TW202231190A - 家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法 - Google Patents
家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW202231190A TW202231190A TW110148721A TW110148721A TW202231190A TW 202231190 A TW202231190 A TW 202231190A TW 110148721 A TW110148721 A TW 110148721A TW 110148721 A TW110148721 A TW 110148721A TW 202231190 A TW202231190 A TW 202231190A
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- trehalose
- bacteria
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Classifications
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- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
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Abstract
本案課題在於提供一種能夠改善家畜及/或家禽之腸內菌叢，同時改善生產性，特別是改善家畜及/或家禽之體重增加、飼料轉換率、及齊一性之手段；本案提供一種家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法，該方法係給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料，並且提供一種含有海藻糖與生菌劑之家畜及/或家禽用飼料，藉此解決上述課題。
Description
本發明係關於一種家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法，詳而言之，本發明係關於一種家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法，該方法係給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料。
現在，隨著日本的飲食生活歐美化，肉、蛋及奶等動物性蛋白質的需求增加，畜牧業因而致力於提升牛肉和豬肉、雞肉等的生產量及生產效率。因此，家畜和家禽之有效率的飼育方法和用於改善生產性的飼料等備受需要。
舉例來說，在國土狹小的日本，以往為了提高生產性而增加每單位面積的飼養頭(隻)數，反而因為過密飼育使家畜和家禽承受巨大壓力，而對生產性造成不良影響。另外，夏季的炎熱、冬季的寒冷、畜舍衛生狀態的惡化等也是造成壓力的原因，疾病的發生、成長速度的降低等所致生產性的降低會是個問題。
又，不只是日本，其他國家也被指出過密飼育所伴隨之家畜和家禽的活動性和增重量降低等許多生產性的問題。在家禽中，特別是肉用雞(肉雞)的過密飼育是個問題，在歐洲的「EU指令 保護肉用雞的最低限度規則」中，制定肉用雞的飼育密度上限為33至42kg/m
2(相當於約11至14隻/m
2)。日本雖然也沒有法律上的規定，根據此技術領域中具有通常知識者的自主性規章，出貨時的飼育密度實質上是以約47kg/m
2(相當於約15隻/m
2)為上限。
因過密飼育等造成的高壓環境之下，在家畜和家禽的腸道內，容易發生有用菌比率減少、壞菌比率增加這種腸內菌叢平衡的異常。目前已知，當異常發生時，會損害消化道的發育和恆定性，降低營養成分的吸收效率，而變得容易感染腸內腐敗細菌、腹瀉性細菌、腹瀉性病毒等感染性病原體，引起腸炎、腹瀉、赤痢等。進一步，若在過密飼育的畜舍內發生一次傳染病，將會蔓延至整個畜舍內，而造成使生產性更加惡化的問題。
作為會引發此種傳染病的原因壞菌，已知有病原性大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌屬細菌、梭菌屬細菌、曲狀桿菌屬細菌等。目前已知當壞菌異常增生，會產生腸毒素、細胞毒素等毒素，並損害腸道黏膜，因而引發傳染病。特別是梭菌屬細菌之產氣莢膜梭菌(
Clostridium perfringens)，也稱為魏氏梭菌，是作為家畜和家禽的壞死性腸炎的原因菌而為人所知。魏氏梭菌廣泛分布於人和動物的腸道、土壤、水中等自然界中，也會從家畜和家禽等的糞便和魚等被檢測出來，以食品來說，魏氏梭菌特別常附著在牛、豬、雞肉等的食用肉上，作為造成食物中毒的原因廣為人知，而在畜牧業中，魏氏梭菌會在家畜和家禽等的健康面造成不良影響，不僅如此，還會在經濟面對生產者造成重大影響，而被視為一種壞菌。
關於用於預防或改善家畜和家禽的疾病之飼料和飼料添加組成物，例如，專利文獻1揭示了一種含有海藻糖的鳥類、哺乳類用之成長促進劑或用於改善動物糞便性狀之飼料添加劑，專利文獻2揭示了一種含有海藻糖的家畜暑熱壓力輕減劑。然而在此等揭示中僅確認得到，有在飼料中添加海藻糖，並給予了該飼料的肉雞之體重增加比率和乳牛之平均飼料攝食量，而沒有詳盡探討在給予海藻糖後對於體重增加和飼料攝食量以外的生產性造成的效果。
在家畜和家禽用的飼料和飼料添加劑中，會以改善家畜、家禽的腸內環境、促進發育之目的來使用生菌劑。所謂生菌劑之定義為：改善宿主動物的腸內細菌平衡，藉此為宿主帶來有效作用的活體添加微生物；現在一般而言，只要是活菌則不論其形態，皆稱作益生菌(非專利文獻1)。
關於人類和動物用的生菌劑，會使用乳桿菌(
Lactobacillus)屬、鏈球菌(
Streptococcus)屬、雙歧桿菌(
Bifidobacterium)屬、芽孢桿菌(
Bacillus)屬、梭菌(
Clostridium)屬等微生物，其等可單體使用或作為混合製劑來使用(非專利文獻2)。又，專利文獻3揭示了在家禽類的生育後期，組合凝結芽孢桿菌(
Bacillus coagulans)與枯草芽孢桿菌(
Bacillus subtilis)來給予之方法，然而並未具體記載任何關於給予生菌劑後對於腸內菌叢的影響。
先前技術文獻
專利文獻
專利文獻1：日本特開2008-19236號公報
專利文獻2：日本特開2015-140347號公報
專利文獻3：日本特許第6643319號公報
非專利文獻
非專利文獻1：畜產之研究(畜産の研究)，第66卷，第12號，p.1189-1196，(2012)
非專利文獻2：比菲德氏(ビフィズス)，5卷，1號，p.1-18，(1991)
發明欲解決之課題
本發明之課題在於提供一種手段，能夠改善家畜及/或家禽之腸內菌叢，同時改善生產性，特別是改善家畜及/或家禽之體重增加、飼料轉換率、及齊一性之。
用以解決課題之手段
為了解決上述課題，經本案發明人等重複精心研究，結果意外發現，給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料，在改善家畜及/或家禽之腸內菌叢之同時，還可獲致體重增加、飼料轉換率降低、及齊一性提升之功效，並完成了本發明。
亦即，本發明提供一種改善家畜及/或家禽的生產性之方法以及改善家畜和家禽的腸內菌叢之方法，該方法係藉由給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料，藉此解決上述課題。
發明效果
根據本發明之家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善方法以及腸內菌叢改善方法，使家畜及/或家禽腸內壞菌數降低，藉此改善腸內菌叢，同時獲致體重增加、飼料轉換率降低、及齊一性提升之功效，而能夠改善家畜及/或家禽的生產性。
用以實施發明之形態
本發明係關於一種含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料，以及，一種家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法，該方法係給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料。
本發明中所謂「家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善」，意指在家畜及/或家禽之飼育中，獲得達到一定出貨基準的成體之效率的改善。家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善，例如可為家畜及/或家禽的體重增加、飼料轉換率降低、及/或齊一性之提升。
所謂的體重增加，意指在一個固定飼育期間內動物體重的增加。在一個固定的飼育期間內，體重增加的數值越大，代表動物的成長越快。亦即，在一實施態樣中，所謂的生產性改善可為：相較於給予不含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之飼料，或是不含有其中任一者之飼料時，在一個固定的飼育期間內的體重增加數值更大。
所謂的飼料轉換率，意指動物攝食(消費)飼料的量與體重增加量之比，亦即，攝食飼料量(kg)/體重增加量(kg)，也就是用來使動物的體重增加1kg所需的飼料量。據此，飼料轉換率的數值越小，代表動物的飼料利用率越好、經濟效率越好。亦即，在某一實施態樣中，所謂的生產性改善可為：相較於給予不含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之飼料，或是不含有其中任一者之飼料時，飼料轉換率數值更小。
所謂的齊一性，意指動物個體間體重等的偏差小，任一者皆整齊一致般的狀態。普遍認為齊一性的提高有改善產肉性、飼料利用率的可能。作為表示齊一性的指標，一般而言會使用變異係數。在此，變異係數係由(標準差/平均值)×100算出的數值，當此變異係數之數值越小，代表動物個體間的偏差越小、齊一性越好。在本案中是針對體重之齊一性進行調查。亦即，在某一實施態樣中，所謂的生產性改善可為：相較於給予不含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之飼料，或是不含有其中任一者之飼料時，體重之齊一性有所提升。
本發明中所謂家畜及/或家禽的「腸內菌叢改善」，意指在家畜及/或家禽腸道內生長的菌叢保持在適當的狀態，亦即，腸內菌叢中的益菌數之增加及/或壞菌數之減少。關於腸內菌叢中的益菌，例如已知有：乳桿菌屬細菌、雙歧桿菌屬細菌、腸球菌屬細菌、鏈球菌屬細菌、片球菌屬細菌、明串珠菌屬細菌、乳球菌屬細菌、芽孢桿菌屬細菌。又，如前所述，關於腸內菌叢中的壞菌，例如已知有：大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌屬細菌、梭菌屬細菌、曲狀桿菌屬細菌。據此，本說明書中所謂家畜及/或家禽的「腸內菌叢改善」，可包含在家畜及/或家禽腸道內，選自於乳桿菌屬細菌、雙歧桿菌屬細菌、腸球菌屬細菌、鏈球菌屬細菌、片球菌屬細菌、明串珠菌屬細菌、乳球菌屬細菌、芽孢桿菌屬細菌中1種或2種以上益菌菌數之增加，及/或選自於大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌屬細菌、梭菌屬細菌、及曲狀桿菌屬細菌中1種或2種以上壞菌菌數之減少。目前已知，若因飼育條件、飼育環境等的壓力，使家畜及/或家禽的腸內菌叢發生異常，例如腸內的大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、梭菌等壞菌比率增加、益菌數比率減少，則腸內菌叢會失衡，而對家畜及/或家禽造成各種不良影響。特別是，作為壞菌廣為人知的產氣莢膜梭菌(以下稱作「魏氏梭菌」。)會對家畜及/或家禽引發壞死性腸炎、壞疽性皮膚炎及膽管肝炎等疾病，造成生產性降低、死亡率增加這種不良影響，因此在家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善上，降低腸內魏氏梭菌等的壞菌數也非常重要。亦即，在某一適宜態樣中，所謂家畜及/或家禽的「腸內菌叢改善」可為：在家畜及/或家禽腸道內的魏氏梭菌之菌數減少。
本發明中所謂的「家畜」，若是為了有助於人類的生活，而從野生動物遺傳性改良後的動物，則未特別限定，例如可為牛、豬、綿羊、山羊、馬、狗、貓等。關於牛，例如包含乳用種的霍爾斯坦種、娟珊種；肉用種的阿伯丁安格斯種、黑毛和種、褐毛和種、雜交種、霍爾斯坦種等。又，關於豬，例如包含藍瑞斯種、約克夏種、漢布夏種、盤克夏種等。又，關於綿羊，肉用種包含南丘(Southdown)種、薩福克(Suffolk)種、切維奧特(Cheviot)種。另一方面，「家禽」若是食肉用或採卵用而飼育的鳥類則未特別限定，例如可為雞、日本鵪鶉、火雞、家鴨、鵝、綠頭鴨、合鴨、綠雉等。關於雞，例如包含肉用雞的肉雞、採卵雞的蛋雞等。關於肉雞的品種，例如包含樂斯(Ross)、科寶(Cobb)、及愛拔益加(Arbor Acres)等。
在本發明一態樣之生產性改善方法及/或腸內菌叢改善方法中，給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料的時期並無特別限制，在家畜及/或家禽之飼育期間內的任何時期給予皆可。家畜及/或家禽之飼育期間為出生或孵化至出貨日的期間，該期間會隨動物種有所變動，在家畜中，例如，肉用牛為約30個月，豬為約190日。家禽為約25日至約170日，例如肉雞則是通常約35日至約60日。後述實驗例中肉雞飼育試驗之飼育期間係設為孵化至42日齡的42日之期間。
由於依家畜的動物種和飼育階段不同，給予的飼料種類會跟著不同，含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料可因應給予的動物之種類、飼育階段以各種形態提供。例如，若是家畜，會給予主要是含有牧草、乾草、青貯料等許多纖維質的粗飼料，與主要是含有穀物、大豆、米糠等許多蛋白質、碳水化合物的濃厚飼料這2種飼料，然而對於剛出生之哺育期牛隻，則會給予以脫脂奶粉為主原料並溶解成液狀來給予的代用乳、以固形狀給予的濃厚飼料之人工乳。亦即，在某一實施態樣中，本發明中的飼料可為粗飼料、濃厚飼料、代用乳、或人工乳。飼育期間通常在大致上分為前半段與後半段，有時會將前半段稱為「飼育前期」，將後半段稱為「飼育後期」。雖然會依家畜的種類有所變動，通常會將出生至離乳之稱作哺育期的期間稱為飼育前期，又，將離乳後至出貨日之稱作育成期及/或肥育期的期間稱為飼育後期。如前所述，在本發明一態樣中，給予家畜含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料的時期並無特別限制，然而，若作為哺育期(飼育前期)給予之代用乳及/或人工乳來給予能夠獲得充分的效果，故宜在哺育期(飼育前期)給予。換言之，在某一實施態樣中，本發明之飼料特別適合用作代用乳及/或人工乳。不過，本發明之飼料的給予時期及形態並不限定於此，例如，不用說亦可在哺育期以外的飼育階段給予，當然亦可用作為粗飼料、濃厚飼料。
依家禽的飼育階段不同，給予的飼料之營養組成也不同，含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料可因應給予的家禽之飼育階段以各種形態提供。關於給予家禽的飼料，例如包含有：稱為Starter飼料之含有豐富胺基酸、蛋白質等營養素的幼雛用飼料、稱為Grower飼料之相較於Starter飼料含有更多脂質的育成用飼料、稱為Finisher飼料之完成用飼料。飼育期間通常在大致上分為前半段與後半段，有時會將前半段稱為「飼育前期」，將後半段稱為「飼育後期」。雖然會依家禽的種類、飼育環境、成長的程度等有所不同，作為飼育前期，當飼育期間為35日時，通常為0日齡至15到18日齡的期間；當飼育期間為42日時，通常為0日齡至20到24日齡的期間；當飼育期間為60日時，通常為0日齡至26到34日齡的期間，各自剩餘的飼育期間則作為飼育後期。在飼育前期，通常會給予孵化後的幼雛Starter飼料或Grower飼料，又，在飼育後期會給予Finisher飼料。又，出貨前7日的期間稱為完成期，有時會給予不同於Finisher飼料的完成用飼料。在本發明之一態樣中，給予家禽飼料的時期並無特別限制，然若作為飼育前期給予的Starter飼料及/或Grower飼料來給予能夠獲得充分的效果，故本發明之一態樣中的飼料作為Starter飼料及/或Grower飼料特別有用。當然，本發明之飼料亦可用作為Finisher飼料。
本發明之一態樣之家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善方法及腸內菌叢改善方法中，作為飼料的有效成分來使用的海藻糖，意指具有D-葡萄糖2分子呈α,α-1,1鍵結結構之非還原性二糖(α,α-海藻糖)。
本發明使用的海藻糖，並未特別受到其來源、製造方法之限定，在某一適宜態樣中，例如可適當使用日本特開平7-170977號公報、日本特開平7-213283號公報等揭示的方法所製造的海藻糖之水合結晶或無水結晶等。又，更具體而言，例如亦可適當使用在工業上用澱粉以酵素法生產的含海藻糖二水合結晶之粉末(『TREHA(註冊商標)』、『TREHA(註冊商標)A飼料』、林原(股)公司販賣)等市售品。關於本發明中使用的海藻糖之純度，只要是發揮本發明效果者則無特別限制，可為純海藻糖，亦可為與其他醣類之混合物，即未分離組成物。又，關於形態亦無特別限制，例如可為液狀、糖漿狀、粉末狀、固形狀等。
接著，針對本發明使用的生菌劑進行說明。本發明中所謂的「生菌劑」意指：可摻合到動物的飼料中來攝食，並在動物腸內增殖，藉此來使腸內菌叢維持在良好狀態的有用腸內微生物、或是含有該有用腸內微生物之飼料添加物。作為有用腸內微生物之一例，可舉嗜酸乳桿菌、唾液乳桿菌、乾酪乳桿菌等乳桿菌屬，嗜熱雙歧桿菌、假長雙歧桿菌、長雙歧桿菌等一般稱為比菲德氏菌之雙歧桿菌屬，糞腸球菌
( Enterococcus faecalis)、屎腸球菌(
Enterococcus faecium)等腸球菌(
Enterococcus)屬，嗜熱鏈球菌、轉糖鏈球菌等鏈球菌(
Streptococcus)屬，戊糖片球菌等片球菌(
Pediococcus)屬，檸檬明串珠菌、腸膜明串珠菌等明串珠菌(
Leuconostoc)屬，乳酸乳球菌等乳球菌(
Lactococcus)屬這種一般稱為乳酸菌之生菌，或者是，丁酸梭菌等梭菌(
Clostridium)屬，枯草芽孢桿菌、蠟樣芽孢桿菌、栗褐芽孢桿菌、凝結芽孢桿菌等芽孢桿菌(
Bacillus)屬等，此等微生物及/或含有此等微生物之飼料添加物可作為生菌劑來適宜使用於動物飼料中。
在上述有用腸內微生物中，在改善家畜及/或家禽之腸內菌叢的作用效果上，以乳桿菌屬、芽孢桿菌屬等微生物為佳，特別又以枯草芽孢桿菌為佳。在枯草芽孢桿菌中，又以枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株或者是其衍生株或突變株為佳。生菌劑的形態可為液狀、粉末狀、固體狀的任何型態，亦可使用市售的生菌劑。關於市售品，例如有ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣，以枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)為主成分的粉末狀生菌劑『CALSPORIN(註冊商標)』(枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株含量：1×10
10個/g生菌劑)，又，關於該製品的相關製品，市售有生菌含量不同的各種品項(商品名『CALSPORIN(註冊商標)・稀釋製品』)。另外，生菌含量可因應所欲的效果來任意選擇。
在本發明之一態樣中，飼料所含海藻糖的量及生菌數，可依作為對象之家畜及/或家禽的種類，飼料中所摻合的其他成分之種類、量，作為對象之家畜及/或家禽的皮膚狀態、被毛狀態、個體成熟狀態、性別、體重等來適當調節，並無特別限制，但宜將調整海藻糖在飼料中含有：通常為0.05質量%以上且2質量%以下，較宜為0.1質量%以上且1質量%以下，更宜為0.2質量%以上且0.8質量%以下之範圍。又，飼料中的生菌數宜調整為：每1克飼料中，通常為約3.0×10
5個以上且1.0×10
9個以下，較宜為約5.0×10
5個以上且1.0×10
7個以下的比率。若飼料中的海藻糖含量低於0.05質量%，又或者是飼料所含生菌數低於每1克飼料中3.0×10
5個，家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善效果及/或腸內菌叢改善效果可能會不充分。另一方面，即使海藻糖含量大於2質量%，又或者是生菌數大於每1克飼料中1.0×10
9個，此時的效果與分別添加2質量%、1.0×10
9個時並沒有太大變化，因此經濟上來看並不佳。
本發明之一態樣之飼料，除了含有海藻糖及生菌劑，可進一步含有一般所使用的家畜及/或家禽之飼料原料、飼料添加物。不受限於下述者，可將例如：穀類之玉米、米、糙米、粟、黍、裸麥、木薯、大麥、小麥、燕麥、高粱、大豆、等；植物性油粕類之大豆油粕、菜子油粕、亞麻仁油粕、棕櫚油、芝麻油粕、葵花油粕、椰子油粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粗粉、玉米胚芽粗粉、酒粕等；動物性飼料之魚粉、肉骨粉、酪蛋白、乾燥乳清、脫脂奶粉、魚溶漿吸附飼料等；糟糠類之米糠、脫脂米糠、麩皮、豆皮、澱粉渣、麥麩、玉米蛋白飼料、糖蜜等，摻合到本發明之一態樣之飼料中。
進一步而言，本發明之一態樣之飼料可在不妨礙家畜及/或家禽之生產性改善及腸內菌叢改善效果的程度上，因應飼料的種類、形態併用抗氧化劑、防霉劑、結著劑、胺基酸類、維生素類、礦物質類、色素、合成抗菌劑、抗生素、香味劑、酵素、有機酸類、乳化劑、賦形劑、糖類、調節劑、增味劑、穩定劑等其他成分。例如，可於本發明之一態樣之飼料適當摻合：抗氧化劑之乙氧基喹啉、二丁基羥基甲苯、丁基羥基茴香醚等；防霉劑之丙酸、丙酸鈣、丙酸鈉等；結著劑之聚三葡萄糖、海藻酸鈉、酪蛋白酸鈉、羧甲纖維素鈉、丙二醇、聚丙烯酸鈉等；胺基酸類之胺乙酸、DL-丙胺酸、L-精胺酸、L-離胺酸鹽酸鹽、L-肉鹼、胍基乙酸、L-麩胺酸鈉、牛磺酸、2-去胺-2-羥基甲硫胺酸(2-deamino-2-hydroxymethionine)、DL-色胺酸、L-色胺酸、L-蘇胺酸、L-纈胺酸、DL-甲硫胺酸、L-甲硫胺酸、L-離胺酸硫酸鹽等；維生素類之L-抗壞血酸、L-抗壞血酸鈣、L-抗壞血酸鈉、L-抗壞血酸-2-磷酸酯鈉鈣、L-抗壞血酸-2-磷酸酯鎂、二氫萘醌二乙酸酯、肌醇、鹽酸二苯甲醯硫胺、麥角鈣化醇、氯化膽鹼、鹽酸硫胺、鹽酸吡哆辛、β-胡蘿蔔素、膽鈣化醇、乙酸dl-α-生育醇酯、氰鈷胺、硝酸硫胺、菸鹼酸、菸鹼醯胺、對胺基苯甲酸、D-泛酸鈣、DL-泛酸鈣、d-生物素、維生素A粉末、維生素A油、維生素D粉末、維生素D3油、維生素E粉末、25-羥膽鈣醇、二甲基嘧啶醇亞硫酸甲萘醌、甲萘醌亞硫酸氫鈉、葉酸、核黃素、核黃素丁酸酯等；礦物質類之氯化鉀、檸檬酸鐵、葡萄糖酸鈣、琥珀酸檸檬酸鐵鈉、氧化鎂、氫氧化鋁、碳酸鋅、碳酸鈷、碳酸氫鈉、碳酸鎂、碳酸錳、2-去胺-2-羥基甲硫胺酸鋅、2-去胺-2-羥基甲硫胺酸銅、2-去胺-2-羥基甲硫胺酸錳、DL-蘇胺酸鐵、乳酸鈣、反丁烯二酸亞鐵、胜肽鋅、胜肽鐵、胜肽銅、胜肽錳、碘化鉀、碘酸鉀、碘酸鈣、硫酸鋅(乾燥)、硫酸鋅(結晶)、硫酸甲硫胺酸鋅、硫酸鈉(乾燥)、硫酸鎂(乾燥)、硫酸鎂(結晶)、硫酸鈷(乾燥)、硫酸鈷(結晶)、硫酸鐵(乾燥)、硫酸銅(乾燥)、硫酸銅(結晶)、硫酸錳、磷酸一氫鉀(乾燥)、磷酸一氫鈉(乾燥)、磷酸二氫鉀(乾燥)、磷酸二氫鈉(乾燥)、磷酸二氫鈉(結晶)等；色素之蝦紅素、β-衍-8'-胡蘿蔔酸乙酯、角黃素等；合成抗菌劑之安保寧加衣索巴加磺胺奎林、摩朗得檸檬酸鹽、乃卡巴精、海樂福精聚苯乙烯磺酸鈣等；抗生素之桿菌肽鋅、阿美拉黴素、恩黴素、沙利黴素鈉、仙杜拉素鈉、那寧素、六肽黴素、培可黴素、富樂黴素、孟寧素鈉、拉薩羅鈉、抗球蟲藥(coccidiostat，コクジオスタット)等；香味劑之酯類、醚類、酮類、脂肪酸類、脂肪族高級醇類、脂肪族高級醛類、脂肪族高級烴類、萜烯烴類、酚醚類、酚類、芳香族醇類、芳香族醛類及內酯類之香味劑等；酵素之澱粉酶、鹼性蛋白酶、木聚醣酶、木聚醣酶˙果膠酶複合酵素、β-聚葡萄糖酶、酸性蛋白酶、纖維素酶、纖維素酶˙蛋白酶˙果膠酶複合酵素、中性蛋白酶、植酸酶、乳糖酶、脂肪酶等；有機酸類之甲酸鈣、葡萄糖酸鈉、二甲酸鉀、反丁烯二酸、酪酸、乳酸、醋酸及其等之鹽類等；乳化劑之脂肪酸甘油酯、脂肪酸山梨糖醇酐酯等；賦形劑之玉米澱粉、糊精等；糖類之蔗糖、葡萄糖、麥芽糖、果糖、乳糖、麥芽三糖、棉子糖、異麥芽酮糖、麥芽糖醇、還原巴拉金糖、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、赤藻糖醇、甘露糖醇、高果糖漿、粉末水飴等；調節劑之甲酸等；增味劑之糖精鈉等；穩定劑之無水矽酸等。
本發明之一態樣之飼料的形態並無特別限制，例如，可為一般使用之粉料飼料、顆粒飼料、細粉飼料、片狀飼料、丸粒飼料、碎粒飼料等任一形態。另外，所謂的粉料飼料為將飼料原料粉碎為粉狀之飼料、混合或摻合有粉狀飼料原料之粉末狀的飼料。另一方面，所謂的丸粒飼料為使用水蒸氣等添加水分至飼料來加熱並調整濕度後，以造粒機(成形機)來加壓成形為圓柱狀的固形飼料。所謂的碎粒飼料為將成形為丸粒的飼料粗壓碎，使小型家禽類也方便吃的飼料。
以下藉由實驗來詳細說明本發明。
＜實驗1：給予含有海藻糖及生菌劑之飼料對肉雞之生產性及腸內菌叢造成的影響＞
透過在各飼育階段持續給予肉雞含有海藻糖及生菌劑之飼料，試驗該飼料之給予對肉雞的體重增加、飼料轉換率及齊一性等生產性及腸內菌叢造成的影響。
＜實驗1-1：飼料之調製＞
根據肉雞育種公司Aviagen公司(位於英國)的指南，即樂斯肉雞營養說明書2019(Ross Broiler Nutrition Specifications 2019)(URL: http://tmea.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/RossBroilerNutritionSpecs2019-EN.PDF)所揭示的調配處方，如表1所示之組成，調製飼育前期用的Starter飼料、Grower飼料、以及飼育後期及完成期用的Finisher飼料之3種。並將調製的各試料作為無添加之Starter飼料、無添加之Grower飼料、及無添加之Finisher飼料。以使海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)成為0.5質量%、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)成為0.01質量%(相當於1.0×10
6個/g飼料)的方式，添加其中一者或兩者至無添加之Starter飼料及無添加之Grower飼料，來製作含有海藻糖之Starter飼料、含有生菌劑之Starter飼料、含有海藻糖之Grower飼料、含有生菌劑之Grower飼料、及含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之Starter飼料及Grower飼料。又，無添加之Finisher飼料不添加海藻糖，並且以使生菌劑成為與含有生菌劑之Starter飼料及含有生菌劑之Grower飼料相同的0.01質量%(相當於1.0×10
6個/g飼料)的方式來添加上述生菌劑，來製作含有生菌劑之Finisher飼料。
表1
＜實驗2：飼育試驗＞
在飼育試驗中使用樂斯種雄肉雞的幼雛，並將飼育密度設為每一試驗區(各1m
2)11或14隻。關於飼料，根據海藻糖及/或生菌劑添加的有無分為表2及圖1所示的4組，在各組中以上述2種飼育密度分別設定8小組(set)合計64個試驗區。在表2中，將各組飼料中海藻糖或生菌劑的添加表示為「＋」、無添加表示為「－」。又，如圖1所示，孵化至10日齡是給予碎粒狀Starter飼料、10日齡至24日齡是給予丸粒狀Grower飼料、24日齡至42日齡是給予丸粒狀Finisher飼料，合計飼育42日。關於餵食，在上述2種飼育密度中，分別在每一試驗區使用1個管狀裝料器，讓雞自由攝食飼料。又，水也是在每一試驗區使用3個乳頭吮吸器讓雞自由攝食。鋪料則是使用稻殼。另外，其他飼育條件以樂斯肉雞管理手冊2018(Ross Broiler Management Handbook 2018)(Aviagen社發行，URL:http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-BroilerHandbook2018-EN.pdf)為準，以具備隧道通風與蒸發冷卻系統之閉鎖型雞舎來實施。
表2
＜實驗3：腸內菌叢＞
為了評估在各試驗區飼育之肉雞的腸內菌叢，在各組的試驗區中，選擇24日齡時的體重接近各組平均值的肉雞各1隻，並回收其迴腸內容物。使用回收的迴腸內容物，測定已知為益菌的乳桿菌屬細菌以及已知為壞菌的魏氏梭菌(
Clostridium perfringens)之菌數。於表3顯示迴腸內容物每單位重量的菌數。另外，關於飼育密度之比較，肉雞在相當於一般飼育密度之11隻/m
2的環境下，以及在相當於較為高密度之14隻/m
2的環境下，在14隻/m
2的高密度飼育條件下，雖然可見魏氏梭菌數有較為明顯的降低，但未被判定為飼育密度不同造成的顯著不同，因此於表3顯示上述2種飼育密度中測定結果之平均值。後述實驗4、5亦同，關於體重的增加、飼料轉換率的降低、及齊一性的提升，在2種飼育密度之間並未被判定為顯著不同，因此顯示上述2種飼育密度所得測定結果之平均值作為各測定值。另外，針對對照組與各組中乳桿菌屬細菌及魏氏梭菌之菌數分別進行鄧肯多重差距檢定，顯著水準p＜0.05而判斷為具有顯著差異，與對照組比較具有顯著差異時，在表中顯示＊。
表3
如表3所見，關於從24日齡的肉雞採出之迴腸內容物每單位重量的乳桿菌屬細菌菌數(個/g)，對照組為4.7×10
7個/g。相對於此，生菌劑組為9.3×10
7個/g、海藻糖組為10.2×10
7個/g，進一步，併用組為15.1×10
7個/g，任一組皆相較於對照組有所增加，特別是併用組的益菌之乳桿菌屬細菌菌數為最多。
同樣如表3所見，魏氏梭菌菌數(個/g)在對照組為3.8×10
2個/g。相對於此，生菌劑組為1.1×10
2個/g、海藻糖組為0.37×10
2個/g，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少。另一方面，併用組為0.22×10
2個/g，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少，甚至是相較於生菌劑組及海藻糖組，魏氏梭菌的減少更為明顯。此等結果顯示，若併用海藻糖與生菌劑，相較於分別單獨使用時，不僅對益菌之乳桿菌屬細菌菌數增加有效，也對壞菌之魏氏梭菌菌數的明顯減少有效，說明了在飼料中海藻糖與生菌劑的共存，對於家禽，特別是肉雞之腸內菌叢改善更為有用。
＜實驗4：體重增加及飼料轉換率＞
分別在0日齡、35日齡、及42日齡時測定各試驗區肉雞的體重，並算出各日齡時的平均體重。將其結果顯示於表4。各期間的體重增加量係由此等平均體重的差來算出。又，飼料轉換率係將0日齡至42日齡、0日齡至35日齡或35日齡至42日齡之期間的飼料攝食量除以該期間的體重增加量來算出。飼料攝食量係測定在各試驗區在該期間內的飼料減少量來算出其平均值。0日齡至42日齡之期間、0日齡至35日齡之期間、及35日齡至42日齡之期間的體重增加量、飼料攝食量、及飼料轉換率分別顯示於表5至表7。另外，關於對照組與各組的增體重增加量及飼料轉換率，分別進行鄧肯多重差距檢定，以顯著水準p＜0.05判斷為具有顯著差異，與對照組比較具有顯著差異時，在表中顯示＊。
表4
表5
如表5所見，在0日齡至42日齡的整個飼育期間中，關於體重增加量，對照組為3157g。相對於此，生菌劑組為3172g，相較於對照組有些許增加，但無顯著的變動。另一方面，海藻糖組為3210g、併用組為3237g，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的增加。在此，儘管海藻糖的給予僅在0日齡至24日齡的飼育前期，海藻糖組及併用組在0日齡至42日齡的整個飼育期間中可見有體重增加的效果，顯示飼育前期給予海藻糖的效果在兩組中持續至42日齡。特別是，併用組比起海藻糖組體重更是進一步增加，顯示在飼育前期給予含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者的飼料，對於整個飼育期間中持續的體重增加極為有效。這個結果即使僅由體重增加量的觀點來看，也顯示含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者的飼料並不一定需要在整個飼育期間中持續給予，僅在飼育前期給予亦可。此為極為有用的見解。
同樣如表5所見，關於由體重增加量與飼料攝食量計算之飼料轉換率，對照組為1.492。相對於此，生菌劑組為1.471、海藻糖組為1.482，進一步，併用組為1.467，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少。儘管只有在飼育前期有海藻糖與生菌劑併用之給予，飼料轉換率的減少會及於整個飼育期間，顯示在飼育前期內海藻糖與生菌劑的給予所造成的飼料轉換率低減效果會持續至42日齡。特別是，併用組的飼料轉換率減少得最多。此結果與體重增加量的結果同樣，即使由飼料轉換率的觀點來看，也顯示含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者的飼料並不一定需要在整個飼育期間中持續給予，僅在飼育前期給予亦可。
表6
如表6所見，在0日齡至35日齡的期間內，關於體重增加量，對照組為2564g。相對於此，生菌劑組為2569g、海藻糖組為2580g，兩組皆相較於對照組有所增加，但增加量並不高。另一方面，併用組為2609g，相較於其他2組，被判定為具有更多的體重增加。
同樣如表6所見，關於飼料轉換率，對照組為1.346。相對於此，海藻糖組為1.340，並未被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少。另一方面，生菌劑組為1.330、併用組為1.326，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少，飼料轉換率在併用組減少得最多。此結果顯示，儘管只有在飼育前期(0日齡至24日齡)有海藻糖與生菌劑的併用給予，該效果也會持續至飼育後期的35日齡。
表7
如表7所見，關於35日齡至42日齡的完成期之體重增加量，對照組為593g。相對於此，生菌劑組為603g，相較於對照組稍微增加。另一方面，海藻糖組為630g、併用組為628g的體重增加量，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的增加。又，儘管只有在0日齡至24日齡之飼育前期給予僅含有海藻糖之飼料或含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之飼料，海藻糖組及併用組在35日齡至42日齡的完成期也看得到體重增加的效果。此結果顯示了，在飼育前期給予之飼料之效果也會及於完成期這個意外的事實。
同樣如表7所見，關於飼料轉換率，對照組為2.165。相對於此，生菌劑組為2.111、海藻糖組為2.095，進一步，併用組為2.083，皆被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少。特別是，併用組的飼料轉換率減少最多。此結果顯示，儘管只有在飼育前期給予含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者的飼料，飼料轉換率減少的效果也會持續到35日齡至42日齡之完成期。
如上所示，表5至表7的結果說明了在飼育前期併用海藻糖與生菌劑，會在整個飼育期間內對肉雞之體重增加及飼料轉換率之降低持續有用。特別是，在飼育前期併用海藻糖與生菌劑，會使肉雞體重增加，並且在飼料攝食量最大的出貨前之完成期也會使飼料轉換率降低，而對肉雞飼育具有重大的經濟效益。
＜實驗5：齊一性＞
由42日齡肉雞個別的體重算出變異係數作為指標，來評估各試驗區中肉雞的齊一性。將結果顯示於表8。另外，針對對照組與各組中的齊一性，分別進行鄧肯多重差距檢定，以顯著水準p＜0.05判斷為具有顯著性差異，與對照組比較具有顯著差異時，在表中顯示＊。
表8
如表8所見，關於齊一性指標之變異係數，對照組為8.8%。相對於此，海藻糖組為7.9%，相較於對照組有稍微減少，但無顯著的變動。另一方面，生菌劑組為7.2%、併用組為7.0%，被判定為相較於對照組具有顯著的減少。併用組顯示了變異係數的最低值，由此說明了海藻糖與生菌劑的併用對齊一性的提升有用。儘管只有在飼育前期給予含有海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之飼料，對於飼育期間結束時的齊一性，相較於對照組、生菌劑組、及海藻糖組，併用組顯示了最佳的結果，這是完全出乎意料且新穎的見解。
由以上實驗1至5的結果得知，在肉雞的飼育中，可藉由在飼育前期給予併用海藻糖與生菌劑兩者之飼料，來改善肉雞的腸內菌叢，同時改善生產性。
以下以實施例來更加具體說明本發明。不過，本發明並不會由此等實施例受到任何限制。
實施例1
將海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)0.5g、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)0.03g(相當於生菌數：3.0×10
5個/g飼料)摻合到1kg的市售幼雛用飼料，來製作幼雛用的摻合飼料。又，以使生菌劑含量相同的方式摻合到市售成雞用飼料，來製作成雞用的摻合飼料。因為此等摻合飼料摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，所以若因應飼育階段來給予，可使家禽類腸內菌叢之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例2
將海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)10.0g、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)10.0g(相當於生菌數：1.0×10
9個/g飼料)摻合到1kg的市售幼雛用飼料，來製作幼雛用的摻合飼料。又，以使生菌劑含量相同的方式摻合到市售成雞用飼料，來製作成雞用的摻合飼料。因為此等摻合飼料摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，所以若因應飼育階段來給予，可使家禽類之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例3
粉末狀飼料混合有玉米61.5質量部、大豆粕29.0質量部、菜種粕2.0質量部、玉米蛋白粗粉2.0質量部、動物性油脂2.8質量部、食鹽0.3質量部、碳酸鈣1.4質量部、磷酸三鈣0.5質量部、維生素˙礦物質預混合料0.5質量部，對此，以使海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)含量成為每份飼料固形成分0.8質量%、飼料固形物每1g的生菌數成為1.0×10
7個的方式，將海藻糖及生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)混合至前述粉末狀飼料，來製作摻合飼料。因為本品摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，所以可使家禽類腸內菌叢之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例4
粉末狀飼料混合有玉米61.5質量部、大豆粕29.0質量部、菜種粕2.0質量部、玉米蛋白粗粉2.0質量部、動物性油脂2.8質量部、食鹽0.3質量部、碳酸鈣1.4質量部、磷酸三鈣0.5質量部、維生素˙礦物質預混合料0.5質量部，對此，以使海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)含量成為每份飼料固形成分0.2質量%、飼料固形物每1g的生菌數成為5.0×10
5個的方式，將海藻糖及生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)混合至前述粉末狀飼料，來製作摻合飼料。因為本品摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，所以可使家禽類之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例5
將海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)0.5g、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)0.03g(相當於生菌數：3.0×10
5個/g飼料)混入1kg的市售家禽類用飼料，供至加熱型造粒機的丸粒壓製機，獲得造粒物。乾燥上述造粒物來製作圓筒狀的丸粒飼料。本品因為是丸粒狀，可抑制粉塵飛散，保存性佳，即使少量也方便取用，並且因為摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，所以可使家禽類腸內菌叢之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例6
將海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)10.0g、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)10.0g(相當於生菌數：1.0×10
9個/g飼料)混入1kg的市售家禽類用飼料，供至加熱型造粒機的丸粒壓製機，獲得造粒物。乾燥上述造粒物，進一步使用粉碎機(碎粒機)粉碎，來製作碎粒飼料。本品因為是造粒粉碎物，可抑制粉塵飛散，即使少量也方便取用，並且因為摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，所以可使家禽類腸內菌叢之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例7
將海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)10.0g、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)10.0g(相當於生菌數：1.0×10
9個/g飼料)摻合到1kg的市售代用乳，來製作哺育期的家畜用飼料。該飼料因為摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，若給予哺育期的牛隻或豬隻，可使家畜腸內菌叢之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
實施例8
將海藻糖(商品名『TREHA』，林原(股)公司販賣)10.0g、生菌劑(商品名『CALSPORIN』、有效成分為枯草芽孢桿菌C-3102株(FERM BP-1096)1.0×10
10個/g生菌劑、ASAHI BIOCYCLE(股)公司販賣)10.0g(相當於生菌數：1.0×10
9個/g飼料)摻合到1kg的濃厚飼料，來製作家畜用飼料。該飼料因為摻合有海藻糖與生菌劑，若給予肥育期的牛隻或豬隻，可使家畜腸內菌叢之壞菌減少，同時改善生產性。
產業上之可利用性
根據本發明之家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善方法以及腸內菌叢改善方法，可改善家禽類的腸內菌叢，同時改善家畜及/或家禽的體重增加、飼料轉換率、及齊一性。提供了家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善方法以及腸內菌叢改善方法之本發明，對畜產領域有所貢獻，其在產業上的意義極大。
在圖1中
Starter飼料:飼育前期之生後0日至10日齡給予的初期飼料(幼雛飼料)
Grower飼料:飼育前期10日齡至24日齡給予的育成飼料(成長飼料)
Finisher飼料:飼育後期24日齡起給予的飼料(後期飼料)
圖1：該圖顯示肉用雞(肉雞)孵化至出貨的飼育期間(0日齡至42日齡)中，飼育期間的分類與該等期間給予的飼料之一例。
Claims (13)
- 一種家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善方法，係給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料。
- 如請求項1之家畜及/或家禽的生產性改善方法，其中生產性改善係選自於體重增加、飼料轉換率的降低、及齊一性提升之中的1個或複數個。
- 一種家畜及/或家禽的腸內菌叢改善方法，係給予家畜及/或家禽含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中家畜及/或家禽為牛、豬或雞。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法，其中生菌劑含有芽孢桿菌( Bacillus)屬細菌。
- 如請求項5之方法，其中芽孢桿菌屬細菌為枯草芽孢桿菌( Bacillus subtilis)。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之方法，其係在飼育前期給予含有海藻糖與生菌劑之飼料。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之方法，其中前述飼料係含有每份飼料固形物0.05質量%以上且2質量%以下的海藻糖，並且含有每1克飼料固形物3.0×10 5個以上且1.0×10 9個以下的生菌之飼料。
- 一種家畜及/或家禽用飼料，含有海藻糖與生菌劑。
- 如請求項9之家畜及/或家禽用飼料，其中生菌劑含有芽孢桿菌屬細菌。
- 如請求項10之家畜及/或家禽用飼料，其中芽孢桿菌屬細菌為枯草芽孢桿菌。
- 如請求項9至11中任一項之家畜及/或家禽用飼料，其含有每份飼料固形物0.05質量%以上且2質量%以下的海藻糖，並且含有每1克飼料固形物3.0×10 5個以上且1.0×10 9個以下的生菌。
- 如請求項9至12中任一項之家畜及/或家禽用飼料，其係飼育前期用之飼料。
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