RU2808597C1 - Method of cultivating oriental goat's rule in mixed croppings with rampless rum on light soddy-podzol soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: feed production.

SUBSTANCE: method includes sowing oriental goat's rue with a cover crop. White mustard is used as a precursor; in the fall, before autumn plowing of the soil, fertilizers are applied — phosphate rock and potassium chloride in equal parts at a dose of 90 kg a.i./ha. In the spring, after autumn plowing, early spring harrowing, cultivation to a depth of 10–12 cm, rolling, pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 1.5–2 cm are carried out to a depth of the arable layer of 20–22 cm and the grass mixture is sown at a seeding rate of 15–17 kg/ha in the ratio of oriental goat's rue and awnless brome 1:0.75, respectively. Simultaneously with sowing the seeds of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome, angustifolia lupine of the Crystal variety is introduced at a rate of 30 kg/ha as an annual cover crop.

EFFECT: method provides increased productivity of grass cultivation and their longevity with improved grass stand.

1 cl, 1 dwg, 3 tbl, 3 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to feed production.

One of the main ways to solve the problem is to improve the structure of field grass sowing, including increasing the share of perennial leguminous grasses and grass mixtures and biologization of crop production, aimed at increasing agricultural production. In addition, the soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil in the arable layer is characterized by a low humus content.

Wide possibilities are opened by the introduction of non-traditional perennial leguminous crops into the structure of grass sowing with an increased nitrogen fixation capacity of 1.5-1 t of protein per 1 ha with low energy consumption. One of these crops is the oriental goat's rue (Galega orientalis Lam). Eastern goat's rue has a number of advantages over traditional ones: clover and alfalfa - high and stable yields of green mass (300-600 c/ha) and seeds (2-6 c/ha), long-term productive cultivation in one place, root-spray type of propagation, high plasticity to soil and climatic conditions.

Eastern goat's rue grows early in the spring, providing nutritious food at the same time as mixed plants. Green mass and haylage from goat's rue are eaten by all types of farm animals, have good digestibility and high nutritional value. 1 kg of dry matter contains 140-200 g of crude protein, 0.81-0.93 feed units, 9.8-10.7 MJ of metabolic energy, 60-70% of the green mass consists of leaves containing 265 mg of carotene, 500 -800 mg ascorbic acid, 276 mg rutin.

Oriental goat's rue has a positive effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Thanks to the nitrogen-fixing ability of bacteria of the genus Rizobium, already in the second year of life it accumulates up to 257 kg/ha of nitrogen.

Thus, the economic and biological advantages of oriental goat's rue in mixed crops with awnless brome based on an assessment of the productivity of agrocenoses and agrochemical indicators of the soil, phytological accounting during the growing season, chemical analysis of plants for the content of nutrients in the above-ground mass and roots make its introduction into mixed crops promising for livestock. However, in the technology of cultivating this crop there are a number of insufficiently studied issues, both when grown in single-species cenoses and in mixtures with other herbs.

Eastern goat's rue in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation develops according to the winter type. Therefore, it is economically profitable to sow it under cover crops, which allows you to obtain an additional yield of agricultural products.

It should be noted that the eastern goat's rue has a slow growth rate of above-ground mass during the first 2-3 months of life with simultaneous powerful development of the root system, ensuring high productivity in the future; in addition, in mixed crops it is also a “donor” crop of nitrogen nutrition for awnless brome, which , like the eastern goat's rue, is characterized by long periods of monoculture cultivation and a well-developed system capable of using nutrients from subarable horizons. However, this lack of nitrogen nutrition occurs in the first year of plant life, for which it is necessary to compensate for this type of deficiency with legume precursors of grasses, for example, annual angustifolia lupine (described below in detail by the authors of the invention in the examples).

Therefore, a new selection of a cover crop is relevant, which, while suppressing the growth of weeds, would provide favorable conditions for the development of a mixture of grasses, primarily oriental goat's rue, along with the growth and development of awnless brome in the first year of life and would not significantly affect productivity in the subsequent longevity of growth the yield of grass stand, in this particular region of the Vladimir region on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil with joint sowing of a mixture of haylage grass stand, where the sown grass mixture is used at a given seeding rate and in the ratio of sowing seed components, and which have a significant impact on the productive longevity of the agrocenosis and the quality of forage.

It is known that agricultural technology for cultivating perennial grasses provides for fertilizing with mineral nitrogen in doses of N _30-45 . In modern conditions, with high prices for mineral fertilizers, this technique is an expensive undertaking, and not always successful: in some cases, mineral nitrogen ends up on dry soil and does not participate in plant nutrition, in others it is washed away by precipitation.

In this regard, the research of the authors of the invention shows that the negative impact of this phenomenon in biologized agriculture can be eliminated by cultivating oriental goat's rue under the cover of highly productive crops (under the cover of annual lupine of the narrow-leaved variety Crystal with sowing of awnless brome).

It should be noted that eastern goat's rue (galega) can grow in one place for 20 years or more. In this regard, the topic of studying methods for creating highly productive heterogeneous crops of oriental goat's rue with awnless brome and under the cover of lupine of the annual narrow-leaved variety Crystal is increasingly attracting the attention of scientists and production workers, when the basis should be on cost-effectiveness, efficiency and quality, in particular implementation in production.

In the experiments, eastern goat's rue variety Vest and awnless brome were cultivated without cover and under the cover of narrow-leaved lupine variety Crystal.

Oriental goat's rue variety West - included in State Register 2 in 2014 of the Russian Federation. The plant is of medium height and has an erect growth habit. The intensity of the green color of the leaf is average. The leaf is ovoid, medium wide, the stipule is rounded. Flowering time is earlier. The flower color is pink, the frequency of plants with white pink or light purple flowers is very high. The stem is of medium length and thickness, the plant height is average. The position of the bean on the plant is vertical, the bend is correct. There is a rhizome. Growth type: perennial.

The variety has a distinctive morphological feature: violet-pink (lilac) color of flowers. The height of the plants reaches 105-146 cm, the foliage ranges from 45 to 80%, depending on the year of life of the herbage. The yield of green mass on average for the first three years is 36.5 t/ha versus 32.8 t/ha for the Gale variety, which is 11% higher, the collection of dry matter is 6.33 and 5.73 t/ha, crude protein in the budding phase reaches 22.8-28.7%. The grass stand of the West variety is suitable for harvesting all types of bulky feed.

The awnless brome was included in the register of approved species in 2003. Perennial rhizomatous plant. Fibrous roots penetrate to a depth of 160-200 cm. Stems are straight, thickened, well-leafed, almost bare, 80-160 cm in height. The leaves are broadly linear, green, sometimes anthocyanin-colored, leaf blades are 4-10 mm wide. The inflorescence is a loose panicle, spreading, grayish-green, often with anthocyanin 10-16 cm long, larger in the north, with an average number of seeds in 1 panicle 65-70 and a maximum of 100-110. Spikelets with 5-12 flowers, lanceolate, green or anthocyaninous. The fruit is a flattened, elongated dark brown achene. The weight of 100 seeds is 3.5-3.8 grams, varying from 3 to 5 grams. The weight of seeds of 1 panicle is 400-450 grams. Flowering occurs 2-2.5 months after regrowth or from the end of June and July. Seeds ripen from late July to early August, in the north until mid-August. Flowering occurs during the period of lowest air humidity in the afternoon. Life expectancy is 5-7 years, can reach 10-20 years in floodplain areas.

Narrow-leaved lupine variety Crystal - included in the State Register of the Russian Federation in 1998. Approved for use in the regions: Northern, Northwestern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Chernozem. Variety (albosyringens). The plant is erect, indeterminate. The leaf is green. The apical leaf is short and narrow. The flower is bluish-white, the tip of the boat is blue-black. The grain is white without ornamentation. The weight of 1000 seeds is average (168.9 g). The average yield of dry matter over the years of testing (1996-1997) in the regions was 42.0 and 66.9 c/ra, respectively, of seeds 16.0 and 24.1 c/ha, above the average standard. The maximum dry matter yield of 135.0 c/ha was obtained in the Smolensk region, 47.0 c/ha above the standard. Bryansk - 123 c/ha, respectively, seeds - 51.0 c/ha. According to the applicant, the alkaloid content in the grain is 0.062-0.083%. The growing season from germination to seed ripening is 102-115 days. Anthracnose and powdery mildew were less affected than the standard. The valuable grain variety can be used as a protein additive in concentrated feed. It is resistant to cracking of beans during long periods of rest. The variety is not characterized by vegetative growth.

There is a known method of cultivating green manure clover, in which clover is plowed in the year of sowing. In the method, sowing is carried out with an increased seeding rate (4-6 million seeds per 1 ha) in the early spring period on thawed frozen soil. During the period of maximum development, the above-ground mass is plowed (Popova L.D., Posypanov G.S., Yudina I.N. - Techniques for cultivating creeping clover for use as green manure in the year of sowing // Izvestia Timiryazevsky Agricultural Academy - 1955, No. 2, pp. 40-53).

Clover seeds sown in early spring receive sufficient moisture and good crop development. However, in years with unstable precipitation, the development of nodule bacteria on clover roots is inhibited, which reduces the accumulation of living residues by 30-40% and the value of green manure as an organic fertilizer.

There is a known method of cultivating eastern goat's rue for seeds, including wide-row sowing with the application of fertilizer and herbicides (Cultivation of eastern goat's rue for feed and seeds in the Non-Black Earth Zone / Recommendations. M.: VO Agropromizdat, 1987, p. 16). This method does not provide reliable protection of goat's rue crops from weeds. Frequent inter-row cultivation not only requires additional costs, but also contributes to unproductive moisture consumption and water and wind soil erosion. In addition, during inter-row cultivation (cultivation) in the second half of the growing season, the root shoots of the goat's rue are pruned and removed to the soil surface, which mostly dry out and do not form new shoots, which leads to a decrease in seed productivity the next year.

There is a known method of cultivating grasses, which includes strip sowing of grasses in mechanically destroyed turf, caring for crops, carried out by periodically mowing vegetation at different heights and fertilizing the grasses with fertilizers. In this case, in the strips, mowing of natural vegetation is carried out at a cutting height not lower than the height of the sown grasses, and between the strips - at a height lower than the height of the sown grasses, but above 8 cm. Before sowing the grasses, slits are cut parallel to the future strips at an equal distance from each other during care , use them as guiding elements for the movement of the machine. The slots are cut from each other at a distance that is a multiple of the distance between the axes of the strips. Fertilizing of grasses is carried out after mowing by surface spreading of fertilizers along the strips (Kormshchikov A.D., Sysuev V.A., Pyatkin A.M. et al. Method of cultivating grasses. Pat. SU No. 1713465, A1 dated 02.23.1992).

According to scientists meadow farmers (Smelov S.P. Biological foundations of meadow farming. - M., OGI3-selkhozgiz. - 1947. - p. 14) “In the practice of meadow crops, the same cutting height.” In this case, the sown grasses have time to grow, overwinter well and grow back together in the spring of next year.

In addition, as leguminous grasses, such as clover, grow, being in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing organisms, they absorb nitrogen from the atmospheric air, enrich the soil with it, thereby promoting an increase in the yield of grass stands and improving the quality of feed. Perennial legumes have a significant impact on the nitrogen balance of the soil. Numerous studies, including in the Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East (V.A. Sysuev, A.D. Kormshchikov and others. Technology and technical means for strip sowing of grass seeds in turf (recommendations). - Kirov: Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East, 2000.- 60 p.) show that the enrichment of soil with fixed atmospheric nitrogen during the cultivation of legumes depends on the size of the yield. We can roughly assume that the amount of symbiotically fixed nitrogen accumulated in the soil, for example, after clover, per 1 ton of hay is 10-15 kg. This phenomenon serves as the basis for increasing the productivity of meadows and pastures, since the symbiotically fixed atmospheric nitrogen is used by other plants.

However, after 2-3 years of production use for meadow clover, or after 3-4 years of production use for hybrid clover (the period of production longevity), they “fall out” from the grass stands and their re-sowing is required. Due to the phenomenon of “clover fatigue,” it is not advisable to re-sow clover seeds in the same strips.

There is a known method of joint sowing of soybeans with corn, when crops are sown on the same field in alternating strips: one seeder sows corn and the other soybeans (I.I. Month. Cultivation of soybeans in European countries: review. Inform. - M.: VNIITEISH, 1984 , 68 pp.; Plant growing. Textbook edited by G.S. Posynova. - M.: Kolos, 1997, p. 62).

Stripes of high-stalk corn create favorable thermal, water and air conditions, wind speed decreases, and as a result, soybean yield increases.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of mutual influence of corn on the development of soybeans through root secretions due to the large distance in strips of plants from each other, which reduces the effectiveness of joint sowing of the two crops. In addition, it takes time to treat crops with herbicides for different types of crops.

It is also known to sow soybeans with corn in alternating rows (V.N. Stepanov. Joint sowing of corn and legumes. - M.: Publishing House Znanie, 1962, p. 17).

The disadvantage of this method is alternating rows of soybeans with rows of cereal corn, which limits the use of herbicides and does not allow soybeans to be grown for grain. Combined sowing of soybeans and corn across a row can be harvested with combines only for green mass or silage.

The technology for cultivating oriental goat's rue for feed and seeds is also known, including pre-sowing cultivation with the simultaneous application of a herbicide, for example Teflan, to the soil, row sowing of goat's rue with a cover crop - woad (Patent RU No. 2017365, A01B 79/02 dated 08/15/1994).

This method allows you to obtain stable yields of eastern goat's rue. At the same time, after harvesting the goat's rue for seeds, in this method the grass stand is fed by local application of mineral fertilizers to the soil by agricultural working tools. This operation increases the material and energy intensity of the technology.

Agricultural implements destroy the soil layer, which subsequently reduces the yield of eastern goat's rue.

There is a known method of growing eastern goat's rue under the cover of corn, including sowing goat's rue and corn in the second ten days of May (Patent RU No. 2156055, A01G 1\00, A01B 79/02 dated 09/20/2000).

The disadvantage of this method is the extremely low protein content in the green mass of corn (Utesh Yu.A. New promising forage crops. Kyiv: Naukava Dumka, 1991, p. 149). In addition, the method does not allow improving the conditions for growth and development in subsequent years, for example, in the second and third years of green fodder, the mass yield, i.e. in the absence of a mixture with legumes, which are high in protein.

There is a known method for preparing haylage from grain crops, in which haylage is prepared from grain crops, including mowing the green mass at the stage of full grain ripeness (Patent RU No. 978817, A 23K 3/02 dated 12/07/1982).

The disadvantage of this method is that only single-component grain crops are sown, and not mixed with legumes, which are high in protein.

An analogue of the method of creating a cultivated legume-grass pasture should be given, including sowing a grass mixture of white clover and festulolium at a seeding rate of 11 and 15 kg/ha and a ratio of white clover and festulolium seeds of 1: 2.7 and 1: 4, respectively, which is described in abstract (Sedova E.G. Design of short-term legume-cereal grass mixtures based on creeping clover, perennial ryegrass, festulolium for the creation of cultivated pastures in the Central region of the Non-Chernozem Zone. Russian Federation, abstract. Thesis. Uch. Stepa. K. Agricultural n. - M., 2007, SU No. 1793835 A3. 02/07/1993).

The known method solves the problem of increasing the yield of pasture grass mixtures, which is determined by the choice of components. It is known that festulolium is closer to white clover in terms of the biology of development and the simultaneity of seed maturation compared to such cereal grasses as perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, meadow bluegrass, and meadow fescue. It is characterized by high productivity, good regrowth and winter hardiness, and is distinguished by such economically valuable traits as high yield of green mass and hay, early spring and post-mowing regrowth, longevity, resistance to frequent mowing and grazing, and is intended for lawn, pasture and phytomeliorative use (Remote hybridization in the selection of perennial grasses / G.L. Lukinykh // Bulletin of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. - 2007. - No. 2. - P. 86-94).

However, the known method in conditions on light soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation does not allow obtaining a strong, profitable forage base. Thus, in the variant Festulolium (12) + white clover (3), an increased seeding rate of the cereal component leads to excessive thickening of the grass stand during the growing season, as a result of which the plants develop in unfavorable conditions, accumulate a smaller amount of reserve nutrients necessary for overwintering, and reduce productivity ; In addition, with this ratio there is an unjustified overconsumption of expensive seed material.

In the variant festulolium (8) + white clover (3), as a result of the lower quantitative content of the legume component, the processes of symbiotic nitrogen fixation proceed less intensively, and less symbiotic nitrogen accumulates. This leads to a shortage of harvest.

The closest way to increase the productivity of Oriental goat's rue from the characteristics of the technology used in livestock farming is the well-known technology of cultivating Oriental goat's rue for green fodder and seeds, including the introduction of fertilizers and herbicides into the soil, sowing Oriental goat's rue with a cover crop, while sowing Oriental goat's rue is carried out before winter, in Roundal is used as a herbicide, which is applied to the soil 2-3 weeks before fall plowing in an amount of 4.15-5.45 kg/ha (Patent RU No. 2248688, A01B 79/02 dated March 27, 2005). However, although this method technology relates to agriculture, it involves sowing oriental goat's rue before winter before the soil freezes, and also applying compost at a dose of 30 t/ha after the pea predecessor, and before sowing fertilizers 0.45 of the calculated dose of mineral fertilizers.

It should be noted that in the Vladimir region, the choice of a highly productive variety of oriental goat's rue, Vest variety, and sowing with a cover crop of lupine narrow-leaved annual variety Crystal requires a more detailed study in cultivation technology, taking into account the optimal seeding rate with awnless rump, which ultimately increases the humus content and reduces acidity soil already in the first year of life with a simultaneous increase in the content of exchangeable potassium when sowing after the predecessor - eastern goat's rue peas and awnless brome.

At the same time, taking into account the relevance of the proposed work, a description is given above of the use of mixed crops and the development of plants of spring sowing during the germination period, and then going into winter and after wintering on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the experimental field of VNIIOU - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FATS".

The purpose of the invention is on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils to increase the yield of grass cultivation and their longevity with improved grass stand, improving technology in the conditions of the Vladimir region, as well as carrying out sowing at the optimal time, taking into account the soil and climatic characteristics of the growing region using existing agricultural equipment. In addition, to study the optimal state of the components of heterogeneous crops of longevity grasses of the eastern goat's rue with awnless brome together with the sowing of annual angustifolia lupine based on an assessment of the productivity of agrocenoses of the nitrogen regime during the beginning of the 1st year of vegetation, and chemical analysis of plants for the content of nutrients in the above-ground mass and roots in subsequent years of longevity, i.e. obtaining high and stable yields of cover crops of eastern goat's rue with awnless rump, i.e. when forming on the basis of the identity of productive longevity, the onset of maximum yield and the simultaneous achievement at the time of use of the development phase corresponding to the maximum feed value of mowing grasses.

This is achieved by the fact that the method of cultivating eastern goat's rue in mixed crops with awnless brome on light sod-podzolic soils, including sowing eastern goat's rue with a cover crop, according to the invention, white mustard is used as a precursor, and in the fall, fertilizers - phosphate rock - are applied before autumn plowing of the soil and potassium chloride in equal parts at a dose of 90 kg.d. in./ha, then in the spring after autumn plowing to a depth of the arable layer of 20-22 cm, early spring harrowing, cultivation to a depth of 10-12 cm, rolling, pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 1.5-2 cm are carried out and the grass mixture is sown at a seeding rate of 15-2 cm. 17 kg/ha in the ratio of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome of 1:0.75, respectively, simultaneously with sowing the seeds of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome, angustifolia lupine of the Crystal variety is introduced at a rate of VO kg/ha as an annual cover crop.

At the same time, in comparison with known technical solutions, with minimal costs and resources, soil fertility is optimized and growth is accelerated in the second, third and subsequent years after wintering when cultivating oriental goat's rue in heterogeneous crops with awnless brome on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, which ultimately affects on the development of green mass of perennial grasses.

A comparison of the claimed technical solution is also a previously unknown feature - simultaneously sowing three types of grass components, one of which is additional under the cover of one-year life of angustifolia lupine of the Crystal variety, and two components of perennial grasses: oriental goat's rue mixed with awnless brome legumes. Thus, at the beginning of the 1st year of plant life, the annual narrow-leaved lupine plays an important role, and in the second and subsequent years, the oriental goat's rue plays an important role for the growth and development of the plant as a donor crop of nitrogen nutrition for the awnless brome, which, like the oriental goat's rue , is characterized by extended periods of monoculture cultivation and a well-developed root system capable of using nutrients from subarable horizons. At the same time, the possible lack of nitrogen nutrition in the first year of plant life was compensated for by the legume predecessor - annual angustifolia lupine of the Crystal variety. In addition, in mixed crops, from the moment the grasses emerge, it avoids mutual darkening of the plants in the first year of life and facilitates the preparation for overwintering in the second year of life of the perennial grass plants remaining after mowing the predecessor - annual angustifolia lupine, which means obtaining high protein in the eastern goat's rue. This development of plants makes it possible to sustainably use grass, which has a high nutritional value due to the coincidence of the development phases of the two crops in subsequent years of life, the use of the legume component, and therefore, in general, the use of grasses in the development phases allows for maximum high-quality yield.

It should also be noted that mowing of grasses as weeds grow is carried out already in the first year of life.

According to the option, the weeds are treated with the herbicide "Pulsar SL" at a dose of 0.75 kg/ha in one dose, and the phase of four true leaves is treated with the drug "Bazagran-M" at a dose of 0.5 l/ha and the herbicide "Fusilan Forte" with a consumption rate of 1 l/ha.

Example 1.

For the Non-Chernozem Zone, soil testing was carried out at VNIIOU. The soil is soddy-podzolic sandy loam. The arable horizon is characterized by a low humus content (1.0-1.5%), the reaction of the environment is close to neutral (pH _KCl - 6.0-6.2), _Hg - 0.43-0.67, S - 6, 6-7.1 mg-equiv./100 g of soil, increased supply of mobile phosphorus (128-152 mg/kg of soil) and exchangeable potassium (135-141 mg/kg of soil).

The relief is glider, with microdepressions, having a slight slope (up to 0.5°) to the northeast.

The climate is temperate continental, average annual precipitation is 526-650 mm, the sum of active temperatures is 200-210°C, HTC-1.2-1.3.

In the experiment we used eastern goat's rue, variety West, mixed with awnless brome according to the following scheme: 1. Oriental goat's rue, seeding rate - 100%. 2. Rump without awns, seeding rate - 100%. 3. Oriental goat's rue seeding rate - 100% + awnless brome seeding rate - 100%. 4. Oriental goat's rue seeding rate - 100% + awnless brome seeding rate - 75%. 5. Oriental goat's rue seeding rate - 100% + awnless brome seeding rate - 50%. 6. Oriental goat's rue seeding rate - 100% + awnless brome seeding rate - 25%. 7. Oriental goat's rue seeding rate - 50% + awnless brome seeding rate - 50%.

The cover crop angustifolia lupine variety Crystal was cultivated simultaneously as annual grasses. The size of the experimental plot was 15 ^m2 (5x3 m), repeatability was 3 times. The predecessor is white mustard.

Experience scheme

1. Oriental goat's rue - without cover sowing.

2. Oriental goat's rue under the cover of angustifolia lupine.

Perennial grasses and a cover crop were sown simultaneously, where the grass mixture in the ratio of eastern goat's rue seeds and awnless brome seeds was 1:0.75, respectively (100% + 75%) - the most optimal conditions for productivity in heterogeneous crops of the adopted option at a seeding rate of 15-17 kg/ha . At the same time, under the cover of annual angustifolia lupine, which is distinguished by its ability to fix soil nitrogen in the first year of life and on acidic soils, on which a mixture of oriental goat's rue and awnless brome is cultivated and allows their root system to develop during this period in joint sowing of crops. Agricultural technology in experience is generally accepted for the Vladimir region. The experiments were carried out in the first ten days of May.

When implementing the proposed method with technological parameters beyond the limit values, the following was established:

- cultivation of the eastern goat's rue itself on low-fertile soils of the Non-Chernozem zone is associated with its nitrogen deficiency in the first year of life;

- the use of narrow-leaved lupine of the Crystal variety as a cover crop, which was the cover crop of Oriental goat's rue, allowed the improvement of mineral nutrition of its first years of use; in the future, it is necessary to use it due to the intensive development of the root nitrogen-fixing system, then use the awnless brome as a donor crop for nitrogen nutrition, which, like the eastern goat's rue, is characterized by long periods of monoculture cultivation and a well-developed root system, which is new when there is no way joint cultivation of oriental goat's rue and awnless brome.

The advantage of the method of using these plants belonging to the same legume family and agricultural techniques in general. The mixture has high energy efficiency and protein in feed, and can be used for the needs of livestock when grown for green fodder, hay and seeds, i.e. formation of beans and legumes.

Research has shown that on average over 13 years, the yield without cover crops of goat's rue was 165 c/ra, cover crops - 220 c/ha, yield increase - 55 c/ha (33%). If we consider by year (until 2022), the increase in yield ranged from 7 to +250 c/ha.

It was noted that in 2022, the goat's rue without cover crops completely died.

In fig. Figure 1 shows the effect of cover crops of lupine on the development of eastern goat's rue.

From the data shown in Fig. 1 it follows that the reason for the sharp drop in yield without goat's rue cover crops is associated with a weakening of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and as a consequence, a deterioration in the nitrogen nutrition of plants.

Example 2.

In bloodless crops, there were 16 nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the plant before harvesting; in cover crops, there were 21 nodules, respectively. At the same time, the plants of bloodless crops contained 1.88% of dry matter in dry matter, and 3.530% of total nitrogen in cover crops. In appearance, the bloodless crops had obvious signs of degeneration: sparse, relatively stunted, uneven grass stand, extended flowering cycle. In addition, there was infestation with segetal plants, with one cut in 2020 amounting to 103 c/ha, and in 2021 it was absent.

The development of cover crops of eastern goat's rue is shown (Fig. 1), here the mowing harvest is shown for 2022.

Example 3.

A possible lack of nitrogen nutrition in the first year of plants in a mixture of sowing goat's rue of the eastern variety West and awnless brome was compensated by the legume predecessor of grasses - annual narrow-leaved lupine of the Crystal variety. In experiment No. 1, mixed crops of awnless brome with the legume Oriental goat's rue were studied. It provided for the use of awnless brome as a donor crop for nitrogen nutrition, which, like the eastern goat's rue, is characterized by long periods of monoculture cultivation and a well-developed root system capable of using nutrients from subarable horizons. This is also due to a possible lack of nitrogen nutrition in the first year of plant life, which was compensated by the legume predecessors of grasses - annual angustifolia lupine. The experiment was carried out on two fields.

Table 1 shows the yield of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome crops of the 1st cutting, c/ha, and Table 2 shows the yield of the 2nd cutting, c/ha.

From the data given in Table 1, it is clear that the yield of eastern goat's rue crops during the first mowing ripeness of the cover crop is influenced by the priority influence of annual angustifolia lupine.

From the data given in Table 2, it is clear that in the second mowing ripeness, the influence of oriental goat's rue on the growth and development of awnless brome was more noticeable, which had a positive effect on the formation of the yield of mixed crops of awnless brome with oriental goat's rue, used as a donor crop for nitrogen nutrition awnless brome and well-developed root system.

The grass stand technology used and the selected forage crops differ significantly from the traditionally existing one, not only in terms of green mass technology, but also in the options with awnless brome and oriental goat's rue, which showed an advantage in yield formation.

The most optimal solution in heterogeneous crops was the adopted option with the seeding rate of awnless brome (75%), i.e. in a ratio of 1:0.75, respectively.

The research results obtained showed that the chemical composition of the green mass depended on the type of cutting crop and the method of sowing grass mixtures. The high content of oriental goat's rue in single-species crops was 21%.

The largest amount of crude protein was noted in awnless rump - 13% of dry matter. In grass mixtures, the crude protein indicator ranged from 13 to 15% depending on the seeding rates noted above for grass mixture crops.

The data in Tables 1 and 2 show that the studied perennial grasses are distinguished by a wide range of nutrient and protein removal.

More noticeable weediness was noted in goat's rue crops with a seeding rate of 100%, which reached 29%, and awnless brome seeding - 100%, reaching 13%.

In mixed crops of eastern goat's rue with awnless brome it was 3-6%, depending on the seeding rate of awnless brome.

Therefore, it can be noted with confidence that one of the important technological factors is mixing grass mixture seeds immediately before sowing with thorough mixing, and the operation must be carried out at least three times.

The introduction of calculated doses of grass mixture, respectively, and awnless brome for the planned harvest leads to a decrease in the need for seeds, herbicides, mineral fertilizers, a reduction in cost, which also makes it possible to abandon other mineral fertilizers and talk about the creation of an economically safe, energy-saving technology for growing eastern goat's rue with brome awnless for green fodder and seeds on light soddy-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating eastern goat's rue in mixed crops with awnless brome on light soddy-podzolic soils, including sowing eastern goat's rue with a cover crop, characterized in that white mustard is used as a precursor; in the fall, fertilizers are applied before autumn plowing of the soil - phosphate rock and potassium chloride in equal shares at a dose of 90 kg a.i./ha, then in the spring after autumn plowing, early spring harrowing is carried out to a depth of the arable layer of 20-22 cm, cultivation to a depth of 10-12 cm, rolling, pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 1.5-2 cm and the grass mixture is sown at a seeding rate of 15-17 kg/ha in a ratio of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome of 1:0.75, respectively, simultaneously with sowing the seeds of eastern goat's rue and awnless brome, angustifolia lupine of the Crystal variety is added at a rate of 30 kg/ha according to the type of annual cover culture.