SE507180C2 - Injection moulding ceramic and/or metallic bodies - Google Patents

Abstract

A moulded ceramic or metallic body is produced from a chloride material in the form of powder or particles mixed with a binder, by: (a) feeding the ductile material into the cavity of asphalt mould, one or more sections of the mould made of a microporous oriented material with communicating micropores, and one or more sections of the mould surface forming the cavity, having a surface of closed micropores; (b) heating the mould and cavity, both prior to, and during feeding of the ductile material with heated fluid in the micropore system, then cooling the mould after casting, by coolant fluid passing through the micropores; (c) removing binding material or additions as required by heating or other methods; and (d) sintering the finished moulding as desired. Also claimed is a moulded body formed by the above claimed process and comprising ceramic and/or metallic materials.

Description

507 180 melt. The mixture is heated, a typical temperature is approx. 150 ° C, to a consistency and properties enabling injection and then fed, by means of an extruder, into the shaping part or parts of a mold, usually a shaping cavity, in which the binder physically, chemically or thermally transforms into solid form , and a shaped body consisting of particles held together by the binder is obtained. The mold body is cooled and then ejected from the mold tool. Binders and additives contained in the mold body are removed by suitable methods, such as heating, freeze-drying, leaching or evaporation, whereby a mold body in which the particles are held together mainly by particle compression is obtained. The binder content in this step is normally less than 5%. The resulting shaped body can now be sintered by means of various sintering methods, including, among other things, sealing sintering, melt sintering, solid phase sintering, shielding gas sintering, reaction sintering, pressure sintering, vacuum sintering and activated sintering. The three steps described here can be performed directly one after the other in interconnected facilities or be carried out on completely different occasions and in completely separate facilities, whereby the different stages of the mold body each constitute a product that can be processed and / or further processed.

It has long been known that in the manufacture of metallic and ceramic moldings, a mold is preheated. Such preheating usually takes place by means of heated oil or hot water in a pipe system. Preheating can also take place with, for example, an electric rod or similar. Furthermore, it is known to cool a shaped body after finished molding by means of cold water. Microporous molded parts with porous molding surfaces, which molded parts can be heated and / or cooled via a pore system, have for some time been used in injection molding of thermosets and thermoplastics.

An alternating tempering of a molding tool from a cold to a hot standstill and again to a cold standstill is not possible with requirements for reasonable cycle times with, for example, the above-mentioned oil and water system mentioned above. The problem is known from, among other things, the thermosetting plastics and rubber industry, where hot molds are required for reaction and curing to take place during molding. Regulation of the temperature in a metallic or ceramic molded body at such intervals and with reasonable heating and cooling times is very difficult due to conductive heat transport and has hitherto constituted an obstacle to maximum and rational use of molding tools. When a heated mixture of ceramic or metallic particles and a binder system as above is injected into a cold or relatively cold or unevenly heated mold, parts of the injected mixture are cooled down and a skin is frozen on its surface against the mold. This gives rise to complicated negative effects, such as internal stresses due to occurring differences between surface and core temperatures, swells due to shear stress changes, uneven particle distribution in the shaped body due to the deposition of particles in colder parts. Furthermore, embankments can be a primary or secondary cause, for example to a deteriorated surface finish and / or lead to difficulties in manufacturing shaped bodies with complicated geometries. Internal stresses and uneven particle distribution result in shaped bodies and products with an uneven and / or inferior quality.

There is thus a marked need for more even heating of the shaping surfaces of a mold tool and a faster as well as easier cycling between hot and cold conditions, ie. between preheating, for example, the shaping parts of a forming tool and cooling a shaped body formed therein.

The present invention has surprisingly made it possible to obtain a process which provides a quick and easy cycling between hot and cold conditions. Furthermore, preheating of a shaping cavity of a mold tool is very evenly distributed, whereby the above-mentioned negative effects, such as differences between surface and core temperatures, swells and uneven particle distribution, are eliminated or markedly reduced. The method according to the present invention reduces the cycle times when forming ceramic and / or metallic moldings and, due to an even tempering of the mold, makes it possible to manufacture moldings with complex geometries, higher surface finish and reduced amount of binders and additives, thereby stripping them. un- derlàttas.

The method according to the present invention relates to the production of a molded ceramic and / or metallic shaped body.

The shaped body is made of a moldable material containing one or more ceramic and / or metallic components in particulate form, which are mixed or coated with at least one binder and optionally at least one additive, such as waxes and / or stearates, which regulate the properties of the moldable material.

The method comprises one or more steps. In a first step (A), the moldable material is formed by inserting it into one or more, preferably 1-160, such as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 96 pieces, in a molding cavity existing in a mold tool. which comprise one or more shaping surfaces and are enclosed by at least two molded parts. At least one mold part consists wholly or partly of a microporous sintered material with a communicating pore system. This molded part is provided with at least one means for supplying hot and / or cold fluid. The fully or partially microporous mold part comprises, in at least one microporous part, one or more shaping surfaces which have substantially closed pores. Furthermore, the completely or partially microporous mold part has at least one outer surface which wholly or partly has substantially open pores and / or is provided with at least one outlet for the discharge of supplied fluid. At least the shaping surface or surfaces of the cavity or cavities present in a fully or partially microporous mold part are heated, before introduction of moldable material and possibly during a part of the subsequent process, by supplying hot fluid and cooling in the closed mold tool, after introduction of moldable material, by supplying cold fluid to its porous system. Particles, binders and any additives are in this case bonded together into a shaped body by the binder from a liquid or, via heating by the supply of hot fluid, an intermediate liquid state physically, chemically and / or thermally changing to a solid state.

The first step (A) may optionally be followed by a second step (B) in which binder and / or additives contained in the mold body are completely or partially removed by heating, freeze-drying, leaching with solvent, evaporation under vacuum and / or heat, catalytic evaporation or the like, whereby a substantially physically, by for example particle compression, cohesive shaped body is obtained. When evaporating under heat, the temperature is usually in the range 100-500 ° C, such as 150-400 ° C or preferably 200-300 ° C, whereby a pre-sintering of the metal and / or ceramic particles takes place.

During a possible third step (C), the shaped body obtained in step (A) or (B) is sintered, whereby a shaped body sintered by particle densification is obtained. The sintering in this third step (C) is preferably a sealing sintering, melt phase sintering, solid phase sintering, shielding gas sintering, reaction sintering, pressure sintering, vacuum sintering or an activated sintering. Suitable sintering temperature is usually in a range of S00-3000 ° C, such as 600- 2500 ° C or preferably 800-2000 ° C. Sintering is a process by which a material in particulate form upon heating or firing under atmospheric pressure, overpressure or vacuum, with or without shielding gas, is densified, whereby interparticle bonds are formed and the particles become a solid mass.

Common sintering atmospheres available are endothermic and exothermic gases. These gases are usually produced by reacting a hydrocarbon catalyst at elevated temperature with a predetermined amount of air, preferably forming H 2, N and CO 2 plus minor amounts of CO 2, CH 2 and H 2 O. In the production of 507,180 endogases, a larger amount of air is used in relation to hydrocarbons than in the production of exogases.

Common metals and / or ceramics contained in metallic and / or ceramic moldings and thus in the moldable material described above are, for example, iron, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, bismuth, niobium, tin, titanium, nickel, tantalum, zirconium, aluminum, alloys and mixtures thereof and hence, calcite, coal, alum, quartzite, chromite, magnesite, magnetite, silica, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, boron nitride and / or mixtures thereof and the like. It is also common to use these in combination with e.g. coal and / or graphite.

Metals may also be present such as oxides, carbides, nitrides with several compounds. Mixtures of different metals, metal alloys and ceramics are used for various special applications and to obtain specific and specified properties of a shaped body or a product made therefrom.

The present invention provides a very good and even preheating and heating of the molding surface or surfaces of the mold tool, which means that the binder in the moldable material can advantageously, instead of or in combination with polymers such as hard plastics and thermoplastics, comprise ceramic and metallic materials of type bentonite, water glass, low-melting metals or metal alloys, such as Woods metal, Roses metal and alloys with copper, lead, tin and zinc. The low melting metal or metal alloy preferably has a melting point of at most 150 ° C and most preferably at most 100 ° C. Where possible or appropriate, the above type of ceramic and metallic adhesives may be in particulate form. The moldable material typically contains 30-99, preferably 60-90, by volume of metal and / or ceramic particles having a particle size of less than 300 μm, such as 1-10 μm or 100-200 μm, while the binder content is 1-70, preferably -40, volume percent. In various embodiments of the method according to the present invention, at least the shaping surface or surfaces present in a fully or partially microporous mold part are heated before introducing moldable material into the molding cavity or cavities, and optionally during a part of the molding cavity. subsequent process, to a temperature of 50-300 ° C, preferably 90-250 ° C, by supplying hot fluid to the pore system of the mold part via one or more capillary tubes or channels or via at least one gap existing between a microporous part and a substantially solid part of the mold part. Alternatively, the shaping surface or surfaces of a shaping cavity can be heated to above temperatures by supplying hot fluid directly to the cavity via a gap between two mold halves, via capillary tubes and / or channels or via a mold of a molding tool. The hot fluid in the preferred embodiments is a hot gas, such as air, air mixtures, gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, a noble gas, such as helium and argon, and / or mixtures thereof and thus. After insertion of the moldable material into the closed mold tool, preferably, at least 50 ° C relative to its heating temperature, the molding surface or surfaces present in a fully or partially microporous mold part are cooled by supplying cold fluid to the pore system of the mold part via one or more capillary tubes or channels or via at least one gap existing between a microporous part and a substantially solid part of the mold part. The cold fluid is preferably a condensed gas, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air. Cooling takes place by the condensed gas expanding in the micropores of the molded part. The supplied hot and cold fluid, respectively, is suitably evacuated via one or more capillary tubes and / or gaps or by diffusion out of the pore system via the open pores of the fully or partially microporous molded part.

The supply of hot and cold fluid, respectively, suitably takes place alternately and advantageously at an overpressure of 2 to 70, preferably 5 to 60, bar, whereby hot fluid expels cold fluid and cold fluid expels hot fluid in cycles. Supply and evacuation can take place via common or separate means, such as capillary tubes and gaps with or without control valve systems.

The method described here for heating and cooling one or more design surfaces works with both conductive and convective heat transfer amplified by the large active transfer surfaces provided by a micropore system, which enables fast cycling between a hot and a cold state, better and more even heating respectively cooling, whereby previously stated advantages are achieved and previously described problems are avoided.

The sintered material of the fully or partially microporous molded part is preferably a microporous sintered metal made from a steel powder, such as iron-based alloy carbon steel, stainless and high alloy steel, preferably containing titanium, nickel, chromium, tungsten and / or molybdenum. The closed pore (s) of the shaping surface or surfaces contained therein are suitably obtained by mechanical processing, heat treatment or coating of the surface with a 2 μm to 2 cm, preferably 2-500 μm, thick layer of, for example, titanium, nickel, chromium, titanium carbide , titanium nitride and / or aluminum trioxide, whereby coating can take place by means of vacuum coating, such as chemical and physical gas coating including, among other things, evaporation, ion plating and sputtering, for example reactive magnetron sputtering. The coating is formed by chemical gas coating by depositing chemical reaction products, on the part to be coated, in a process that takes place at a relatively high temperature, such as 800-1300 ° C. Physical gas coating can be roughly divided into three main types, namely evaporation, sputtering and ion plating. The boundary between the different types is not significant due to the fact that each type comprises a number of variants.

Characteristic of a physical gas coating is that a solid (a starting material) is transferred to a layer on a detail via the following processes: m c: ~ <| -å C O t: Solid phase -> evaporation / sputtering -> gas phase -> condensation -> solid phase.

The composition of the applied layer need not be the same as that of the starting material. The narrowed starting material can be allowed to react with, for example, a reactive gas. Transfer of the starting material to gaseous form can take place by means of a resistance heater or by means of an electron gun. Gasification can also take place through so-called sputtering, which means that atoms are knocked out by bombarding argon ions.

According to preferred embodiments of the method, a molding tool is used with at least one completely or partially microporous molded part comprising at least one molding surface having dense pores.

Of course, there is no obstacle, if appropriate or necessary to achieve maximum heating and / or cooling benefits, to the use of a molding tool where all parts or, preferably, all parts of the molding process are wholly or partly porous and / or microporous. In special embodiments, the shaping surface or surfaces may have open pores. The outer surface of a microporous part of a mold part may, according to an embodiment of the method according to the invention, have a dense surface with closed pores, wherein supplied hot or cold fluid is evacuated via outlets located therein, such as capillary tubes or the like, which are preferably sealed against the dense outer surface.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a shaped body produced by the method according to the invention and comprising one or more metallic and / or ceramic components. The shaped body was prepared by molding a moldable material consisting of one or more ceramic and / or metallic components in particulate form, preferably having a particle size of 1-300 microns such as 1-10 microns or 100-200 microns, which were mixed or coated with at least one binder. to 507 180 10 to which at least one property-controlled additive has optionally been added, the content of metal and / or ceramic particles in the moldable material being 30-99, preferably 60-90, volume percent and the binder content 1-70, preferably 10-40, volyms- percent. The moldable material is formed by inserting it into at least one forming cavity present in a mold, which cavity is enclosed by at least two mold parts, of which at least one mold part consists wholly or partly of a microporous sintered material with a communicating pore system. The fully or partially microporous mold part comprises at least one means for supplying hot and / or cold fluid and at least one shaping surface has substantially closed pores. Furthermore, the completely or partially microporous mold part in a microporous part thereof has at least one outer surface, which surface wholly or partly has substantially open pores and / or is provided with at least one outlet for discharge of supplied fluid. At least the shaping surface or surfaces present in a fully or partially microporous molded part are heated, preferably to a temperature of 50 ° C to 300 ° C and most preferably 90 ° C to 250 ° C, before the moldable material is introduced into the shaping cavity by supply of hot fluid and is cooled, preferably at least 50 ° C in relation to the heating temperature, when the moldable material is introduced into the shaping cavity of the closed mold tool by supplying cold fluid to the pore system of the mold part. Particles, binders and any additives are in this case connected to a shaped body by the binder from a liquid or, via heating by the supply of the hot fluid, an intermediate liquid stand still being physically, chemically and / or thermally transformed into a solid stand.

In various embodiments of the shaped body, the binder and any additives may be removed after molding in whole or in part by heating, freeze-drying, leaching with solvent, evaporation under vacuum and / or heat, catalytic evaporation or similar processes. In embodiments where appropriate, binders and / or additives are removed at a temperature of 150 ° C-400 ° C, preferably 200 ° C to 300 ° C.

In further embodiments of the shaped body, it can be sintered after molding and possible removal of binders and / or additives, whereby known sintering methods can be used, including sealing sintering, melt phase sintering, solid phase sintering, shielding gas sintering, reaction sintering, pressure sintering, vacuum sintering or an activated sintering. Suitable sintering temperatures were in the range 600-2500 ° C, preferably 800-2000 ° C.

A shaped body according to the present invention contains in various embodiments one or more metals, such as iron, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, nickel, tantalum, cobalt, vanadium, bismuth, niobium, tin, zirconium, aluminum and / or alloys thereof or thereby and / or one or more ceramics, such as alumina, calcite, koalin, alum, quartzite, chromite, magnesite, magnetite, silica, silicon carbide, bentonite and / or mixtures thereof or thereby, optionally in combination with carbon or graphite.

The metals can advantageously also be present in the form of oxides, nitrides and / or carbides.

A sintered shaped body made by the method of the present invention can be advantageously used in various embodiments in a large number of industrial applications, including machines and machine parts, such as gears, impellers, turbine wheels and drive shafts therefor, as well as tools and tool parts, for including drilling, turning, milling, grinding. Further applications include permanent magnets and filaments.

The present invention is further explained in connection with the appended figures 1 and 2 and below exemplary embodiments. Figures 1 and 2 show partial and schematic molding tools which comprise wholly or partly microporous molded parts used in different embodiments of the method (A) of the method according to the present invention. The various parts shown in Figures 1 and 2 are not completely scalable as certain parts for increased clarity have been enlarged or reduced.

Figure 1 schematically shows two mold parts 4 and 5 included in a mold tool. A mold part 4 is completely solid (steel) and a mold part 5 comprises a solid (steel) part 19 and a microporous (sintered steel) part 6. The microporous part 6 forms an insert in the solid part 19 and is supported laterally by steel lugs 23 and rest on ceramic blocks 24. Between the solid part 19 and the microporous part 6 there is a gap 20, 20 'through which hot fluid for heating is supplied to the gap 20 and thus the microporous part 6 via a capillary tube 9 provided with a valve 14, respectively, is removed via the gap 20 'and a capillary tube 12, provided with a valve 14', on the opposite side. The valve 14 'is preferably closed when the hot fluid is supplied. Supplied hot fluid is distributed in the part 6 by penetrating via its outer surface 11 which has open pores, wherein supplied fluid via diffusion, or expulsion by means of cold fluid, out of the pore system of the part 6 via the gap 20 ', the open valve 14' and the capillary tube 12, can be removed. Furthermore, between the microporous part 6 and the solid part 19 below the gap 20 there is an insulating ceramic layer 21. The microporous part 6 comprises a shaping cavity 1 whose shaping surface 2 has closed pores.

The closed pores have been obtained by coating the surface 2 with a layer 16 consisting of nickel. The shaping surface 3 of the mold part 4 is not coated or surface-treated. Cold fluid for cooling is supplied to the pore system of the part 6 via a capillary tube 7 provided with a valve 25, which capillary tube 7 opens into an expansion space 17 below the surface 11 of the microporous part 6. When supplying cold fluid, the valves 14 and 14 'can be closed independently of each other. or open. The cold fluid expands in the expansion chamber 17, whereby a strong cooling effect is obtained, and penetrates into and is distributed in the pore system of the part 6 and can be removed from the pore system by diffusion, or expulsion by means of hot fluid, via the gap 20 '. , the gap 20 and / or both the columns 20 and 20 'and associated capillary tubes 12 and / or 9. Because all capillary tubes are each provided with a piece of valve 14, 14' and 25 for regulating the supplied and removed amount of fluid, heating can be and cooling can be controlled as needed.

The solid part 19 and the mold part 4 are cooled with water via inlet 22. A moldable material to be molded is supplied to the cavity 1 via an inlet 15. The inlet 15 can also be used, if desired, for heating the cavity 1, whereby hot fluid is supplied. travel directly into the cavity 1 via the ingot 15 before supplying moldable material.

Figure 2 schematically shows two mold parts 4 and 5 included in a mold tool. Both mold parts 4 and 5 are completely microporous (center steel) and framed by a solid steel frame 18. Hot fluid for heating is supplied to the mold parts 4 and 5 and pore systems, respectively, via capillary tubes 9 and 10, respectively, and is removed via capillary tubes 12 and 13 on opposite sides. Supplied hot fluid is distributed in the mold parts 4 and 5 by penetration via their outer surfaces 11 which have open pores, whereby supplied fluid via diffusion, or expulsion by means of cold fluid, out of the pore systems via said capillary tubes 12 and 13, respectively, can be removed. The mold parts 4 and 5 comprise a shaping cavity 1 whose shaping surfaces 2 and 3 have closed pores. The closed pores have been created by coating the surfaces 2 and 3 with a layer 16 of aluminum trioxide. Cold fluid for cooling is supplied to the respective pore systems of the mold parts 4 and 5 via capillary tubes 7 and 8, respectively, which each open into an expansion space 17, 17 '. The cold fluid expands in the expansion chambers 17 and 17 ', whereby a strong cooling effect is obtained, and penetrates into and is distributed in the respective pore systems of the mold parts 4 and 5 and can be removed from the pore system via capillary tubes 12 by diffusion, or expulsion by hot fluid. and 13 and / or via the capillary tubes 9 and 10. All capillary tubes are each provided with a piece of valve 14 for regulating the supplied and removed 507 180 14 amount of fluid, whereby heating and cooling can be controlled as required and desired. A moldable material to be molded is supplied to the cavity 1 via an inlet 15. The inlet 15 can also, if desired, be used for pre- and / or heating of the cavity 1, whereby hot fluid is supplied directly into the cavity 1 via the inlet 15 before supplying moldable material. A mold tool, according to Figure 1, comprising two mold parts 4, 5 was used. A mold part 4 was completely solid (steel) and a mold part 4 consisted of a microporous part 6, comprising a shaping cavity 1 with molding surface 2 having closed pores and an outer surface 11 having open pores. The microporous part 6 formed an insert in a solid part 19. The molding tool was provided with means 7, 9, 12, 20, 20 'for supply and discharge of cold and hot fluid, respectively.

The mold was closed, after which hot carbon dioxide, 160 ° C, was fed to the microporous part 6 via a gap 20 between the microporous part 6 of the mold part and its solid part 19. The hot carbon dioxide was immediately distributed rapidly throughout the pore system of the microporous part 6, whereby a strong heating was obtained. . The temperature in this part 6 rose rapidly to 100 - 110 ° C, whereupon a moldable material consisting of tungsten carbide, in particulate form, homogeneously slurried in a binder consisting of a melt of polyethylene with the addition of wax was injected via the mold of the mold 15 into the shaping cavity 1. After completion of injection, cold fluid in the form of liquid carbon dioxide was supplied to the pore system via a bottom surface 11 of the microporous part 6, which surface 11 had open pores, directed capillary tube 7.

The capillary tube 7 opened a bit below the outer surface 11 in an expansion chamber 17. As the cold carbon dioxide expanded, a strong cooling effect was obtained. When a cooling effect of -10 ° C was achieved and the binder solidified, the mold was opened and the molded body thus obtained was ejected and heating by supplying hot carbon dioxide was started again, whereupon the molding process was repeated.

Cooling and heating were regulated with a thermocouple placed inside the shaping cavity 1 and the amount of supplied hot and cold carbon dioxide was regulated with a control unit located outside the shaping tool. The control unit cooperated with the thermocouple and regulated a number of valves 14, 14 'and 25.

The cycle time for the above injection molding was 8-10 seconds.

The present invention is not limited to embodiments shown or discussed, as these can be varied within the scope of the invention both in terms of the method of manufacturing a shaped body and the composition of the shaped body.

Claims (2)

A process for producing a molded ceramic and / or metallic shaped body from a moldable material containing one or more ceramic and / or metallic components in particulate form, which are mixed or coated with at least a binder and optionally at least one additive which regulates the properties of the moldable material, characterized in that it comprises one or more steps, wherein (A) the moldable material is formed by inserting it into at least one shaping cavity present in a mold tool (1 ) comprising one or more shaping surfaces (2, 3), which cavity (1) is enclosed by at least two mold parts (4, 5), of which at least one mold part (4, 5) consists wholly or partly of a microporous sintered material with at least one communicating pore system, which mold part (4, 5) is provided with at least one means (7, 8, 9, 10) for supply of hot and / or cold fluid, wherein (i) the completely or partially microporous mold part ( 4, 5) i at least one microporous part (6) thereof comprises at least one shaping surface (2, 3) having substantially closed pores, (ii) the fully or partially microporous mold part (4, 5) in at least one microporous part (6) thereof has at least an outer surface (II), which surface (11) has wholly or partly substantially open pores and / or is provided with at least one outlet (12, 13) for discharge of supplied fluid, (iii) at least the one or those in a completely or partially microporous molded part (4, 5) or in a microporous part (6) thereof existing molding surface or surfaces (2, 3) before introducing moldable material into a molding cavity (1) and optionally under a part of the subsequent process is heated by the supply of hot fluid and (iv) at least the shaping surface or surfaces (2, 3) present in a fully or partially microporous mold part (4, 5) or in a microporous part (6) thereof ) after insertion of moldable material into the shaping cavity or cavities (1) of a closed mold, is cooled by ti Introducing cold fluid into a pore system of a molded part (4, 5) or a microporous part (6) therein, wherein particles, binders and any additives are bonded together into a molded body by the binder from a liquid or, via heating by supplying hot fluid , an intermediate liquid state physically, chemically and / or thermally changes to a solid state, after which any (B) binder and / or additives contained in the shaped body obtained in step (A) are completely or partially removed by heating, freeze-drying, leaching with solvent, evaporation under vacuum and / or heat or catalytic evaporation or the like, whereby a shaped body held mainly by particle compression is obtained, and / or after which optionally (C) the shaped body obtained in step (A) or (B) is sintered, wherein a shaped body sintered by particle compaction is obtained. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the molding tool comprises 1-160, such as 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, 64 or 96, shaping cavities (1). 507 180 3. 18 A method according to any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that the shaping surface or surfaces (2, 3) present in a fully or partially micro- (4, 5) are heated by a natural, porous molded part or in a microporous part (6) thereof supplying hot fluid to a mold part (4, 5) or a pore system therein (6) microporous part (6). Method according to claim 3, characterized in that hot fluid is supplied to the pore system via one or more capillary tubes (9, 10) and / or channels. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that hot fluid is supplied to the pore system via at least one gap (20, 20 ') existing between (6) and a substantially solid part (19) 5). A microporous part of a mold part (4). A method according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the shaping surface or surfaces (2, 3) lying in a wholly or partly microporous mold part (4, (6) are heated through to - 5) or in a microporous part thereof the transfer of hot fluid directly to a shaping cavity (1) A method according to claim 6, characterized in that the hot fluid is supplied via a gap between two mold parts (4, 5), via a capillary tube and / or duct or via the mold of the molding tool (15). A method according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that the hot fluid is a hot gas, such as air, air mixtures, gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen , a noble gas, such as helium and / or argon, and / or mixtures thereof or thereby 10. 11. 12. 130 14. 15. 01 CD \ J -à CD LD 19 Process according to any one of claims 1-8 k It is indicated that supplied hot fluid is removed via one or more capillary tubes (12, 13) and / or gaps. A method according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the shaping surface or surfaces (2, 3) present in a fully or partially microporous mold part (4, 5) or in a microporous part (6) thereof introduction of moldable material, and optionally during a part of the subsequent process, is heated to a temperature of 50 ° C to 300 ° C, preferably 90 ° C to 250 ° C. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 10, characterized in that cold fluid is supplied to the pore system via one or more capillary tubes (7, 8) and / or ducts. A method according to any one of claims 1-10, characterized in that cold fluid is supplied to the pore system via at least one gap (20, existing between a microporous part (6) and a substantially solid part (19) of a mold part (4, 5). Process according to any one of claims 1-12, characterized in that the cold fluid is a condensed gas, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and / or air, Process according to any one of claims 1-13, characterized in that supplied cold fluid is removed via a 13) natav, or several capillary tubes (12, and / or slits. k ä that it or they in a wholly or partly mik- (6) after in- Procedure according to any one of claims 1-14 nneteck - flatl aV, roporous molded part (4, 5) or in a microporous part thereof 3) conducting moldable material is cooled at least 50 ° C in relation to the existing molding surface or surfaces (2, to its heating temperature. 20 '). A method according to any one of claims 1-15, characterized in that supplied hot or cold fluid is removed by diffusion out of the pore system via a microporous mold part (4, 5) or via a microporous part (6) thereof open. porer. 17. A method according to any one of claims 1-16, characterized in that hot and cold fluid are supplied alternately through one or more common capillary tubes and / or gaps. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 17, characterized in that supplied hot and cold fluid is alternately removed through one or more common capillary tubes (12, 13) and / or gaps. 19. A method according to any one of claims 1-18, characterized in that supply and removal of hot and cold fluid takes place in cycles, wherein supplied hot fluid is expelled by supply of cold fluid and supplied cold fluid is expelled by supply of hot fluid. A method according to any one of claims 1-19, wherein hot and / or cold fluid is supplied at an overpressure of 2 to 70, preferably 5 to 60, bar. 21. A method according to any one of claims 1-20, characterized in that a microporous sintered material of a molded part (4, 5) is a microporous sintered metal made of a steel powder, such as iron-based alloy carbon steel, stainless or high alloy steel, preferably containing titanium, nickel, tungsten, chromium and / or molybdenum. 22. 230 24. zsß 26. 27. 507 180 21 It may be that in a fully or partially microporous process according to any one of claims 1-21, a roporous mold part (4, 5) or in a microporous part (6) the closed pores of the existing shaping surface or surfaces (2, 3) are obtained by mechanical processing, heat treatment or coating of the surface or surfaces. Method according to claim 22, characterized in that coating of a shaping surface (2, 3) takes place by means of vacuum coating, such as chemical gas coating or physical gas coating including evaporation, ion plating and sputtering, such as reactive magnetron sputtering. Method according to claim 23, characterized in that the coating of a shaping surface (2, 3) consists of a layer (16) and / or aluminum trioxide. of titanium, nickel, chromium, titanium carbide, titanium nitride A method according to claim 23 or 24, characterized in that a shaping surface (2, 3) has a coating with a layer thickness of 2 μm to 2 cm, preferably 2 μm to 500 μm. The process according to any one of claims 1-25 The binder and / or additives in a step (B) are removed at a temperature of 150 ° C to 400 ° C. , preferably 200 ° C to 300 ° C. C k - that the shaped body obtained in step (A) or Process according to any one of claims 1-26 characterized by V, step (B) in a step (C) is sintered at a temperature of 600 ° C to 2500 ° C, preferably 800 ° C to 2000 ° C, the sintering being preferably a sealing sintering, melt phase sintering, solid phase sintering, shielding gas sintering, reaction sintering, pressure sintering, vacuum sintering or an activated sintering. 507 180 28. 29. 300 31. 32. A shaped body produced by the process according to any one of claims 1-27, wherein it comprises at least one metallic and / or at least one ceramic n e t e c k n a d a v, component. Molding according to Claim 28, characterized in that the metallic component consists of iron, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, nickel, tantalum, cobalt, vanadium, bismuth, niobium, tin, zirconium, aluminum and / or alloys thereof or the like. Molding according to Claim 29, characterized in that the metallic component is present as metal carbide, αV, metal nitride and / or metal oxide. Molded body according to Claim 28, characterized in that the ceramic component consists of alumina, calcite, koalin, alum, quartzite, chromite, magnesite, magnetite, silica, silicon carbide, bentonite and / or mixtures thereof or thereby. Molded body according to one of Claims 28 to 31, characterized in that in addition to at least one metallic and / or n a d a v, at least one ceramic component comprises carbon and / or graphite.