system as in claim 9, wherein the support system has adjustable components and/or the support system is a fastener constructed to facilitate installation of a display structure on or removal from the framing system.

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