RU2766330C1 - Geotextile - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in reclamation of disturbed lands with the prospect of being used for improvement of urban areas. Disclosed is a geotextile for reclamation of disturbed lands, which is a structure consisting of at least two layers, where one layer contains a layer of seeds, and at least one other layer contains Na-carboxymethyl cellulose, last year's compost of leaves and waste paper and cardboard, with the following ratio of components, wt%: last year's compost of leaves and needles 49–50; waste of paper and cardboard 50.6–49.5 and Na-carboxymethyl cellulose — the rest.EFFECT: effective recovery of productivity of disturbed lands during reclamation and utilization of biodegradable wastes with possibility of their long-term useful use.1 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the field of reclamation of disturbed lands with the prospect of using for the improvement of urban areas.

Known material for the biological reclamation of disturbed lands (RF patent No. 2546155, publ. 04/10/2015), including soda production sludge and dehydrated excess activated sludge containing mineral and organic substances, characterized in that it contains soda production sludge fine fraction size less than 0.5 mm, dehydrated excess activated sludge or a mixture of dehydrated excess activated sludge and sediment from primary settling tanks after treatment of municipal domestic wastewater, and contains ingredients in the following ratio, wt.%: organic substances - 49-67, - mineral substances - 33 -51, incl. total nitrogen up to 5.7%, phosphorus up to 7.4%, while the mass ratio of soda production sludge to dehydrated excess activated sludge or a mixture of dehydrated excess activated sludge and sediment from primary clarifiers is 2:1-1:1.

The disadvantage of this is the multicomponent composition and the possible toxicity of the sludge of the primary settling tanks after the treatment of urban household wastewater.

Known mixture for the reclamation of sludge storages (RF patent No. 2084417, publ. 20.07.1997) containing sludge-sludge for the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater 100 parts by weight, fly ash 15-20 parts by weight, fine-grained aggregate 15-30 weight. hours, aluminosilicate rock 15-30 wt.h. As a fine-grained filler, the mixture contains slag screenings with a basicity modulus of Mo more than 1 or burnt molding earth, as an aluminosilicate rock - clay or loam, and may additionally contain lime or Portland cement in an amount of 2-5 wt.h. or lime and Portland cement in the amount of 1-2 wt.h. everyone.

The disadvantage of the mixture for the reclamation of sludge storages is the multicomponent composition, which requires the presence of Portland cement in addition to the production waste of dry building mixtures, which makes the mixture heavy in weight and non-plastic when applied.

Known artificial soil for growing plants (RF patent No. 2209543, publ. 08/10/2003), consisting of a nutrient layer - ion-exchange polyacrylonitrile fiber - and a root layer, moreover, the root layer is made in the form of a non-woven hot-melt material made of stapled polyester or polypropylene fibers and located on a water-retaining layer of cellulose fibers (cotton, linen, viscose) in the form of a batt or non-woven material.

The disadvantage of the composition is the use of artificial components, which increase the period of complete restoration of the natural cover due to the long decomposition of the structure.

Biomat is known, produced by LLC NPO Promkompozit (magazine Roads, Geosynthetic materials. Spetsvypuksk, No. 16,2012, p. 46-48), which is a two-layer fully biodegradable base, between the layers of which a reclamation mixture is laid, including seeds of perennial plants, nutrients (mineral and organic fertilizers, plant growth stimulants, soil-forming bacteria) and water-retaining components (in the form of synthetic polymers).

The disadvantage of the composition is the use of artificial components, which increase the period of complete restoration of the natural cover due to the long decomposition of the structure.

Known composition of the mulch coating (RF patent No. 2034899, publ. 05/10/1995), containing polyacrylamide, urea, lignosulfonate, potassium chloride and water.

The disadvantage of the composition is that the potassium chloride used dissolves very quickly when applying the mulching composition to the soil.

The composition of the mulch coating is known (RF patent No. 2620292, publ. 24.05.2017), adopted as a prototype, containing lignosulfonate, urea, Na-carboxymethylcellulose, last year's compost of leaves and needles, sewage sludge from municipal services and double superphosphate in the ratio (wt. h .): lignosulfonate 0.1-0.5; carbamide 0.4-0.8; Na-carboxymethylcellulose 0.3-0.4; double superphosphate 3-6; last year's compost of leaves and needles 16-20; municipal sewage sludge 8-9.

The disadvantage of the composition is the use of toxic sewage sludge from municipal services.

The technical result is the effective restoration of the productivity of disturbed lands during reclamation and the disposal of biodegradable waste with the possibility of its long-term useful use.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the biomat for the reclamation of disturbed lands, which is a structure consisting of at least two layers, where one layer contains a layer of seeds, and at least one other layer contains Na-carboxymethylcellulose, last year's leaf compost and paper and cardboard waste, with the following ratio of components, wt. %:

last year's compost of leaves and needles 49-50 paper and cardboard waste 50.6-49.5 Na-carboxymethylcellulose rest

The claimed biomat includes the following components containing them:

- paper and cardboard waste from clerical activities and office work, produced in accordance with GOST 18510-87, FKKO code 4 05 122 02 60 5 - hazard class 5 - from 49 to 50;

- last year's compost of leaves and needles, FKKO code 7 31 300 02 20 5 - hazard class 5 - from 50.6 to 49.5;

- Na-carboxymethylcellulose, produced in accordance with TU 2231-034-07507908 - the rest.

Paper and cardboard waste from clerical activities and office work belongs to the 5th hazard class (FKKO code 4 05 122 02 60 5) and therefore has a number of advantages, namely, widespread availability and no negative impact on environmental components.

Plant waste is waste of plant origin - last year's compost of leaves and needles, fallen leaves, mowed grass. To create a favorable environment for the growth of tree and shrub plantings, preference is given to plant waste, such as the remains of deciduous plants located in country parks and in areas far from the roadway and industrial zones.

Na-carboxymethylcellulose is a natural product obtained as a result of a chemical reaction of cellulose esterification - produced in accordance with TU 2231-034-07507908, intended for binding the components of the mixture.

The biomat is prepared as follows. Waste paper and cardboard from office work and office work and last year's compost of leaves and needles are separately crushed in a mill, for example, MF 10 basic with a cutting and grinding nozzle MF 10.1 to a particle size of 1 mm. Then Na-carboxymethylcellulose is added and mixed until homogeneous. To create biomat layers, water was added to the mixture with a measuring cylinder in an amount sufficient to cover the entire volume of the mixture with water. The biomat mixture was laid out on a flat surface and rolled out manually using a rolling pin with a layer to a thickness close to 1 mm and left to dry in the open air for at least a day. From the dried layers, a ready-made biomat design was created by superimposing the finished layers on each other, in the case of creating a two-layer biomat and placing the third layer - seeds of perennial frost-resistant plants between them at the rate of 60-150 g/m ^{2 of} the surface between them. The layers are bonded to each other by wetting the resulting biomat with water during irrigation.

Ready biomats were laid out on the soil layer in 1 layer or in 2 layers with seeds located between the layers. The soil was previously subjected to laboratory tests in an accredited laboratory of the Central Collective Use Center of St. Petersburg Mining University for compliance with the requirements of SanPin 1.2.3685-21 "Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans."

To confirm the effectiveness of the biomat, seeds of perennial frost-resistant plants were used, for example, perennial ryegrass, produced in accordance with GOST R 52325-2005.

The composition of the biomat is illustrated by the following examples. Studies were carried out with different compositions of biomats and using two layers, a layer of biomat and a layer of seeds, or three layers, two layers of biomat, the middle layer is a layer of seeds, biomat, which are presented in table 1.

The effectiveness of this experiment was controlled by the following indicators:

- seed germination 1 week after planting;

- seed germination 2 weeks after planting;

- seed germination 3 months after their planting;

- destruction of the biomat structure 3 months after planting the seeds.

For the comparison experiment, the planting of seeds in the soil subjected to biotic, wind and water influences was taken. The germination of plants under such conditions varies from 20 to 30% (point 14 in Table 1), therefore, the excess of these values indicates a high anthropogenic stability of the developed biomat samples.

Table 1 - Results of the experiment using various biomats

No. The composition of the biomat Number of layers Germination, %, 1 week Germination, %, 2 weeks Germination, %, 3 months Biodegradability, % one Waste paper and cardboard 99.5% and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest one 9.1 15.3 twenty twenty 2 Waste paper and cardboard 99.6% and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest 2 38.4 43.4 47 10 3 Packaging paper waste uncontaminated 99.5% and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest one 8.8 16.3 twenty 45 4 Packaging paper waste uncontaminated 99.6% and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest 2 17.5 17.8 23 35 five Last year's compost of leaves and needles 33.2%,
paper and cardboard waste 66.4%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest one 10 17.2 25 75 6 Last year's compost of leaves and needles 33.2%,
paper and cardboard waste 66.4%, and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest 2 27.2 35.6 45 fifty 7 Last year's compost of leaves and needles 99.6% and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest one 6.6 7.5 15 40 8 Last year's compost of leaves and needles 99.5% and Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest 2 6.6 12.8 eighteen twenty nine Newspaper waste 99.6%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest one 33.4 38.8 40 15 10 Newspaper waste 99.5%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest 2 13.8 15.3 twenty five eleven Last year's compost of leaves and needles 49.8%,
paper and cardboard waste about 49.8%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - the rest one 0 2 10 twenty 12 Last year's compost of leaves and needles 49%,
paper and cardboard waste
50.6%
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest 2 14.7 45.6 65 55 13 Last year's compost of leaves and needles 50%,
paper and cardboard waste 49.5%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest 2 15.2 47 67 55 fourteen Last year's compost of leaves and needles 45%,
paper and cardboard waste 54.6%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest 2 12 36 fifty 55 15 Last year's compost of leaves and needles 54.5%,
paper and cardboard waste 45%,
Na-carboxymethylcellulose - rest 2 13 42 56 55 16 Planting grass in open ground (control) - twenty thirty thirty -

The high rate of germination and destructibility of composition No. 12,13 allows us to conclude that the components used in the composition and their ratio of components are quite effective in increasing the restoration of soil productivity.

The studies carried out to identify the most effective composition of the biomat from biodegradable waste of the 5th hazard class by determining the percentage value of the germination of planted seeds and the destructibility of the biomat structure showed that the biomat from a mixture of plant waste when caring for tree and shrub plantings, namely the compost of leaves and needles and waste paper and cardboard, from clerical activities and office work showed high efficiency of soil turfing, while the proposed biomat is environmentally friendly and biodegradable compared to known analogues, since synthetic additives are not used in the composition.

Claims (2)

Biomat for reclamation of disturbed lands, which is a structure consisting of at least two layers, where one layer contains a layer of seeds, and at least one other layer contains Na-carboxymethylcellulose, last year's leaf compost and waste paper and cardboard, in the following ratio of components , wt. %: last year's compost of leaves and needles 49-50 paper and cardboard waste 50.6-49.5 Na-carboxymethylcellulose rest