TW201013360A - Method and system for providing maximum power point tracking in an energy generating system - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for providing a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) process for an energy generating device is provided. The method includes coupling a local converter to the energy generating device. A determination is made regarding whether the local converter is operating at or below a maximum acceptable temperature. A determination is made regarding whether at least one current associated with the local converter is acceptable. When the local converter is determined to be operating at or below the maximum acceptable temperature and when the at least one current associated with the local converter is determined to be acceptable, the MPPT process is enabled within the local converter.

Description

201013360 VI. INSTRUCTIONS: CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is filed on May 14, 2008. Part of the continuation of POWER POINT TRACKING IN AN ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM, which is based on the priority φ case. This patent application is assigned to the assignee of the present application. The subject matter disclosed in this patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety in its entirety in its entirety in the extent of the disclosure of the disclosure. The request for the case is related to US Patent Application No. _____ (Agent No. P07 1 68P02), and the invention name is "METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INTEGRATING LOCAL MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING INTO AN ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM HAVING CENTRALIZED MAXIMUM POWER φ POINT TRACKING" and apply at the same time as this application. This patent application is assigned to the assignee of the present application. The subject matter of this patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety in its entirety in its entirety in the extent of the disclosure of the disclosure. TECHNICAL FIELD The disclosed content is generally related to an energy generating system. More specifically, the disclosure relates to methods and systems for providing maximum power point tracking in an energy generating system. -5- 201013360 [Prior Art] Solar energy and wind power provide a renewable and non-polluting source of energy relative to conventional non-renewable, polluting sources of energy (such as coal or petroleum). As a result, solar and wind have become an increasingly important source of energy that can be converted into electricity. For solar energy, photovoltaic panels arranged in an array typically provide means for converting solar energy into electrical energy. Similar arrays can be used to collect wind or other natural sources of energy. When operating a photovoltaic array, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is typically used to automatically determine at which voltage or current the array should be operated to produce maximum power output at a particular temperature and solar radiation. Although the MPPT is fairly simple for the overall array when the array is in ideal conditions (i.e., for the same radiation, temperature, and electrical characteristics of the various panels in the array), when there is a mismatch or a partial In the case of shadowing, the MPPT for the overall array is more complicated. In this case, the MPPT technique does not provide accurate results because of the relatively optimal conditions of the multi-peak power versus voltage characteristics of the unmatched array. Therefore, only some of the array panels are ideal for operation. Because for an array containing several rows of panels, the most inefficient panel determines the current and efficiency of the overall panel, which results in a dramatic drop in power generation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the present patent document, the following description of FIGS. 1 to 12 and various embodiments for describing the principles of the present invention are intended to be illustrative only and not to limit the scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the present invention -6-201013360 can be applied to any type of suitably configured device or system. 1A is a display-energy generation system 10 that can integrate MPPT using centralized local maximum power point tracking (MPPT), in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The energy generating system 1 includes a plurality of energy generating devices (EGD) 12, each coupled to a corresponding local converter 14, and the EGD 12 and the corresponding local converter 14 are combined to form an energy generating array 丨6. The photovoltaic system 10 also includes a DC-AC converter 22 coupled to the local converter 14, and which can be used to receive current and voltage from the local converter 14. For a particular embodiment, as disclosed, the energy generating system 10 can include a photovoltaic system, and the energy generating device 12 can include a photovoltaic (PV) panel. However, it should be understood that the energy generating system 10 can include any other energy generating system of a suitable variety, such as a wind turbine system, a fuel cell system, and the like. For such embodiments, energy generating device 12 may comprise a wind turbine, a fuel cell, or the like. Moreover, the energy generating system 10 can be a grounded system or a floating system. The PV panels 12 in the array 16 are disposed on a string 24 which, for the embodiment described, comprises two strings 24, each string 24 comprising three panels 12. However, it should be understood that array 16 can include any suitable number of strings 24, and each string 24 can include any suitable number of panels 12. And for the embodiment described, the panels 12 in each of the strings 24 are arranged in series. Thus, the output voltage of each local converter 14 is still close to its input voltage, while the high voltage is supplied to the input port of the DC-AC converter 22, which for some embodiments can operate at an input voltage of 150 V to Between 500 V. Thus, transformer-based converter 201013360 (e.g., in a parallel configuration string) is not required to produce the ability to achieve high efficiency and low cost local converter 14. Each PV panel 12 is capable of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Each local converter 14 is coupled to the corresponding panel 12 and can reshape the voltage-to-current input relationship caused by the panel 12 so that the electrical energy generated by the panel 12 of the array 16 can be a load (not shown in FIG. 1A). use. The DC-AC converter 22 is coupled to the array 16 and is capable of converting the load DC (DC) generated by the local converter 14 to alternating current (AC), and the load can be coupled to the DC-AC converter 22. The DC-AC converter 22 includes a central MPPT control block 32 that provides a centralized MPPT by calibrating the MPP of the array 16. The MPPT automatically determines the voltage or current at which the array 16 or panel 12 should operate to produce maximum power output for a particular temperature and solar radiation. Although implementing a centralized MPPT is quite simple for an overall array when the array is in ideal conditions (ie, for the same radiation, temperature, and electrical characteristics of the various panels in the array), when there is a mismatch or part In the case of being obscured, the MPPT for the overall array is more complicated. Therefore, only some of the array panels are ideally operated, causing a dramatic drop in power.

The energy generating system 10 sets the system control of the overall system 10 controlled by the central MPPT control block 32, and sets the local control loops controlled by the corresponding local converters 14 for each panel 12. The operating frequencies of the loops are separated from each other by at least a predetermined distance to avoid system oscillations and to prevent the panel 12 from leaving its MPP operation. For an embodiment, the system control loop is a closed loop system that includes an array 16, a central MPPT 201013360 control block 32, and a DC-AC converter 22. In addition, each local control loop is a closed loop system that includes a panel 12 and a corresponding local converter 14 °. For some embodiments, each local converter 14 is designed to cause local control loops of the converter 14 The settling time is faster than the time constant of the system control loop. In a particular embodiment, each local control loop has a settling time that is at least five times faster than the time constant of the system control loop. Thus, in a steady state, array 16 of panels 12 can serve as a power source for DC-AC converter 22, the amount of power being the sum of the maximum power available to each panel 12. At the same time, the central MPPT control block 32 can implement a normal optimization algorithm. Finally, the central MPPT control block 32 can set the string voltage to maximize the performance of the local converter 14. In this way, system oscillations caused by dynamic reactions between the system control loop and the local control loop can be avoided. In addition, panel 12 is generally operable in its MPP. Also, it can be synchronized between the system and the local loop to avoid damage that can be caused by an unrestricted increase in string voltage. Finally, the isolated DC-AC converter 22 can be avoided, which causes the DC-AC converter 22 to stop absorbing energy and causing an uncontrollable input voltage to grow. FIG. 1B illustrates an energy generating system 100 capable of centralized control, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The energy generating system 100 includes a plurality of energy generating devices (EGDs) 102 each coupled to a corresponding local converter 104' energy generating device 102 and a local converter 104 to form an energy generating array 106. For a particular embodiment, as disclosed, the energy generating system 100 can include a photovoltaic system, and the energy generation 201013360 device 102 includes a photovoltaic panel (PV) panel. However, it should be appreciated that the energy generating system 100 can include any other suitable type of energy generating system, such as a wind turbine system, a fuel cell system, and the like. For such embodiments, energy generating device 102 can include a wind turbine, a fuel cell, and the like. Moreover, the energy generating system 100 can be a grounded system or a floating system. The photovoltaic system 100 includes a central array controller 1 1 〇 and also includes a DC-AC converter 112, or other suitable load for use in the case where the system 100 operates as a truss system. However, it should be appreciated that system 100 can operate as a stand-alone system by coupling array 106 to a battery charger or other suitable energy storage device instead of DC-AC converter 112. The PV panels 102 in the array 106 are arranged in a string 114. For the illustrated embodiment, array 106 includes two strings 114, each string 114 including three panels 102. However, it should be appreciated that arrays 1〇6 can include any suitable number of strings 114, and each string 114 can include any suitable number of panels 102. Also for the described embodiment, the panels 102 in each string 114 are connected in series. Therefore, when a high voltage is supplied to the input port of the DC-AC converter 112, the output voltage of each of the local converters 1?4 is still close to its input voltage. And for some embodiments, the DC-AC converter 112 operates with an input voltage between 150V and 500V. Therefore, a transformer-based converter for use in a parallel configuration of the strings is not required, thus resulting in the ability to achieve high efficiency and low cost local converters 104. Each PV panel 102 is capable of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Each office 201013360 converter 104 is coupled to the corresponding panel 1〇2, and can reshape the input voltage to current input relationship of the panel 102, so that the energy generated by the panel 102 of the array 1〇6 can be a load (not Shown in Figure iB). The DC-AC converter 112 is coupled to the array 1〇6 and is capable of converting the load direct current (DC) generated by the local converter 1〇4 into alternating current (AC), and the load can be coupled to the DC-AC converter 112. Maximum Energy Point Tracking (MPPT) automatically determines the voltage or current that panel 102 should operate to produce maximum power output for a particular temperature and solar radiation. While the array 106 is under ideal conditions (i.e., having the same radiation, temperature, and electrical characteristics for each of the panels 102 in the array 1 〇 6), implementing a centralized Μ PPT is relatively simple for the overall array 106. However, the difference between the overall array 106 is more complicated when, for example, there is a mismatch or a partial obscuration. In this case, the ΜΡΡΤ technique does not provide accurate results because of the relatively optimal condition of the multi-peak power versus voltage characteristics of the array 106 that does not match. Thus, only some of the panels 102 in the array 106 are ideally operated, resulting in a sharp drop in energy production. Therefore, to address this issue, each local converter 104 can provide a local 对其 to its corresponding panel 102. In this manner, each panel 102 can operate at its own maximum energy point (ΜΡΡ), whether ideal or not matched or obscured. For embodiments in which the energy generating device 102 includes a wind turbine, helium can be used to adjust the blade pitch of the wind turbine. It should also be appreciated that the system 100 can be used to optimize the inclusion of other types of energy generating devices 1〇2. The central array controller 110 is coupled to the array 1 0 6 ' and is capable of communicating with the array 106 via a -11 - 201013360 line connection (eg, a series or parallel bus) or a wireless connection. The central array controller 110 can include a diagnostic module 120 and/or a control module 125. The diagnostic module 120 can monitor the photovoltaic system 100, and the control module 125 can control the photovoltaic system 100. The diagnostic module 120 can receive local converter data for the local converter 104 and device data for the panel 102 corresponding to the local converter 104 from the respective local converters 1 〇 4 in the array 106. The "device data" used herein indicates the output voltage, output current, temperature, radiation, output power, and the like of the panel 102. Similarly, "local converter data" indicates the local converter output voltage, local converter output current, local converter output power, and so on. The diagnostic module 120 is also capable of generating reports on the system 100 and providing reports to the operator. For example, the diagnostic module 120 can display some or all of the device data and local converter data for viewing by the operator. In addition, the diagnostic module 120 can provide some or all of the device data and local converter data to the control module 125. The diagnostic module 120 can also analyze the data in any suitable manner and provide analysis results to the operator and/or control module 125. For example, the diagnostic module 12 can determine the statistics for each panel 102 based on any suitable time frame, such as hourly, daily, weekly, or monthly. The diagnostic module 120 is also capable of providing error monitoring to the array 106. Based on the information received from the local converter 104, the diagnostic module 120 can identify one or more panels 102 having defects, such as failed panels 102, failed panels 102, shaded panels 1 , 2, dirty Panel 102 and so on -12- 201013360. The diagnostic module 120 can also notify the operator when the defective panel 102 should be replaced, repaired, or cleaned. Control module 125 can actually control array 1 〇 6 by transmitting control signals to one or more local converters 104. For example, control module 125 can transmit a bypass control signal to a particular local converter 104 where the corresponding panel 1〇2 fails. The bypass control signal causes the local converter 104 to bypass the panel 102, effectively removing the panel 102 from the array 106 without affecting the operation of the other panels 1 & 2 (like the bypassed panel 102) in the same string 114. In addition, control module 125 can transmit control signals to one or more local converters 104 that direct the local converters to adjust their output voltage or current. For some embodiments, the MPPT function of local converter 104 can be moved to central array controller 110. For the embodiments, the control module 125 can also calibrate the MPP of each panel 102 and transmit a conversion ratio command to each local converter 104 according to the calibration so that each panel 102 operates on its own MPP, such as The person determined by the control module 125. The control module 125 can also receive commands from the operator and initiate commands. For example, the operator can guide the control module 1 25 system 100 to be connected or independent, and the control module 125 can respond by setting the system 1 to be connected or independent of the system 1 operator. Thus, by utilizing the central array controller 11 , the photovoltaic system 100 can provide better utilization on a panel basis. Moreover, system 100 increases flexibility by mixing different sources. The central array controller 11 also provides better protection and data collection for the entire system 100 from -13 to 201013360. 2 is a diagram showing a local converter 204 in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure. The local converter 204 can represent one of the local converters 14 of FIG. 1A or one of the local converters 104 in the figure. However, it should be understood that the local converter 204 can be used without departing from the disclosure. In the range, it is provided in the energy generating system in any suitable manner. In addition, although shown as being coupled to an energy generating device 206, referred to as a PV panel, it should be understood that the local converter 206 can be coupled to a single cell of a PV panel or a panel sub-combination of a photovoltaic array. Either coupled to another energy generating device 202, such as a wind turbine, a fuel cell, or the like. The local converter 204 includes a power stage 206 and a local controller 208, which further includes an MPPT module 210 and an optional communication interface 212. The power stage 206 can include a DC-DC converter that can receive panel voltage and current from the PV panel 202 as an input and reshape the input voltage versus current relationship to produce an output voltage and current. The communication interface 212 of the local controller 208 can provide a communication path between the local converter 240 and a central array controller (e.g., the central array controller 110 of FIG. 1B). However, for embodiments in which local converter 204 is not in communication with the central array controller, the communication interface 212 ° may be omitted. MPPT module 210 can receive panel voltage and current from panel 202 as input, and if the algorithm used has The output voltage and current can be received from power stage 206 as needed. Based on the inputs, the MPPT module 210 can provide signals to control the power stage 206. In this manner, the MPPT module 210 of the local controller 201013360 208 can provide a UI for the PV panel 202. By providing ΜΡΡΤ, the ΜΡΡΤ module 210 maintains the corresponding panel 202 at a substantially fixed operating point (i.e., a fixed voltage Vpan and current Ipan corresponding to the maximum power point of the panel 202). Thus, for a given fixed solar radiation, in the steady state, if the local converter 204 corresponds to the relative or absolute maximum power point of the panel 202, the input power of the local converter 204 is fixed (ie, Ppan = Vpa/Ipan). In addition to this φ, the local converter 204 has a relatively high performance, and therefore, the output power is almost equal to the input power (i.e., P〇ut = Ppan). 3 is a detail showing a local converter 204, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. For this embodiment, the power stage 206 is implemented as a single inductor, four-switch synchronous lift switching regulator, and the MPPT module 210 includes a power stage regulator 302, an MPPT control block 304, and two analog to digital converters ( ADC) 306 and 308. The ADC 3 06 is capable of scaling and quantizing the analog panel voltage Vpan and the class φ ratio panel current Ipan to produce digital panel voltage and digital panel current, respectively. It should be appreciated that while the panel voltage and panel current are described, for any suitable energy generating device 202 (eg, wind turbine, fuel cell, etc.), Vpan may be referred to as an output device voltage and Ipan may be referred to as an output device current. . The ADC 306 coupled to the MPPT control block 304 and the communication interface 212 can also provide digital panel voltage and current to the MPPT control block 304 and the communication interface 212. Similarly, ADC 3 08 scales and quantizes the analog output voltage and analog output current to produce a digital output voltage and a digital output current, respectively. The ADC 3 08, which is also coupled to the MMPT control block 304 and the -15-201013360 communication interface 212, can provide digital output voltage and current signals to the MPPT control block 304 and the communication interface 212. The communication interface 212 can provide the digital panel voltage and current signals generated by the ADC 306 and the digital output voltage and current signals generated by the ADC 308 to the central array controller. The MPPT control block 304 coupled to the power stage regulator 302 is capable of receiving digital panel voltages and currents from the ADC 306 and receiving digital output voltages and currents from the ADC 308. Based on at least some of the digital signals. The MPPT control block 304 can generate a conversion proportional command for the power stage regulator 302. The conversion ratio command includes a conversion ratio for the power stage regulator 302 for use in operating the power stage 206. For embodiments in which the MPPT control block 304 can generate a conversion command based on the digital panel voltage and current (rather than the digital output voltage and current), the ADC 3 08 only provides the digital output voltage and current to the communication interface 212 instead of Go to MPPT Control Block 3 04. For certain embodiments, power stage regulator 302 includes lift mode control logic and a digital pulse width adjuster. The power stage regulator 302 can operate the power stage 206 in different modes by generating a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal according to the conversion ratio provided by the MPPT control block 304, and the MPPT control block 304 can be calibrated for power. The conversion ratio of the PWM signal of stage 206. The power stage regulator 302 is coupled to the power stage 206 and can operate the power stage 206 by using the duty cycle and a mode, and operates the power stage 206 according to the conversion ratio generated by the MPPT control block 304, the duty cycle and 201013360. This mode is determined based on the conversion ratio. For embodiments in which power stage 206 is implemented as an up-converter, the possible modes of power stage 206 include a degraded mode, an upgrade mode, a lift mode, a bypass mode, and a stop mode. For this embodiment, the power stage regulator 302 enables the power stage 206 to operate in the lift mode when the conversion ratio CR falls within the lift range; the power stage adjuster 302 enables the power stage adjuster 302 when the conversion ratio CR is less than the lift range The power stage 206 operates in a degraded mode; when the conversion ratio CR is greater than the elevating range φ, the power stage regulator 302 enables the power stage 206 to operate in an upgrade mode. The lift range contains 値 that is substantially equal to one. For example, for a particular embodiment, the lift range includes 0_95 to 1.05. When the power stage 206 is in the degraded mode, if the CR is less than the maximum degraded conversion ratio, the power stage regulator 302 can operate the entire power stage 206 in a degraded configuration. Similarly, power level regulator 302 enables power stage 206 to operate in an upgrade configuration if CR is greater than the minimum upgrade conversion ratio CRb()() St, min. Finally, when the conversion ratio is greater than CRbuek,max and less than CRbc^st.min φ, the power stage regulator 302 can alternately operate the power stage 206 in the degraded configuration and upgrade configuration. In this case, the power stage regulator 302 can implement time division multiplexing to alternate between the degraded configuration and the upgrade configuration. Therefore, when the conversion ratio is closer to CRbuek,max, the power stage regulator 302 operates the power stage 206 in the degraded configuration more frequently than the operating power level 206 in the upgrade configuration. Similarly, when the conversion ratio is closer to CRb(><)St,min, the power stage regulator 302 operates the power stage 206 in the upgrade configuration more frequently than the operation power level 206 in the degraded configuration. When the conversion ratio is close to the intermediate point between CRbuek, max and CRboost.min, the power stage regulator 302 operates the power stage 206 in the degraded configuration -17-201013360 and does not have the frequency of operating the power stage 206 in the upgrade configuration. up and down. For example, when the power stage 206 is in the hoist mode, the power stage regulator 302 can alternately operate the power stage 206 in a degraded configuration and upgrade configuration. For the illustrated embodiment, power stage 206 includes four switches 310a-d, and an inductor L and a capacitor C. For some embodiments, switch 310 can include an N-channel power MOSFET. For a particular embodiment, the transistors can include a gallium nitride device on the crucible. However, it is to be understood that switch 310 can be implemented in other suitable manners without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, power stage 206 can include one or more drivers (not shown in Figure 3) to drive switch 310 (e.g., the gate of a transistor). For example, for a particular embodiment, the first driver can be coupled between the power stage regulator 302 and the transistors 310a and 310b to drive the gates of the transistors 310a and 310b, and the second driver can be coupled to the power. The level regulator 312 and the transistors 3 10c and 3 10d are driven to drive the gates of the transistors 310c and 310d. For this embodiment, the PWM signal generated by power stage regulator 302 is supplied to the driver, and based on the signals, the gates of their respective transistors 310 are driven, respectively. For the illustrated embodiment, in operating power stage 206, power stage regulator 312 can generate digital pulses to control switch 310 of power stage 206. For the embodiments described below, the switch comprises a transistor. For the degraded configuration, the power stage regulator 302 turns off the transistor 31 〇C and turns on the transistor 31 0d. Then, the pulses alternately turn on and off the transistor 310a and the transistor 310b, causing the power stage 206 to operate as a degrading regulator. For this embodiment of the 201013360 embodiment, the duty cycle of the transistor 310a is equal to the duty cycle D, which is included in the conversion ratio command generated by the MPPT control block 304. For the upgrade mode, the power stage regulator 302 turns on the transistor 310a and turns off the transistor 310b. The pulses alternately turn on and off transistor 310c and transistor 310d to operate power stage 206 as an upgrade regulator. For this embodiment, the duty cycle of transistor 310 is equal to 1-D. For the lift mode, the power stage regulator 302 performs time division multiplexing between the degraded and upgraded φ configurations, as described above. Power stage regulator 302 generates control signals for the degraded switch pairs of transistors 310a and 310b, and control signals for the upgrade switch pairs of transistors 310c and 31d. The duty cycle of the transistor 3 10a is fixed to the duty cycle corresponding to CRbuek,max, and the duty cycle of the body 310c is fixed to the duty cycle corresponding to CRb(3<)st, min. The ratio between the composition of the degradation and the operation of the upgrade over a specified period of time is linearly proportional to D. When the output voltage approaches the panel voltage, the power stage 206 operates in the up-down mode. In this case, for the described embodiment, the stress caused by the inductor current chopping and voltage switching is much smaller than that of the SEPIC and the conventional upshift converter. Moreover, the power stage 206 can achieve higher performance than conventional lift converters. For some embodiments, as will be described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 4A, the MPPT control block 310 can operate in one of four modes: sleep mode, tracking mode, hold mode, and bypass mode. . When the panel voltage is less than the predetermined primary threshold voltage, the MPPT control block 304 can operate in the sleep mode. In sleep mode, MPPT Control Area -19-201013360 block 304 turns transistors 310a-d off. For example, for some embodiments, when the MPPT control block is in the sleep mode, the MPPT control block 408 can generate a conversion ratio command that causes the power stage regulator 302 to turn off the transistors 3 10a-d. Thus, power stage 206 is in stop mode and panel 02 is bypassed, thus effectively avoiding removal of panel 202 in the photovoltaic system using panel 202. When the panel voltage rises above the primary threshold voltage, the MPPT control block 304 operates in the tracking mode. In this mode, MPPT control block 308 performs maximum power point tracking on panel 202 to determine the optimal conversion ratio of power stage regulator 302. And in this mode, the power stage regulator 302 will place the power stage 206 in the degraded mode, the upgrade mode, or the lift mode depending on the currently generated conversion ratio command. In addition, for some embodiments, the MPPT control block 304 may also include a stop register, which may be operated by a system operator or any suitable control program (eg, a control program located in the central array controller). The modification is to force the MPPT control block 304 to maintain the power stage 206 in the stop mode. For this embodiment, unless (i) the panel voltage exceeds the primary threshold voltage, and (ii) the stop register indicates that the MPPT control block 304 will move the power stage 206 out of the stop mode, the MPPT control block 304 will not Start working in tracking mode.

When the MPPT control block 304 finds the optimal conversion ratio, the MPPT control block 304 can operate in the hold mode for a predetermined period of time. In this mode, the MPPT control block 304 can continue to provide the same conversion ratio determined to be the optimal conversion ratio in the tracking mode to the power stage regulator -20-201013360 3 02. And in this mode, as in the tracking mode, the power stage 206 is in the degraded mode, the upgrade mode, or the lift mode depending on the optimum conversion ratio provided by the conversion ratio command. After the lapse of the predetermined period of time, the MPPT control block 304 can be restored to the tracking mode to ensure that the optimal conversion ratio does not change, or if the condition of the panel 1 〇 2 changes 'to find a new optimal conversion ratio . As explained in greater detail below with respect to Figures 5-8, the central array controller can set the MPPT control area when the various panels in the photovoltaic array (e.g., panel 202) are uniformly illuminated and there is no mismatch between the panels 202. Block 3 04 and power stage 206 are in bypass mode. In the bypass mode, for some embodiments, transistors 310a and 310d are turned on and transistors 310b and 310c are turned off so that the panel voltage is equal to the output voltage. For other embodiments, power stage 206 can include an optional switch 3 1 2 that can couple input 埠 to output 以 such that the output voltage is equal to the panel voltage. In this manner, local converter 204 can be substantially removed from the system when local MPPT is not required, thereby maximizing performance and increasing lifetime by reducing losses associated with local converter 204. Thus, as described above, the MPPT control block 304 can operate in the sleep mode and place the power stage 206 in a stop mode that bypasses the panel 202. The MPPT control block 3 04 can also operate in tracking mode or hold mode. Regardless of the mode, the MPPT control block 304 can place the power stage 206 in one of the degraded mode, the upgrade mode, and the elevating mode. Finally, the MPPT control block 304 can operate in the bypass mode and place the power stage 206 in the bypass mode. In the bypass mode, the local 21 - 201013360 converter 204 is bypassed, allowing the panel 202 to be directly coupled. Connecting to Other Panels 202 in the Array By operating local converter 204 in this manner, the string current of the panel string containing panel 202 is independent of the individual panel currents. Conversely, the string current is set by the string voltage and the total string power. In addition, the unmasked panel 02 can continue to operate at the highest power point without regard to the condition that portions of other panels in the string are obscured. For an alternative embodiment, when the MPPT control block 304 finds the optimal conversion ratio, when the optimal conversion ratio corresponds to the elevation mode of the power stage 206, the MPPT control block 304 may not operate in the hold mode. It is operated in the bypass mode. In lift mode, the output voltage is close to the panel voltage. Thus, panel 02 can operate close to its maximum power point by bypassing local converter 204, thus increasing performance. As in the previous embodiment, the MPPT control block 304 periodically reverts from the bypass mode to the tracking mode to verify that the optimal conversion ratio falls within the lift mode range. For some embodiments, the MPPT control block 304 can gradually adjust the conversion ratio for the power stage regulator 302 instead of the normal step change to avoid the transistors, inductors applied to the power stage 206. And the stress of the capacitor. For some embodiments, the MPPT control block 304 can implement different MPPT techniques to adjust the panel voltage or conductivity rather than adjusting the conversion ratio. In addition, the MPPT control block 304 can adjust the reference voltage instead of adjusting the conversion ratio for dynamic input voltage regulation. In addition, MPPT control block 304 enables a relatively fast and smooth transition between the stop mode of power stage 206 and other modes. The MPPT Control 201013360 block 304 can include non-volatile memory that can store the previous maximum power point state, such as the conversion ratio. For this embodiment, when the MPPT control block 304 transitions to the sleep mode, the maximum power point state is stored in the non-volatile memory. When the MPPT control block 304 subsequently returns to the tracking mode, the stored maximum power point state can be used as the initial maximum power point state. In this manner, for power stage 206, the transition time between stop and other modes can be significantly reduced. For some embodiments, MPPT control block 304 can also provide overpower and/or overvoltage protection to local converter 204. Because signals Vpan and Ipan are fed forward into MPPT control block 304 via ADC 306, MPPT control block 304 attempts to draw maximum power. If the power stage 206 outputs an open circuit, the output voltage of the local converter 204 reaches a maximum 値. Thus, for overpower protection, the output current of local converter 204 can be used as a signal to turn MPPT control block 304 on and off. For this embodiment, if the output current drops too low, the conversion ratio can be set by the MPPT control block 304 so that the panel voltage is almost equal to the output voltage. For overvoltage protection, the MPPT control block 304 can be converted. The proportional command has a maximum conversion ratio, and the MPPT control block 304 does not exceed the maximum conversion ratio. Therefore, if the conversion ratio continues to be higher than the maximum conversion ratio, the MPPT control block 304 limits the conversion ratio to the maximum 値. This ensures that the output voltage does not increase beyond the corresponding maximum 値. The maximum conversion ratio can be fixed or adaptive. For example, the output voltage of the next stylized chirp corresponding to the conversion ratio can be calculated by sensing the panel voltage and the conversion ratio according to the power stage 206 to achieve an adaptive conversion ratio limitation. Moreover, for the described embodiment, power stage 206 includes an optional one-way switch 314. When the power stage 206 is in the stop mode, an optional switch 314 is included to allow the panel 206 to be bypassed, thereby removing the panel 202 from the array and allowing the other panels 02 to continue operation. For a particular embodiment, the unidirectional switch 314 can include a diode. However, it should be understood that the unidirectional switch 314 can include any other suitable type of unidirectional switch, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 4A is a diagram showing a method 400 of implementing MPPT in a local converter 206, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of method 400 is merely illustrative. Other embodiments of method 400 may be implemented without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The method 400 starts with the Μ P P T control block operation in the sleep mode (step 401). For example, the ΜΡΡΤ control block can generate a conversion ratio command to cause the power stage regulator 302 to turn off the transistors 310a-d or power stage 206, thereby placing the power stage 206 in the stop mode and bypassing the panel 202. While in the sleep mode, the MPPT control block 304 monitors the panel voltage Vpan and compares the panel voltage to the primary threshold voltage Vth (step 402). For example, ADC 306 can convert the panel voltage from the analog signal to a digital signal and provide the digital signal to MPPT control block 304, which stores the primary threshold voltage for comparison with the digital panel voltage. As long as the panel voltage remains below the primary threshold voltage (step 402) 201013360, the MPPT control block 304 continues to operate in the sleep mode. Moreover, as described above, when the stop register indicates that the power stage 206 remains in the stop mode, the control block 304 remains in the sleep mode. However, - but the panel voltage exceeds the primary threshold voltage (step 402), the control block 309 generates a conversion ratio command to operate the power stage 206, and the conversion ratio command includes an initial conversion ratio (step 403). For example, for an embodiment, the control block 310 begins with a conversion ratio of one. Alternatively, ΜΡΡ Τ Control Block 3 04 can store the optimal conversion ratio determined in the previous tracking mode. For this embodiment, the control block 310 can initialize the conversion ratio to be the same as the previously determined optimal conversion ratio. Moreover, the conversion ratio command generated by the control block 304 is supplied to the power stage regulator 302, which operates the power stage 206 ° using the initial conversion ratio. At this time, the control block 304 monitors the panel current Ipan and the output current Uut and compares them. The panel current and the output current and the threshold current Ith (step 404). For example, the ADC 3 06 converts the panel current from the analog signal to a digital signal and supplies the digital panel current to the control block 3 04. The ADC 3 08 converts the output current from the analog signal to a digital signal and supplies the digital output. Current is passed to control block 304, which stores the threshold current for comparison with the digital panel current and the digital output current. As long as at least one of the current Ipan and "ut remains below the threshold current (step 404), the control block 304 will continuously monitor the current level. However, once the currents exceed the threshold current (step 404) Then, the control block 3 04 starts operating in the tracking mode, which includes the initial -25-201013360 setting set tracking variable T being 1, and initializing a counter (step 406), although not shown in the method 400 of FIG. 4A. It should be understood that, in the tracking mode, the MPPT control block 304 can continue to monitor the panel voltage and compare the panel voltage to a secondary threshold voltage that is less than the primary threshold voltage. If the panel voltage is reduced below the secondary At the threshold voltage, the MPPT control block 34 returns to the sleep mode. By using a secondary threshold voltage that is less than the primary threshold voltage, the MPPT control block 304 is immune to the noise, thus avoiding the MPPT control region. Block 304 is often switched between sleep and tracking modes. After setting the tracking variable and initializing the counter, MPPT control block 304 calculates the initial power for panel 202 (step 408). The ADC 306 can provide digital panel current and panel voltage signals (Ipan and Vpan) to the MPPT control block 304. Thereafter, the MPPT control block 304 multiplies the signals to determine the device (or panel) power (Ipa). After calculating the initial power, the MPPT control block 304 modifies the conversion ratio in a first direction and generates a conversion ratio command including the modified conversion ratio (step 410). For example, for some embodiments In other words, the MPPT control block 304 can increase the conversion ratio. For other embodiments, the MPPT control block 304 can reduce the conversion ratio. After the system has stabilized over a period of time, the MPPT control block 304 calculates for the panel 202. Current power (step 412). For example, ADC 306 can provide digital panel current and panel voltage signals to MPPT control block 304, after which MPPT control block 304 multiplies these signals to determine panel 201013360 power. The MPPT control block 304 then compares the currently calculated power with the previously calculated power, which is the initial power (step 414). If the current power is greater than Prior power (step 414), then MPPT control block 304 modifies the conversion ratio in the same direction as the previous modification and produces an updated conversion ratio command (step 416). For some embodiments, the conversion will be performed with an equal amount of increase. The ratio is modified to be higher or lower. For other embodiments, the conversion ratio can be modified higher or lower in linear or non-linear increments to optimize system response. For example, for some systems In this case, if the conversion ratio is very different from the best, then as you get closer to the best, it is better to use a larger increment first, and then use a smaller increment. The MPPT control block 304 also determines that the tracking variable T is equal to 1, indicating that since the conversion ratio has changed before the previous calculation, the conversion ratio is changed in the same direction as the previous calculation (step 418). Therefore, when T is equal to 1, the panel power increases in the same direction as the previous change in the conversion ratio. In this case, after the system has been stabilized for a period of time, the MPPT control block 304 again calculates the current power of the panel 202 (step 412) and compares the current power with the previous power (step 414). However, if the MPPT control block 304 determines that T is not equal to 1, it indicates that since the conversion ratio has changed before the previous calculation, the conversion ratio is changed in the opposite direction to the previous calculation (step 41 8), Bay! J MPPT Control Block 3 04 sets T to 1, and increments the counter (step 420). The MPPT control block 304 then determines if the counter exceeds the counter threshold 値Cth (step 422). If the current counter does not exceed the threshold of -27-201013360 (step 422), after the system is stabilized for a period of time, the MPPT control block 304 again calculates the current power of the panel 202 (step 412), And compare the current power with the previous power (step 414)' to determine whether the panel power is increasing or decreasing. If the MPPT control block 403 determines that the current power is not greater than the previous power (step 414), the MPPT control block 304 modifies the conversion ratio in the opposite direction to the previous modification and generates an updated conversion ratio command (step 424). The MPPT control block 304 also determines if the tracking variable T is equal to 2, and a T equal to 2 indicates that the conversion ratio has been modified in the opposite direction to the previous calculation because the conversion ratio has been changed prior to the previous calculation (step 426). In this case, after giving the system a period of time to stabilize it, the MPPT control block 304 again calculates the current power of the panel 202 (step 412) and compares the current power with the previous power (step 414). However, if the MPPT control block 304 determines that T is not equal to 2, indicating that the conversion ratio has been changed in the same direction as the previous calculation (step 426) because the conversion ratio has been changed before the previous calculation, the MPPT control block sets T to 2. And increment the counter (step 42 8). The MPPT control block 304 then determines if the counter exceeds the counter threshold 値Cth (step 422), as described above. If the counter does not exceed the counter threshold 步骤 (step 422), it indicates that the conversion ratio has been changed several times in the first direction and the second direction, the number of times is greater than the counter threshold 値, and the MPPT control block 304 finds the corresponding panel. The optimal conversion ratio of the maximum power point of 02 is, and the MPPT control block 304 starts operating in the hold mode (step 430). 201013360 When in save mode, the MPPT control block 304 can set a timer and reinitialize the counter (step 43 2). When the timer expires (step 434), the control block 304 can be restored to the tracking mode (step 436). The current power is calculated (step 412)' to compare the power calculated by the current power with the control block 304 in the tracking mode (step 4 14). In this manner, the control block 304 can ensure that the optimal conversion ratio is not changed, or that different optimal conversion ratios can be found when the conditions of the panel 202 are changed. Although FIG. 4A shows an example of a method 400 for tracking the maximum power point of the energy generating device 202, various changes can be made to the method 400. For example, although method 400 is described with reference to a photovoltaic panel, method 400 can be used with other energy generating devices 202, such as wind turbines, fuel cells, and the like. Still further, although the method 400 is described with reference to Figure 3, the control block 404, it is understood that the method 400 can be used with any suitably arranged ΜΡΡΤ control block, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Moreover, for some embodiments, in step 430, if the control block 304 determines that the optimal conversion ratio is equivalent to the lift mode of the power stage 206, the control block 310 can operate in the sleep mode instead of the hold mode. . For these embodiments, after the sleep mode, the time of the timer period may be the same as or different from the time of the timer of the hold mode. Moreover, although shown in a series of steps, the steps in method 400 may overlap, occur in parallel, occur multiple times, or occur in a different order. 4A shows a method 450 for implementing a chirp in a local converter 204 in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. For a particular embodiment, -29-201013360, the method 450 of FIG. 4B may correspond to the method 40 of FIG. 4A. Part of it. For example, the steps described in method 450 generally correspond to steps 403, 408, 410, 412, 414, 416, and 424 of method 4. However, method 450 includes additional details in addition to the steps. For another particular embodiment, the method 450 can be implemented independently of the method 400 and is not limited to the method of implementation of the method 400 described above. Moreover, as with method 400, the method 450 described below is merely illustrative. Other embodiments of method 45 can be implemented without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Method 450 begins with a power-on set that includes steps 452, 454, and 456. Initially, the MPPT control block 304 sets the converter conversion ratio to the minimum conversion ratio Mmin (step 452). The MPPT control block 304 then sets the previous converter conversion ratio M. ^为Μ, Mud is the conversion ratio for the previous MPPT, and the conversion ratio is set to MMd+ AM for the current MPPT, where ΔΜ is the difference of the conversion ratio between the respective reversals (step 454). If the Μ値 set in this step is less than the initial conversion ratio Mstart for the implementation of the MPPT (step 456), then both Mud and \1 are updated as described above, so that both increase Δ Μ (step 454) ). Once the Mstart is reached or exceeded (step 456), the power-on group is completed and the method proceeds to step 458. The MPPT control block 304 sets Μ値 to Mstart and sets the 符 of the symbol to 1, and the symbol 値 indicates the repeated MPPT disturbance direction in the MPPT process (step 452). At this time, the 'MPPT control block 304 senses the input voltage and current (乂^ and Iin) '201013360 supplied by the ADC 306 and senses the output voltage and current (Vm and Ι.^) supplied by the ADC 3 08 (step 460). . The MPPT control block 304 also calculates the average input voltage and current (Vin av and Iin av ), and the average output voltage and current ( V. utav and I. utav ), and then * calculates the input power by Vjn avXlin av3 (step 4 6 0 ). For some embodiments, the average input voltage and current and the average output voltage and current are calculated in the second half of the MPPT disturbance interval. For a particular embodiment with a 50 MHz clock, the input voltage and current can be sampled at 12.5 kHz and the average input voltage and current and average output voltage and current are calculated at 750 Hz. Then, prior to enabling MPPT processing, MPPT control block 304 determines if the temperature and current are acceptable (step 462). For a particular embodiment, MPPT control block 304 includes a hot tap that can receive an overheat signal when the temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold. For this embodiment, when the overheat signal indicates that the threshold has been exceeded, the MPPT control block 304 determines that the temperature is unacceptable. For a particular embodiment, the MPPT control block 304 can determine whether the current is acceptable by comparing the output current I〇ut with the average input current Iinav and the upper limit Imin of the smaller current threshold 以 to ensure that the current is acceptable. The output current and the average input current are sufficient before starting the MPPT process, and by comparing the average output current Uut av with the maximum output current lout max to ensure that the average output current is not too high. For this embodiment, when the output current and the average input current are both greater than the upper limit of the smaller current threshold, and when the average output current is less than the maximum output current, the -31 - 201013360 MPPT control block 3 04 determines the current Acceptable. Alternatively, control current block 304 determines that the current is unacceptable when the output current or average input current is less than the upper limit of the minimum current threshold ,, or when the average output current is greater than the maximum output current. For a particular embodiment, the ΜΡΡΤ control block 304 can also include an overcurrent pin that can receive an overcurrent signal when the average output current exceeds the maximum output current. For example, the maximum output current can be specified via a resistive divider to the overcurrent pin. Then, when the maximum output current is exceeded, the overcurrent pin receives an overcurrent signal. When the control block 304 determines the temperature and/or the current is unacceptable (step 462), 'reset Μ値 to Mstart' and reset "symbol" 値 to 1 (step 458). When the temperature is too high and the setting Μ値 is Mstart, the panel 202 is usually operated away from the enthalpy, thereby reducing the power transmitted by the converter 204. In addition, MstaM can be selected as an operating point that minimizes the loss of local converter 204. For example, for a particular embodiment, Mstart can be selected to be one. Therefore, when the temperature is unacceptably high, returning to Mstart will cause the temperature to drop due to reduced power. In addition, when the output short circuit causes the average output current to be too high, setting Μ値 to Mstart will cause the panel voltage to be forced to zero. When the control block 310 determines that both the temperature and the current are acceptable (step 462), the process is enabled. For the particular embodiment described above, when both the temperature and the average output current are low enough and the output current and the average input current are both high enough, the control block 304 determines that the temperature and current are acceptable. This results in the ability to turn the local converter 204 and the DC-201013360 AC converter 22 or 112 on and off. For this embodiment, each local converter 204 is at a fixed conversion ratio and is operating in this state for a period of time sufficient to bring the system 10 or 100 into a steady state. If the DC-AC converter 22 or 112 does not begin its operation at this time, the local converter 204 will quickly charge its capacitance to a fixed voltage. For example, this fixed voltage can be given by the open panel voltage and the initial conversion ratio Mstart. Once this state is reached, the input and output currents of the local conversion φ 214 are virtual zeros. For this embodiment, synchronization can be provided by sensing the output (or input) current of local converter 204 and allowing MPPT only when the sense current exceeds a certain threshold. When the DC-AC converter 22 or 112 begins normal operation, the output (or input) current of the local converter 204 exceeds the minimum threshold, and all of the local converters 204 are in the DC-AC converter 22 or 112 begins its MPPT operation while starting its MPPT operation. Similarly, when the DC-AC converter 22 or 112 is interrupted (e.g., isolated) for any reason, the same technique can cause the local converter 204 to stop synchronously. For the method 450 of Figure 4B, the MPPT process begins with the previous input power Pin «id set to the current input power Pin (step 4 64). Therefore, at the beginning, the previous input power is set to the sum of the input power calculated in step 46 0. The MPPT control block 304 sets Μ値 to MC1C1 + symbol 値 ><Δ Μ, then set 値 to Μ (step 466). Therefore, the conversion ratio is adjusted by ΔΜ in the direction specified by the symbol Μ, and by changing 値 to the same 値, the final conversion ratio of -33-201013360 can be used in subsequent iterations. Next, the MPPT control block 304 determines whether the conversion ratio Μ falls within a predetermined range and whether the average output voltage is too high. For the embodiment described, when the conversion ratio is less than the maximum conversion ratio Mmax and greater than the minimum conversion ratio Mmin, the conversion ratio falls within the predetermined range. And for the described embodiment, the average output voltage is considered too high when the average output voltage exceeds the maximum output voltage Vut max. Therefore, if Μ is greater than Mmax or V〇ut av is greater than V. ^ max (step 468), the MPPT control block 304 sets the symbol 値 to -1 (step 4 70), which will reduce (if proceeding) the conversion ratio in the subsequent iteration of the MPPT processing, as follows Detailed instructions. Similarly, if Μ is less than Mmin (step 472), MPPT control block 304 sets the sign 値 to 1 (step 474), which causes (if continued) the proportion of conversions in subsequent replies of MPPT processing to increase, such as More detailed instructions. Therefore, when the average output voltage is greater than the maximum output voltage (step 470), instead of simply turning off the switch in the conversion step, the local converter 204 is allowed to continue operation, and the conversion ratio can be reduced by the MPPT control block 304. Avoid local converter 2 04 exceeding the maximum output voltage. The advantage of this is that average energy harvesting is allowed even under extreme mismatch conditions that typically result in an average output voltage that exceeds the nominal voltage of some components. At this time, the MPPT control block 304 senses the input voltage and current (Vin and Iin)' supplied by the ADC 306 and senses the output voltage and current (Vcut and I〇ut) supplied by the ADC 308 (step 476). The MPPT control block 201013360 3 04 also calculates the average input voltage and current (Vin av and Iin av ), and the average output voltage and current (Vw av and Iut av ), after which the input power is calculated as Vuavxlinav (step 476). MPPT control block 304 then determines if the current input power Pin is greater than the previous input power PinQld, which is calculated in the previous iteration (step 478). If the current input power is not greater than the previous input power (step 478), the MPPT control block 304 changes the "symbol" by the rounding symbol 値 (-symbol ld), where the symbol. u is the current symbol 乘 before multiplying by -1 (step 480). Therefore, in the subsequent iteration of the MPPT processing, the current reversal ratio is modified in a different direction than if the MPPT processing continues, as explained in more detail below. If the current input power is greater than the previous input power (step 478), the Bay! J MPPT control block 304 remains "symbol" (step 482). Therefore, in the subsequent iteration of the MPPT processing, the conversion ratio is modified in the same direction as compared to the current repetition if the MPPT processing continues, as explained in more detail below. The MPPT control block 304 determines if the temperature and current are acceptable for continued MPPT processing (step 484). For the particular embodiment described above (where MPPT control block 304 includes a hot tap), the MPPT control block 304 can determine that the temperature is unacceptable when the overheat signal indicates that the threshold has been exceeded. For a particular embodiment, the MPPT control block 304 can ensure that the output current lout and the average input current Iin av and the minimum current threshold I lower limit Imin, low 'determine whether the current is acceptable' to ensure that - 35- 201013360 Before the MPPT processing, the output current and the average input current are both high enough and by comparing the average output current laut, av with the maximum output current I〇ut, max to ensure that the average output current is not too large. For this embodiment, 'when the output current and/or the average input current is greater than the minimum current threshold 値 lower limit, and when the average output current is less than the maximum output current', the MPPT control block 304 determines that the current is acceptable. . Alternatively, MPPT control block 304 determines that the current is unacceptable when both the output current and the average input current are less than the lower limit of minimum current threshold ’ or when the average output current is greater than the maximum output current. The MPPT process is stopped (step 484) by using the upper limit of the minimum current threshold 以 to enable MPPT processing (step 4 62) and using the lower limit of the minimum current threshold ,, such that the 'MPPT control block 304 can prevent the MPPT process from starting multiple times. And stop. If the output and average input current are close to the single current threshold for enabling and stopping MPPT processing, multiple starts and stops of MPPT processing may occur. When the MPPT control block 304 determines the temperature and/or the current is unacceptable (step 484), the MPPT process is stopped. At this point, reset Μ値 to Mstart and reset “symbol” 1 to 1 (step 458), and the method continues as described above. When the MPPT control block 304 determines that both temperature and current are acceptable (step 484), the previous input power is Pin. ^ is set to the current input power 値Pin (step 464), and the MPPT control block 304 begins the subsequent iteration of the MPPT process, as described above. Although FIG. 4B is a diagram showing a method 450 of implementing an MPPT to the energy generating device 202, various changes can be made to the method 450. For example, although method 450 is illustrated with reference to a photovoltaic panel, method 450 can be used with other energy generating devices 202, such as wind turbines, fuel cells, and the like. Furthermore, although the method 450 is illustrated with reference to the MPPT control block 304 of Figure 3, it should be understood that the method 45 0 can be used in any suitably arranged MPPT control block without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Also, although shown as a series of steps, the steps in method 450 may overlap, occur in parallel, occur multiple times, or occur in a different order. For a specific embodiment, it should be understood that in the MPPT processing, not only once in each iteration, but the temperature and the temperature in step 484 can be continuously implemented by the MPPT control block 3〇4. The acceptability of the current is determined. 5 is a display energy generating system 5, which includes a plurality of energy generating devices 502 and a central array controller 510, which can generate energy for an energy generation system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. System 100 selects a centralized or decentralized MPPT. For the illustrated embodiment, the energy generating system is referred to as a photovoltaic system 500, and the photovoltaic system 500 includes an array of photovoltaic panels 502, each coupled to a local converter 504. Each local converter 504 includes a power stage 506 and a local controller 508. Moreover, for some embodiments, each local converter 504 can be bypassed via an optional internal switch (e.g., switch 312). When bypassed, the output voltage of local converter 504 is substantially equal to its input voltage. In this way, the loss associated with the operation of local converter 504 can be minimized or even eliminated (when local converter 504 is not needed). In addition to the central array controller 510, embodiments of the system 500 also include a conversion stage 512, a square 514, and a data bus 516. The central array -37-201013360 column controller 510 includes a diagnostic module 520, a control module 525, and an optional conversion stage (CS) optimizer 530. Moreover, the described embodiment sets the overall controller 540 for the conversion stage 512. However, it should be appreciated that the overall controller 540 can be located in the central array controller 510 instead of the conversion stage 512. Moreover, the CS optimizer 530 can be disposed in the conversion stage 512 instead of being disposed in the central array controller 510. For some embodiments, panel 502 and local converter 504 represent panel 102 and local converter 104 of FIG. 1B and/or panel 202 and local converter 204 of FIG. 2 or 3, central array controller 510 The central array controller 110 of FIG. 1B may be representative, and/or the conversion stage 512 may represent the DC-AC converter 112 of FIG. 1B. In addition, the diagnostic module 520 and the control module 525 can respectively represent the diagnostic module 120 and the control module 125 of FIG. 1B. However, it should be understood that the components of system 500 can be implemented in any suitable manner. Conversion stage 512 can include a DC-AC converter, battery charger, or other energy storage device, or any other suitable component. The square 5 14 can include any suitable load that can be operated in accordance with the energy produced by the photovoltaic system 500. Each local controller 508 can provide data and local converter data for the corresponding panel device to the central array controller 510 via the data bus 516 or via a wireless connection. Based on this information, the diagnostic module 520 can determine if the panel 502 is operating under quasi-ideal conditions, i.e., the panel 502 will not mismatch and will be substantially uniformly illuminated. In this case, the diagnostic module 520 can cause the control module 525 to place the system 500 in a centralized MPPT (CMPPT) mode. To accomplish this, the control mode 201013360 group 525 can transmit a stop signal to each local controller 508 via the data bus 516 to stop the local converter 504 by operating the local converter 504 in the bypass mode. The control module 525 can also transmit an enable signal to the overall controller 540. In the bypass mode, the local controller 508 no longer implements the MPPT, and the output voltage of the power stage 506 is substantially equal to the panel voltage of the panel 502. Therefore, the loss associated with operating the local converter 504 can be minimized and the performance of the system 500 can be maximized. When the authority book converter 504 is operating in the bypass mode, the overall controller 540 can implement CMPPT on the array of panels 502. The diagnostic module 520 can also determine if certain panels 502 are obscured or mismatched (i.e., some panels 502 have different characteristics than other panels 502 in the array). In this case, the diagnostic module 520 can cause the control module 525 to place the system 500 in a decentralized MPPT (DMPPT) mode. To accomplish this, control module 525 can transmit an enable signal to each local controller 508 via data bus 516 to enable local converter 504 by allowing normal operation of local converter 504. The control module 525 can also transmit a stop signal to the overall controller 540. » When certain panels 502 are obscured, the diagnostic module 520 can also determine that some of the shaded panels 502 are partially obscured. In this case, in addition to causing the control module 525 to place the system 500 in the DMPPT mode, the diagnostic module 410 can also perform a full diagnostic scan of the system 500 to ensure a partial controller 508 of the partially shielded panel 502. The true maximum power point can be found instead of the local maximum 値. For embodiments in which the energy generating device 502 package-39-201013360 includes a wind turbine, the diagnostic module 520 can determine whether the wind pattern, hills, or other wind blocking structures are altered, or other wind conditions are affected. Some wind turbines are "shadowed." The case where the photovoltaic system 500 is partially shielded is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7A-C. Figure 6 shows a photovoltaic array 600 with portions partially obscured. Figures 7A-C are graphs 700, 705, and 710 showing voltage versus power characteristics corresponding to the three photovoltaic panels of Figure 6. The array has three strings 610 provided with photovoltaic panels. The three panels in string 610c are labeled Panel A, Panel B, and Panel C. It should be understood that such panels may represent panels 502 of Figure 5 or panels in any other suitably arranged photovoltaic system. Some of the panels are completely covered or partially covered by the obscured area 620. In the illustrated embodiment, panel A is fully illuminated and panel B is partially obscured by shaded area 620, which is completely obscured by masked area 62 0 . The voltage versus power characteristics in the graph 700 in FIG. 7A correspond to panel A. The voltage versus power characteristics of graph 70 5 in FIG. 7B correspond to panel B, and the voltage versus power characteristics of graph 710 in FIG. 7C correspond to panel C. . Thus, as shown in FIG. 705, the partially masked panel B has a local maximum 値 720 that is different from the actual maximum power point 725. The diagnostic module 520 of the central array controller 510 can determine that the panel b is partially obscured and implement a full diagnostic scan 'to ensure that panel B is operating at its actual maximum power point 725 for its local controller 508, rather than local maximum Point 720. Instead of operating at the actual maximum power point (e.g., point 725), panel 502 operating at a local maximum power point (e.g., point 720) is referred to as "under operation" 201013360 panel 502. For a particular embodiment, the diagnostic module 520 can identify the partially obscured panel 502 as follows. First, the diagnostic module 520 assumes that the panels 1, ..., N are sub-assemblies of the panels 502 in the array under consideration, which have the same characteristics, and assume that Ppan,i is the i-th panel belonging to the combination [1, ..., N] 502 output power. Therefore, P pan,max ^ Ppan, i^ Ppan,min where Ppan,max is the output power of the best implementation panel 502 ^ Ppan,min is the output power of the worst implementation panel 502. The diagnostic module 520 also defines a variable φ by the following formula: ·: p a p , Λ a rpanvaax rpani ^ i= ~~p- rpan max The probability that the i-th panel 5 02 is partially or partially obscured may be The following formula represents ❿ 1 ^(-^ΜΗΐπβχ ^pano)

Pi=^<Pi= —^- ^pan max where k is a constant less than or equal to 1. Followed by: Among them,

Pnm.

=0 and

The diagnostic module 5 20 also defines (p DMPPT) as the minimum 机 of the probability function (p max 201013360 ), making DMPPT necessary. Therefore, if (p max) is greater than (p DMPP τ), DMPPT is enabled. In addition, (P diag ) is defined as the minimum 机 of the probability function (max ) so that the diagnostic function is necessary to determine any panel 5 〇 2 that is not partially obscured by the MPP. Therefore, if (iOmax) is greater than (PdUg), the diagnostic module 520 recognizes the panel 502 as being partially obscured and performs scanning on the identified panel 502. Diagnostic module 520 can still enable DMPPT for a relatively small mismatch of panel 052, but for larger mismatches, diagnostic module 520 can also perform a full diagnostic scan. For its part, (pdmppt) is usually less than (p dug). Thus, for some embodiments, when (pmax) <( Pdmppt), the 'diagnostic module 520 can determine that the system 500 should operate in the CMPPT mode' when (P DMPPT ) < ( /〇max ) < ( When /〇diag ), system 500 should operate in DMPPT mode, and when (p max) > ( Pdug), system 500 should operate in DMPPT mode along with a full diagnostic scan. For these embodiments, the full diagnostic scan may include (Pj > Pdug) a full scan of the voltage versus power characteristics of each panel j. The diagnostic module 520 can individually scan the characteristics of each panel 502 according to the timing given by the central array controller 510. In this manner, the conversion stage 512 can continue to operate normally. When system 500 is operating in DMPPT mode, CS optimizer 530 can optimize the operating point of conversion stage 512. For an embodiment, the operating point of the 201013360 conversion stage 512 can be set to a constant. However, for embodiments using CS optimizer 530, the operating point of conversion stage 512 can be optimized by CS optimizer 530. For a particular embodiment, CS optimizer 530 can determine the optimized operating point of conversion stage 512 as follows. For the ith power stage 506, its duty cycle is defined as Di, and its conversion ratio is defined as M ( Di ). Power stage 506 is designed to have a nominal conversion ratio MQ. Thus, operating power stage 506 as close as possible to M〇 can provide higher efficiency, reduce stress, and reduce the likelihood of output voltage saturation. For power stage 506 including step-up converters, M〇 Can be 1» Therefore, the principle of optimization can be defined as follows: '· |>(Α·) ^-= Μ0 Ν 0 Then, ±Μφ.^±^ηι.^-±Ιραη,

Issl /=1 ^autj ^ LOAD where Ipan,i is the input current of the ith power stage 506' Iout.i is the output current of the ith power stage 506, and 7?i is the ith power level 5 06 The efficiency of 1 Il〇AD is the input current of the conversion stage 512. Therefore, the principle of 'optimization can be rewritten as follows: / _ WAD~ NM0 CS optimizer 530 can be optimized by using the standard -43-201013360 current mode control technology at the input of the conversion stage 512. The input current of the conversion stage 512 is set to Iload. 8 is a diagram showing a method for selecting a centralized MPPT or a decentralized MPPT for the energy generating system 500 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure (the method of the method 800 is merely illustrative, and may be omitted from the scope of the disclosure. Other embodiments of method 800 are implemented. Method 800 begins with a diagnostic module 520 setting a timer (step 802). Diagnostic module 520 can trigger initialization of method 800 in a round-robin fashion using a timer. 520 analyzes energy generating devices in system 500, such as panel 502 (step 804). For example, for some embodiments, diagnostic module 520 can analyze panel 502 by calculating panel power Ppan for each panel 502, and then The Ppan's calculations determine a number of other defects, as described above with respect to Figure 5. For example, the diagnostic module 520 can determine the maximum and minimum 値 of the 値Ppan (Ppan, max and Ppan, min, respectively). Then, the maximum chirp and the minimum chirp are used to calculate the probability (p) that each panel 502 is completely or partially shielded. The diagnostic module 520 can also determine the maximum 値(i〇max) of the computer rate. After analyzing panel 502 (step 804), diagnostic module 520 can determine whether photovoltaic system 500 is operating under quasi-ideal conditions (step 806). For example, for some embodiments, diagnostic module 520 can The calculated panel 502 is masked by the maximum probability (i〇max) and predetermined

The DMPP threshold (p DMPPT ) is compared. If Pmax is less than P DMPPT , then the maximum output power and minimum output power of panel 502 are close enough 'so that the mismatch between panels 502 can be considered extremely small' and system 500 can be considered to operate in a quasi-ideal state. Similarly, if p max is not less than the maximum output power (pDMPPT), the maximum output power of the panel 502 and the minimum output power are far enough apart, such that the mismatch between the panels 502 cannot be considered to be extremely small, and the system 500 is considered Not operating under quasi-ideal conditions. If the diagnostic module 520 determines that the system 500 is not operating under a quasi-ideal condition (step 806), the control module 525 enables the local controller 508 (step 808) and stops the overall controller 540 (step 810), whereby φ The system 5 is set in the DMPPT mode. Thus, in this case, the local controller 508 implements MPPT for each panel 502. Because the DMPPT mode is used for relatively small mismatches between the panels 502, even when the masked panel 502 is at a low rate. (but not very low), the diagnostic module 520 can determine that the system 500 is not operating under quasi-ideal conditions. Therefore, after entering the DMPPT mode, the diagnostic module 520 determines whether the probability of the shaded panel 502 is high (step 812). For example, the diagnostic module 520 can compare the maximum (P max ) shaded by the panel 502 to a predetermined diagnostic threshold (Pdiag). If P max is greater than P «Hag, the maximum output power and the minimum output power of the panel 502 are sufficiently different, so that the probability of mismatch between the panels 502 is considered to be extremely high, so that at least one panel 502 is shielded. The chances are high. If the probability of panel 50 is masked (step 812), then diagnostic module 520 performs a full-feature scan for any panel 502 that may be obscured (step 814). For example, the diagnostic module 520 can identify the panel 502 that may be obscured by comparing the probability (p) and diagnostic threshold (i〇<nag) of the panel for each panel 502. If the specific face-45-201013360 board 502 is greater than p diag, the output power of the specific panel 502 is sufficiently different from the maximum output power of one of the panels 5 〇 2 in the system 5 ,, then the specific panel 502 is at least partially The probability of masking is relatively high. When performing full-feature scanning, the diagnostic module 520 can individually perform voltage-to-power characteristic scanning for each panel 502 that is likely to be masked according to the timing provided by the central array controller 510. In this manner, transition stage 5 12 can continue to operate normally during the scan. If during the implementation of any full-featured scan, the diagnostic module 520 determines that any of the panels 502 are in implementation (ie, operating at a local maximum power point (MPP), such as a local MPP 720, rather than an actual MPP, such as MPP 725), control module 525 can provide corrections for panel 502 in such implementations (step 816). At this time, or if the probability of the panel 502 being masked is not good (step 812), the diagnostic module 520 determines if the timer has expired (step 818), indicating that the method 800 must be initialized again. Once the timer expires (step 818), the diagnostic module 520 resets the timer (step 820) and begins analyzing the panel 052 again (step 804). If the diagnostic module 520 determines that the system 500 is operating under a quasi-ideal condition (step 806), the control module 525 stops the local controller 508 (step 822) and enables the overall controller 54 (step 824), thereby 5〇〇 is set in CMPPT mode. Therefore, in this case, the overall controller 540 implements MPPT for the entire system. At this time, the diagnostic module 520 determines whether the timer has expired (step 818)' indicating that the method 800 must be initialized again. Once the timer expires in 201013360 (step 818), the diagnostic module 520 resets the timer (step 82A) and begins analyzing the panel 502 again (step 804). Although FIG. 8 has shown an example of a method 800 of selecting a centralized or decentralized MPPT', various changes can be made to the method 800. For example, although method 800 is described in conjunction with a photovoltaic system, method 800 can still be used with other energy generating systems 500, such as wind turbine systems, fuel cell systems. Still further, although the method is described in conjunction with the system 500 of Figure 5, it should be understood that the method 800 can be used with any suitably arranged energy generating system without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Moreover, although the illustrated steps are a series of steps, the steps in method 800 can occur in overlapping, parallel, multiple occurrences, or in a different order. Figure 9 is a system 900 showing a local controller 908 for activating and deactivating a local converter 904 in an energy generating system, in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure. System 900 includes an energy generating device 902 (referred to as a photovoltaic panel 902), and a local converter 904. Local converter 94 includes power stage 906, local controller 908, and initiator 910. The local converter 904 may represent one of the local converter 104 of FIG. 1B, the local converter 204 of FIG. 2 or 3, and/or one of the local converters 504 of FIG. 5, however, it should be understood that The local converter 904 can be implemented in any suitable set energy generating system without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that system 9 00 can be coupled in series and/or coupled in parallel to other similar systems 900 to form an energy generating array. For the embodiment, the initiator 910 is coupled between the panels 902-47 - 201013360 and the local controller 908. For some embodiments, the initiator 910 can activate and deactivate the local controller 908 based on the output voltage of the panel 902. When the output voltage of panel 902 is too low, initiator 910 can provide a substantially zero supply voltage to local controller 908, thereby turning off local controller 908. When the output voltage of panel 902 is high, initiator 910 can provide a non-zero supply voltage to local controller 908 to cause local controller 908 to operate. It will be appreciated that in addition to providing a supply voltage to local controller 908, initiator 910 can activate and deactivate local controller 908 in any suitable manner. For example, for an alternative embodiment, the initiator 910 can set one or more pins of the local controller 908 to start and stop the local controller 908. For another alternative embodiment, the initiator 910 can write the first predetermined 値 to the first register in the local controller 908 to activate the local controller 908 and place the second predetermined 値 ( The first register or the second register in the local controller 908 can be written to the local register 908 to stop the local controller 908, depending on the particular implementation. Thus, system 900 can cause local converter 904 to operate autonomously without the use of a battery or an external power source. When the solar radiation is high enough, the output panel voltage Vpan is increased to a level that causes the starter 910 to begin generating a non-zero supply voltage Vcc. At this point, the local controller 908 and/or the central array controller (not shown in Figure 9) can begin to implement the boot process, such as initialization of the scratchpad, preliminary voltage comparison between the panels 902, analog to digital converter calibration. , clock synchronization or clock insertion, power stage 906 and / or the synchronous start of the central 201013360 array controller. Similarly, the stop procedure can be implemented prior to stopping the system 900, such as in a separate application scenario, synchronization with the backup unit, synchronization with the power stage 906, and the like. During these stop procedures, the initiator 910 can still keep itself activated. Moreover, for certain embodiments, the initiator 910 can provide overpower protection to the local converter 904. As described above in connection with FIG. 3, the MPPT control block 604, which is part of the local controller 208, can provide overpower protection. However, as an alternative embodiment of the system including the initiator 910, instead the initiator 910 can provide such protection. Thus, for this alternative embodiment, if the output current drops too low, the initiator 910 may turn off the MPPT function of the local controller 908 such that the panel voltage Vpan is nearly equal to the output voltage Vut. Figure 10 is a diagram 920 of the display device 9 00 device voltage changes over time, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. For the photovoltaic panel 902, in the case where the solar radiation level oscillates near the voltage activation level (Vt-〇n) of the initiator 910, the same voltage activation level is used as the voltage stop level (V^ff ) will cause unwanted system 900 to start and stop multiple times. Therefore, as shown in Figure 920, a lower voltage stop level is used to avoid this phenomenon. By using a lower voltage stop level, system 900 can maintain a consistent start until the solar radiation level drops sufficiently that the panel voltage drops below the voltage start level. Therefore, the system 900 can be provided with noise immunity by avoiding frequent start and stop. For some embodiments, after the panel voltage exceeds the voltage enable level at which the local controller 90 8 is activated, if the panel voltage drops below the voltage-49-201013360 pressure enable level, the local controller 908 begins to stop. The program 'stops more quickly than when the panel voltage continues to drop below the voltage stop level. Moreover, for some embodiments 'before reaching the voltage stop level', in some cases the local controller 90 8 can turn off the starter 910 and its body. 11 is a display launcher 910, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. For this embodiment, the actuator 910 includes a power supply 930, a plurality of resistors R1, R2, R3, and a diode D. Resistors R1 and R2 are coupled in series between the input node (IN) of power supply 930 and the ground. The diode and the resistor R3 are coupled in series between the output node (OUT) of the power supply 93 0 and the node 940, and the resistors R1 and R2 are coupled at the node 940. In addition, the abort node (SD) of the power supply 930 is also coupled to the node 940. The power supply 93 0 is capable of receiving the panel voltage Vpan at the input node and generating a supply voltage Vcc for the local controller 908 at the output node. If the voltage level of the suspension node determined by the control circuit of the power supply 930 exceeds the predetermined voltage VQ', the suspension node of the power supply 93 0 enables the operation of the power supply 93〇, and if the voltage level of the suspension node falls below the specified level At voltage V(), the abort node stops the operation of the power supply 930. When the power supply 93 0 is turned off, the diode does not turn on, and the voltage of the abort node is expressed by the following equation:

VSD , r-〇n i?] + i?2 When the voltage VsDt-M exceeds 値V. When the 'diode starts to conduct, and the voltage of the abort node becomes: -50- 201013360

_ and 2 // and 3 I (V -V )—R^lR2_ R.+RJ/R, cc dJ R3+R'/fR2 where Vd is the diode drop and X//y=^L . When the voltage Vsi^-off x + y falls below Vo, the power supply 930 is turned off. Therefore, the voltage threshold 开启 can be determined based on the resistances of the resistors R1, R2, and R3. 12 is a diagram showing a method 1200 for activating and/or stopping a local converter 904, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The embodiment of method 1200 is merely illustrative. Other embodiments of method 1200 can be implemented without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Method 1 200 begins with an energy generating device or panel 902 operating on an open circuit - condition (step 1 202). In this condition, the starter 910 does not activate the local converter 90 8 because the panel voltage of the panel 902 • is too low. The starter 910 monitors the panel voltage (Vpan) until the panel voltage exceeds the voltage enable level (Vt-π) (step 1204). #1: The starter 910 determines that the panel voltage has exceeded the voltage enable level (step 1204), and the initiator 910 starts the local converter 904 by turning on the local controller 908 (step 1206). For example, the initiator 910 can begin to activate the local converter 904 by generating a non-zero supply voltage VCC for the local controller 90 8 . For other embodiments, the initiator 910 can be configured by setting one or more pins of the local controller 908, or by writing the first predetermined buffer to the first register of the local controller 908. In the middle, the local converter 904 is started. The local controller 908 and/or the central array controller then implements a launch procedure for the local converter 904 (-51 - 201013360, step 1208). For example, the boot process may include initialization of the scratchpad, preliminary voltage comparison between panel 902, analog to digital converter calibration, clock synchronization or insertion, synchronous startup of a series of panels including power stage 906, and the like. The local controller 908 operates the power stage 906 at a predetermined conversion ratio (step 1210) until the other power levels 906 in the string are operated (step 1212). Once each panel 902 in the string has an operational power stage 906 (step 1212), the local controller 908 compares the panel current (Ipan) and the startup current level (Imin) (step 1214). If the panel current is greater than the startup current level (step 1214), the local controller begins to operate normally (step 1216). Thus, local controller 908 begins to implement MPPT for power stage 906. In this manner, the activation of all of the local controllers 908 in the energy generating system can be automatically synchronized. In addition, if only the sub-combination of the panel 902 in the photovoltaic system produces a voltage high enough to activate the initiator 910, a unidirectional switch (eg, switch 3 1 4) may be included in each power stage 906 to allow operation. The remaining panels 902. The local controller 908 continues to compare the panel current to the startup current level (step 1218). If the panel current is less than the startup current level (step 1218), local controller 90 8 sets a stop timer (step 1 220). The local controller 908 then operates the power stage 906 again at a predetermined conversion ratio (step 1222). The local controller 90 8 and/or the central array controller then implements a stop procedure for the local converter 904 (step 12 24 ). For example, the stop procedure can be included in the case of a stand-alone application, synchronization with the 201013360 backup unit, synchronization with the power stage 906, etc. The local controller 908 then determines if the stop timer has expired (step 1 22 6). This allows the panel current to rise above the start current level. Therefore, the local controller 908 prepares for the stop, but waits to ensure that the stop should actually be performed. Therefore, as long as the timer is not expired (step 1 226), the local controller 908 will still compare the panel current to the startup current level (step 1 228). If the panel current continues to remain below the startup current level (step 1 228), the local controller 908 continues to wait for the stop timer to expire (step 1 226). If the panel current becomes greater than the startup current level before the timer period (step 1 226) (step 1 22 8), the local controller 908 can again operate normally by performing MPPT on the power stage 906 (step 1 2 1 6). However, if the panel current is less than the startup current level (step 1228), the timer period is stopped (step 1226), then the local controller 908 turns off the power stage 906 and the local controller 908' and operates again under the open circuit condition. Panel 9 02 (step 1 23 0). For some embodiments, the initiator 910 can complete the stop of the local converter 94 by generating a zero supply voltage VCC to the local controller 90 8 . For other embodiments, the initiator 910 can be temporarily stored by setting one or more pins of the local controller 908, or by writing a second predetermined defect to the first one of the local controllers 908. The device or the second register 'completes the local converter 904 to stop. At this time, the initiator 910 monitors the panel voltage ' again until the panel voltage exceeds the voltage start level (step 1204) 're-initial-53-201013360. Although FIG. 12 shows an example of a method 1200 for activating and deactivating the local converters 〇4, various changes can be made to the method 1 200. For example, although the method 1200 is illustrated with a photovoltaic panel, the method 1200 can be used with other energy generating devices 902, such as wind turbines, fuel cells, and the like. Further, although the method 1 200 is described with reference to the local controller 90 8 and the initiator 910 of FIG. 9, it is understood that the local controller 908 and the initiator 910 can be used for any suitable range without departing from the disclosure. Ground-configured energy generation system. Moreover, although a series of steps are shown, the steps in method 1200 may overlap, occur in parallel, occur multiple times, or occur in a different order. Although the above description refers to a particular embodiment, it should be appreciated that certain of the components, systems, and methods described herein can be used in horizontal sub-cells, single cells, panels (ie, battery arrays), panel arrays. And / or a system of panel arrays. For example, although the partial converters described above are each connected to a panel, a similar system can be implemented as a local converter connected to each battery in the panel, or a local converter connected to each row of panels. Moreover, some of the components, systems, and methods described above can be used with other energy generating devices other than photovoltaic devices, such as wind turbines, fuel cells, and the like. The beneficial person is to propose a definition of certain words and phrases used in this patent document. The term "coupled" and its derivatives refer to either direct or indirect communication between two or more components, whether or not such components are in actual contact with each other. The terms "transfer", "receive", and "communication" and their derivatives include direct and indirect communication. The terms "including" and "including" and their derivatives are intended to include, but are not limited to. The term "or" is inclusive and / or. The term "each" means each of at least one of the sub-combinations of the indicated items. The words "related to" and "related to" and their derivatives are intended to be included, included, interconnected, included, included, connected to or connected to, coupled to, or coupled to, Communication, cooperation with it, insertion, juxtaposition, proximity, bonding to or bonding, having, having certain characteristics, and the like. Although the disclosure has been described in terms of specific embodiments and related methods, those skilled in the art can readily appreciate the substitution and combinations of the embodiments and methods. Therefore, the above description of the exemplary embodiments is not intended to limit or limit the disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and rotations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as defined by the scope of the appended patent application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order to provide a more complete understanding of the disclosure and its features, reference is made to the following description accompanying the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1A shows an energy generating system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Integrating MPPT with centralized local maximum power point tracking (MPPT); FIG. 1B shows an energy generating system that can be centrally controlled, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

2 is a partial converter showing FIG. 1A or FIGS. 1B-55-201013360 according to an embodiment of the disclosure; FIG. 3 is a detail showing the local converter of FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the disclosure; FIG. In accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure, a method for implementing MPPT in the local converter of FIG. 2 is shown; FIG. 4B is a diagram showing a method for implementing MPPT in the local converter of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an energy generating system that includes a central array controller capable of selecting a centralized MPPT or a decentralized MPPT for the energy generating system, according to an embodiment of the disclosure: FIG. 6 is based on the disclosure An embodiment, the array of FIG. 5 in the case where the display portion is shaded; FIGS. 7A-C are diagrams showing the voltage 'to-power characteristics' corresponding to the three photovoltaic panels of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is one of the disclosures Embodiments are shown as a method for selecting a centralized MPPT or a decentralized MPPT for the energy generating system of FIG. 5; ^ FIG. 9 is a diagram showing partial rotation in an activation and deactivation energy generating system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 10 is an illustration of a display device voltage changing over time in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the actuator of FIG. 9 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; and FIG. In accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure, a method for activating or deactivating the local converter of FIG. 9 is shown. -56- 201013360 [Explanation of main component symbols] 1 〇: Energy generation system 1 2a-1 2f: Panel 14a-14f: Local converter 1 6 : Array 22 : DC-AC converter 24 : String 32 : Central MPPT control area Block 1: Energy Generation System 102: Energy Generating Device 104: Local Converter 106: Energy Generation Array 1 1 0: Central Array Controller 1 12: DC-AC Converter 1 1 4: String 120: Diagnostic Module 125 : Control module 202 : Energy generating device 204 : Local converter 206 : Power stage 208 : Local controller 2 1 0 : Μ PPT module 212 : Communication interface 3 02 : Power stage regulator 201013360 304: MPPT control block 3 06: analog to digital converter 3 08: analog to digital converter 3 1 0, 31Oa-d: switch 3 12: switch 3 1 4: unidirectional switch 4 0 0: method 450: method 5 00: energy generating system 5 02: Energy generating device 5 04: Local converter 5 0 6 : Power stage 5 08; Local controller 5 1 0 : Central array controller 512: Conversion stage 5 1 4 : Square 5 1 6 : Data bus 520: Diagnostic Module 5 2 5 : Control Module 5 3 0 : Conversion Stage Optimizer 540: Overall Controller 600: Photovoltaic Array 610: string 620: the mask area 201 013 360 700 705 FIG ··: FIG 710: FIG. 800: 900 Method: the energy generating system 902: the energy generating means 904: the local converter

906: Power stage 9 0 8 : Local controller 9 1 0 : Starter 930 : Power supply 940 : Node 1200 : Method

Claims (1)

201013360 VII. Application for Patent Park: 1. A method for providing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) processing for an energy generating device, comprising: coupling a local converter to the energy generating device; determining whether the local converter operates At or below a maximum acceptable temperature; determining whether at least one current associated with the local converter is acceptable, and determining that the local converter is operating at or below the maximum acceptable temperature, and The MPPT processing within the local converter is enabled when it is determined that the at least one current associated with the local converter is acceptable. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, when determining that the local converter is operating above the maximum acceptable temperature, stopping the MPPT processing in the local converter. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising setting a conversion ratio of one of the local converters to an initial conversion ratio when it is determined that the local converter is operating above the maximum acceptable temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, when determining that the at least one current associated with the local converter is unacceptable, stopping the MPPT processing within the local converter. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one current associated with the local converter comprises an average output current of the local converter, and wherein the average output current is less than a maximum output current When it is determined, the average output current is acceptable. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one current associated with the local converter comprises an output current of the local converter and an average input current of the local converter. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein when the MPPT process is stopped, determining the output current and the average input current are acceptable according to a minimum current threshold 値 upper limit, and wherein When the MPPT is processed, it is determined that the output current and the average input current are acceptable according to a minimum current threshold 値 lower limit. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the MPPT processing comprises comparing an average output voltage and a maximum output voltage, and when the average output voltage is greater than the maximum output voltage, continuing to operate the local converter At the same time, reduce the conversion ratio of one of the MPPT processing. 9. A method of providing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) processing for an energy generating device, comprising: coupling a local converter to the energy generating device; determining whether the local converter is operating at or below a maximum Accepting temperature; determining whether an average output current of the local converter is less than a maximum output current; determining whether an output current of the local converter is acceptable; determining whether an average input current of the local converter is acceptable And (ii) determining that the local converter is operating at or below the maximum acceptable temperature, (ii) determining that the average output current is less than the maximum -61 - 201013360 output current, (iii) determining The MPPT processing within the local converter is enabled when the output current is acceptable and (iv) determines that the average input current is acceptable. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: (i) determining that the local converter is operating at greater than the maximum acceptable temperature, (?) determining that the average output current is greater than the maximum output current, (iii) stopping the MPPT processing in the local converter when it is determined that the output current is unacceptable, or (iv) determining that the average input current is unacceptable. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein when the MPPT process is stopped, determining the output current and the average input current are acceptable according to a minimum current threshold 値 upper limit, and wherein the MPPT is enabled During processing, the output current and the average input current are determined to be acceptable based on a minimum current threshold 値 lower limit. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising setting the conversion ratio of one of the local converters to an initial conversion ratio when the MPPT processing is stopped. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the MPPT processing comprises comparing an average output voltage and a maximum output voltage, and continuing to operate the local converter when the average output voltage is greater than the maximum output voltage At the same time, reduce the conversion ratio of one of the MPPT processing. 14. A system for providing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each of a plurality of energy generating devices in an energy generating array, the system including a portion of the energy generating device coupled to the energy generating device - 62 - 201013360 converter, each of the local converters comprising: a power stage 'capable of receiving a device voltage and a device current from the energy generating device' and generating an output voltage and an output current according to the device voltage and the device current; And a local controller is coupled to the power stage and operable to provide an MPPT to the power stage, the local controller including an MPPT module capable of determining whether the local converter operates at or below a maximum acceptable Temperature, φ determines whether at least one current associated with the local converter is acceptable, and when determining that the local converter is operating at or below the maximum acceptable temperature, and when the determination is associated with the When the at least one current of the local converter is acceptable, enabling an MPPT process in the local converter 〇 15. as in the patent application The system of clause 14, wherein the MPPT module is more capable of stopping the MPPT processing in the local converter when the local converter is determined to operate above the maximum acceptable temperature, and • converting the local conversion A conversion ratio of the device is set to an initial conversion ratio. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the MPPT module is more capable of stopping the MPPT processing in the local converter when determining that the at least one current associated with the local converter is unacceptable . 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one current associated with the local converter comprises an average output current of the local converter, and wherein the MPPT module is more capable of determining the average Whether the output current is less than a maximum output current determines whether the at least one current associated with the local converter is acceptable. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one current associated with the local converter further comprises an output current of the local converter, and an average input of the local converter The current 'and where' while stopping the MPPT processing, the MPPT module is more capable of determining the associated local conversion by determining whether the output current and the average input current are each greater than a minimum current threshold 値 upper limit Whether the at least one current of the device is acceptable, and while the MPPT processing is enabled, the MPPT module is further capable of determining whether the output current and the average input current are each less than a minimum current threshold 値 lower limit, And determining whether the at least one current associated with the local converter is acceptable. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the MPPT processing comprises comparing an average output voltage to a maximum output voltage, and continuing to operate the local converter when the average output voltage is greater than the maximum output voltage At the same time, reduce the conversion ratio of one of the MPPT processing. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the energy generating devices comprise photovoltaic panels. -64-