201237529 六、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本申請案與美國專利 7,791，789、7,352,353與 6,710,540以及關於美國專利申請公告2008/0150888有 關’讀者可參照該等專利文獻以求得有關電泳顯示器技術 之一般背景資訊。 本發明關於多色電泳介質且關於結合該等介質之顯示 器。 【先前技術】 本文中依該技藝之習知意義使用「雙穩態」（“bistable”） 「雙穩性」（“bi st ability”）等術語以論及包括顯示元件之顯 示器，該等顯示元件具有至少異於一種光學特性之第一及 第二顯示狀態，且藉由有限期間之定址脈衝，使得在已驅 動任一特定元件，假定其爲第一或第二顯示狀態後，於定 址脈衝已終止後，該狀態將持續至少數次，例如，至少四 次，此爲要變更顯示元件狀態所需之定址脈衝的最小持續 期間。在美國專利7,1 70,6 70中揭示具灰階能力之某些以粒 子爲基礎之電泳顯示器不僅在其特黑色與特白色狀態，而 且在其中間灰色狀態爲穩態，且在某些其它型式之光電顯 示器同樣爲真。儘管爲方便起見，本文中可使用「雙穩態」 一詞涵蓋雙穩態與多穩態顯示器，此型式之顯示器適稱爲 「多穩態」（“multi-stable”）而非雙穩態。 然而，由於非封裝式（non-encapsulated)電泳顯示器之 長期影像品質問題因而阻却其廣泛使用。例如，構成電泳 201237529 顯示器之粒子有沉殿之傾向，造成此等顯示器之不足的使 用年限（service-life)。 讓渡給麻省理工學院（Μ IT)及E Ink公司許多專利，或 以它們名義申請人之許多申請案說明使用於封裝電泳及其 .它光電介質的各種技術。此等封裝介質包括許多小囊 (capsule)，該囊本身之每一者包括內相（internal phase)， 其爲含有流體媒質之電泳式遷移粒子及圍繞該內相之囊 壁。典型地’囊本身係保持在聚合物黏著劑中以形成設置 在兩電極之間的黏合層。此等專利及申請案中所說明之技 術包含： (a)電泳粒子、流體及流體添加劑；例如見美國專利 7,002,728;以及美國專利申請公告2007/0146310; (b )囊、黏著劑及封裝製程；例如見美國專利6，9 2 2，2 7 6 及 7,41 1，719 ; (c) 包含光電材料之薄膜及子組件；例如見美國專利 6,982,178;以及美國專利申請公告2007/0109219; (d) 底板、接著層與其它輔助層及用於顯示之方法，例 如見美國專利 7,116,318 ;以及美國專利申請公告 2007/0035808 ； (e) 顏色形成及顏色調整；例如見美國專利6,017,584、 6,664,944、6,864,875、7,075,502 及 7,167,155;以及美國 專利申請公告 2004/0190114、 2004/0263947、 2007/0109219' 2007/0223079' 2008/0023332' 2008/0043318 及 2008/0048970 ； 201237529 (f) 用於驅動顯示器之方法；例如見美國專利 7,012,600，以及美國專利申請公告2006/0262060; (g) 顯示器之申請案；例如見美國專利7，3丨2,7 8 4 ;以 及美國專利申B靑公告2006/0279527;以及 (h) 非電泳顯示器：如揭示於美國專利6，2 4 1，9 2 1、 6,950,220 及 7,420,549 。 眾多前述專利及申請案認定圍繞封裝電泳介質中之離 散微囊的壁可能爲連續相所取代，由此產生所謂聚合物分 散之電泳顯示器’其中電泳介質包括複數個電泳流體之離 散液滴及連續相之聚合物材料，且即無離散囊薄膜與每一 個別液滴相關聯’可將在此等聚合物分散之電泳顯示器的 電泳ilL·體之離idc液滴視爲囊或微囊；例如見美國專利 6,866,760。因此，本申請案之目的，將此等聚合物分散之 電泳介質視爲封裝電泳介質之子種類。 相關類型之電泳顯示器係所謂的「微胞（microcell)電 泳顯示器」。在微胞電泳顯示器中，帶電粒子及流體未被 封裝在微囊中，而是被留置在複數個空腔中，該等空腔係 形成在向來爲聚合物膜之載體介質中。例如，見兩者皆讓 渡給 SlPu Imaging公司之美國專利 6,672,921及 6,788,449 〇 儘管電泳介質常爲不透明（例如，因在眾多電泳介質 中’粒子實質上阻擋可見光透過顯示器傳送）且以反射模式 運作’眾多電泳顯示器可以所謂的「光閘模式」運作，其 中一個顯示狀態大致爲不透明且一個爲光透射性的。例 201237529 如，見美國專利 5,872,552 ' 6,130,774 ' 6,144,361 ' 6,172,798、 6,271，823、 6,225,971 ;以及 6，184,856» 類似 於電泳顯示器卻依賴電場強度變化之雙電泳顯示器，可以 類似模式運作；見美國專利4,4 1 8,3 46。以光閘模式運作之 電泳介質在全彩顯示器之多層結構中可是有用的；在此等 結構中，鄰近顯示器閱覽表面之至少一層係以光閘模式運 作，以曝露或隱藏離第二層離閱覽表面較遠之第二層。 如業已表示者，封裝或微胞電泳顯示器向來未受害於 習知電泳裝置之叢集及沉澱失敗模式且能提供進一步之優 勢’如將顯示器印刷或塗佈在各種撓性及剛性物質上的能 力。字詞「印刷」之使用意在包含所有形式之印刷及塗佈， 亭包含但未限於：預計量式塗佈（premetered coating)，如 方框式模具塗佈（patch die coating)、狹縫式或濟壓塗佈 (slot or extrusion coating)、斜板式（slide)或淋瀑式（cascade) 塗佈、淋幕式（c u r t a i η)塗佈；滾輪塗佈，如輪上刮刀塗佈、 順及逆滾輪塗佈；凹版（g r a v u r e)塗佈；浸漬塗佈；噴塗式 塗佈；彎月形（m e n i s c u s )塗佈；旋轉式塗佈；刷塗式塗佈； 氣刀（air knife)塗佈；絲綢網版印刷（silk screen printing) 製程；靜電印刷製程；熱印刷製程；噴墨印刷製程；電泳 沉積（見美國專利7,3 3 9,7 1 5 );以及其它類似技術。由此， 所形成之顯示器可爲撓性。再者，由於可印刷顯示介質（使 用各種方法），顯示器本身得以低成本製造。 如在整篇申請說明書中所使用的印刷（printing)意在 包含所有形式之印刷及塗佈，其包含：預計量式塗佈，如 201237529 方框式模具塗佈、狹縫式或擠壓塗佈、斜板式或淋瀑式塗 佈及淋幕式塗佈；滾輪塗佈，如輪上刮刀塗佈、順及逆滾 輪塗佈；凹版塗佈；浸漬塗佈；噴塗式塗佈：彎月形塗佈； 旋轉式塗佈；刷塗式塗佈；氣刀塗佈；絲綢網版印刷製程； 靜電印刷製程；熱印刷製程；以及其它類似技術。印刷之 元件（printed element)參照爲使用上述任一種技術所形成 的元件。 大半習知技藝之電泳介質基本上僅顯示兩種顏色。此 等電泳介質使用單一型式之電泳粒子，或第一及第二型式 之電泳粒子。該單一型式之電泳粒子在具有第二、相異顏 色之著色流體中具有第一顏色（在該情況下，在粒子置於鄰 近顯示器之閱覽表面時顯示第一顏色，且在粒子與閱覽表 面隔開時，顯示第二顏色）：該等第一及第二型式之電泳粒 子在無色流體中具有相異之第一及第二顏色（在該情況 下’在第一型式之粒子置於鄰近顯示器之閱覽表面時顯示 第一顏色’且第二型式之粒子置於鄰近閱覽表面時顯示第 二顏色）。典型地，兩種顏色爲黑色與白色。若欲爲全彩顯 示器’可在單色（黑色與白色）顯示器之閱覽表面上配置彩 色濾光片陣列。典型地’此等彩色濾光片陣列爲三色，紅/ 綠/藍（“RGB”）或紅/綠/藍/白（“RGB W”）型。具彩色濾光片之 顯示器依賴與三個子像素（爲RGB顯示器之情況）或四個 (爲RGBW顯示器之情況）子像素一起作區域共享的方法完 成單全彩像素。不幸地’每一種顏色僅能以部份顯示區顯 示。例如’在RGBW顯示器中，紅、綠及藍色中之每一者 201237529 僅能以顯示區中（四個中之一個子像素）之子像素來顯示， 而白色可有效地以顯示區中（四個中之—個完整子像素，加 上每一個著色子像素作爲1/3白色用，使得三個著色子像 素一起提供另一個完整之白色子像素）之子像素顯示。此區 域共享方法造成顔色較預期稍暗。 另種方式，使用至少有一前（亦即，鄰近閱覽表面）變 色層，其係以光閘模式運作之多重變色層，用以建構全彩 顯示器。除了複雜且潛在昂貴外，此等多層顯示器需要各 層之精準對齊，及具高度光透射之電極（及在主動矩陣顯示 器情況之電晶體）。 【發明内容】 前述之美國專利6,017,584說明具有相異類型粒子之 電泳介質，該等粒子在流體中具有三種相異顏色；以及驅 動該等粒子之方法，以便能顯示三種相異顏色中每一者。 然而，電泳介質尙需能在每一像素顯示更多顏色，以 便例如，此等介質能再生高品質彩色印刷之外觀。典型地， 此等高品質印刷係使用至少四種墨水，青色/洋紅色/黃色/ 黑色（“CMYK”）以達到通常不被重視的所謂的「四色」CMYK 印刷系統實際上係五色系統，第五色爲在未施加墨水時， 由紙張（或類似）表面所提供之白色背景。因在基本上爲不 透光之電泳介質.，除非係在光閘模式下使用，並無可比較 之背景顏色，故非光閘模式之電泳介質應能顯示五種顏色 (黑色、白色及三種主色，三種該等主色向來爲青色、洋紅 色及黃色）。現已體認到此目標，可藉由使用前述美國專利 201237529 6，017，584的電泳介質’在著色流體中具有三種相異類型粒 子及小心選取粒子及流體兩者之顏色而達成。 在又另一觀點中，本發明提供一種多色電泳介質，其 包含至少第一、第二及第三種類之粒子，該等粒子大致具 有非重疊性之電泳遷移率且分別具有第一、·第二及第三顏 色，該等第一、第二及第三顏色彼此相異，且該等粒子係 分散在具有異於該等第一、第二及第三顏色之第四顏色的 流體中，其中該等第一、第二及第三類型中之一者的粒子 爲白色。 在此等多色介質中’該等第一、第二、第三及第四顏 色依任一次序係青色、洋紅色、黃色及白色。已注意到者， 第一、第二及第三類型之粒子必須具有相異（且非零）之電 泳遷移率。雖然原則上，所有三種類型之粒子可能攜帶相 同極性之電荷卻但大小相異以提供相異之電泳遷移率，通 常具有兩種類型之粒子，其一類型攜帶一種極性之電荷， 另一類型之粒子攜帶相反極性之電荷更爲適宜。較佳地白 色粒子攜帶一種極性之電荷而其它兩種類型之粒子（合宜 地是青色與洋紅色）攜帶極性相反之電荷。 本發明之電泳介質具有三種類型的粒子，顏色爲白色 及兩種其它顏色。在本發明中可使用同具透射性的及反射 性的著色粒子。白色粒子藉由散射光線來運作，因此基本 上係反射性的；「透射性的」白色粒子基本上係透明的， 因此在本發明中沒有用。然而，如諸圖式所例示及說明如 下者’儘管需產生各種顏色之各種粒子的置放，尤其是白 201237529 色粒子的置放’取決於是否使用透射性的或反射性的非白 色粒子而改變’可使用白色以外，具有透射性及反射性之 粒子。 本發明之電泳介質可爲封裝類型，及包括囊壁，在其 內保留有流體及以電力帶電荷之粒子。此等封裝介質可包 括複數個囊，每一個囊包括囊壁，於其內保留有流體及以 電力帶電荷之粒子，該介質更包括圍繞該等囊之聚合物黏 著劑。另種方式爲該介質可由如上硏討之微胞或聚合物分 散型。 本發明延伸至電泳顯示器，其包括本發明電泳介質及 至少一個電極’其配置在鄰近該電泳介質，用於對該介質 施加電場。本發明之顯示器可使用於先前技藝之光電顯示 器的任一種應用中。因此，本顯示器可使用在例如電子書 閱讀器、可攜式電腦、平板電腦、行動電話機、智慧卡、 標誌、手錶、貨架標籤及快閃驅動器。 在另一觀點中’本發明提供一種驅動多色電泳顯示器 之方法’該多色電泳顯示器包含至少第一、第二及第三種 類之粒子’該等粒子具有大致非重疊性之電泳遷移率且分 別具有第一、第二及第三顏色，該等第一、第二及第三顏 色彼此相異’其中該等第一、第二及第三類型中之一者的 粒子爲白色，該等粒子係分散在具有異於該等第一、第二 及第三顔色之第四顏色的流體中，該顯示器更包括形成該 顯示器閱覽表面之第一電極及第二電極，其位在該流體之 相對側上與該第一電極分開，該方法包括： -10- 201237529 使所有三種類之粒子鄰近該'等第一及 者； 在該等第一及第二電極之間施加電場 之粒子自上述一個電極移開，藉以將三該 一者的粒子安置在鄰近該閱覽表面；以及 在該等第一及第二電極之間施加電場 類之粒子自該第一電極移開，藉以使該流 顯示在該閱覽表面。 以上說明之本發明的優點以及另外之 配件附圖說明而得最佳了解。在該等圖式 符號在各視圖中，大體上指的是相同部件 未必依照比例，大體上係在例示強調本發 【實施方式】 以下說明假定熟悉前述美國專利7,79 者應參照該專利案以了解關於本發明之背 第1A-1H圖例示囊120，其具有囊壁 同種類的粒子，其顔色及電泳遷移率不同 體1 2 5中。囊1 2 0在其相對側上分別設有 電極32及後電極34，前電極32提供囊之 是，囊12〇包括負電荷之白色粒子（表示f 之青色與洋紅色粒子，青色粒子（表示爲 率高於洋紅色粒子（表示爲M + )。流體I25 色。黃色染料之濃度應選擇成使得顯示器 (參照第1 D圖說明如下）提供充分飽和之 第二電極中之一 以使至少一種類 等種類中合意之 以致使所有三種 體之該第四顏色 優點，藉由參照 中，相同之參照 。又，該等圖式 明之原理。 1 , 7 8 9之揭示，讀 景資訊。 1 24且包三個不 且分散在著色流 可被光透射之前 .閱覽表面。尤其 各W -)，及正電荷 + C + )之電泳遷移 係以黃色染料著 之黃色光學狀態 黃色，但在電泳 -11 - 201237529 粒子置於鄰近前電極32時，該黃色大致未污染其它顏色。 白色W-、青色+C +及洋紅色M +粒子皆係反射性的。黃色之 染色流體僅在鄰近前電極32無電泳粒子時係可見的。例 如，若驅動白色粒子W-鄰近前電極32，則由於經過著色連 體之光線路徑（其進入經過前電極3 2，反射自白色粒子W-且通過前電極32返回）非常短，故流體125之黃色色彩爲 不可見。然而，若使白色粒子W-自前電極32隔開一足够 的顯示·，（或許爲流體層之厚度），因通過流體之反射光線 的路徑變成實質的，故染色流體125之黃色色彩將變成可 見。該效果類似於先前技藝之單一粒子/染色流體的電泳顯 示器。 如已提及者，青色+C+及洋紅色M+粒子兩者爲正電 荷，但具相異電泳遷移率；本說明將假定青色粒子具較高 之遷移率，但顯而易知的，亦可相反。 分別如第1 A- 1 G圖中所例示，囊1 20在其閱覽表面（前 電極3 2)能顯示白色、青色、洋紅色、黃色、紅色、綠色、 藍色及黑色。爲了顯示白色，只要使後電極34相對於前電 極32成負經過一段長期間（此後，使後電極34爲負或正意 指使此後電極34相對於前電極32爲負或正，因實際上， 前電極32將爲延伸跨接整個顯示器之共同前電極32，而 後電極3 4將爲許多個別可控制之像素電極中之一者。）， 使得白色粒子W-鄰近於前電極32且青色+C +與洋紅色M + 粒子置於鄰近後電極34。在此情況下，白色粒子W-遮蔽青 色+C +與洋紅色M +粒子以及流體125之黃色色彩（如先前 -12- 201237529 提及’通過流體1 2 5之光線的經過長度太短以致於白色粒 子W -之白色沒有受流體125之黃色色彩污染到可察知的程 度），使得在顯示器之閱覽表面顯示白色。 如第1B圖中所例示，爲了產生青色，首先對後電極 34施加負脈衝（其大致產生與第1 A圖中相同之情況，該白 色粒子W-鄰近前電極32且青色+C +與洋紅色M +粒子置於 鄰近後電極34)，接著施加比負脈衝爲短之正脈衝。正脈衝 造成白色粒子W-接近後電極34且青色+C +與洋紅色M +粒 子兩者接近前電極32。然而，由於青色+C +粒子之遷移率 較大，其接近前電極32更快且選擇的是正脈衝之長度，使 得青色+C +粒子觸及前電極32，但洋紅色粒子M +則否；以 口頭術語言之，青色粒子「快過」（“outrace”）洋紅色粒子。 在第1B圖中所示之情況，青色粒子+C +遮蔽洋紅色M +與 白色W-粒子以及流體125之黃色色彩（如先前提及，通過 流體125之光線的經過長度太短以致於青色粒子+C +之青 色沒有受流體1 25之黃色色彩污染到可察知的程度），使得 在顯示器之閱覽表面顯示青色。 如第1 C圖中所例示，爲了產生洋紅色，首先施加長正 脈衝，使青色粒子+C +及洋紅色粒子M +鄰近前電極32且 白色粒子鄰近後電極3 4。接著施加非常短之負脈衝，造成 青色粒子+C +及洋紅色粒子M+自前電極32移開。然而， 由於青色粒子+C +之遷移率較大，其會比洋紅色粒子M +更 快自前電極3 2移開，則通過前電極3 2時使洋紅色粒子爲 可見且會遮蔽青色粒子+ C+、白色粒子W-及流體125之黃 -13- 201237529 色色彩。選擇短負脈衝之期間使得通過流體125之光線的 經過長度太短以致於洋紅色粒子Μ +之洋紅色沒有受流體 之黃色污染到可察知的程度。當然，短負脈衝亦造成白色 粒子W-自後電極3 4移開但此對所顯示之顏色無作用。 如第1D圖中所例示，爲了產生黃色，首先施加負脈 衝，其大致產生與第1Α圖中相同之情況，該白色粒子W-鄰近前電極32且青色+C +與洋紅色Μ +粒子置於鄰近後電 極3 4。接著施加比負脈衝爲短之正脈衝，以造成白色粒子 W-自前電極32移開且青色+C +與洋紅色粒子自後電極34 移開。控制正脈衝之長度使得白色粒子W-保持比青色+C + 與洋紅色粒子更接近前電極32,但使得在白色粒子W-與前 電極3 2之間有實質距離。因此，如第1D圖中所例示，白 色粒子W-遮蔽青色粒子+C +與洋紅色粒子Μ+。然而，不像 第1Α圖中之情況，在第1D圖中，白色粒子與前電極32 隔開實質距離且作爲擴散反射器，造成進入通過前電極32 且通過黃色流體1 2 5的光線，經由黃色流體1 2 5及前電極 3 2反射返回。因爲光線通過黃色流體1 2 5時具有實質之通 過長度，故顯示黃色。 如第1 Ε圖中所例示，爲了顯示紅色狀態，首先施加像 第1C圖中所使用之長正脈衝之相當長的正脈衝，使青色 + C +及洋紅色Μ +粒子鄰近前電極32且白色粒子W-鄰近後 電極3 4。接著，施加負脈衝，其比第1 C圖中所施加之初 始正脈衝短但比負脈衝長，而且，因爲與第1 C圖中之相同 理由，造成洋紅色粒子Μ +最接近前電極32且會遮蔽青色 -14- 201237529 粒子+C +與白色粒子W-。然而，最終負脈衝仍使洋紅色粒 子M +大致與前電極3 2隔開，使得，類似於與第1 D圖相 關之以上所討論的理由，顯示器外觀受黃色染料影響，自 洋紅色粒子M +反射之光線通過該黃色染料，因此，顯示器 之外觀係由黃色染料之吸收以及洋紅色反射的組合，而得 到紅色的外觀。 如第1 F圖中所例示，爲了顯示綠色狀態，首先施加像 第1 A圖中所使用之長負脈衝之相當長的負脈衝，使白色粒 子W-鄰近前電極32且青色+C +及洋紅色M +粒子鄰近後電 極34。接著，施加非常短之正脈衝。此正脈衝造成青色粒 子+C +向前移，直到其置於白色粒子W-之前，該白色粒子 W -當然自前電極32向後移。正脈衝亦造成洋紅色粒子M + 向前移，但速率比青色粒子+ C +慢。最終情況類似於第1 B 圖中所不之情況’因爲青色&子+ C +位於最接近目ij電極3 2 且遮蔽白色粒子W-與洋紅色粒子Μ+。然而，在第1F圖中 所示之情況，青色粒子與前電極32隔開一距離，足夠由存 在於流體125中之黃色染料予以實質吸收。因此，類似於 參照第1Ε圖已討論之理由，第1F圖中之顯示器的外觀係 黃色染料之吸收及青色反射的組合，而得到綠色的外觀。 如第1 G圖中所例示，爲了顯示藍色狀態，首先施加像 第1C圖中所使用之長正脈衝及第1Ε圖中所使用之第一脈 衝的長正脈衝，使青色+C +及洋紅色Μ +粒子鄰近前電極32 且白色粒子W -鄰近後電極34。注意到在第1G圖中所示之 情況，有雨組不同的反射機制在作業。若光線僅自單一粒 -15- 201237529 子反射’自青色與洋紅色粒子之反射混合對眼睛將以淺藍 色出現。然而，假如光線由至少一個青色粒子及一個洋紅 色粒子所反射，則光線將以較深藍出現。因爲可顯示大部 分自電泳介質散射之光線射涉及多重反射，第1 G圖中所示 之情況將提供十足飽和的藍色。 最後，如第1 Η圖中所例示，爲了顯示黑色狀態，施加 產生第1 G圖中所示情況之長正脈衝，且接著施加短負脈 衝。該短負脈衝將青色+ C +及洋紅色Μ +粒子自前電極3 2 移開’因此（類似於參照第1 D、1 Ε及1 F圖所討論之理由） 將流體1 2 5之黃色與第1 G圖中所示之藍色反射混合，產生 製程之黑色外觀。 第2Α-2Η圖例示大體上類似於第1 Α-1Η圖中所例示之 顯示器，但其中青色粒子+C +與洋紅色粒子Μ +係可透射的 而非反射性的。使用透射的而非反射的粒子需要在某些光 學狀態中將粒子之必要之位置作一些修正，因爲透射性之 著色粒子未「更往後」遮蔽掉粒子顏色（亦即，更接近後電 極3 4)，因此在某些光學狀態中需要小心控制白色粒子W_ 之位置以便確保此種遮蔽不會發生。 第2 A圖表示顯示器之白色狀態。此白色狀態與第1 A 圖中所示者相同且以相同方式達到；因爲顯示器在此狀態 中，白色粒子W-隱藏青色粒子+C +與洋紅色粒子M +兩者， 且使用具透射性的青色及洋紅色粒子而非反射性粒子對於 顯示器此狀態的外觀並無差別。 第2B圖表示顯示器之青色狀態。顯示器之此狀態異於 -16- 201237529 第1B圖中所示者，因爲需將白色粒子W-立即配置在青色 粒子+C +之後，使得白色粒子可遮蔽洋紅色粒子M+。透過 前電極32進入顯示器之光線，通過透射性的青色粒子，自 白色粒子反射，且接著返回通過青色粒子及通過前電極3 2 自顯示器返回。爲了避免所產生之青色色彩被黃色污染（且 因此使所顯示之顏色偏向綠色），重要的是白色粒子緊接在 青色粒子後面，使得行經上述路徑之光線通過黃色流體1 2 5 不必行走一段顯著距離。 假使青色粒子+C+之電泳遷移率遠大於洋紅色·粒子 M+，且洋紅色及白色粒子之電泳遷移率的絕對値相當，在 第2B圖中所示之顯示狀態，可藉由首先將顯示器驅動至第 2 A圖中所示狀態，且接著對後電極3 4施加恰足以驅動青 色粒子至前電極32且趨動白色粒子離開此前電極32 —段 短距離之正脈衝而產生。 第2C圖表示顯示器之洋紅色光學狀態。此大體上類似 於第2B圖中所示之青色光學狀態，但其洋紅色粒子鄰近前 電極32且青色粒子鄰近後電極34。洋紅色光學狀態作用 正與青色光學狀.態之方式相同；透過前電極.32進入顯示器 之光線通過透射性的洋紅色粒子，且自白色粒子反射，接 著通過洋紅色粒子返回及通過前電極32自顯示器返回。再 者，爲了避免所產生之洋紅色被黃色污染（且因此使所顯示 之顏色偏向紅色），重要的是白色粒子緊接洋紅色粒子後 面，使得行經上述路徑之光線通過黃色流體1 2 5不必行走 一段顯著距離。 -17- 201237529 第-2D圖表示顯示器之黃色光學狀態。此與第ID圖中 所示之黃色狀態相同，而可使用相同之驅動脈衝可產生此 狀態，且以相同方式產生黃色；透過前電極3 2進入顯示器 之光線通過黃色流體1 2 5，自白色粒子反射，通過黃色流 體125返回及通過前電極32返回。 第2E圖表示顯示器之紅色光學狀態。處於此紅色光學 狀態之粒子的位置與第1 E圖中所示之類似紅色狀態的位 置相同，且使用與第1 E圖中相同之驅動脈衝可產生紅色狀 態。然而，第2E圖中所產生紅色之實際方式稍爲異於參照 第1E圖所說明者。在第2E圖中，透過前電極32進入顯示 器之光線通過黃色流體1 2 5及透射性的洋紅色粒子，自白 色粒子反射，通過洋紅色粒子及黃色流體1 25返回及通過 前電極32返回對顯示器產生紅色外觀。 第2F圖表示顯示器之綠色光學狀態。處於此綠色光學 狀態之粒子的位置與第1 F圖中所示之類似綠色狀態的位 置相同，且使用與第1 F圖中相同之驅動脈衝可產生綠色狀 態。然而，如同與第2 E圖中所示之紅色光學狀態，第2 F 圖中所產生綠色之實際方式稍爲異於參照第1 F圖所說明 者。在第2F圖中’透過前電極32進入顯示器之光線通過 黃色流體1 2 5及透射性的青色粒子，自白色粒子反射，通 過青色粒子及黃色流體125返回，及通過前電極32返回， 對顯示器產生綠色外觀。 第2G圖表示顯示器之藍色光學狀態，其異於第1G圖 中所示之相對應的藍色狀態，因爲白色粒子位於相當接近 -18- 201237529 前電極32，緊隨在青色及洋紅色粒子的混合層之後。在第 2G圖中’透過前電極32進入顯示器之光線通過透射性的 洋紅色及青色粒子，自白色粒子反射，逋過洋紅色及青色 粒子返回，及通過前電極32返回，對顯示器產生藍色外觀。 最後’第2H圖表示顯示器之一個可能的黑色狀態，關 於粒子位置，此黑色狀態與第1H圖中所示者相同。然而， 產生黑色狀態之方式稍爲異於關於第1H圖在上所述。在第 2H圖中，通過前電極32進入顯示器之光線通過透射性的 洋紅色與青色粒子及黃色流體1 25，使得基本上在所有光 線能觸及鄰近後電極34之白色粒子前皆被吸收了。真觸及 白色粒子之所有光線將被反射回去且再通過透射性的洋紅 色與青色粒子及黃色流體125，使得基本上無任何光線將 再從前電極32出現，且將顯示黑色光學狀態。應該注意的 是假使兩種類型之粒子置於比白色粒子更接近前電極32, 在此黑色光學狀態中，關於洋紅色與青色粒子之配置即有 相當大之自由度；因黃色流體1 2 5及洋紅色與青色粒子全 係透射性的，其中進入之光線碰到流體及兩種類型之粒子 的確切次序基本上無關，因此，假使洋紅色與青色粒子置 於比白色粒子更接近前電極3 2，洋紅色與青色粒子之位置 能夠予以改變。例如，在第2A-2H圖所示之顯示器中，在 第1 G圖中所示之粒子位置會提供黑色光學狀態。 自前文可了解，在1A-1H及2A-2H圖中所例示之顯示 器在其整體顯示區域上能顯示白色、黑色、青色、洋紅色、 黃色、紅色、綠色及藍色。如前所提及，使用RGB彩色濾 -19- 201237529 光片陣列之顯示器僅能在它們的顯示區域之1 /3上顯示紅 色、綠色及藍色，在整個顯示區域上顯示黑色及製程白色 對等於在顯示區域之1/3上白色。類似地，使用RGB W彩 色濾光片陣列之顯示器僅能在其顯示區域之1 /4上顯示紅 色、綠色及藍色，在整個顯示區域上顯示黑色及製程白色 對等於顯示區域之一半上白色。因此，在1A-1H及2A-2H 圖中所例示之顯示器的白色狀態應顯著優於以彩色濾光片 爲基礎之任何顯示器的白色狀態，且應該也改善了紅色、 綠色及藍色狀態。再者，在1 A-1H及2A-2H圖中所例示之 顯示器的白色狀態應顯著優於前述美國專利7,791，7 8 9之 第6 - 9圖中所例示之多粒子顯示器的白色狀態，該專利依 賴製程白色，其對等於在顯示區域之1 / 3上白色狀態。 在某些情況中，可能難於取得著色粒子具有合意顏色 及使用簡單之驅動脈衝集能達成在1A-1H或2A-2H圖中所 示之每一光學狀態所需之相對電泳遷移率。在此等情況 中，可了解到使用至少一種類型的粒子，其電泳遷移率隨 所施加電壓而變，使得，如美國專利申請公告2 0 0 6 / 0 2 0 2 9 4 9 中之說明，藉由調整所使用之驅動電壓，可改變兩種類型 之粒子的相對電泳遷移率。因本發明之顯示器中所使用的 粒子具有取決於電壓之遷移率，故應了解到本文中所提及 具有不同電泳遷移率之粒子包含各種粒子，其在使用於含 該等粒子之顯示器中的至少一個驅動電壓下，具有不同的 電泳遷移率。 -20- 201237529 【圖式簡單說明】 第1A-1H圖描繪彩色顯示器元件，其具有白色、青色 及洋紅色粒子，在黃色流體中具有不同的電泳遷移率，青 色及洋紅色粒子係反射性的，且分別例示顯示器之白色、 青色、洋紅色、黃色、紅色、綠色、藍色及黑色之光學狀 態。 第2A-2H圖描繪與第1A-1H圖中所示類似之彩色顯示 器元件，但其中青色及洋紅色粒子係透射性的，且第2A-2 Η 圖分別例示與第1 A- 1 Η圖相同的光學狀態。 【主要元件符號說明】 3 2 ^ Λ. 刖 電 極 3 4 後 電 極 120 囊 124 囊 壁 125 流 體 -21 -201237529 VI. INSTRUCTIONS: [Technical Fields of the Invention] The present application is related to U.S. Patent Nos. 7,791,789, 7,352,353 and 6, 710, 540, and to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0150888 General background information on technology. The present invention relates to multicolor electrophoretic media and to displays that incorporate such media. [Prior Art] In the present text, terms such as "bistable" and "bi st ability" are used in terms of the meaning of the art to refer to displays including display elements, such displays The component has first and second display states that differ from at least one optical characteristic, and by addressing the pulse for a finite period of time, after addressing any particular component, assuming that it is in the first or second display state, the addressing pulse After termination, the state will continue at least several times, for example, at least four times, which is the minimum duration of the address pulse required to change the state of the display element. Some of the particle-based electrophoretic displays with gray-scale capabilities are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,1,70,6,70, not only in their particular black and ultra-white states, but also in their intermediate gray state, which is steady state, and in certain Other types of optoelectronic displays are also true. Although for convenience, the term "bistable" is used herein to cover both bistable and multi-stable displays. This type of display is referred to as "multi-stable" rather than bistable. state. However, due to the long-term image quality problems of non-encapsulated electrophoretic displays, their widespread use has been hampered. For example, the particles that make up the electrophoresis 201237529 display have a tendency to sink, causing a lack of service-life for such displays. Many patents were transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (ΜIT) and E Ink, or many of the applicant's applications in their name to illustrate the various techniques used in packaged electrophoresis and its optoelectronic media. Such encapsulating media include a plurality of capsules, each of which includes an internal phase, which is an electrophoretic migrating particle containing a fluid medium and a wall surrounding the inner phase. Typically the capsule itself is held in a polymeric binder to form an adhesive layer disposed between the two electrodes. The techniques described in these patents and applications include: (a) Electrophoretic particles, fluids, and fluid additives; see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 7,002,728; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0146310; (b) Capsules, Adhesives, and Packaging Processes; See, for example, U.S. Patents 6, 9 2 2, 2 7 6 and 7, 41 1,719; (c) Films and subassemblies comprising photovoltaic materials; see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,982,178; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0109219; The bottom plate, the back layer, and other auxiliary layers, and methods for display, for example, see U.S. Patent No. 7,116,318; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0035808; (e) color formation and color adjustment; see, for example, U.S. Patents 6,017,584, 6,664,944, 6,864,875, 7,075,502 and 7,167,155; and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0190114, 2004/0263947, 2007/0109219' 2007/0223079' 2008/0023332' 2008/0043318 and 2008/0048970; 201237529 (f) methods for driving displays; see for example U.S. Patent No. 7,012,600, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0262060; (g) Application of the display; see, for example, U.S. Patent 7, 3, 2, 7 8 4; National Patent Application B靑 Publication 2006/0279527; and (h) Non-electrophoretic display: as disclosed in U.S. Patents 6, 2, 4, 9, 2 1, 6, 950, 220 and 7, 420, 549. Numerous of the aforementioned patents and applications recognize that the walls surrounding the discrete microcapsules encapsulating the electrophoretic medium may be replaced by a continuous phase, thereby producing a so-called polymer dispersed electrophoretic display 'where the electrophoretic medium comprises discrete droplets of a plurality of electrophoretic fluids and continuous The phase of the polymeric material, and that is, the absence of a discrete capsule film associated with each individual droplet, can be used to treat the idL droplets of the electrophoretic display of such polymer dispersed electrophoretic displays as vesicles or microcapsules; for example See U.S. Patent 6,866,760. Accordingly, for the purposes of this application, such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic media are considered to be sub-categories of encapsulated electrophoretic media. A related type of electrophoretic display is a so-called "microcell electrophoretic display". In a microelectrophoresis display, charged particles and fluid are not encapsulated in the microcapsules, but are retained in a plurality of cavities formed in a carrier medium that is conventionally a polymeric film. For example, see U.S. Patents 6,672,921 and 6,788,449, both of which are assigned to SlPu Imaging, although electrophoretic media are often opaque (e.g., because in many electrophoretic media, 'particles substantially block visible light from being transmitted through the display) and operate in a reflective mode' Many electrophoretic displays can operate in a so-called "shutter mode" in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light transmissive. Example 201237529 See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,872,552 ' 6,130,774 ' 6,144,361 ' 6,172,798, 6,271,823, 6,225,971; and 6,184,856» similar to electrophoretic displays, which rely on changes in electric field strength, can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Patent 4, 4 1 8,3 46. An electrophoretic medium operating in a shutter mode may be useful in a multi-layered structure of a full color display; in such structures, at least one layer adjacent to the viewing surface of the display operates in a shutter mode to expose or hide from the second layer. The second layer is farther away from the surface. As has been shown, packaged or microelectrophoretic displays have not been compromised by the clustering and precipitation failure modes of conventional electrophoretic devices and provide further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat displays on a variety of flexible and rigid materials. The use of the word "printing" is intended to encompass all forms of printing and coating. The kiosk includes, but is not limited to, pre-measured coatings, such as patch die coating, slit type. Or slot or extrusion coating, slate or cascade coating, curtai η coating; roller coating, such as on-roller coating, smoothing Reverse roller coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; rotary coating; brush coating; air knife coating; Silk screen printing process; electrostatic printing process; thermal printing process; inkjet printing process; electrophoretic deposition (see U.S. Patent 7,3 3 9,7 1 5); and other similar techniques. Thus, the formed display can be flexible. Moreover, since the display medium can be printed (using various methods), the display itself can be manufactured at low cost. Printing as used throughout the application specification is intended to cover all forms of printing and coating, including: pre-measured coatings such as 201237529 box mold coating, slit or extrusion coating Cloth, slanted or shower type coating and curtain coating; roller coating, such as on-roller blade coating, smooth reverse roller coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating: meniscus Shape coating; rotary coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing process; electrostatic printing process; thermal printing process; and other similar technologies. The printed element refers to an element formed using any of the above techniques. Most of the conventional electrophoretic media exhibit essentially only two colors. These electrophoretic media use a single type of electrophoretic particles, or first and second types of electrophoretic particles. The single type of electrophoretic particles have a first color in a colored fluid having a second, distinct color (in this case, the first color is displayed when the particles are placed on a viewing surface adjacent to the display, and the particles are separated from the viewing surface When opened, the second color is displayed): the first and second types of electrophoretic particles have different first and second colors in the colorless fluid (in this case, the particles in the first type are placed adjacent to the display) The first color is displayed when the surface is viewed and the second color is displayed when the particles of the second type are placed adjacent to the viewing surface. Typically, the two colors are black and white. If you want to use a full color display, you can configure a color filter array on the viewing surface of a monochrome (black and white) display. Typically, such color filter arrays are of the three colors, red/green/blue ("RGB") or red/green/blue/white ("RGB W") type. A display with color filters relies on three sub-pixels (in the case of RGB displays) or four (in the case of RGBW displays) sub-pixels for area sharing to complete a single full color pixel. Unfortunately, each color can only be displayed in a partial display area. For example, 'in an RGBW display, each of red, green, and blue 201237529 can only be displayed in sub-pixels in the display area (one of the four sub-pixels), and white can be effectively displayed in the display area (four One of the complete sub-pixels, plus each colored sub-pixel is used as a 1/3 white, so that the three colored sub-pixels together provide a sub-pixel display of another complete white sub-pixel. This area sharing method causes the color to be slightly darker than expected. Alternatively, at least one front (i.e., adjacent viewing surface) color changing layer is used, which is a multiple color changing layer that operates in a shutter mode to construct a full color display. In addition to being complex and potentially expensive, such multi-layer displays require precise alignment of the layers and electrodes with high light transmission (and transistors in the case of active matrix displays). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,017,584 describes an electrophoretic medium having dissimilar types of particles having three distinct colors in a fluid; and a method of driving the particles to display each of the three distinct colors . However, electrophoretic media need not be able to display more colors per pixel, so that, for example, such media can reproduce the appearance of high quality color printing. Typically, these high quality printing systems use at least four inks, cyan/magenta/yellow/black ("CMYK") to achieve a so-called "four-color" CMYK printing system that is generally not valued, in fact a five-color system, The fifth color is the white background provided by the paper (or similar) surface when no ink is applied. Because it is basically an opaque electrophoretic medium, there is no comparable background color unless it is used in the shutter mode, so the electrophoretic medium in the non-glide mode should be able to display five colors (black, white and three). The main color, three of these main colors are always cyan, magenta and yellow). This object is now recognized by the use of the electrophoretic medium ' in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 201237529 6,017,584, which has three different types of particles in the colored fluid and carefully selects the color of both the particles and the fluid. In still another aspect, the present invention provides a multicolor electrophoretic medium comprising at least first, second, and third types of particles having substantially non-overlapping electrophoretic mobility and having a first, respectively Second and third colors, the first, second and third colors are different from each other, and the particles are dispersed in a fluid having a fourth color different from the first, second and third colors Where the particles of one of the first, second and third types are white. In these multicolor media, the first, second, third and fourth colors are cyan, magenta, yellow and white in either order. It has been noted that the first, second and third types of particles must have different (and non-zero) electrophoretic mobility. Although in principle all three types of particles may carry the same polarity of charge but differ in size to provide different electrophoretic mobility, there are typically two types of particles, one of which carries one polarity charge and the other type It is more appropriate for the particles to carry charges of opposite polarity. Preferably, the white particles carry a charge of one polarity and the other two types of particles (preferably cyan and magenta) carry opposite charges. The electrophoretic medium of the present invention has three types of particles in white and two other colors. Transmissive and reflective colored particles can be used in the present invention. White particles operate by scattering light and are therefore substantially reflective; "transmissive" white particles are substantially transparent and therefore not useful in the present invention. However, as illustrated and described in the drawings, 'the placement of various particles of various colors, especially the placement of white 201237529 color particles, depends on whether transmissive or reflective non-white particles are used. Change 'can use particles other than white, which are transmissive and reflective. The electrophoretic medium of the present invention may be of a package type and includes a wall in which a fluid and electrically charged particles remain. The encapsulating media can include a plurality of bladders, each of the bladders including a bladder wall having fluid and electrically charged particles retained therein, the medium further comprising a polymeric adhesive surrounding the bladders. Alternatively, the medium may be dispersed by a cell or polymer as discussed above. The invention extends to an electrophoretic display comprising an electrophoretic medium of the invention and at least one electrode' disposed adjacent to the electrophoretic medium for applying an electric field to the medium. The display of the present invention can be used in any of the applications of prior art optoelectronic displays. Therefore, the display can be used, for example, in an e-book reader, a portable computer, a tablet computer, a mobile phone, a smart card, a logo, a watch, a shelf label, and a flash drive. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of driving a multicolor electrophoretic display comprising: at least first, second, and third types of particles having substantially non-overlapping electrophoretic mobility and Having first, second, and third colors, respectively, the first, second, and third colors being different from each other' wherein the particles of one of the first, second, and third types are white, such The particle system is dispersed in a fluid having a fourth color different from the first, second, and third colors, the display further comprising a first electrode and a second electrode forming a viewing surface of the display, the fluid being located in the fluid Separating from the first electrode on the opposite side, the method comprises: -10- 201237529 locating all three types of particles adjacent to the first and second parties; applying an electric field between the first and second electrodes from the above An electrode is removed to position three of the particles adjacent to the viewing surface; and an electric field-like particle is applied between the first and second electrodes to move away from the first electrode, thereby causing the flow to be displayed The viewing surface. The advantages of the invention as set forth above, as well as additional description of the accompanying drawings, are best understood. In the various views, the same reference numerals generally refer to the same components, and are not necessarily to scale, and are generally emphasized by way of example. [Embodiment] The following description assumes that the aforementioned US Patent 7,79 should refer to the patent. For a description of the first embodiment of the present invention, the first embodiment of the present invention has a capsule wall 120 having the same type of particles in the wall of the capsule, the color and electrophoretic mobility being different in the body 1 2 5 . The capsule 120 is provided on its opposite side with an electrode 32 and a rear electrode 34, respectively, the front electrode 32 provides a capsule, and the capsule 12 includes a negatively charged white particle (a cyan and magenta particle representing f, a cyan particle (representing The rate is higher than the magenta particle (expressed as M + ). The fluid I25 color. The concentration of the yellow dye should be chosen such that the display (see Figure 1D below) provides one of the fully saturated second electrodes to at least one The types of categories, etc. are intended to give the fourth color advantage of all three types, by reference, the same reference, and the principles of the drawings. 1 , 7 8 9 reveals, reading information. 1 24 And the three packets are not dispersed and the coloring stream can be transmitted by light. The surface is scanned. Especially the electrophoretic migration of each W -), and positive charge + C + ) is yellow with yellow dye yellow optical state, but in electrophoresis - 11 - 201237529 When the particles are placed adjacent to the front electrode 32, the yellow color is substantially uncontaminated with other colors. White W-, cyan + C + and magenta M + particles are all reflective. The yellow dyeing fluid is only visible when there is no electrophoretic particles adjacent to the front electrode 32. For example, if the white particle W is driven adjacent to the front electrode 32, the fluid 125 is very short due to the light path through the colored conjoined body (which enters through the front electrode 32, is reflected from the white particle W- and returns through the front electrode 32), so that the fluid 125 The yellow color is not visible. However, if the white particles W- are separated from the front electrode 32 by a sufficient display (perhaps the thickness of the fluid layer), the yellow color of the dye fluid 125 will become visible as the path of the reflected light through the fluid becomes substantial. . This effect is similar to the prior art single particle/dyeing fluid electrophoretic display. As already mentioned, both cyan+C+ and magenta M+ particles are positively charged, but have different electrophoretic mobility; this description assumes that cyan particles have a higher mobility, but are readily known. in contrast. As illustrated in Figures 1A-1G, respectively, the capsule 1 20 can display white, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, and black on its viewing surface (front electrode 32). In order to display white, it is only necessary to make the rear electrode 34 negative for a long period of time with respect to the front electrode 32 (hereinafter, making the rear electrode 34 negative or positive means that the rear electrode 34 is negative or positive with respect to the front electrode 32, as a matter of fact, The front electrode 32 will be a common front electrode 32 extending across the entire display, while the back electrode 34 will be one of a number of individually controllable pixel electrodes.) such that the white particles W- are adjacent to the front electrode 32 and cyan + C + is placed adjacent to the back electrode 34 with magenta M+ particles. In this case, the white particles W-shadow the cyan + C + and magenta M + particles and the yellow color of the fluid 125 (as previously mentioned in -12-201237529, the length of the light passing through the fluid 1 2 5 is too short to be so The white particles W-white are not contaminated to a detectable extent by the yellow color of the fluid 125, such that white is displayed on the viewing surface of the display. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, in order to generate cyan, a negative pulse is first applied to the back electrode 34 (which substantially produces the same condition as in FIG. 1A, the white particle W is adjacent to the front electrode 32 and cyan+C+ and the ocean Red M+ particles are placed adjacent to the back electrode 34), followed by a positive pulse that is shorter than the negative pulse. The positive pulse causes the white particles W to approach the back electrode 34 and both the cyan + C + and the magenta M + particles are close to the front electrode 32. However, since the mobility of cyan+C+ particles is large, it is closer to the front electrode 32 and the length of the positive pulse is selected, so that the cyan+C+ particles touch the front electrode 32, but the magenta particle M+ is no; Oral language, cyan particles "outrace" magenta particles. In the case shown in Figure 1B, the cyan particles +C + mask the magenta M + and white W-particles as well as the yellow color of the fluid 125 (as previously mentioned, the length of the light passing through the fluid 125 is too short to be cyan The cyan of the particles +C + is not contaminated by the yellow color of the fluid 1.25 to an appreciable extent, such that cyan is displayed on the viewing surface of the display. As illustrated in Fig. 1C, in order to generate magenta, a long positive pulse is first applied such that the cyan particles +C + and magenta particles M + are adjacent to the front electrode 32 and the white particles are adjacent to the rear electrode 34. A very short negative pulse is then applied, causing the cyan particles + C + and magenta particles M + to move away from the front electrode 32. However, since the mobility of cyan particles +C + is large, it will move away from the front electrode 3 2 faster than the magenta particle M + , and the magenta particles will be visible through the front electrode 3 2 and will obscure the cyan particles + C+, white particles W- and fluid 125 yellow-13- 201237529 color. The period of the short negative pulse is selected such that the length of the light passing through the fluid 125 is too short so that the magenta particle Μ + magenta is not contaminated by the yellow color of the fluid to an appreciable extent. Of course, the short negative pulse also causes the white particles W- to move away from the rear electrode 34 but this has no effect on the color displayed. As illustrated in FIG. 1D, in order to generate yellow, a negative pulse is first applied, which roughly produces the same condition as in the first diagram, the white particle W is adjacent to the front electrode 32 and the cyan + C + and magenta Μ + particles are placed. Adjacent to the rear electrode 34. A positive pulse shorter than the negative pulse is then applied to cause the white particles W- to move away from the front electrode 32 and the cyan + C + and magenta particles to move away from the back electrode 34. The length of the positive pulse is controlled such that the white particle W- remains closer to the front electrode 32 than the cyan + C + and magenta particles, but has a substantial distance between the white particle W- and the front electrode 32. Therefore, as exemplified in Fig. 1D, the white particles W-shadow the cyan particles + C + and the magenta particles Μ +. However, unlike in the case of Figure 1, in Figure 1D, the white particles are separated from the front electrode 32 by a substantial distance and act as a diffuse reflector, causing light to enter the front electrode 32 and pass the yellow fluid 1 25, via The yellow fluid 1 2 5 and the front electrode 32 are reflected back. Since the light passes through the yellow fluid 1 2 5 with a substantial passing length, it shows a yellow color. As illustrated in Fig. 1 , in order to display the red state, a relatively long positive pulse like the long positive pulse used in Fig. 1C is first applied so that the cyan + C + and magenta Μ + particles are adjacent to the front electrode 32 and White particles W - adjacent to the rear electrode 34. Next, a negative pulse is applied which is shorter than the initial positive pulse applied in the first C-picture but longer than the negative pulse, and, because of the same reason as in the first C-picture, the magenta particle Μ + is closest to the front electrode 32. And will shade cyan-14- 201237529 particles + C + and white particles W-. However, the final negative pulse still separates the magenta particle M+ from the front electrode 32, such that, similar to the reasons discussed above in connection with Figure 1 D, the appearance of the display is affected by the yellow dye, from the magenta particle M + The reflected light passes through the yellow dye, so the appearance of the display is a combination of yellow dye absorption and magenta reflection to give a red appearance. As illustrated in Fig. 1F, in order to display the green state, a relatively long negative pulse such as the long negative pulse used in Fig. 1A is first applied, so that the white particle W- is adjacent to the front electrode 32 and cyan + C + and The magenta M+ particles are adjacent to the back electrode 34. Next, a very short positive pulse is applied. This positive pulse causes the cyan particles +C + to move forward until it is placed before the white particles W-, which of course moves backwards from the front electrode 32. The positive pulse also causes the magenta particle M + to move forward, but at a slower rate than the cyan particle + C + . The final situation is similar to the case in Figure 1 B because 'cyan & sub + C + is located closest to the eye ij electrode 3 2 and shields the white particle W- from the magenta particle Μ+. However, in the case shown in Fig. 1F, the cyan particles are spaced apart from the front electrode 32 by a substantial absorption by the yellow dye present in the fluid 125. Therefore, similar to the reason already discussed with reference to Fig. 1, the appearance of the display in Fig. 1F is a combination of absorption of yellow dye and cyan reflection, resulting in a green appearance. As illustrated in Fig. 1G, in order to display the blue state, a long positive pulse like the long positive pulse used in Fig. 1C and the first pulse used in the first image are applied first, so that cyan + C + and The magenta Μ + particles are adjacent to the front electrode 32 and the white particles W are adjacent to the back electrode 34. Note that in the case shown in Figure 1G, there are different reflection mechanisms for the rain group in operation. If the light is only reflected from a single particle -15-201237529 sub-reflection from the cyan and magenta particles, the eye will appear in light blue. However, if the light is reflected by at least one cyan particle and one magenta particle, the light will appear in darker blue. Since it is shown that most of the light rays scattered from the electrophoretic medium are involved in multiple reflections, the situation shown in Figure 1G will provide a full saturation of blue. Finally, as illustrated in Fig. 1, in order to display the black state, a long positive pulse which produces the case shown in Fig. 1G is applied, and then a short negative pulse is applied. This short negative pulse removes the cyan + C + and magenta Μ + particles from the front electrode 3 2 'thus (similar to the reasons discussed with reference to Figures 1 D, 1 Ε and 1 F). The yellow color of the fluid 1 2 5 The blue reflections shown in Figure 1G are mixed to produce a black appearance of the process. The second Α-2 例 illustration is generally similar to the display exemplified in the first Α-1 , diagram, but wherein the cyan particles +C + and the magenta particles 可 + are transmissive rather than reflective. The use of transmissive, rather than reflective, particles requires some correction of the necessary position of the particles in certain optical states, since the transmissive colored particles do not "back" the particle color (ie, closer to the back electrode 3) 4) Therefore, in some optical states it is necessary to carefully control the position of the white particles W_ in order to ensure that such shading does not occur. Figure 2A shows the white state of the display. This white state is the same as that shown in Figure 1A and is achieved in the same way; since the display is in this state, the white particles W-hide both cyan particles + C + and magenta particles M + and use transmissivity The cyan and magenta particles, rather than the reflective particles, do not differ in the appearance of the display. Figure 2B shows the cyan state of the display. This state of the display differs from that of -16-201237529 shown in Fig. 1B because the white particles W- are immediately disposed after the cyan particles +C + so that the white particles can obscure the magenta particles M+. Light entering the display through the front electrode 32 is reflected from the white particles by the transmissive cyan particles and then returned through the cyan particles and back through the front electrode 3 2 from the display. In order to avoid that the cyan color produced is contaminated by yellow (and thus the displayed color is biased towards green), it is important that the white particles are immediately behind the cyan particles so that the light passing through the path passes through the yellow fluid 1 2 5 without having to walk a significant amount. distance. If the electrophoretic mobility of cyan particles +C+ is much larger than magenta·particle M+, and the absolute mobility of magenta and white particles is equivalent, the display state shown in Fig. 2B can be driven by first displaying To the state shown in Fig. 2A, and then a positive pulse is applied to the rear electrode 34 just enough to drive the cyan particles to the front electrode 32 and the moving white particles are separated from the previous electrode 32 by a short distance. Figure 2C shows the magenta optical state of the display. This is substantially similar to the cyan optical state shown in Figure 2B, but with magenta particles adjacent to the front electrode 32 and cyan particles adjacent to the back electrode 34. The magenta optical state acts in the same way as the cyan optical state; the light entering the display through the front electrode .32 passes through the transmissive magenta particles and is reflected from the white particles, followed by the magenta particles back through the front electrode 32 Return from the display. Furthermore, in order to avoid that the magenta produced is contaminated by yellow (and thus the displayed color is biased towards red), it is important that the white particles are immediately behind the magenta particles so that the light passing through the path passes through the yellow fluid 1 2 5 Walk a significant distance. -17- 201237529 Figure -2D shows the yellow optical state of the display. This is the same as the yellow state shown in the ID picture, and the same driving pulse can be used to generate this state, and yellow is generated in the same manner; the light entering the display through the front electrode 32 passes through the yellow fluid 1 2 5 from the white The particles are reflected back through the yellow fluid 125 and back through the front electrode 32. Figure 2E shows the red optical state of the display. The position of the particles in this red optical state is the same as the position of the red-like state shown in Fig. 1E, and the same driving pulse as in Fig. 1E is used to generate a red state. However, the actual mode of red generated in Fig. 2E is slightly different from that described with reference to Fig. 1E. In Fig. 2E, the light entering the display through the front electrode 32 passes through the yellow fluid 1 25 and the transmissive magenta particles, is reflected from the white particles, returns through the magenta particles and the yellow fluid 125, and returns through the front electrode 32. The display produces a red appearance. Figure 2F shows the green optical state of the display. The position of the particles in this green optical state is the same as the position of the green-like state shown in Fig. 1F, and a green state can be produced using the same driving pulse as in Fig. 1F. However, as with the red optical state shown in Fig. 2E, the actual mode of green produced in Fig. 2F is slightly different from that described with reference to Fig. 1F. In Fig. 2F, the light entering the display through the front electrode 32 passes through the yellow fluid 1 25 and the transmissive cyan particles, is reflected from the white particles, returns through the cyan particles and the yellow fluid 125, and returns through the front electrode 32, to the display. Produces a green appearance. Figure 2G shows the blue optical state of the display, which is different from the corresponding blue state shown in Figure 1G because the white particles are located quite close to the front electrode 32 of -18-201237529, followed by cyan and magenta particles. After the mixed layer. In Figure 2G, the light entering the display through the front electrode 32 passes through the transmissive magenta and cyan particles, is reflected from the white particles, passes over the magenta and cyan particles, and returns through the front electrode 32, producing a blue color to the display. Exterior. Finally, the 'HH' shows a possible black state of the display, which is the same as the particle position, which is the same as that shown in Figure 1H. However, the manner in which the black state is produced is slightly different from that described above with respect to the 1H map. In Figure 2H, the light entering the display through the front electrode 32 passes through the transmissive magenta and cyan particles and the yellow fluid 125 such that substantially all of the light is absorbed before it contacts the white particles adjacent the back electrode 34. All of the rays that actually touch the white particles will be reflected back and passed through the transmissive magenta and cyan particles and the yellow fluid 125 such that substantially no light will emerge from the front electrode 32 and a black optical state will be exhibited. It should be noted that if the two types of particles are placed closer to the front electrode 32 than the white particles, there is considerable freedom in the configuration of magenta and cyan particles in this black optical state; due to the yellow fluid 1 2 5 And the magenta and cyan particles are all transmissive, wherein the incoming light hits the fluid and the exact order of the two types of particles is substantially independent, therefore, if the magenta and cyan particles are placed closer to the front electrode than the white particles 3 2. The position of magenta and cyan particles can be changed. For example, in the display shown in Figures 2A-2H, the position of the particles shown in Figure 1G provides a black optical state. As can be seen from the foregoing, the displays exemplified in Figures 1A-1H and 2A-2H can display white, black, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, and blue on their entire display area. As mentioned earlier, displays using RGB color filter -19-201237529 light arrays can only display red, green and blue on 1/3 of their display area, displaying black and process white pairs across the display area. It is equal to 1/3 of the display area. Similarly, displays using RGB W color filter arrays can only display red, green, and blue on 1/4 of their display area, black on the entire display area, and white on the display equal to one-half the white on the display area. . Therefore, the white state of the display exemplified in Figures 1A-1H and 2A-2H should be significantly better than the white state of any display based on color filters, and the red, green, and blue states should also be improved. Furthermore, the white state of the display exemplified in Figures 1A-1H and 2A-2H should be significantly better than the white state of the multi-particle display illustrated in Figures 6-9 of the aforementioned U.S. Patent 7,791,79,9, The patent relies on the process white, which is equal to a white state on the 1/3 of the display area. In some cases, it may be difficult to obtain the desired electrophoretic mobility required for the colored particles to have a desired color and to use a simple drive pulse set to achieve each optical state shown in the 1A-1H or 2A-2H diagram. In such cases, it can be appreciated that at least one type of particle is used, the electrophoretic mobility of which varies with the applied voltage, such that, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2 0 06 / 0 2 0 2 9 4 9 The relative electrophoretic mobility of the two types of particles can be varied by adjusting the driving voltage used. Since the particles used in the display of the present invention have a voltage-dependent mobility, it should be understood that particles having different electrophoretic mobility as referred to herein contain various particles which are used in displays containing such particles. At least one driving voltage has different electrophoretic mobility. -20- 201237529 [Simplified Schematic] Figures 1A-1H depict color display elements with white, cyan and magenta particles, different electrophoretic mobility in yellow fluids, and cyan and magenta particles in reflective And the optical states of white, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, and black of the display are respectively illustrated. 2A-2H depicts a color display element similar to that shown in Figures 1A-1H, but wherein the cyan and magenta particles are transmissive, and the 2A-2 分别 diagram is illustrated separately from the 1st A-1 Η diagram. The same optical state. [Main component symbol description] 3 2 ^ Λ. 刖 Electrode 3 4 Rear electrode 120 sac 124 sac wall 125 fluid body -21 -