RU2762136C1 - Nutrient substrate for growing plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The nutrient substrate for growing plants includes the following components: potassium-ammonium-hydrogen polyion form of natural clinoptilolite, slightly soluble salts of calcium and/or magnesium and phosphoric and/or sulfuric acid, a set of microelements, which include at least iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, in the form of hydroxides and/or slightly soluble salts of these compounds, preferably orthophosphates, and boron in the form of a slightly soluble salt, while the substrate also does not necessarily contain mycelium of a mycorrhizal fungus, moreover, the substrate is characterized by a particle size of 0.1-10 mm and the solubility of the components providing the total concentration of ions in an aqueous solution in contact with the substrate of 0.1-50.0 m-eq/dm³. All components are taken at a certain ratio.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase the biological productivity of the substrate, which leads to an improvement in the assimilation of nutrients by the plant, as well as to improve the appearance of plants.

6 cl, 5 tbl

Description

Technology area

The invention relates to the field of agricultural and ornamental plant growing, in particular, to nutrient substrates for growing plants in closed and open ground, which contain a full set of nutrients (macro- and micro-) for plant growth in high concentration and are intended for long-term use without additional fertilization when irrigating with low-mineralized water. It can be used in household, agricultural, high-tech and specialized plant growing, including: as a substrate for closed ecological systems (autonomous greenhouses, phyto- and landscape design, indoor and ornamental plant growing, cloning and adaptation of plants, etc.), to improve fertility and adjust the ionic composition of depleted soils, restore the soil complex of degraded and depleted soils, impart nutritional properties to sands and sandy soils.

State of the art

Substrates in general are natural components or their substitutes that replace the soil for the plant and have a porous structure, providing the plant with a greater flow of oxygen. The increase in the porous space stimulates the rapid growth of the plant, the roots do not have to punch their way, as in the soil, and the plant uses the saved energy to develop and strengthen the immune system.

At the moment, the production of substrates is a very relevant topic and is constantly evolving.

A known method of obtaining ion-exchange substrates for growing plants [SU 211935, publication date 19.11.1968], in which the resulting nutrient medium consists of a mixture of synthetic cation-exchange and anion-exchange resins saturated with cations and anions of biogenic elements from nutrient solutions of various compositions to a state of equilibrium. The method of obtaining ion exchange substrates by this method is universal and allows the use of synthetic ion exchangers of any type for these purposes. The disadvantages of this method are: the use of large volumes of the passed nutrient solution (at least 1,000 liters of solution per 1 kg of substrate) and the duration of the process; the impossibility of using this medium to correct the ionic composition of soils in natural conditions, which is due to sanitary and hygienic restrictions and prohibitions on the introduction of synthetic polymers into the soil; the difficulty in disposing of the used substrate; high cost, due, among other things, to the high cost of the initial ion exchangers.

There is a more technologically advanced method for producing ion-exchange substrates of this type, implemented by successive saturation of a mixture of cation and anion exchangers under static conditions with salts of biogenic elements ["Ionic soils" - B.C. Soldatov, N.G. Peryshkina, R.P. Khoroshko - Ed. "Science and Technology", Minsk, 1978, 271 pages - pp. 157-172]. This makes it possible to reduce the volume of saturating solutions and the time of the process for obtaining substrates; however, most of the above disadvantages remain.

Known nutrient medium for growing plants [SU 1395217, publication date 05/15/1988], obtained by mixing synthetic cation and anion, saturated with cations and anions of biogenic elements, and a natural mineral from the group of zeolites - clinoptilolite, in potassium or potassium-ammonium ionic form. In this case, the cost of the resulting substrate is reduced due to the introduction of an inexpensive component, clinoptilolite, into its composition. However, the disadvantages associated with environmental friendliness and recyclability still remain.

A known method of producing artificial soil based on clinoptilolite [RU 2115301, publication date 20.07.1998]. The artificial soil obtained by this method consists only of chemically modified clinoptilolite. It is a mixture of cationic forms of clinoptilolite with a composite material based on clinoptilolite containing magnesium phosphates and acting as an anion-exchange component. The disadvantage of this method is high labor intensity, mandatory thermostating (due to the need to introduce magnesium ions into clinoptilolite at elevated temperatures (at least 50 ° C), followed by treatment with a solution of metal hydrogen phosphate at a temperature of no more than 35 ° C), as well as long-term final processing of the resulting mixture poorly concentrated nutrient hydroponic solutions.

Known artificial soil and a method for its production [US 2015128671 A1, publication date 05/14/2015], which proposes to use synthetic and natural ion exchangers as filler components, which are composites in which ion exchanger particles saturated with biogenic ions are distributed in the volume of the hydrogel - sodium alginate. The main disadvantages of these media are the low exchange capacity of the described artificial soils (no more than 0.2 meq / g in total for cations and anions), the complexity of the process of obtaining and the danger of bacterial growth of pathogenic microflora on an organic hydrogel.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved technical result is a nutrient substrate for growing plants (prototype) [RU 2662772, publication date 07/30/2018], which is a mechanical mixture of monoionic potassium (10-89 wt.%), Ammonium (20-79 wt. .%) and hydrogen (0-30 wt.%) forms of natural clinoptilolite and poorly soluble salts of calcium, magnesium and phosphoric and / or sulfuric acid (0 ÷ 10 wt.%). The main disadvantages of this substrate are the presence of the main nutrients of plants (potassium and ammonium ions) in different particles of clinoptilolite (mechanical mixture of monoionic forms), the absence in the composition of the substrate of a complete set of trace elements necessary for effective plant growth.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is to create a highly productive and environmentally friendly nutrient substrate for ionitoponics based on polyionic forms of natural ion exchangers (zeolites), saturated with a full range of biological macro- and microelements, forming a nutrient solution in equilibrium with water.

The technical result consists in increasing the biological productivity of the substrate, which leads to an improvement in the assimilation of nutrients by the plant, in particular phosphorus.

The problem is solved by the fact that the proposed nutrient substrate for growing plants, consisting of a) potassium, ammonium, hydrogen polyionic forms of natural clinoptilolite (1-98 wt.%), B) slightly soluble calcium and / or magnesium salts and phosphoric and / or sulfuric acids (each 0-10 wt.%); c) a set of trace elements (iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum) in the form of poorly soluble salts and / or hydroxides in an amount of up to 0.1 wt. % of each. In this case, the substrate is characterized by a particle size of 0.1-10 mm and the solubility of the components providing the total concentration of ions in an aqueous solution in contact with the substrate of 0.1-50 meq / dm ³ . C) mycelium of mycorrhizal fungus can also be added in an amount of up to 1 wt. % of the mass of the substrate. The substrate contains a full range of macro- and microelements, and all nutrients are contained simultaneously in one elementary particle of the substrate. The substrate improves the absorption of nutrients by the plant, in particular phosphorus.

In this case, the claimed nutrient substrate contains the following components in the following ratio (wt%):

- K ⁺ -NH ₄ ⁺ -H ⁺ polyionic form of clinoptilolite - 1 ÷ 98;

examples of poorly soluble calcium and / or magnesium salts

- CaHRO ₄ - 0 ÷ 1; - MgHPO ₄ - 0 ÷ 7; - Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ - 0 ÷ 10; - Mg ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ - 0 ÷ 2; - CaSO ₄ - 0 ÷ 3; - NH ₄ MgPO ₄ - 0 ÷ 10; - Dolomite - 0 ÷ 2; - Phosphorite - 0 ÷ 2;

examples of trace elements in the form of salts and / or hydroxides

- Iron (Fe (OH) ₃ or FePO ₄ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Boron (CaBO ₄ or MgBO ₄ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Manganese (Mn (OH) ₂ or Mn ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Copper (Cu (OH) ₂ or Cu ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Zinc (Zn (OH) ₂ or Zn ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Cobalt (Co (OH) ₂ or Co ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Nickel (Ni (OH) ₂ or Ni ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1; - Molybdenum (Mo (OH) ₃ or Mo ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) - 0 ÷ 0.1;

additional component

- Mycelium of mycorrhizal fungus -0 ÷ 1.

The content of potassium, ammonium and hydrogen in polyionic forms of clinoptilolite is determined by the K / N ratio and pH of the solution in equilibrium with the substrate, corresponding to: the physiological needs of plants; optimal mass of the useful part or decorative properties of plants; chemical composition that determines the nutritional value of agricultural plants and adopted in the practice of plant growing ["Agrochemistry" - V.V. Kidin, S.P. Torshin - M .: Prospect, 2016. - 608 p.].

In the claimed nutrient substrate, the source of potassium and nitrogen for plants and the acidity regulator of the rhizosphere is clinoptilolite, which contains potassium, ammonium and hydrogen ions in an osmotically inactive ion-exchange state. The required proportions of these elements in polyionic form are obtained by controlling the chemical composition of the modifying solution during its production.

The amount of clinoptilolite in the substrate ranges from 1 to 98 wt. % based on the weight of the substrate. This interval implies both intermediate values, as well as fractional values, for example, the amount of clinoptilolite can be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 mass. %, or fractional numbers, for example, 15.5, 27.5, 33.3, 78.5, 95.7 mass. %.

In this application, anions (phosphorus and sulfur), as well as microelements, are introduced into the substrate in the form of poorly soluble salts, hydroxides or natural minerals, the solubility of which does not exceed those values at which the total concentration of electrolytes in the substrate solution does not exceed values unacceptable for plant growth. ... The dose of introduction of minerals into the nutrient substrate is large enough for the substrate solution to be saturated with respect to each of these salts, which ensures the constant concentration of the introduced ions, regardless of the amount of added additives. This guarantees the impossibility of overdosing these ions in solution when their required amount in the substrate is exceeded.

The amount of poorly soluble salts is indicated in terms of the weight of the substrate and this form of recording “each 0-10 wt. %) means that the substrate may contain several salts in an amount of up to 10 wt. %, or all salts present can be 10 wt. %. The kind of sparingly soluble salt is not limited to the above examples, and includes any other suitable soluble ion-releasing salts and minerals.

The addition of trace elements to the composition, namely, at least iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, in the form of salts and / or hydroxides, makes it possible to increase the productivity of the proposed substrates (the amount of grown plant biomass (both raw and and dry) increases by at least 10-20% compared to the prototype (Tables 1-5)), as well as improve the appearance of plants (aerial and root parts), in particular, the chlorophyll content in leaf plates increases by 20-30% compared with the prototype (tables 2-3). It is also allowed to add other trace elements useful for plants in the same amount. Such elements are known to those skilled in the art.

To increase the growth of the root system of the plant and improve the absorption of nutrients by the plant, in particular phosphorus, the mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus can be used as an additive to the substrate. The type of mycorrhiza fungus is determined by the area of application of the substrate.

Achievement of the technical result is characterized by obtaining a yield of test plants (expressed in the amount of biomass grown on the substrate), compared with the prototype.

Below are examples of experimental studies of the effectiveness of the proposed substrate.

Implementation of the invention

The results of biological experiments are presented by examples. The examples illustrate but do not limit the claimed invention.

Test conditions:

- Experimental culture is indicated in each specific example.

- Nutrient medium for plants: a mixture of the test substrate 2 wt. % and quartz sand 98 wt. % (washed with 2M HCl to remove acid-soluble impurities). On top, the nutrient medium was mulched with black polyethylene chips to suppress the growth of unicellular algae.

- Vegetation vessels: black plastic flowerpots 8 cm high and 49 cm ² soil area. The volume of the nutrient medium is 290 cm ³ , the mass of the nutrient medium is 330 g.

- Illumination in vegetation: 10,000 Lux, lamps - LED lamp DSP08-6x24-001 UHL4.2. Photoperiod: 18 hours light.

- Air temperature: during the day 21 ÷ 23 ° С, at night 16 ÷ 18 ° С.

- Watering: tap water supplying water from the bottom to the sump, composition:

The quantitative criteria for assessing the productivity of substrates were wet and dry (drying at 60 ° C to constant weight) biomass of plants grown on them, for flowers - the number of flower buds. As a control, the prototype [RU 2662772], the closest in technical essence, was used in a mixture with the same sand and with the same percentage.

The substrate according to the invention, in contrast to the prototype, additionally contained a set of trace elements (iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum) in the form of poorly soluble salts and / or hydroxides in an amount of up to 0.1 wt. % of each based on the weight of the substrate.

These nutrient media can have a different composition in a wide range of ratios of nutrients and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium supplements, which makes it possible to obtain a large list of specialized nutrient media for the needs of specific plants. The resulting nutrient substrate with high efficiency can be used as substrates for ionitoponics, corrective additives to soils, soils and sands of various origins.

The essential advantages of the claimed invention are:

- the simultaneous presence of all plant nutrients in an elementary particle of the substrate;

- the presence in the substrate of a complete list of micro- and macroelements;

- introduction of the mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus into the nutrient medium to effectively stimulate the development of the root system and leaf apparatus of the plant;

- environmental friendliness of production and use;

- lack of high-temperature processing stages;

- the possibility of obtaining a nutrient medium that is practically free of nitrates.

Claims (14)

1. Nutrient substrate for growing plants, which includes the following components, wt. %: - potassium-ammonium-hydrogen polyionic form of natural clinoptilolite 1-98, - slightly soluble salts of calcium and / or magnesium and phosphoric and / or sulfuric acid 0-10 each salt, - a set of trace elements, which are at least iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, in the form of hydroxides and / or poorly soluble salts of these compounds, preferably orthophosphates, and boron in the form of a poorly soluble salt in an amount up to 0.1 each, the substrate also optionally contains the mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus in an amount of up to 1 wt. % and the substrate is characterized by a particle size of 0.1-10 mm and the solubility of the components providing the total concentration of ions in an aqueous solution in contact with the substrate 0.1-50.0 m-eq / dm ³ . 2. Nutrient substrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a full complex of macro- and microelements, which is simultaneously in one elementary particle of the substrate. 3. Nutrient substrate according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the poorly soluble salts are presented in the following composition (wt%): CaHPO ₄ 0 ÷ 1 MgHPO ₄ 0 ÷ 7 Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ 0 ÷ 10 Mg ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ 0 ÷ 2 CaSO ₄ 0 ÷ 3 NH ₄ MgPO ₄ 0 ÷ 10 Dolomite 0 ÷ 2 Phosphorite 0 ÷ 2 4. Nutrient substrate according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the microelements are presented in the following composition (wt%): Iron (Fe (OH) ₃ or FePO ₄ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Boron (CaBO ₄ or MgBO ₄ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Manganese (Mn (OH) ₂ or Mn ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Copper (Cu (OH) ₂ or Cu ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Zinc (Zn (OH) ₂ or Zn ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Cobalt (Co (OH) ₂ or Co ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Nickel (Ni (OH) ₂ or Ni ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 Molybdenum (Mo (OH) ₃ or Mo ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ ) 0 ÷ 0.1 5. Nutrient substrate according to claim 3, characterized in that it contains a full set of macro- and microelements, additionally containing the mycelium of mycorrhizal fungus up to 1 wt. % based on the weight of the substrate. 6. Nutrient substrate according to claim 4, characterized in that it contains a complete set of macro- and microelements, additionally containing the mycelium of mycorrhizal fungus up to 1 wt. % based on the weight of the substrate.