TW201315451A - A processing method for metal implant surface and its metal implant - Google Patents

Abstract

A processing method for metal implant surface includes: polishing a surface of a metal implant to remove an unevenly nature oxidation layer, and to formed a evenly oxidation layer again; grafting a anti-adhesion polymer onto the evenly oxidation layer of the metal implant, to make the anti-adhesion polymer bonding with oxygen atom of the evenly oxidation layer, and to formed a anti-adhesion polymer layer on the evenly oxidation layer; modifying the anti-adhesion polymer layer of the metal implant with high pressure and high temperature, and to obtain a metal implant which having high hydrophilic.

Description

Metal implant surface treatment method and metal implant thereof

The present invention relates to an implant surface treatment method and an implant thereof, and more particularly to a metal implant surface treatment method and metal implant having an anti-metal implant and soft tissue adhesion.

Metal implants are currently used in large quantities in the medical field as a temporary or permanent replacement for organ damage, which is usually a rigid body, but may be a nail, screw or plate made of metal such as titanium or steel. The metal implant must have considerable biocompatibility, can be accepted by body tissues and has no additional damage to the tissue, and can be widely used.

However, since the metal implant has to be fixed to the wound for a long time, it is easy to be in a process of gradually recovering from the wound, and the soft tissue surrounding it is mutually adhered, which leads to the later removal of the metal implant. It is troublesome at the time. In the case of bone trauma, most of the injured patients should be fixed with bone plates/bone nails at the wound site. After the bone cells grow and repair the wound, the bone plate/bone nail must be removed by a second knife. During this time, The soft tissue around the bone is prone to gradually accumulate on the surface of the bone plate/bone nail, and the bone plate/bone nail and the soft tissue are mutually adhered. Therefore, when the second plate is removed, the bone plate/bone nail must be removed. The soft tissue adhered to the surface of the bone plate/bone nail is scraped off before the bone plate/bone nail can be removed from the wound recovery site. In this way, it is not only necessary to spend extra time to operate the soft tissue scraping, but also to increase the difficulty of the postoperative surgical operation, and may even affect the growth of the pericyral fibroblasts due to the scraping of the soft tissue, resulting in the removal of the bone plate/bone nail The cavity formed is difficult to heal in a short time, and the postoperative healing is not good.

In order to improve the adhesion between the metal implant and the surrounding soft tissue, for example, the US Patent Publication No. 20090124984A1 "MEDICAL APPLIANCE AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE APPLIANCE" patent is attached to the surface of a metal medical device to be hydrophilic. The organic compound is electrochemically grafted to form a hydrophilic layer of an organic compound on the surface of the metal, whereby when the metal medical device invades the human body, the hydrophilic layer of the organic compound can be transmitted to reduce contact with the human tissue. The adverse effects caused.

However, when the metal surface is directly subjected to electrochemical grafting, the flatness of the metal surface is often insufficient, and the hydrophilic layer of the organic compound formed by the grafting has poor uniformity; more because the metal surface is not In the treatment, the system exhibits an uneven oxidation state. Therefore, when the organic compound is released to the surface of the metal and is intended to be combined with the oxygen atom of the metal surface, the number of oxygen atoms is often insufficient, resulting in the connection of the organic compound. The efficiency and quality of the shoots are limited so that the most effective organic compound grafting effect cannot be achieved on the surface of the metal implant.

In addition, the conventional patent is applied to the metal surface of the medical device, and after directly forming the hydrophilic layer of the organic compound, it is applied to the human body, so that the organic compound cannot be stably applied to the metal surface, but is applied. After the phenomenon of incomplete grafting of the organic compound, the medical device should have an effect of avoiding soft tissue sticking during application, so that the grafting quality of the organic compound is worrying.

In view of this, it is indeed necessary to develop a surface treatment method for a metal implant, which can effectively improve the efficiency and quality of grafting the organic compound to the surface of the metal implant to completely solve various problems as described above.

The main object of the present invention is to improve the above disadvantages to provide a metal implant surface treatment method which is capable of improving the oxidation uniformity of the surface of the metal implant to ensure the grafting efficiency and quality of the organic compound.

A second object of the present invention is to provide a metal implant surface treatment method capable of enhancing the hydrophilicity of an organic compound on the surface of the metal implant to enhance the soft tissue adhesion of the metal implant.

In order to achieve the foregoing object, the metal implant surface treatment method of the present invention comprises: a polishing step of surface polishing a metal implant to remove a non-uniform natural oxide layer on the surface of the metal implant, And regenerating a uniform oxide layer; a grafting step of grafting an anti-adhesive polymer onto the surface of the uniform oxide layer of the metal implant, so that the anti-adhesive polymer and the surface of the uniform oxide layer are oxygenated The atom generates a covalent bond to form a polymer anti-adhesion layer on the surface of the uniform oxide layer; and a modification step is performed on the surface of the metal implant having the polymer anti-adhesion layer formed by high temperature and high pressure Modification to obtain a metal implant with high hydrophilicity.

By the surface treatment method of the titanium metal implant, a metal implant is prepared, which comprises: a metal layer; an oxide layer formed on the surface of the metal layer; and a polymer anti-adhesion layer , formed on the surface of the oxide layer. Wherein, the polymer anti-adhesive layer is composed of polyethylene glycol.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more <RTIgt;

The present invention provides a method for producing a metal implant having high hydrophilicity, and the surface of the metal implant is a highly uniform organic compound graft layer, wherein the organic compound is resistant to the following The viscous polymer, and the metal implant may be selected as a conductive metal. Preferably, the metal implant is selected from a titanium-containing metal (such as pure titanium metal, titanium alloy) or stainless steel.

Referring to FIG. 1, a metal implant surface treatment method includes a polishing step S1, a grafting step S2, and a modifying step S3.

The polishing step S1 performs surface polishing of a metal implant to remove the uneven natural oxide layer on the surface of the metal implant to regenerate a uniform oxide layer. More specifically, the metal implant is susceptible to an oxide layer in the natural environment, but the thickness of the oxide layer is only maintained at about 10 nanometers (nm), and the flatness of the surface of the metal implant is insufficient. As a result, the generated natural oxide layer is significantly uneven, and cannot be effectively applied to the subsequent grafting step S2. Here, the surface of the metal implant is selected to be polished to remove the uneven natural oxide layer which has been formed on the surface of the metal implant, and the flatness of the surface of the metal implant is improved by polishing. A new uniform oxide layer is then formed, whereby the uniform oxide layer is applied to the subsequent grafting step S2. Wherein, the polishing means may be selected from the group consisting of mechanical polishing, electrolytic polishing and hydrogen peroxide immersion polishing, and is preferably selected as electropolishing to remove the uneven natural oxide layer which has been formed on the surface of the metal implant. And forming a uniform thickness of the uniform oxide layer on the surface of the metal implant, and can be applied to the three-dimensional surface of the metal implant by electropolishing, and determining that the surface of each angle achieves the effect of polishing, and is not like mechanical polishing. The problem of stress caused by the fine sand grinding of the roller makes the metal implant exhibit a mirror-like uniform gloss after electropolishing, and a uniform oxide layer is gradually formed during the continuous conduction of the steady current.

For example, in this embodiment, a titanium-based metal implant is placed on the anode by electrolytic polishing, so that the metal implant is immersed in the first electrolyte containing hydrofluoric acid, and the hydrogen fluoride is contained therein. The current density of the first electrolyte in the acid is 0.2~2A/dm ² , especially the current density of 0.5 A/dm ² , so that the metal implant is continuously dissolved at the anode for 5 to 60 minutes to remove The surface of the metal implant is uneven, and at the same time, the naturally generated uneven oxide layer is removed. Preferably, the electropolishing time is 15 minutes, and the uniform oxide layer exhibits specular reflection, which means that the uniform oxide layer reaches the maximum. Jiaping normalizes the surface to carry out the subsequent grafting step S2. Wherein, the first electrolyte is selected only to dissolve the metal implant at the anode, so that the surface thereof has a mirror-like gloss, and thus is not limited to the hydrofluoric acid selected in the embodiment, and The average surface roughness of the uniform oxide layer is preferably between 0.01 and 0.8 micrometers (um). .

The grafting step S2 is to graft an anti-adhesive polymer onto the surface of the uniform oxide layer of the metal implant, so that the anti-adhesive polymer is covalently bonded to the oxygen atom on the surface of the uniform oxide layer. A polymer anti-adhesion layer is formed on the surface of the uniform oxide layer. More specifically, in this embodiment, the metal implant having a uniform oxide layer is placed on the cathode by electrochemical cathodic treatment, and immersed in the second electrolyte to pass a current of 10 to 200 amps. The anti-adhesive polymer is released to the surface of the metal implant, and can be covalently bonded to the oxygen atom on the surface of the uniform oxide layer to form the polymer anti-adhesive layer on the surface of the uniform oxide layer, and continues The thickness of the polymer anti-adhesion layer is 1 to 35 nm. At this time, the polymer anti-adhesion layer can have better flatness and uniformity to obtain the uniform oxide layer and the polymer anti-stick layer. Metal implant of the adhesive layer. The anti-adhesive polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, and the second electrolyte solution comprises polyethylene glycol and an alkaline solution. In the present embodiment, the concentration is 1 to 10% by mass (mass%). The polyethylene glycol is dissolved in the alkaline solution, and the alkaline solution is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and the pH of the alkaline solution is preferably 11 or less, thereby maintaining the preferred anti-adhesive polymer. Free effect.

For example, in this embodiment, the metal implant having the uniform oxide layer is placed on the anode, and immersed in the second electrolyte containing polyethylene glycol, and 135 amps are introduced into the second electrolyte. After the current is passed, the polyethylene glycol is released to the surface of the metal implant, and a uniform covalent bond can be formed with the oxygen atom on the surface of the uniform oxide layer to gradually form the polyethylene dioxide on the surface of the uniform oxide layer. The alcohol is resistant to the adhesive layer, and the polyethylene glycol anti-adhesion layer is formed for 5 to 60 minutes for the subsequent upgrading step S3.

The modifying step S3 is to surface-modify the metal implant on which the polymer anti-adhesion layer is formed by high temperature and high pressure to obtain a metal implant having high hydrophilicity. More specifically, since the metal implant having the polymer anti-adhesion layer is formed after the grafting step S2, the hydrophilicity of the surface is obviously insufficient, which may affect the adhesion of the polymer anti-adhesion layer. The uniformity of the metal implant, so in this embodiment, the metal implant containing the polymer anti-adhesion layer is placed under a high temperature and high pressure environment to perform surface hydrophilic modification, so that the metal implant surface The contact angle is 40 degrees after the original 60-degree transformation which has not been modified, thereby confirming that the hydrophilicity of the surface of the metal implant is significantly improved, and the polymer anti-adhesion layer can be reinforced. The uniform strength of the metal implant. For example, in this embodiment, the metal implant having the polymer anti-adhesion layer is formed, and the surface hydrophilicity is changed in a high pressure chamber at a temperature of 120 to 135 ° C and a pressure of 1.5 to 4.0 kg/cm ² . The metal implant with high hydrophilicity is obtained after 15 to 30 minutes.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, the metal implant surface treatment method of the present invention may further operate a pre-step S01 before the polishing step S1, and the pre-step S01 washes off a metal implant. Attachment to the surface. More specifically, in this embodiment, the metal implant is immersed in deionized water for ultrasonic vibration for 5 to 10 minutes to complete the first cleaning; then, the metal implant is placed in an acetone solution. Repeat the ultrasonic vibration for 5~10 minutes, and rinse and wet with deionized water after shaking to complete the second cleaning. Finally, move the metal implant to the alcohol solution for the third time. The ultrasonic wave is oscillated for 5 to 10 minutes, thereby completely removing the dirt, dust or oil stains attached to the surface of the metal implant to perform the subsequent polishing step S1, thereby increasing the formation of the uniform oxide layer fixed to the metal. The strength of the implant surface.

Through the above surface treatment method of polishing and electrochemical grafting, a metal implant can be formed. As shown in FIG. 3, the metal implant comprises a metal layer 1, an oxide layer 2 and a polymer. The anti-adhesion layer 3 is formed on the surface of the metal layer 1, and the polymer anti-adhesion layer 3 is formed on the surface of the uniform oxide layer 2. The polished metal layer 1 has a better flatness, so that the average surface roughness of the metal layer 1 can be reduced to 0.01 to 0.8 μm, and the thickness uniformity of the metal layer 1 is preferably 0 nm to 10 nm. When the oxide layer 2 is formed on the surface of the metal layer 1, the oxide layer 2 can exhibit a relatively uniform and dense state, and the anti-adhesive polymer of the polymer anti-adhesion layer 3 and the oxygen on the surface of the oxide layer 2 are improved. The grafting efficiency between the atoms is obtained to obtain the polymer anti-adhesive layer 3 having a high flatness. The metal layer 1 may be selected as a conductive metal. Preferably, the metal implant is selected from a titanium-containing metal (such as pure titanium metal, titanium alloy, etc.) or stainless steel. When 1 is a pure titanium metal or a titanium alloy, the oxide layer 2 of the present embodiment is preferably titanium dioxide, and the average surface roughness of the oxide layer 2 is preferably 0.01 to 0.8 um, particularly 0.1 um, to maintain the oxidation. The grafting efficiency of the layer 2 surface oxygen atom and the anti-adhesive polymer; the polymer anti-adhesion layer 3 is grafted by polyethylene glycol, and the thickness of the polymer anti-adhesion layer 3 is preferably 1~50nm, especially when the thickness is 1~35nm, it can penetrate the polymer anti-adhesion layer 3, so that the metal implant has better anti-soft tissue adhesion effect.

The metal implant having high hydrophilicity produced by the present invention may first regenerate the uniform oxide layer 2 on the surface of the metal layer 1 through the polishing step S1 described above, in order to operate the grafting step S2. The anti-adhesive polymer can be made to covalently bond with the oxygen atoms on the surface of the uniform oxide layer 2 uniformly and efficiently, and obtain high flatness on the surface of the uniform oxide layer 2, and has better uniform density. The polymeric anti-adhesive layer 3 is passed through the upgrading step S3 to obtain a metal implant which finally exhibits high hydrophilicity. The metal implant system can be various implants of the human body. If the titanium alloy bone plate/bone nail is taken as an example, the high-level flatness and uniformity of the polymer anti-adhesive layer can prevent the soft tissue from gradually accumulating around the bone. On the surface of the bone plate/bone nail, the bone plate/bone nail and the soft tissue are not adhered to each other, so if the bone trauma patient needs to remove the bone plate/bone nail by the second moving knife, then The scraping operation is required to remove the soft tissue adhering to the surface of the bone plate/bone nail, so that the bone plate/bone nail can be easily taken out at the wound recovery site, and the metal implant can achieve better anti-soft tissue adhesion. The effect can save the time required for complicated surgical procedures, and can maintain the normal growth ability of bone cells after surgery to ensure the healing speed and perfection after operation.

In order to confirm that the metal implant of the present invention can pass the above surface treatment method, after the uniform oxide layer 2 is obtained on the metal layer 1, a high uniformity and flat polymer anti-adhesion is formed on the surface of the uniform oxide layer 2. Layer 3, in order to avoid sticking of the metal implant to soft tissue around the wound, compare the metal implant of the present invention with other commercially available products, and simulate a commercial product to form an oxide layer by anode color development. Thereafter, the oxide layer is grafted with an anti-adhesive polymer. Here, the adhesion of the fibroblasts against the soft tissue in vitro and the growth of the osteoblasts were analyzed, and the analysis results are shown in Figures 4 and 5, and in Annexes 1 and 2.

Please refer to FIG. 4 , which is a case where fibroblasts are attached to the surface of the metal implant, and (A) a titanium alloy test piece containing a uniform oxide layer after polishing according to the present invention, (B) After polishing the invention, a titanium alloy test piece for forming a high-flatness polymer anti-adhesion layer in a uniform oxide layer, and (C) a gold-titanium alloy test containing a natural oxide layer after being subjected to an anode color treatment of a commercially available product The film and (D) commercially available products are subjected to anodizing treatment, and then the gold-titanium alloy test piece of the anti-adhesive polymer is grafted on the natural oxide layer, and the anti-soft tissue adhesion is simulated in the case of the L929 fibroblast. effect.

From the results of Fig. 4 and Table 1, it is shown that (C) the commercially available product is subjected to an anode coloring treatment, and the gold titanium alloy test piece containing the natural oxide layer has a coverage rate of 57.61% of the fibroblast on the third day. And (B) the titanium alloy test piece after the polishing of the present invention is further formed into a high-flatness polymer anti-adhesion layer in the uniform oxide layer, and the coverage rate of the fibroblast on the third day is 41.31%. It was confirmed that the commercial products were treated with anodizing, and the soft tissue adhesion at the time of taking out could be reduced. However, the anti-adhesion rate of these commercially available products can only be maintained at about 57%, and the cell adhesion rate of the metal implant cannot be more effectively reduced, although the anti-adhesive polymer is grafted to the The anode-chromic titanium alloy test piece (D) has an anti-fibril-coated effect similar to that of the non-grafted anti-adhesive polymer; and the present invention (B) is polished and then uniformly oxidized. The layer formed a high-flatness polymer anti-adhesive titanium alloy test piece, and the coverage rate of the fibroblasts on the third day was significantly reduced to 41.31%, indicating that the present invention can be polished to enhance the metal implant. The degree of uniform oxidation of the surface is effective to improve the grafting efficiency and quality of the anti-adhesive polymer, so as to effectively reduce the adhesion of L929 fibroblasts to the surface of the metal implant.

Please refer to the attachment 1 for the case where the soft tissue in the body is adhered to the surface of the metal implant, and the present invention is directed to (A) the titanium alloy test piece containing the uniform oxide layer after polishing according to the present invention, and (B) After polishing, a titanium alloy test piece of a high flatness polymer anti-adhesion layer is formed in a uniform oxide layer, and (C) a gold-titanium alloy test piece containing a natural oxide layer after being subjected to an anode coloring treatment of a commercially available product, (D) After the commercial product is subjected to the anode coloring treatment, the gold-titanium alloy test piece of the anti-adhesive polymer is grafted on the natural oxide layer to pre-drill three 1.5 mm defects on the leg bone of the experimental animal, and then experiment. The titanium alloy test pieces were placed in the animal leg bones for four weeks, and the soft tissue adhesion on the surface of the titanium alloy test pieces was analyzed. In addition, a uniform oxide layer is formed on the surface of the metal implant by a different treatment method, such as (E) a titanium alloy test piece containing a uniform oxide layer after being treated with hydrogen peroxide, and (F) after being treated with hydrogen peroxide. Further, a titanium alloy test piece of a polymer anti-adhesion layer was formed on the uniform oxide layer, and the above experimental analysis was carried out in the same manner.

The results of Annex 1 show that when the simulated bone injury and bone tissue fluid overflows to produce a large amount of sticky bone wound environment, the (F) is treated with hydrogen peroxide, and then a uniform oxide layer is formed to form a polymer anti-adhesive layer of titanium. The alloy test piece has a bone cell-inducing property to guide the bone cells to be applied, so that it cannot exert its anti-soft tissue function in the bone wound environment, and the commercially available product is grafted with anti-adhesive polymer, Its anti-soft tissue adhesion effect is obviously insufficient. And (B) the titanium alloy test piece of the high-flatness polymer anti-adhesion layer is formed in the uniform oxide layer after polishing, and the titanium alloy test piece can be grafted uniformly after the polishing process. The polymer, so that the titanium alloy test piece does not have the function of inducing bone cell adhesion, so the titanium alloy test piece has an area of up to 75% or more that is not adhered by soft tissue, so that the metal implant can exert better performance. Anti-soft tissue adhesion.

Referring to FIG. 5, in the case where the osteoblasts are grown on the surface of the metal implant, the MG-63 osteoblast is cultured in (A) the polished titanium alloy containing the uniform oxide layer of the present invention. The test piece, and the titanium alloy test piece which is cultured in (B) after the polishing of the invention, and then forms a high flatness polymer anti-adhesion layer in the uniform oxide layer, respectively analyzes the cell absorbance value (OD value) at different time points. The growth rate of the cells at different time points is compared by the appearance of the absorbance value, and the effect on the bone cells after grafting the anti-adhesive polymer on the surface of the metal implant is known.

As shown by the results of Fig. 5, whether (A) the titanium alloy test piece containing the uniform oxide layer after polishing in the present invention, or the (B) polishing process of the present invention, the high uniformity is formed in the uniform oxide layer. The titanium alloy test piece of the polymer anti-adhesive layer, the cell growth rate of the two is consistent with time, so it can be determined that the anti-adhesive polymer itself does not affect the growth of the osteoblast, nor Any function that induces bone tissue hyperplasia.

From the scanning electron microscope display of Annex 2, the shape of the cell attachment is more clearly seen, and the results show that when the osteoblast is attached to (B) the present invention is polished, the uniform oxide layer is formed into a high level. The titanium alloy test piece of the polymer anti-adhesive layer has a rapid flattening effect after 4 hours, and it is known that the surface of the titanium alloy test piece is formed by the anti-adhesion layer of the polymer. The surface of the titanium alloy test piece has high hydrophilicity, but there is no difference in cell type between the two when it is increased, indicating that the polymer anti-adhesive layer does not affect the growth effect of the osteoblast, so The metal implant of the present invention still ensures the rate and effect of recovery at the bone wound.

The metal implant surface treatment method of the invention can improve the oxidation uniformity of the surface of the metal implant and achieve the effect of improving the grafting efficiency and quality of the organic compound.

The metal implant surface treatment method of the invention can enhance the hydrophilicity of the organic compound on the surface of the metal implant to improve the anti-soft tissue adhesion of the metal implant.

While the invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments described above, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The technical scope of the invention is protected, and therefore the scope of the invention is defined by the scope of the appended claims.

[this invention]

S1. . . Polishing step

S2. . . Grafting step

S3. . . Modification step

S01. . . Pre-step

1. . . Metal layer

2. . . Oxide layer

3. . . Polymer anti-adhesive layer

Figure 1: Flow chart of the operation of the present invention.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is a flow chart showing the operation of the present invention.

Fig. 4 is a view showing the degree of attachment of the fibroblasts of the present invention.

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of bone cell growth of the present invention.

Annex 1: Schematic diagram of the degree of adhesion of the soft tissue of the present invention.

Annex 2: A graph of the growth pattern of bone cells of the present invention.

S1. . . Polishing step

S2. . . Grafting step

S3. . . Modification step

Claims (10)

A metal implant surface treatment method comprises: a polishing step of surface polishing a metal implant to remove a non-uniform natural oxide layer on the surface of the metal implant to regenerate a uniform oxide layer; a grafting step of grafting an anti-adhesive polymer onto the surface of the uniform oxide layer of the metal implant, such that the anti-adhesive polymer and the oxygen atom on the surface of the uniform oxide layer are covalently bonded to Forming a polymer anti-adhesion layer on the surface of the uniform oxide layer; and modifying the surface of the metal implant having the polymer anti-adhesion layer by high temperature and high pressure to obtain high hydrophilicity Metal implants. According to the metal implant surface treatment method described in claim 1, in the polishing step, the metal implant is placed in the anode by electropolishing, and is immersed in the first electrolyte, and an electric current is introduced. The density is 0.2~2A/dm2 to remove the uneven natural oxide layer on the surface of the metal implant, and the uniform oxide layer is regenerated, and the average surface roughness of the uniform oxide layer is between 0.01 and 0.8 micrometers (um). between. The metal implant surface treatment method according to claim 2, wherein the first electrolyte used in the polishing step comprises a solution of hydrofluoric acid. According to the metal implant surface treatment method of claim 2, in the grafting step, the metal implant having a uniform oxide layer is placed on the cathode, and is immersed in the second electrolyte, and is introduced. a current of 10 to 200 amps causes the anti-adhesive polymer to covalently bond with an oxygen atom on the surface of the uniform oxide layer to form the polymer anti-adhesion layer, wherein the second electrolyte system comprises polyethylene Alcohol and alkaline solution. The metal implant surface treatment method according to claim 4, wherein the alkaline solution is an aqueous sodium chloride solution. The metal implant surface treatment method according to claim 4, wherein the temperature controlled by the upgrading step is 120 to 135 ° C, and the controlled pressure is 1.5 to 4.0 kg/cm ² . A metal implant obtained by the metal implant surface treatment method according to claim 1, which comprises: a metal layer; an oxide layer formed on the surface of the metal layer; A polymeric anti-adhesion layer is formed on the surface of the oxide layer. The metal implant of claim 7, wherein the oxide layer has an average surface roughness of 0.01 to 0.8 μm. The metal implant of claim 7, wherein the polymeric anti-adhesive layer comprises polyethylene glycol. The metal implant according to claim 7, wherein the polymer anti-adhesion layer has a thickness of 1 to 50 nanometers (nm).