TW201236967A - Silver-nickel core-sheath nanostructures and methods to fabricate - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the invention generally provide core-sheath nanostructures and methods for forming such nanostructures. In one embodiment, a method for forming core-sheath nanostructures includes stirring an aqueous dispersion containing silver nanostructures while adding a catalytic metal salt solution to the aqueous dispersion and forming catalytic metal coated silver nanostructures during a galvanic replacement process. The method further includes stirring an organic solvent dispersion containing the catalytic metal coated silver nanostructures dispersed in an organic solvent while adding a nickel salt solution to the organic solvent dispersion, and thereafter, adding a reducing solution to the organic solvent dispersion to form silver-nickel core-sheath nanostructures during a nickel coating process. In one embodiment, the core-sheath nanostructures are silver-nickel core-sheath nanowires, wherein each silver-nickel core-sheath nanowire has a sheath layer of nickel disposed over and encompassing a catalytic metal layer of palladium disposed on a nanowire core of silver.

Description

201236967 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field to Be Invented by the Invention] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to nano dreams, r, and s. 'Detailed' on the core-sheath nanostructure and the method of taking this nanostructure. [Prior Art] One-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures in the past several m & It is quite a big idea because the nanostructure has a unique J-oriented anisotropic structure and fascinating physical properties. The nanostructures show excellent safety in applications such as electronics, chimney, sensing, imaging, drug delivery, and photovoltaic and solar applications. , i gentleman, you make 1 1 丨 seven nano structure (especially 金属 金属 疋 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift ift The excellent electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of the rice structure and the t-wood structure, such as the electromagnetic t-month of the electromagnetic waveguide cattle. However, these ^ ^ no... cards are manipulated and arranged on the incorporation of many electronic elements β & A number of methods have been developed to list the nanostructures into linear, cross-shaped, and other, Ό geometry types, but this and/or materials. The method generally requires complex equipment =, :: Humans have also had a hybrid nanostructure with 曰 2: 'The hybrid nanostructure contains materials that are integrated in the per-nano structure. These multi-component nanostructures are attracting attention because 201236967 has increased functionality for multi-component nanostructures. By combining multiple materials into a single structure, the hybrid nanostructures generally have a variety of desirable physical properties that cannot be obtained from more conventional nanostructures containing a single material. Likewise, a hybrid nanostructure containing a bi-material or a plurality of materials generally has an additional handie for modifying the desired properties that are not available in a single material nanostructure. Several types of multi-component nanostructures have been successfully synthesized, such as semiconductor nanostructures, metal core-semiconductor sheath nanostructures, and semiconductor metal hybrid nanostructures. Despite this success in synthesizing the aforementioned multi-component nanostructures, most of these compositions or systems cannot be readily applied to the production of -Vita metal core-nanowires. The following three main reasons lead to difficulties in synthesis: λ β ^ 可能性 the possibility of two different intermetallic galvanic substitutions (Galvanic Replacement, ntReactl〇n); η) the tendency of metal components to become alloys And Hi) lacks the characteristic structure or active site of (4) on the surface of the nanoparticle compared to the surface of the nanoparticle. The latter causes the desired nucleation/growth of the homogeneous nucleation/growth on the surface of the nanowire to the right nucleus/growth. The plate procedure combined with electrochemical deposition of nickel's typical stencil program is generally gated, formed by a stencil process. This is due to the template's pore size. The silver nanowire of the bond nickel has been previously synthesized using the anode oxide mold. However, it takes a lot of time consuming and expensive steps. The diameter of the nanowire is also limited. Over-equipment, labor, or by using a commercial ruler, 'requires a metal nanostructure that can be easily manipulated while helmets are spent...” also requires a lightweight and reliable procedure of 201236967 inch size to prepare such metallic nanometers. Method of Structure 0 [Invention] Embodiments of the present invention generally provide a core-sheath nanostructure and a method for forming such a nanostructure. Each of the core-sheath nanostructures has a nanostructure core and a sheath of a conductive metal (such as an alloy of silver or silver), and a nanostructure core of the S-conducting metal is a catalytic metal layer (for example, pt, pd) Coated with Au or an alloy of a metal, the sheath contains one or more ferromagnetic metals such as Ni, Co, Fe or alloys of the foregoing metals. Ferromagnetic metal provides nuclear-sheath nanostructure magnetism. Thus, the nuclear-sheath nanostructure < is easily manipulated by the outer magnetic field and will be aligned by magnetism to form an optically transparent and electrically conductive film in the photovoltaic 7C piece. Optical transparency results from the low density of the metal in the film, which is a function of the diameter of the nuclear sheath nanostructure and the line spacing between the core-sheath nanostructures. In one embodiment, the core-sheath nanostructure is a plurality of nuclear-sheath nanowires. Each of the core-sheath nanowires contains a nanowire core, a catalytic metal layer, and a sheath layer. The catalytic metal layer is disposed on the nanowire core, and the sheath layer is disposed over the catalytic metal layer. And surrounding the nanowire core and surrounding the catalytic base metal layer and the nanowire core. The nanowire core contains metallic silver and has a diameter in the range of from about 5 nm to about 500 nm. The catalytic metal layer contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, gold, alloys of the foregoing materials, or a combination of the foregoing, and the sheath layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of 6 201236967: two irons, The alloy of the material or the combination of the foregoing materials, and the second example, the catalytic metal layer contains metal- or metal platinum, and the ruthenium layer contains metallic nickel. In another example, 'providing a method for forming a nuclear-sheath nanostructure' and the I Hai method includes the following steps for the following cattle. During the Gavigny replacement process, the mixture contains Yinnai. The aqueous dispersion of the structure of the rice structure also adds a catalytic metal solution to the aqueous public, turbid liquid and forms a catalytic metal coated structure. (d) The catalytic (iv) coated silver nanostructure is removed or otherwise separated from the water jet, and the metal coated silver nanostructure is washed and centrifuged to remove any residual impurities. The two advances include the steps of: forming an organic solvent dispersion containing the catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure dispersed in an organic solvent; and mixing the organic solvent dispersion while adding a salt : a liquid to the organic solvent dispersion; and, thereafter, a reducing solution is added to the organic solvent dispersion in the coating process 1 to form a silver core-recorded nanostructure. The organic solvent generally contains a diol, such as ethylene. Subsequently, the silver core-seed sheathed nanojunction is separated from the organic solvent dispersion and the silver core/(tetra) nanostructure is washed and centrifuged to remove any residual Impurities. Each of the TaiGe catalyzed twin gold coated silver nanostructures has one or a portion of a layer of at least one catalytic metal disposed on a silver::structure. :,!· Raw catalytic metals include palladium, platinum, gold, alloys of the foregoing materials, combinations of the materials described. In some examples, the silver nanostructure is a nanowire containing 'silver' and each nanowire has a diameter ranging from 5 nm to about 500 nm 201236967. In some examples, the method further comprises the step of maintaining a predetermined or desired Ag:Pd concentration ratio or Ag..Pt concentration ratio of the aqueous dispersion during the gamma-Vanish replacement process while simultaneously applying the catalytic metal salt A solution is added to the aqueous dispersion. The Ag:Pd or Ag:Pt concentration ratio may range from about 400:1 to about 400:25 (16:1) (such as about 400:10 (40:1)) or about 600:25 (24:1). ) to a range of about 200:25 (8:1) (such as about 400:25 (16:1)), while combining during the Galvani replacement process. In some examples, the 'catalytic metal salt solution contains a tetrachloropalladate salt or a tetrachloroplatinate salt, such as potassium tetrachloroplatinate or tetra-palladium palladium. In other examples, the method further includes The following steps: 'preserving the predetermined or desired content of the organic solvent dispersion during the cloth process

The Ag:Ni concentration ratio is simultaneously added to the organic solvent dispersion. The Ag:Ni concentration ratio may range from about 400:200 to about 400:300 during the nickel coating process. The nickel salt solution may contain a nickel acetate salt such as nickel acetate tetrahydrate and further comprises a capping agent or an interfacial active agent such as polyethylene. Pölly (Vinylpyrr〇 Hd〇ne). Thereafter, the method comprises the steps of: adding the reducing solution to the combined nickel salt solution and the organic solvent dispersion. - In some examples, the reducing solution contains a hydrazine (such as a hydrazine monohydrate) and a diol (such as ethylene glycol) β σ - in one embodiment, a 'provided species' method for forming a core, a nanowire, 201236967 The method comprises the steps of: during the Galvani replacement process, agitating the aqueous dispersion containing the silver nanowire while adding a palladium salt solution to the aqueous dispersion and forming a palladium coated silver nanowire. The palladium coated silver nanowires are removed from the aqueous dispersion or otherwise separated, and the palladium coated silver nanowires are washed and centrifuged to remove any residual impurities. The method further includes the steps of: forming an organic solvent dispersion containing the palladium-coated silver nanowire dispersed in an organic solvent; stirring the organic solvent dispersion while adding a nickel salt solution to the organic solvent a dispersion; and, thereafter, during the nickel coating process, a reducing solution is added to the organic solvent dispersion to form a silver core-nickel sheath nanowire. The nanowire of the silver core-nickel sheath is removed or otherwise separated from the organic solvent dispersion, and the nanowire of the silver core/nickel sheath is washed and centrifuged to remove any residual impurities. [Embodiment] Embodiments of the present invention generally provide a variety of metal core-sheath nanostructures (such as nanowires) and methods for making such a plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures. Each of the plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures has a nanostructure core of a conductive metal and a sheath layer, the nanostructure core of the conductive metal being coated with a catalytic metal layer (eg, pt, pd or Au), And the sheath layer contains one or more ferromagnetic metals (such as Ni, Co, Fe or an alloy of the foregoing metals). The ferromagnetic metal provides nuclear-sheath nanostructure magnetism. Thus, the core-sheath nanostructure can be easily manipulated through the outer magnetic field and will be aligned by magnetism in 201236967 to form an optically transparent and electrically conductive film in the photovoltaic element. 1A to 1B depict a nuclear-sheath nanowire 100 comprising a nanowire core 11 〇 and a catalytic metal layer 120 (disposed on the nanowire core 110), and The sheath layer 130 is disposed over the nanowire core 110 and the catalytic metal layer 120 and surrounds the catalytic metal layer 120 and the nanowire core 110, as described in the embodiments herein. Figure 1 a depicts a nuclear-sheath nanowire 1 〇〇 'The nuclear-sheath nanowire 100 is an exemplary plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures made or otherwise formed by the methods described herein. Other various metal core-sheath nanostructures that can be formed by the methods described herein include nanorods, nanobelts, nanoparticles, and the like. The core-鞠 nanowire is generally a plurality of metal core-sheath nanowires. The nanowire has a nanowire core 110 containing metallic silver. The 1A description describes that the core-sheath nanowire 100 has a geometric shape having a substantially columnar shape. A cross-sectional view of the nuclear-sheath nanowire 100 (as depicted in Figure 1B) illustrates that the width of the core-sheath nanowire 100 has a circular geometry or a substantially circular geometry along the perimeter. However, the width of the core-sheath nanowire 100 (and various other metal core-sheath nanostructures) may also have a less rounded shape but exhibit a rounded geometry, such as an ellipsoidal, elliptical shape. Elliptical, oval (〇va〇, elongated, or having a diameter or width—or multiple sides. Geometry of a multi-sided structure extending across the diameter or width of the nuclear-sheath nanowire 100 The shape indicates a particular metal having a crystalline metal lattice within the inner core 11 。. Exemplary multi-sided structural geometries include rectangles, pentagons, 10 201236967 hexagons, seven, poly/shapes, octagons, and More often, the multi-lateral structure geometry. The 2 m & _ illustrates the transmissive (TEM) image of the nuclear-sheath nanowire 100 from the cross-sectional view of the electric decimator ~ image. The TEM image is revealed in the horizontal The core of the nucleus _ rice line 100 is not the geometric shape of the J-long or the pentagon structure on the diameter. The pentagon structure geometry indicates the crystal yttrium contained in the 11G of the nanowire core. The silver nanowire of the 1 〇 nanowire is characterized by a pentagon. The face is derived from the extension of the plurality of bimorphs along the common axis. The α 1 /Α map depicts the end 4 of the opposite end of the core-sheath nanowire 100. - The length of the sheath nanowire 1 延伸 extends between the two end caps "a. The end cap! 112 can have various geometries depending on the composition of the exposed surface of the core-sheath, line 100 And the crystalline cap. The end cap 112 generally contains a nanowire core 11〇, a catalytic metal layer 12〇, and a portion of the sheath layer 130. In the middle, the nanowire core 11G is depicted as a nanowire, but The nanowire core can smash another nanostructure, such as a nanorod, a nanobelt, or another nanoscale scale. The nanowire has a highly conductive metal. Such as metal silver, silver alloy, or a doped variant of the foregoing metal. Similarly, the conductive metal contained in the nanowire core 11 is substantially in a crystalline form, such as a single crystal. In one example, the nanowire core 110 Is a nanowire containing crystalline metallic silver. The nanowire core 110 generally has a width in the range of about 5 nm to about 5 〇〇 nm or The diameter 'is narrower in the range of about 20 nm to about 2 〇〇 nm, narrower in the range of about 30 nm to about 150 nm, and narrower in the range of about 201236967 5 0 nm to about 1 〇〇 nm. For example, about 70 nm. The nanowire core 110 has a length in the range of about 100 nm to about 20,000 nm (20 μm), and a narrower range of about 250 nm to about 5000 nm (5 μm) in the fc. It is narrower in the range of about 400 nm to about 2000 nm (2 μm) or in the range of about 500 nm to about 1 000 nm (1 μηι), for example about 750 nm. In some examples, the nanowire core 11 0 has a length in the range of about 1 000 nm (1 μmη) to about 1 ()0〇〇nm (10 μιη), and a narrower of about 2000 nm (2 μιη) to about In the range of 8000 nm (8 μιη), and narrower in the range of about 4000 nm (4 μπι) to about 6000 nm (6 μιη), for example, about 5000 nm (5 μιη). Therefore, the nanowire core 11 has an aspect ratio of length to length or length to diameter measured from the core of the nanowire. The aspect ratio of the nanowire 11 大体上 is generally in the range of about 5:1 to about 50:i, such as about 1 〇:1. The catalytic metal layer 126 is a seed layer or a nucleation layer which is disposed on the surface of the nanowire core 110. The catalytic metal layer 120 is formed on the surface of the nanowire core by electricity, deposition or another method. Generally, the catalytic metal layer 〇2〇 has a crystalline state (such as polycrystalline state) and may be discontinuous. The surface of the nanowire core 110 is extended either continuously or continuously. In some examples, the catalytic metal layer 120 contains clusters or islands of catalytic metal atoms that extend discontinuously across the nanowire core 110. In other examples, the catalytic metal layer 120 is formed as a continuous layer on the nanowire core 110. This is accomplished by a process such as a Galvani replacement process. During the substitution process, the metal atom of the first element (eg, Ag) contained on the surface of the nanowire core 110 is chemically oxidized and removed in the form of a metal ion of the first element, and at the same time The metal ion of the two element (for example, Pd, Pt or Au) is chemically reduced and deposited as a metal atom of the second element contained on the surface of the nanowire core 110' thus completing the Galvani substitution reaction. The standard reduction potential between the metal/ion pairs of the first element must be lower than the standard reduction potential between the metal/ion pairs of the second element. Thus, the catalytic metal layer 20 is formed substantially by a galvanic substitution process to extend across the nanowire core 110 and not more than a single layer of catalytic metal atoms. Catalyst The green metal layer 120 contains one or more metals having desirable strong nucleation and adhesion properties and is highly conductive. Exemplary metals contained within the catalytic metal layer 120 include palladium, platinum, gold, alloys of the foregoing materials, doped variants of the foregoing materials, derivatives of the foregoing materials, or combinations of the foregoing. In some examples, the catalytic metal layer 把 contains or alloys and extends discontinuously across the surface of the nanowire. In an alternative embodiment, the catalytic metal layer 120 contains silver and an additional gold such as a silver alloy material. Exemplary silver alloy material; bucket silver, gold silver, alloy of the foregoing materials, doped variant of the foregoing material, material of the foregoing material or a combination of the foregoing materials. The sheath 10 is smooth and 妁h ,

Monthly and uniform core-sheath nanowire coating, J and continuously extending and surrounding the solid wood line 110 and the catalytic metal layer 120 〇 sheath layer 130 configuration, sinking, coffee plating Or formed in another way in the nano-core 110 and catalytic metal layer

'Layer (and over the nanowire core 1U and the catalytic metal layer 12〇, up) ° In some examples, the sheath 130 is deposited through 13 201236967 electroless ore process or metal, such as nickel, Change the combination of variants. The sheath layer 130 contains - or a plurality of ferromagnetic materials, cobalt diiron, an alloy of the foregoing materials, the foregoing materials, derivatives of the foregoing materials, or the above-mentioned materials of the ferromagnetic 1 nuclear Lenoir wire. Therefore, the nuclear rice noodle _ of the sheath m coated with the iron=sexual material can be easily longitudinally aligned and magnetically aligned to form a network of nuclear-leanets. Such a core, the network of nanowires (10) is optically clever (4) "' and can be used in many solar and photovoltaic application disk components. The sheath layer 130 generally has a thickness in the range of 〇5 nm to about 5 〇 nm. 'The narrower is in the range of about 1 nm to about 30 nm, about 2 nm to about 2 〇 nm, or about 3 nm to about 10 nm (for example, about 5 nm). The thickness of the sheath layer (10) can be 11 奈 in the nanowire core. The thickness or diameter ranges from about 5% to about 15%, such as about 1%. In some examples, the sheath 13 contains nickel or a nickel alloy and is deposited by an electroless deposition process to a thickness of about 5 nm. The desired length and width of the nuclear-sheath nanowire 100 is dominated by the particular application of the nuclear-sheath nanowire 100. The nuclear-sheath nanowire 1 〇〇 generally has a range of from about 100 nm to about 20,000 nm (20 μηι) The length within the range is narrower from about 250 nm to about 5000 nm (5 μιη), narrower from about 400 nm to about 2000 nm (2 μηι), and further narrower to about 500 From nm to about 1000 nm (1 μιη), for example about 750 nm. In some applications, the length of the 'nuclear-sheath nanowire 1 是 is about 14 201236967 1000 nm (1 μη〇 to about 10000 (10 μιη)), narrower from about 2000 nm ( 2 μπι) to about 8000 (8 μιτ〇, and narrower to about 4000 nm (4 pm) Up to about 6000 (6 〇μπ〇, for example about 5000 nm (5 μηι) 〇 nucleus-sheath nanowire 100 generally has a width or a diameter, which is from about 10 nm to about 500 ηηι In the range, the narrower is in the range of about 20 nm to about 200 nm, the narrower is in the range of about 3 〇 nm to about 15 〇 nm, and further narrower is in the range of about 6 〇 nm to about 1 〇〇 1 Within the range of ^, for example about 75 nm. Thus, the nuclear-sheath nanowire 1 has an aspect ratio measured by the length to the width or length to the diameter of the core-sheath nanowire 100. Nuclear-sheathed nanowire The aspect ratio of 1 大体上 is generally in the range of about 5 〇:1 (such as about 10:1). The core-sheath nanowire 1 formed by the method described herein is for photovoltaics. An element, a solar element, or other electronic component containing a P-type material (eg, a p-doped ytterbium-containing material). The specific ferromagnetic material contained within the sheath 130 may depend on the core-sheath The desired use of the rice noodle 100 and the work function value of the ferromagnetic material. The work function of nickel is greater than the work function of cobalt, so nickel can more suitably match the p-type material than cobalt. In addition, the work function of cobalt is greater than the work function of iron. Therefore, cobalt can match the p-type material more suitably than iron. Thus, in some applications of the nuclear-sheath nanowire 100, the sheath 130 contains nickel or a nickel alloy, while in other applications, the sheath 130 contains cobalt or cobalt alloy. The core-sheath nanowire 100 comprises: a nanowire core 110 containing metallic silver or a silver alloy; a catalytic metal layer containing metal palladium, a palladium alloy, a metal platinum or a platinum alloy, a metal 15 201236967 gold or a gold alloy; And a sheath 130' containing a ferromagnetic material such as metallic nickel, alloy, metal cobalt, cobalt alloy, metallic iron, iron alloy or a combination of the foregoing. In the two examples, 'nuclear-lene, line 100 is a silver core-lens nanowire, and includes: nanowire core 11 () containing metallic silver or silver alloy; containing metal palladium, palladium alloy, metal platinum , or a catalytic metal layer of a platinum alloy; and a sheath layer 130 containing a metallic nickel or nickel alloy. An exemplary silver core-nickel sheath nanowire generally has a total diameter of about 8Q nm and includes a nanowire core having a diameter of about 7 〇 nm and a thickness of about 5 nm surrounding the nanowire core and the catalytic metal layer. Le layer. In an exemplary embodiment for forming a core-sheath nanostructure, a plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures are fabricated by the method described herein. In each of the nuclei, the nanostructure is a silver core nickel. A sheath nanowire, such as a nuclear-sheath nanowire i 00, having a catalytic material (such as a catalytic metal layer 120) disposed on a silver nanostructure core (such as a nanowire core 110) and disposed in a catalytic metal A layer of nickel and a ferromagnetic layer (such as a layer of 1300) on the layer 120 and the π-meter core 110 (or over the foregoing). While a dispersion having a silver nanostructure is formed and mixed, a catalytic metal salt solution is added to the dispersion, and the dispersion may be an aqueous dispersion organic solvent dispersion or a mixture of the foregoing. The dispersion contains a silver nanostructure dispersed in a solvent such as water, alcohols (e.g., decyl alcohol, ethanol, propanol), glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol,

S 16 201236967 Butanol), glycol ethers (such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), other organic solvents (such as acetone, f ethyl ketone, ether, tetrahydrofuran 'penta burn, In the example, the dispersion is an aqueous dispersion containing a silver nanostructure in which the knife is dispersed in water. In another example, the knife solution contains an organic solvent dispersion of a silver nanostructure dispersed in an alcohol (e.g., ethanol) or a glycol (e.g., ethyl alcohol). In another example, the silver nanostructure is dispersed in a temperature complex of water and alcohol, such as 50% by volume of ethanol in water. The dispersion containing the silver nanostructure is heated at a temperature and maintained for a period of time from about 40 t to about 12 (rc, narrower in the range of about 5 〇t > c to , scoop HOC, and narrower Approximately 6 〇. 〇 to a range of about 1 例如, for example, about 65 C or about 95 C, and the period of time is in the range of about 5 minutes to about 1 。 minutes. Dr〇pwise) Adding a catalytic metal salt solution to the dispersion to replace the silver atom on the surface of the silver nanostructure with a catalytic metal atom (such as palladium, platinum or gold) galvanic. Due to the substitution of galvanic The catalytic metal layer is formed on the silver nanostructure during the process, and the catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure is formed by the silver nanostructure. The catalytic metal layer may be a discontinuous layer or continuous tantalum and 3 or more Catalytic metal. Exemplary catalytic metal-coated palladium platinum, alloys of the foregoing materials, doped variants of the foregoing materials, derivatives of the foregoing materials, or combinations of the foregoing. In some embodiments, replaced by galvanic Catalytic metal salt during the process The liquid is added to the aqueous dispersion at a rate 'to maintain the ratio of Ag:pd concentration or Ag:pt concentration of the aqueous fraction rl 17 201236967 political solution at about paste: 1 to about ^00·25 ( 16:1 ) In the range, such as about 40 〇: 1 〇 (4 〇: 1 ). In other embodiments, during the Galvani replacement process, the catalytic metal salt cold liquid can be added to the aqueous dispersion at a rate to The Ag.Pd concentration ratio 丨Ag:Pt concentration ratio of the aqueous dispersion is maintained in the range of about 6 〇〇:25 (24.1) to about 200:25 (8:1), such as about 400.25 (16:1) 〇 In some examples, a four-gas palladium salt solution is added dropwise to the silver:structure dispersion while maintaining a concentration ratio of Ag:Pd of about 400:1. In the example, the Ag:Pd concentration ratio is maintained at About 400:1 〇( 4〇: 1 ) or about 40〇:25Για«ι, ^ I 16.1). The tetragas palladium salt solution may be an aqueous solution of four gas cesium salt in water and a range of about 0. 05 liters to about 0.5 mM (such as force 2 2 mM). The tetra-gas palladium salt may be potassium tetrachloropalladate 2 [CU], sodium tetrachloride (Na2[pdCi4]) 'four-gas saturated acid (Ll2[PdCl4]), ammonium tetrachloropalladate (( NH4)2[PdCl4]), the above-mentioned salts are derivatives of the salts, or a combination of the above salts. In the 't example', the tetrachloroplatinate solution was added dropwise to the dispersion of the silver nanostructure while maintaining the Ag:Pt concentration ratio of about 400:1. In other examples, the Ag:Pt concentration ratio is maintained at about 0.10 (4〇:1) or about 4〇〇:25 (16). Tetrachloroplatinate solution

An aqueous solution having a tetrasulfate concentration in the range of from about 0.05 mM to about 0.5 mM (such as about 〇 2 mM) in water. The four gas platinum salt may be four gas platinum potassium phosphate (K2[ptCl4]), sodium tetrachloroplatinate (Na2[ptCl4]), lithium tetrachloroplatinate (Li2[PtCl4]), and tetra-p-platinum ammonium phosphate ( (NH4)2[PtCl4]), 201236967 A hydrate of the above salt, a derivative of the above salt, or a combination of the above salts. In other examples, the gas gold acid (HAuCi4) solution is added dropwise to the silver-nano-nano-formed dispersion, while maintaining a concentration of about 425:25, and the gas 酉 冷 cold liquid can be four gas in water. The initial acid salt concentration is about 福5〇 to about. • A water solution in the range of 5 butterflies (such as about 〇. 3 mM). The Galvani reaction is maintained in a state of mixing and maintained at a predetermined temperature for a period of time ranging from about 1 minute to about 2 minutes, such as about 15 minutes. Next, the catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure (for example, g Pd Ag Pt, Ag_Au nanostructure) was passed through the dispersion or aqueous solution; The 'catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure is then washed in a mixture of ethanol and water and centrifuged at about 2500 rpm for a period of time to remove unreacted precursors, between about 2 minutes and about 2 minutes. The range is 'narrower' to a range of from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, such as about 10 minutes. During the coating process, a dispersion containing a catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure (e.g., Ag-Pd nanowire) is formed and is in a state of being mixed while the (iv) solution is added to the dispersion. The dispersion is usually an organic solvent dispersion, but may be an aqueous dispersion or a dispersion containing a mixture of an organic solvent and water. The dispersion typically contains a catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure dispersed in an organic solvent such as a glycol such that the glycol is, for example, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol. Alternatively, the dispersion may contain a silver nanostructure in a magnetic metal coating of 19 201236967, which is purely in its domain, such as alcohols (eg, decyl alcohol, ethanol, propanol), glycol ethers ( For example, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl hydrazine), other organic solvents (such as acetone, acetophenone, diethyl ether, tetranitrofuran, pentane, hexane, heptane, stupid, toluene), water, a mixture of the aforementioned solvent or a solvent. In one example, the dispersion is an organic solvent dispersion containing a catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure dispersed in ethylene glycol. The dispersion is heated, stirred, and maintained at a temperature for a period of time from about 4 Torr to about 12 (TC, narrower in the range of from about 5 Torr to about 11 Torr. It is in the range of about 6 (rc to about 100. Torr, for example about 65 < t or 95 t, which is in the range of 2 minutes to about 2 minutes, and narrower in the range of about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes. Within the range of, for example, about 1 minute. In one example, during the coating process, the dispersion Heating and maintaining at about the temperature and stirring for about 1 minute. In another example, during the nickel coating process, the dispersion is heated and maintained at a temperature of about 95 Torr and allowed to fall for about 5 minutes. During the initial stage of the coating process, the dropping solution is usually added to the catalytic metal coated silver nanostructured search liquid dispersion. The nickel salt solution contains nickel salt or other nickel compound, covering agent. Or the surfactant 'and at least one solvent. The salt can be recorded in acetic acid, such as the acid acid tetrahydrate ((CH3C〇2) 2Ni · 4H2 〇). The covering agent or surfactant can be a polymer surfactant / compound, such as polyethylene, pirone (PVP). The covering agent generally forms a strong bond to the side surface of the silver nanostructure to help anisotropically grow the subsequent layer and prevent silver 20 201236967 nm The structure is agglomerated when in the dispersion. The covering agent may be an surfactant or a polymeric surfactant. Exemplary surfactants which can be used as a covering agent include: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (poly( Vinyl alcohol) (PVA)), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), toluene acid T, cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT), > Tetrabutylammoniuni bromide (TBAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium (DBS), derivatives of the foregoing, Or a combination of the foregoing. The solvent contained in the nickel salt solution may be an organic solvent, water, or a mixture of an organic solvent and water. Usually, the nickel salt solution contains an organic solvent such as a glycol such as ethylene glycol (eg), propylene glycol, butylene glycol. In some examples, the nickel salt solution contains nickel acetate tetrahydrate, PVP, and the concentration of the EGe salt may range from about 5 mM to about 80 volts, and the narrower range is from about 1 〇 to about 4 〇. 'For example, about 17 cans. The concentration of the polymer compound may range from about 25 Å to about 10,000 Å, and more narrowly in the range of from about 50 pm to about 150 福, for example about 94 福. In some examples, during the coating process, the salt solution (the nickel acetate tetrahydrate in EG and 94 mM pvp in EG) was added dropwise to the dispersion of the silver nanostructure of the catalytic metal (IV). In the liquid, the Ag:N^ concentration ratio is maintained in the range of 400:200 to about 4 Torr: 3 Torr. 21 201236967 During the second stage of the nickel coating process, the silver nanostructures coated by the catalytic metal form a coated silver nanostructure. During this second stage, the salt solution has been added to the dispersion, and the reduction liquid is usually added dropwise to the dispersion. The reducing solution chemically reduces (4) the recorded ions from the recorded salt/compound into a metal material φ such that the surface of the metal nickel is placed over the catalytic metal (4) on the silver nanowire core such as silver core-nickel Sheath nanostructure. The reducing solution contains a reducing agent and a solvent. The reducing agent may include a hydrazine, an alkyl hydrazine, ammonia, a derivative of the foregoing, or a combination of the foregoing. The solvent can be an organic solvent such as a glycol or ethylene glycol. Exemplary diols useful as reducing agents include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol. The reducing agent to solvent volume ratio of the reducing solution can range from about 5:1 to about 5:1, such as about 9:1. In some examples, the reducing solution contains a hydrazine and a diol such as hydrazine hydrate ( Η4Ν2·Η2〇) and EG. In one example, the reducing solution contains hydrazine monohydrate in EG, the hydrazine monohydrate in the eg hydrazine monohydrate (tetra) EG has a volume ratio of about 1:9 ′ and will drop about 〇4 The bismuth (iv) amine solution is added to the dispersion. After all of the hydrazine solution has been added to the dispersion, the reaction mixture can be stirred for a period of time ranging from about 1 G minutes to about 3 minutes, such as m minutes. Thereafter, a silver core-recorded nanostructure is formed, and the silver core-nickel sheath nanostructure is retained in the residue of the reaction mixture/solution. The silver core _ nickel lenime structure is removed or otherwise separated from the reaction solution. For example, the silver core-nickel sheath nanostructure is separated from the reaction solution by a helium technique or by using a magnetic separation technique such as extraction of a magnetic nanostructure by an external magnet. Once the silver core-nickel sheath nanostructure is separated from the reaction mixture, the silver core-nickel sheath nanostructure is washed and/or centrifuged in one or more solvents to remove any residual impurities or unreacted chemical precursors. The solvent includes a hydroalcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol), or other organic solvents (such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, & alkane, hexane, heptane, and methyl), just described / cereal Bamboo organism, or a mixture of the foregoing solvents. In one example, the silver core nickel sheath nanostructure is washed in acetone and centrifuged at about 25 rpm for a period of time in the range of about 5 minutes, such as about 10 minutes. Thereafter, the silver core-recorder nanostructure is washed in water and centrifuged at about 2 rpm for a period of time ranging from about 5 minutes to about 2 minutes, such as about 1 knives. The cleaning and centrifugation steps are repeated as needed to reduce impurities to the desired level. The silver core-recorded sheath nanostructure contains a uniform, smooth nickel coating. The nickel coating (such as a slight layer 13 大体上) generally has a thickness in the range of about _5_ to about 5 〇, and more preferably in the range of about 1 nm to about 30 nm, more The narrowness is in the range of from about 2 nm to about 20 nm θ θ ], and is narrower in the range of from about 3 nm to about 10 nm, for example about 5 nm. Photovoltaic cells and elements containing core-nanostructures The core Lennite structures described in the examples herein (including rice noodles 1〇0, such as silver core-recorded nanowires) can be used in photovoltaics /

S 201236967 Too% edge and element reading Through the moon v electrical material and 臈, especially in the magnetic core sheath and component of the active function matching photovoltaic material. The silver core-nickel structure of such a single ^ ^ slightly unwired magnetic material provides a method for aligning the silver core-nickel sheath non-rice wire in the film of the photovoltaic element with respect to each other due to magnetic properties. Exemplary photovoltaic units and components of a nanostructure, and for the advancement of magnetic cores, nanostructures, and photovoltaic units and components, are disclosed in the same patent application 12/766,829, The application was filed on April 23, 2010, and is disclosed as US Patent Publication No. 2G11/G18G133, which is incorporated herein by reference. Embodiments contemplate a transparent conductive film, layer or material comprising a plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures (such as a plurality of core-sheath nanowires 100) having conductivity and light transparency The optimal combination of the transparent conductive film comprises a two-dimensional array of core-lean nanostructures that are substantially parallel to each other and have an axis extending in the plane of the film. Membrane using individual nuclear sheathal structures Interconnected to provide electrical conductivity, whereas the core-Ana-nano structure is designed to provide a plurality of continuous conductive paths. The optical transparency is derived from the low density of the metal in the transparent conductive film, and the low density of the metal is nuclear-Lenimi The diameter of the structure and the function of the line spacing between the core and the nano-structures. For photovoltaic applications, it is desirable for substantial optical transparency for wavelengths below 1.1, since photons with wavelengths below 1 a _ can be used in general The generation of electrons in the active layer of the photovoltaic element _ 24 201236967 The desired spacing between the core-sheath nanostructures is in the range of about 5 〇 nm to about i μηι, which provides a continuous conductive path throughout the transparent conductive film. The range of spacing provides a desired combination of film conductivity and optical transparency of the core-sheath nanostructure. Optically transparent conductive comprising a plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures (such as a plurality of core-sheath nanowires 100) The layer may have an optical transmission rate of more than 7% at a wavelength range of 25 0 nm to 510 nm and a sheet resistance of less than 50 Ω at room temperature, more specifically, having a wavelength range of 25 〇 nm Over 80% light transmission rate to 1 · 1 μηη and sheet resistance below 2〇Ω, and more specifically, light transmission over 9〇Q/ in the wavelength range 25〇nm to i丨And a sheet resistance of less than 2〇q. In another embodiment, a transparent conductive film for forming a plurality of metal core-sheath, a structure (for example, a core-sheath nanowire), The layer or material includes the steps of disposing the plurality of metal core-sheath nanostructures on the surface of the substrate. In the example of a photovoltaic/solar element, the substrate can be a glass substrate. The substrate is oriented to provide vertical Or a substrate surface in a horizontal position. The deposition step may conveniently include spraying or otherwise applying a liquid suspension of the core-Lenamid structure onto the surface of the substrate. Thereafter, a field line parallel to the surface of the substrate is applied across the surface of the substrate to the liquid suspension. The magnetic field is applied through a magnetic source, such as a magnet or coil, or through a magnet and/or coil. The magnetic source is arranged such that the magnetic field lines can be adjusted' to extend along the surface of the substrate at any location, including vertical or horizontal locations. In some examples, the alignment of the magnetic field lines by the nuclear-sheath nanostructure can be oriented by means of 25 201236967 such that the surface of the substrate is in the vertical plane of the magnetic field lines. The nucleus-sheath nanostructure is aligned or substantially aligned with the magnetic field lines, which form the nucleus sheath into a plurality of continuous circuits extending parallel to the magnetic field lines. Awkward, because the continuous line forming the nuclear-sheath nanostructure is the low energy state of the magnetic circuit. Furthermore, it is desirable to have the substrate in a vertical orientation to assist in the reorientation of the nuclear-sheath nanostructure to a low energy state. ° After the deposition and alignment steps, the core/sheath nanostructure can be coated with a conductive material such as a metal film or an optically transparent conductive m. Such coatings can be used to attach a nuclear sheath nanostructure in a desired aligned configuration. In the second example, the aligned core-sheath nanostructure can be coated with a conductive metal layer. The conductive metal layer contains gold, silver, copper, an alloy of the foregoing metals, a derivative of a metal, or a combination of the foregoing metals. The conductive metal layer may be additionally formed by electroplating, deposition or by electroless plating, electrochemical plating, or a vapor deposition process. In one example, the silver core/nickel sheath nanowire can be immersively coated with silver or gold by a spray coating process such as an electroless nickel gold (ENIG) process or a replacement deposition process. In an example, the aligned core-sheath nanostructure can be coated with an optically transparent conductive layer, such as a transparent conductive oxide (TCOhTCO can be directly sputtered/integrated on top of the aligned nuclear-sheath nanostructure, And will be effective: the nuclear structure is fixed in the desired configuration. The TCO can be: indium tin oxide, oxidized words, derivatives of the aforementioned materials 'or the above materials', and σ. Others can also be used. The deposition method deposits 1TCO on the substrate coated with the core-sheath nanostructure. 26 201236967

In general, the upper surface of the substrate is a transparent conductive film which is optically transparent and electrically conductive, and the core-sheath nanostructure is disposed on the 'electroconductive film. The transparent conductive film may be a TCO film containing a TCO material such as indium tin oxide, an oxidized word, a derivative of the foregoing materials, or the aforementioned material <RTIgt; The deposition may be performed by a deposition method such as a sputtering deposition process or by another opening. The nuclear sheath nanostructures which additionally form a transparent conductive film on the surface of the substrate are aligned into a plurality of continuous conductive paths (as described above). And electrically connected to the transparent conductive film. In order to help ensure electrical contact between the core-nanostructure and the transparent conductive film, it can be cooled, acoustically treated, Λ-and/or packaged or equivalently processed from the core before being deposited on the transparent conductive film. The sheath nanostructure removes surface oxides. The integration of the aligned core-leanite structure with the transparent conductive film provides a conductive optically transparent layer with long-range conductivity and short-range conductivity (on separate length scales of adjacent continuous conduction circuits 2), the long-range The conductivity is mainly determined by the aligned nuclear-slight nanostructure, and the short-range conductivity is mainly determined by the properties of the transparent conductive germanium. This whole person layer allows the transparent conductive film to have an optimum orientation of optical transparency (four degrees) because the conductivity is mainly provided by the aligned core-saddle nanostructure. The cough transparent conductive film and the aligned nuclear·Lenami structure layer are effectively two-dimensional stoves, so it is very convenient to discuss these structural materials according to the sheet resistance... The Lena water structure forms an interrupted or discontinuous line string 'integrated layer still Leading Rui Rui Shen "is conductive, the nuclear and sheath nanostructures of the temporary interruption can then be adjusted through the short circuit current path of the conductive film. 27 201236967 Experimental paragraph experiment 1 - silver nanowire (about 1 X 1 〇-3 Mg, about 7 直径 in diameter, and about 5 μm in length, is dispersed in about 5 mL of water and heated to about 65 ° C for about 10 minutes while magnetically stirring the dispersion. Potassium palladium solution (about 2 mM in water) is added to the silver nanowire dispersion' while maintaining the concentration ratio of Ag:Pd in the range of about 4 〇〇:1 to about 400:10, while in Yinnai On the surface of the rice noodle, the silver atom was replaced by palladium atom galvanic. The Galvani reaction was allowed to proceed for 15 minutes before the Ag_pd nanowire was separated from the aqueous solution by filtration. After that, the Ag_pd nanowire was mixed with ethanol and water. I cleaned and centrifuged about 10 with about 25 jaws Minutes to remove unreacted precursors.

The Ag-Pd nanowire was dispersed in about 5,5 mL of ethylene glycol (EG) and heated to about 65 ° C for about 1 minute while magnetically stirring the dispersion. During the nickel coating process, a nickel salt solution (about 1.0% nickel acetate tetrahydrate and about 94 mM polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) is added dropwise to the Ag-Pd nanowire dispersion while simultaneously The concentration ratio is maintained in the range of about 400:200 to about: Immediately after the addition of the nickel salt solution, about 4 〇 mL of a hydrazine solution (a hydrazine monohydrate in EG, a hydrazine monohydrate: EG volume ratio of about 1.9) was added dropwise to the dispersion. After all the hydrazine solution is added to the dispersion, the reaction mixture is fed for about 2 G minutes, and the material (4) and the smooth coating layer are formed on the Ag-Pd nanowire to produce a silver core-recorded rice noodle. The silver core Chennai line is kept in the remaining reaction solution. The silver core-Muller nanowire was separated from the reaction solution, and the silver 28 201236967 nuclear-nickel sheath nanowire was washed in a propyl group and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for about 1 minute, then washed in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm. 1 minute, and again washed in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute. The experimental silver nanowire (about lxl 〇 -3 mg, about a diameter of about 5 μηι) was dispersed in about 5 mL of water and heated to about 95 Torr for about 5 minutes while magnetically (iv) the dispersion. Adding a four-gas potassium palladium acid solution (about 2 mM in water) to the silver nanowire dispersion with dropwise addition while maintaining the concentration ratio of Ag:Pd in the range of about 400:1 to about 400.10 'at the same time in silver The surface of the nanowire is replaced by a palladium atom galvanic instead of a silver atom. This Galvani reaction was allowed to proceed for 15 minutes before the separation of the Ag and nanowires from the aqueous solution by filtration. Thereafter, the Ag_pd nanowire was washed in a mixture of ethanol and water, and centrifuged at about 2500 rpm for about 10 minutes to remove unreacted precursor.

The Ag-Pd nanowire was dispersed in about 5 5 EG and heated to about 95 Torr for about 5 minutes while magnetically mixing the dispersion. During the coating process, a nickel salt solution (Sha 17 mM nickel acetate tetrahydrate and about 94 mM 〇vp) was added dropwise to the jAg pd nanowire dispersion while maintaining the concentration ratio of Ag:Ni. In the range of @ 4〇〇: 2〇〇 to about 4〇0.3〇0. Immediately after the addition of the nickel salt solution, the hydrazine solution (the hydrazine monohydrate in the hydrazine, the hydrazine monohydrate: ie, the volume ratio of about 1:9) is added to the guanidine solution. The dispersion. After adding all the hydrazine solution to the dispersion, the reaction mixture was mixed for about 2 minutes while uniformly forming a nickel coating on the Ag-Pd nanowire on the &&&& 千(7) 'And produce a silver core - interception too * pumping " slightly unlined, the silver core - nickel sheath nanowire line remains 15 29 201236967 in the remaining reaction solution to separate the silver core - nickel 鞠 nanowire from the reaction solution The silver core-nickel sheath nanowire was washed in propylene and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for about 1 minute, then washed in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute, and again washed with water 117 and about 2 inches. The 〇〇rpni was centrifuged for about 1 。 minutes. Experiment 3—silica nanowires (about lxlO-3 mg, about 7 〇nm in diameter, and about 5 μπι in length) were dispersed in about 5 mL of water and heated. To about 65. (: about 1 minute, while magnetically stirring the dispersion. Add potassium tetrachloroplatinate solution (about 0.2 mM in water) to the silver nanowire dispersion by dropwise addition, while Ag:Pt The concentration ratio is maintained in the range of about 4 〇〇 to about 400:10, while the platinum precursor is on the surface of the silver nanowire. Sub-Gavanni replaces the silver atom. This Galvani reaction is allowed to carry out for 5 minutes before the Ag_pt nanowire is separated from the aqueous solution by filtration. Thereafter, the nanowire is washed in a mixture of ethanol and water, and is about 25 The 〇() jaws were centrifuged for approximately 1 〇 minutes to remove unreacted precursors.

The Ag-Pt nanowire was dispersed in about 55 mL of EG and heated to about 65 ° C for about 1 minute while magnetically stirring the dispersion. During the nickel coating process, a nickel salt solution (about 17 mM nickel acetate tetrahydrate and about 94 mM PVP) was added dropwise to the Ag_Pt nanowire dispersion while maintaining the concentration ratio of Ag:Ni. It is in the range of about 4 〇〇:2 〇〇 to about 400:300. Immediately after the addition of the nickel salt solution, about 40 mL of the hydrazine solution (the hydrazine monohydrate in eG, the hydrazine monohydrate: EG in a volume ratio of about 1:9) was added dropwise to the dispersion. liquid. After all the hydrazine solution was added to the dispersion, the reaction mixture was stirred for about 2〇30 201236967 minutes, while a uniform, smooth nickel coating formed over the Ag-pt nevation line to produce a silver core-nickel sheath nanoparticle. The silver core-nickel nanowire is kept in the remaining reaction solution to separate the silver core-nickel nanowire from the reaction solution, and the silver core-nickel sheath nanowire is washed in acetone and centrifuged at 2500 rpm. After 1 minute, it was then washed in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute, and washed again in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute. Experiment 4 - Silver nanowires (about 1 x 丨〇 -3 mg, about 7 直径 in diameter, and about 5 μπι in length) were dispersed in about 5 mL of water and heated to about 5 minutes, @ When the magnetic (four) is mixed with the dispersion. The tetragasplatinic acid potassium solution (about 0.2 mM in water) was added to the silver nanowire dispersion by dropwise addition, while maintaining the concentration ratio of Ag:Pt at about 4 〇〇: ι to about _: 1 〇 (4) In the case of β, (g), the silver atom + was replaced by the initial atom of gamma-niol on the surface of the silver nanowire. This Galvani reaction was allowed to proceed for 15 minutes before being separated from the aqueous solution by the Ag-Pt glutinous rice line. Thereafter, the At-Cell line was washed in a mixture of ethanol and water, and was centrifuged at about 25: (4) for about 10 minutes to remove unreacted precursor.

The Ag-Pt nanowire was dispersed in about 5.5 mL of EG and heated to about for about 5 minutes while magnetically (iv) the dispersion. During the brocade process, the salt solution (~7 liter of vinegar tetrahydrate and about 94 _ pvp) was added to the Ag_pt nanowire dispersion by dropwise addition, while the :Ag:Ni @ concentration ratio was maintained at About 4 inches: 2〇〇 to the range of 300. Immediately after the addition of the salt solution, the hydrazine solution (the hydrazine monohydrate in EG, the hydrazine monohydrate 31 201236967 compound: EG volume ratio of about 1:9) was added to the sputum. The dispersion. After all of the hydrazine solution was added to the dispersion, the reaction mixture was stirred for about 2 minutes 'while a uniform, smooth nickel coating formed over the Ag-Pt nanowire' to produce a silver core-nickel sheath nanowire. The silver core-nickel sheath nanowire is kept in the remaining reaction solution to separate the silver core-nickel nanowire from the reaction solution, and the silver core-recorded nanowire is washed in acetone and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for about 1 〇. After a minute, it was washed in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute, and washed again in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute. Experiment 5 - a silver nanowire (about lxl 〇 -3 mg, about 7 直径 in diameter and about 5 μπι in length) was dispersed in about 5 mL of water and heated to about 10 (TC for about 1 〇, At the same time, the dispersion was magnetically stirred. A solution of chloroauric acid (HAuCU) (about 3 mM in water) was added dropwise to the silver nanowire dispersion to add a gold atom to the surface of the silver nanowire. Niney replaces the silver atom. This Galvani reaction is allowed to proceed for 15 minutes before the Ag-AU nanowire is separated from the aqueous solution by filtration. Thereafter, the Ag_Au nanowire is washed in a mixture of ethanol and water, and is talked about 2,500. Centrifuge for about 10 minutes to remove unreacted precursors.

Ag-Au. The nanowire was dispersed in an EG of about 5.5 red and heated to about 65 t for about 10 minutes while magnetically stirring the dispersion. During the nickel coating process, the nickel salt solution (about 17 mM acetic acid recorded tetrahydrate and about 94 Å) was added dropwise to the Ag_A^ rice noodle dispersion '冋 to maintain the ratio of Ag:Ni (four) degrees. It is in the range of about _: 2 (9) to about .300. Immediately after the addition of the salt solution, about 32 201236967 0.40 mL of the hydrazine solution (the hydrazine monohydrate in eG, the volume ratio of hydrazine monohydrate: EG is about 丨: 9) was added dropwise to the dispersion. liquid. After all the hydrazine solution was added to the dispersion, the reaction mixture was stirred for about 2 minutes' while a uniform, smooth nickel coating was formed over the Ag-Au nanowire to produce a silver core/nickel sheath nanowire. The silver core-nickel sheath nanowire is kept in the remaining reaction solution, and the silver core-nickel sheath nanowire is separated from the reaction solution, and the silver core·•recorded nanowire is washed in acetone and centrifuged at 2500 rpm. After a minute, it was then washed in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute, and washed again in water and centrifuged at about 2000 rpm for about 1 minute. In one embodiment of the exemplary nuclear-sheath nanostructure, the nuclear-sheath nanostructure is a plurality of nuclear-sheath nanowires, each of the nuclear-sheath nanowires has a nanowire core, a catalytic metal layer, and a slight a layer of the catalytic metal layer disposed on the core of the nanowire, wherein the sheath is disposed on the catalytic metal layer and the nanowire core and/or over the catalytic metal layer and the nanowire core And the sheath surrounds the catalytic metal layer and the nanowire core. The nanowire core contains metallic silver or a silver alloy. The catalytic metal layer contains metallic palladium, metallic platinum, metallic gold, & gold of the foregoing materials, doped deformed bodies of the foregoing materials, derivatives of the foregoing materials, or combinations of the above-described materials. The layer contains metal nickel, a metal, an alloy of the foregoing materials, a doped variant of the foregoing material, a derivative of the precursor material, or a combination of the foregoing. ''In these examples, the nuclear-sheathed nanowire is a plurality of silver core-nickel sheath nanometers 33 201236967 line' These silver core-nickel sheath nanowires have a nanowire core containing metallic silver or silver alloy, including A catalytic metal layer of a metal or alloy, and a sheath containing metal nickel or alloy. The nanowire core has a width or diameter in the range of from about 5 〇 nm to about 100 nm (such as about 7 Å and a length in the range of about 5 〇〇 nm to about 1000 nm (such as about 75 〇 nm). The sheath has a thickness in the range of from about 3 nm to about 10 nm, such as about 5 nm. Thus, each silver core-nickel sheath nanowire has a range of about 6 〇 to about 1 〇〇. a total width or total diameter (such as about 75 nm) and a length in the range of about 5 〇〇 to about 1000 n_ (such as about 75 〇 nm). In another example, the 'nano line core has a longer length, such that the silver The core-recorded nanowire has a total length in the range of from about 2 nm to about 8 mm, such as about 5000 nm. The inner valley is a battalion embodiment relating to the present invention, without departing from the basics of the present invention. CLASSIC DESIGN Other embodiments of the present invention, the method of the present invention, is determined by the scope of the subsequent patent application. [Simplified Description of the Drawings] Through reference to the embodiments (in the accompanying drawings, n) Understand the more specific description of the present invention, which is briefly summarized in the Summary of the Invention, and thus can be understood in detail. The invention is characterized by the invention in the invention, and it should be noted that the drawings are merely illustrative of the invention, and the drawings are to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Embodiments that can be allowed to be equivalent to one another. 1* /, he finds 34 201236967 Figures 1A to 1B depict various metal core-sheath nanostructures disclosed in the embodiments. Figure 2 depicts Figure 1A A transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of various metal core-sheath nanostructures as depicted in Fig. 1B. [Key element symbol description] 100 nm line Π 0 nanowire core 11 2 end cap 120 Catalytic metal layer 130 sheath 35

Claims (1)

201236967 VII. Patent Application Range: 1. A method for forming a nuclear-sheath nanostructure. The method comprises the steps of: stirring an aqueous dispersion comprising a silver nanostructure during a Galvani replacement process, At the same time, the catalytic metal salt solution is forced to the hydrophobic dispersion and forms a catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure; the silky metal coated silver nanostructure is removed from the aqueous dispersion; An organic solvent dispersion is prepared, and the organic solvent dispersion is coated with the catalytic metal coated silver nanostructure in an organic solvent; > the organic solvent dispersion is mixed, and the salt solution is added to The organic solvent dispersion; ^ during the nickel coating process, a reducing solution is added to the inclusion. The organic solvent dispersion of the nickel salt solution is formed to form a silver core-nickel nanostructure; and the silver core-nickel sheath structure is separated from the organic solvent dispersion. 2. ^: The method of claim i, wherein the catalytic metal coated silver is π m. Each of the structures has a catalytic metal layer comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of a combination of alloys of ruthenium, neon, gold, and the foregoing materials, and a combination of the foregoing materials. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the catalytic metal salt solution comprises a tetrachloroplatinate salt or a tetrachal saltpaldatesalt. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the catalytic metal salt solution is added to the aqueous dispersion at a rate during the Galvani replacement process to "Ag" a Pd of the aqueous dispersion The concentration ratio or a concentration ratio of Ag:Pt is maintained within a range of from about 400:1 to about 400:25. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the ratio of a concentration ratio of Ag:Pd or a concentration of Ag:pt of the aqueous dispersion is maintained at about 400:1 during the Galvani substitution process. To a fan park of about 4 〇〇·丨〇. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the nickel salt solution comprises poly(vinylpyrrolidone). 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the nickel salt solution is further encased in acetic acid. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nickel salt solution is added to the organic solvent dispersion at a rate in the nickel coating system, and the organic solvent dispersion is added at a rate of 37 201236967 The concentration ratio of Ag:Ni is maintained in a range of about 4 〇〇:2 〇〇 to about 400:300. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing solution comprises a hydrazine and a diol. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises a mono diol. The method of claim 1, wherein the silver nanostructure is a nanowire comprising metal silver, and each nanowire has a diameter within a range of from about 5 nm to about 500 nm. A method for forming a core-sheath nanowire, the method comprising the steps of: agitating an aqueous dispersion comprising a silver nematic line during a Galvani substitution process, and simultaneously adding a palladium salt solution to the aqueous dispersion And forming a palladium-coated silver nanowire; removing the palladium-coated silver nanostructure from the aqueous dispersion; forming an organic solvent dispersion containing the dispersion in an organic solvent a palladium-coated silver nanowire. stirring the organic solvent dispersion while adding a salt solution to the organic solvent dispersion; 38 201236967 during a nickel coating process, adding a reducing solution to the nickel salt solution An organic solvent dispersion to form a nanowire of a silver core-nickel sheath; and the silver core-recorded nanowire is separated from the organic solvent dispersion. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the palladium salt solution is added to the aqueous dispersion at a rate during the Galvani substitution process to concentrate the Ag:pd concentration of the aqueous dispersion The ratio is maintained in a range from about 400:1 to about 400:25. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the rate of maintaining an Ag:pd concentration ratio of the aqueous dispersion at a range of from about 400:1 to about 400:10 during the Galvani replacement process Inside. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic solvent comprises a diol, and the nickel salt solution comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone and monoacetic acid. The method of claim 12, wherein the coating is in the coating The nickel salt solution is added to the organic solvent dispersion at a rate during the process, and r is maintained at a ratio of -Ag:Ni of the organic solvent dispersion of about 4 〇〇:2 〇〇 to about 400:300. Within a range. The method of claim 12, wherein the reducing solution comprises a hydrazine and a mono diol. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein each of the silver nanowires has a diameter ranging from 5 n rti to about 5 0 〇 n m. 19. A core, nanowire comprising: - a nanowire core having a diameter in a range from about 5 nm to about 500 nm and comprising metallic silver; a catalytic metal layer disposed on the nanowire And comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, gold, an alloy of the foregoing materials, and a combination of the foregoing materials; and a sheath layer configured to cover the nanowire core and the And surrounding the catalytic metal layer and the catalytic metal layer, and the sheath layer comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, an alloy of the foregoing materials, and a combination of the foregoing materials The group of New York. 20. The core-sheathed nanowire of claim 19, wherein the catalytic metal layer comprises metallic palladium or metallic platinum, and the sheath comprises metallic nickel. S 40