RU2753765C1 - Alternating current generator based on a cyclotron converter of microwave oscillation energy - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electrical engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of electrical engineering, microwave oscillations and remote energy transmission. An alternating current generator based on a cyclotron converter of microwave oscillation energy consists of a cyclotron resonant converter (CRC) of microwave oscillation energy into DC energy, a control unit, a switching unit. The generator makes it possible to obtain periodic oscillations in the output current (voltage) as a result of approximating the sinusoidal function of the output current (voltage) by a sequence of two pulse functions so that the shape of the output current is a rectangular meander consisting of two pulses, one with positive and the second with negative polarity. This is achieved by using a switch of four controlled keys that are controlled by the control unit, the pulses generated by the control unit arrive at the control electrodes of the controlled keys and open the keys for the duration of these pulses for the duration of these pulses, one pair of keys transmits the current from the CRC directly and the current in the load during the first half-period coincides with the direction of the current in the CRC, the second pair of keys inverts the output poles, as a result, during the second half-period, the current in the load flows in the opposite direction with respect to the first half-period.

EFFECT: increase in the quality of AC energy.

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Description

I. Field of technology to which the invention relates

The invention relates to the field of electrical engineering, microwave oscillations and remote transmission of energy. The device is designed to generate alternating current using a resonant cyclotron converter of oscillations of the electromagnetic field of the microwave frequency range. The device generates a sequence of impulse functions that approximates a sinusoidal function of time.

II. State of the art

At present, the problem of remote transmission of energy using the optical or microwave frequency ranges for the transmission of beams of electromagnetic waves is urgent. The need for this arises during remote transmission of energy to spacecraft and stations, as well as three transmissions of energy from spacecraft to Earth. For power supply of spacecraft, both direct and alternating current energy is used, as well as the mutual transformation of these types of energy. In the power supply systems of spacecraft (SC), converters (inverters), including step-up transformers, or electric machine generators are currently used to obtain high-voltage direct or alternating voltage. The high-voltage consumers of the spacecraft include electric propulsion (ERE). Table 1 shows the characteristic values of the voltages and currents of various types of electric propulsion engines.

It follows from the table that the voltages required for the operation of the electric propulsion engine can be tens of thousands of volts. The mass-dimensional characteristics of devices containing a step-up transformer on a ferromagnetic core or electric machine generators are large and range from γ = (3 ... 5) kg / kW to γ = 30 kg / kW. In the power supply systems of spacecraft (SC), converters (inverters), including step-up transformers, or electric machine generators are currently used to obtain high-voltage direct or alternating voltage. The high-voltage consumers of the spacecraft include electric propulsion (ERE). Table 1 shows the characteristic values of the voltages and currents of various types of electric propulsion engines.

It follows from the table that the voltages required for the operation of the electric propulsion engine can be tens of thousands of volts. The mass-dimensional characteristics of devices containing a step-up transformer on a ferromagnetic core or electric machine generators are large and range from γ = (3 ... 5) kg / kW to γ = 30 kg / kW. The need to convert direct current energy into alternating eye energy also arises when transferring energy from a spacecraft to Earth. Further, a method is proposed for direct generation of alternating current energy using a resonant cyclotron converter of oscillations of the electromagnetic field of the microwave frequency range.

II.1 Comparison with prior art

Conversion of microwave energy into direct current energy is described in the literature, which also shows the positive results of experiments of such a conversion [1,2]. The schematic of the microwave-to-direct current converter is shown in the figure in Fig. 1.

FIG. 1 Diagram of a cyclotron converter

In the figure of FIG. 1 shows:

- electron gun;

- resonator;

- recuperator;

- collector;

- load with resistance R.

The electron gun generates a stream of electrons. It enters the resonator, into which the energy of the microwave electromagnetic field with a frequency ω is also introduced. Under the action of an external magnetic field with a magnetic induction B _{0, the} flow of electrons acquires a rotational motion. At the cyclotron resonance frequency ω with the same frequency of the electromagnetic field ω, the energy of the electromagnetic field is intensively absorbed by the rotating stream of electrons. In the recuperation zone, under the influence of an external magnetic field with magnetic induction B ₁ , the direction of which is opposite to the direction of magnetic induction B ₀ , the rotational motion of the electrons is converted into translational motion and the electrons are deposited on the collector. As a result, DC energy is released across the load with resistance R.

With respect to the external electrical circuit, the cyclotron energy converter can be represented by a real (not ideal) current source, the diagram of such a source is shown in Fig. 2.

FIG. 2 Electrical circuit of the cyclotron converter

The current generated by the cyclotron converter is represented in this figure by the current source Jg, the conductivity g _hn takes into account the internal energy losses of the source, the current I _hn is the generator loss current, the current J enters the external circuit. In works [3,4], devices for generating variable EMF using impulse approximation of sinusoidal functions are described. The principle of constructing an alternator based on a cyclotron converter using pulse approximation is used in the described device.

The use of a cyclotron converter for power supply of aircraft is described in [5].

II.2 Approximation of a sinusoidal function by a sequence of impulse functions

In the described generator, obtaining a sinusoidal function of the output current (voltage) of the device is based on the approximation of a sinusoidal function by a sequence of impulse functions, as described in [3,4]. The proposed device uses a pulse approximation of the sinusoidal function of the output voltage. The number of pulses per period can be n = 2 ... N, depending on the required approximation accuracy. The cost of the device increases with an increase in the number of pulses per period, however, the approximation error decreases.

The graphs of the approximating functions for n = 2, 8, 12 are shown in the figure in Fig. 3

FIG. 3 Graphs of approximating functions

The figure shows the approximation of sinusoidal voltage functions e (t) by a sequence of pulse functions for the number of pulses at the period T equal to n = 2, 8, 12 and multiple values of the pulse amplitudes. The figure also shows the duration of one TI pulse.

The following description of the device refers to the case when the number of pulses in the period T is equal to two, n = 2.

The possibility of using a different number of pulses per period to approximate the output current makes it possible to optimize the price-quality ratio of energy, since with an increase in the number of pulses, the cost of the generator increases, but at the same time the approximation error decreases, and the quality of the alternating current energy increases.

II.2 Purpose of the invention.

The aim of the invention is to develop a device for generating an alternating current (voltage) approximating a sinusoidal function using a cyclotron resonant converter as an energy source. The generated current (voltage) form is a rectangular alternating meander. Generation is carried out using pulse technology and semiconductor switches. A characteristic feature of the proposed generator is the use of a commutator (synthesizer) of pulses of different polarity in order to obtain a sequence of pulses that approximate a sinusoidal function.

II.3. Inventive level.

The proposed device for generating sinusoidal alternating current using the conversion of the energy of the electromagnetic field of the microwave range into direct current energy based on a resonant cyclotron converter. The device differs from the known devices, in which a high voltage alternating sinusoidal current is obtained as a result of the use of inverters and step-up transformers, or with the help of electric machine generators, in that:

- sinusoidal currents are generated as a result of approximation of the sinusoidal function of the output current by a sequence of impulse functions;

- direct current is generated by a cyclotron resonant converter of the type of energy and is removed from the collector of the converter;

- the number of impulse functions on the period of the sinusoidal function is set by the control unit and is equal to two. The current at the generator output is formed by a set of rectangular current pulses of positive and negative polarity, a given value and the same duration TI, repeated at a given frequency. The number of pulses in the period T is equal to n = T / TI. Next, a variant of the generator is considered using two pulses of the same magnitude and different polarity (n = 2).

- To connect current sources to the output poles of the generator, a switching unit is used, with the help of which currents of the required magnitude and polarity are connected to the output of the device in the sequence specified by the control unit.

III. Disclosure of the essence of the invention

III.1 Block diagram of the device

The block diagram of the device for n = 2 is shown in the figure in Fig. 4.

Figure 4 Block diagram of the generator for n = 2

In the figure of FIG. 4 shows blocks B1, B2, B3, input and output poles of these blocks, with the help of which the blocks are connected to each other and to external devices. In the figure of FIG. 4 shows:

1. Control unit B1. Provides cyclic, with a given period T, supply of control pulses u _ctrl , which control the opening of electronic power switches K1 ... K4 located in the switching unit B2. Each of the keys opens with a control impulse u _ctrl for the duration of one impulse of the control voltage. In the figure of FIG. 4 control pulses come from poles 8 ₁ and 8 ₂ of the control unit and go to the control electrodes of the keys K1 ... K4 located in the switching unit B2;

2. Switching unit B2. Provides with the help of controlled keys K1 ... K4 the connection of current (voltage) pulses of the required value J₁ or J₂ at time intervals specified by the control unit with the polarity required to obtain the AC function to the output terminals of the switching unit 10₁ and 10₂... The generator load is connected to these poles.

Current pulses J ₁ and J _{2 of} different polarity are obtained as a result of the conversion by block B2 of direct current J coming from block B3 and taken from poles 11 ₁ and 11 ₂ into current pulses of duration T / 2. The amplitude of the positive-polarity pulse is J1 = J, and the amplitude of the negative-polarity pulse is J2 = -J.

3. Block B3 - cyclotron resonant converter. The cyclotron resonant converter (CRC), block B3, is shown in the figure in Fig. 5.

FIG. 5 A simplified diagram of the cyclotron resonant converter of the CRP includes:

- an electron gun 15, which generates a flow of electrons;

- a resonator 14 or a chamber for converting the energy of microwave oscillations into the energy of a rotating and then translationally moving stream of electrons;

- collector 12, which receives the energy of the flow of electrons and transfers it to an external electrical circuit;

- poles 11 ₁ and 11 ₂ . In this case, pole 11 _{1 is} connected to the collector of the CRP, position 12, and pole 11 _{2 is} connected to the cathode of the electron gun 15. Poles 11 ₁ and 11 _{2 of the} CRP are connected to the switching unit B2. In the electrical diagram, the PDC is represented by a current source with a parallel connection of an ideal current source J _g and a resistor with conductivity g _hn , which takes into account the internal losses of the DC generator, sends a direct current J to the external electrical circuit of the PDC, as shown in Fig. 2.

III.2 Control unit

The B1 control unit is designed to generate control pulses as a result of creating a sequence of rectangular pulses of a given duration = T / 2 and supplying these signals to the control electrodes of the controlled semiconductor switches K1 ... K4 located in the switching unit. The clock pulse generator 1 of the block generates a sequence of pulses cyclic with a period T. The value of T is equal to the period of the sinusoidal function. The number of pulses in the period T is equal to n, the duration of one pulse is TI = T / n. The values of n and TI are selected based on considerations of ensuring the required approximation error of a sinusoidal function by a sequence of rectangular impulse functions and the cost of implementing the device. With increasing n, the approximation error decreases and the cost of the device increases.

With the help of controlled electronic keys located in the switching unit, the current sources generated by the power supply unit (cyclotron converter) B3 are connected at the times specified by the control unit by means of controlled keys to the output poles of the switching unit 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ . Switching is carried out in the open state of the key. The duration of the open state of each key is TI.

A schematic diagram of the control unit is shown in Fig. 6.

Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the control unit

For n = 2, the control unit generates two control pulses u _ctrl . The first pulse of duration T / 2 acts on the time interval 0 ... T / 2, the second control pulse acts on the interval T / 2 ... T. This is shown in the figure in FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 Control pulse graphs

The control pulses are removed from the poles 8 ₁ and 8 _{2 of the} decoder 7 and are fed to the control electrodes of the controlled keys K1 ... K4 of the switching unit. When a control pulse arrives, the controlled key opens for the duration of the control pulse and transmits a power current pulse from block B1 to the output of block B2.

The block is implemented on elements 1-7. It contains a clock pulse generator (GTI) 1, a logical element AND 2, a counter 3 of the number of pulses at the period T of the periodic function, a comparison circuit 4, register 5, a decoder 7 with output poles 8 ₁ ... 8n. For n = 2, these are poles 8 ₁ and 8 ₂ . The B1 control unit is designed to form a cyclic sequence of rectangular control pulses with a period T. Control pulses control the opening of the power switches of the B2 switching unit. Power switches are connected for a time interval TI in a predetermined sequence positive and negative current pulses to the output poles of the device 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ . The device is started by sending a signal at input 6. At input 13, the code of the number of time intervals n is recorded. The GTI output 1 is connected to the first input of the AND element 2, the second input of which is connected to the first input 6 of the device, and the output to the first input of the counter 3, the output of which is connected to the input of the decoder 7 and to the first input of the comparison circuit 4, the second input of which is connected to the output of register 5, and the output to the second input of the counter 3, the input of the register 5 is connected to the input 13 of the device, the outputs of the decoder 7 are connected to the inputs 8 ₁ ... 8n, with the help of which the control unit is connected to the switching unit. When the number code of the pulse counter 3 is equal to the code of the number set by register 5, the counter is reset to zero and the process repeats. By changing the frequency of the clock generator 1, you can change the frequency of the alternating current (voltage) generated by the device.

III.3 Electrical diagram of the device.

Switching unit.

The electrical diagram of the device is shown in the figure in FIG. eight.

FIG. 8 Wiring diagram of the device

In the figure of FIG. 8 shows an electrical equivalent circuit for an alternator. On it, the cyclotron converter is represented by a current source Jg and an internal conductivity g _int with an output current J. The current source is connected to the switching unit B2 by _{poles 11 1} and 11 _2. Using the switching unit B2, the current of the source J is connected to the output poles of the device 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ . At the time interval 0 ... T / 2 using the keys K1 and K3, the current of the source J is transmitted to the output poles of the device 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ without changing the polarity, at the time interval T / 2 ... T using the keys K2 and K4, the current is inverted and the inverted pulse current duration TI is fed to the output poles of the device 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ , The open state of the keys K1 ... K4 is controlled using control signals coming from the control unit using poles 8 ₁ and 8 ₂ . During the first pulse, the control signal comes from pole 8 ₁ , during the second pulse, the control signal comes from pole 8 ₂ . The first impulse opens the keys K1 and K3 for a time interval equal to half the period T / 2, the second impulse opens the keys K2 and K4. In the figure of FIG. 8 shows the load of the converter with resistance R, which is connected to the output poles of the converter 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ . The form of stress on the load u _n has the shape of a rectangular meander. If necessary, this shape can be approximated to sinusoidal by filtering the higher harmonics of the voltage. Poles 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ are the output poles of the generator.

IV. Brief Description of Drawings

FIG. 1 Diagram of a cyclotron converter

FIG. 2 Electrical circuit of the cyclotron converter

FIG. 3 Graphs of approximating functions

FIG. 4 Block diagram of the generator for n = 2

FIG. 5 Simplified diagram of a cyclotron resonant converter

FIG. 6 Schematic diagram of the control unit

FIG. 7 Control voltage graphs

FIG. 8 Wiring diagram of the device

V. Implementation of the invention

Description of the operation of the device. The device is designed to convert direct current taken from the collector of the cyclotron converter into a repeating sequence of rectangular pulses with positive and negative polarity. In one period, the output current (voltage) is in the form of a rectangular meander. If necessary, the shape of the output current (voltage) can be approximated to sinusoidal as a result of installing a filter that filters the higher harmonics of the output current (voltage). A direct current is drawn from the collector of the converter by means of the poles 11 ₁ and 11 ₂ shown in the wiring diagram of FIG. eight.

Conversion of direct current into a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses with positive and negative polarity is carried out by the switching unit B2, Fig. 8, using controlled keys K1 ... K4. Keys K1 and K3 switch the current from the output of the cyclotron converter from poles 11 ₁ and 11 ₂ to the output poles of the device 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ during the first pulse on the period, the duration of which is equal to T / 2, where the T-period is generated by the periodic function of the output current ( voltage). Keys K2 and K4 switch the current from the output of the cyclotron converter from poles 11 ₁ and 11 ₂ to the output poles of the device 10 ₁ and 10 ₂ during the second pulse period, the duration of which is also equal to T / 2. With the help of these keys, the polarity of the pulse is also inverted. The current from pole 11 _{1 is} connected to pole 10 ₂ , and the current from pole 11 ₂ is transferred to pole 10 ₁ . The control of the open state of the keys K1 ... K4 is carried out using control pulses coming from poles 8 ₁ and 8 ₂ of the control unit B1. In the initial state, the code of the number of time intervals n is written on the register 5 at the input 13. In the considered device, n = 2. The period of the sinusoidal function T is divided into this number of intervals when the sinusoidal function is approximated by a sequence of impulse functions. The operation of the device begins after a start signal is applied to the input 6 of the logic element AND 2. After the start signal is supplied, the pulses from the output of the clock pulse generator 1 through the open element And 2 begin to enter the input of the counter 3. The code from the output of the counter 3 goes to the input of the decoder 7. On at the output of the decoder, a single signal appears only at one of its n outputs. A single signal at the i-th (i = 1 ... n) output of the decoder 7 is fed to the input of the switching unit by means of one of the poles 8 _i , i = 1 ... n, which is connected to the control electrodes of the controlled keys K1 ... K4.

Vi. Literature

1. Budzinsky Yu.F., Bykovsky SB, Vange V. Non-traditional vacuum microwave electronics based on transverse waves of electron flow / ELECTRONICS, Science, Technology, Business, No. 4, 2005

2. Savvin V.L., Kazaryan G.M., Konnov A.V., Mikheev D.A., Peklevsky A.V., Space charge and energy recovery in a cyclotron converter / Journal of RADIO ELECTRONICS, No. 11, 2011

3. Gavrilov L.P. Generator of the EMF polyphase system, patent No. 2633662 dated 16.10.2017

4. Gavrilov L.P. Generator of a polyphase EMF system for mobile devices Patent 2671539 dated 01.11.2018

5. Konnov A.V., Nikitin A.P. Wireless power transmission system for power supply of aircraft / Patent RU113434 U1, dated 2012.02.10.

Claims (4)

An alternating current generator based on a cyclotron resonant microwave energy converter, consisting of: - a cyclotron resonant converter of microwave energy into direct current energy (CRC), which generates direct current J, consists of a collector 12, a resonator 14, an electron gun 15, the output poles of the CRC are 11 ₁ and 11 ₂ , differs in that to generate with the help of the CRP a periodic alternating current with a period T in the form of a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses of positive and negative polarity, the duration of each pulse is equal to half the period T, the amplitude of the pulse with positive polarity J1 = J, and the amplitude of the pulse with negative polarity J2 = -J, to implement these properties, poles 11 ₁ and 11 _{2 are} connected to a direct current source J generated by a cyclotron converter of microwave energy, while the CRP collector is connected to pole 11 ₁ , and pole 11 _{2 is} connected to the cathode of the CRP electron gun, on the side of the alternating generator current pole 11 _{1 is} connected to the inputs of the controlled keys K1 and K3, pole 11 _{2 is} connected to the inputs of the keys K2 and K4, the output of the K1 key is connected to the output pole of the generator 10 ₁ , the output of the K3 key is connected to the output pole 10 ₂ , the output of the K2 key is connected to pole 10 ₂ , the output of the key K4 is connected to pole 10 ₁ , control open with The state of the keys K1 and K3 is carried out as a result of supplying the control electrodes of these keys with a rectangular control pulse from the pole 8 _{1 of the} decoder 7 of the control unit, during the action of the control pulse acting during the first half of the period with a duration from 0 to T / 2, these keys open, connecting pole 11 ₁ to pole 10 ₁ and pole 11 ₂ to pole 10 ₂ , this is how a positive half-wave of current is transmitted from the CRP to the load with resistance R, during the second half of the period from T / 2 to T, the control signal from pole 8 _{1 is} not received , and from pole 8 _{2 a} control signal arrives at the control electrodes of keys K2 and K4, keys K2 and K4 open, connecting pole 11 ₁ with the output pole 10 ₂ , pole 11 _{2 is} connected to the output pole 10 ₁ , through a load with resistance R from the CRP a negative half-wave of the current flows, at the period T the shape of the current flowing through the load has the shape of a rectangular meander, control pulses that control open state of the keys K1 ... K4, come from the decoder of the control unit, the circuit of which includes a clock pulse generator (GTI) 1, element I 2, counter 3, comparison circuit 4, register 5, start button 6, decoder 7, input for setting the number time intervals 13, the output of the GTI 1 is connected to the first input of the element And 2, the start button of the device 6 is connected to the second input of the element And 2, the output of the element And 2 is connected to the first input of the counter 3, the output of which is connected to the input of the decoder 7 and to the first input of the circuit comparison 4, the output of the comparison circuit 4 is connected to the second input of the counter 3, the register 5 is connected to the second input of the comparison circuit 4 at the input 13 of which the number of time intervals n is entered in the period T, from the output of the counter 3 the pulses are fed to the input of the decoder 7, the output poles are 8 ₁ and 8 ₂ decoders 7 are connected to the control electrodes of the controlled keys K1 ... K4, controlling the frequency of the clock pulse generator 1, the frequency r is controlled alternator.

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