RU2752379C1 - Single-wall panel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction industry.

SUBSTANCE: sandwich panel for a fire wall, a sandwich panel containing an insulating core placed between the first element of the shell and the second element of the shell, each element of the shell contains a tongue at one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite end of the panel, while the tongue is made to interact with the groove of the first adjacent sandwich panel to form the first joint, and the groove is made to interact with the tongue of the second adjacent sandwich panel to form the second joint, while the sandwich panel additionally contains: the first reinforcing element, engaged with the tongue and the second reinforcing element engaged with the groove at the opposite end of the panel, while the first and second reinforcing elements provide reinforcement of the first and second joints, respectively.

EFFECT: new solutions for the construction industry.

38 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The technical field to which the invention relates

[0001] The present invention relates to firewalls and panel joint reinforcements for a firewall.

State of the art

[0002] The firewalls prevent fire from spreading from one side of the firewall to the other side. The firewall is designed to prevent the collapse of an adjacent building or part of it and the resulting impacts inevitably caused by such collapse. Firewalls must comply with certain standards regarding the official regulations for fire resistance, for example according to the Finnish National Building Code, part E1. One of these tests specified in building standards is EN 1363-2: 1999. To pass this test, fire walls are mainly constructed of concrete, which requires a solid foundation and does not allow the fire walls to move, for example, when changing the operation or expanding the building. ... EP 2 218 841 B1 presents a firewall solution with a relatively light structure, in line with official regulations. Disclosed is a two-layer firewall, characterized in that the main components forming the panel are provided with a corrugated steel sheet structure substantially completely covering the opening formed in the middle of the main element and partially extending into the vertical profiles connecting the horizontal upper and lower profiles. On both sides of the corrugated sheet, fire-resistant elements are mounted. These fire-resistant elements comprise a mineral wool core and metal locations attached to both main surfaces of the core. Although this panel meets at least the EIM-60 classification of the Finnish National Building Code, there is a need for a panel that is relatively lighter than the firewall solution proposed in EP 2 218 841 B1.

[0003] A sandwich panel is an assembly of a lightweight core glued between two relatively thin and strong cladding sheets, usually metal, plywood, or other lightweight material. A typical sandwich panel is described in EP2 657 426 A2. The core usually contains polystyrene foam, rigid polyurethane foam, injection polyurethane foam, or other semi-rigid materials. The core may also contain glass wool fibers, stone wool fibers, and the like. Sandwich panels have profiled joints that engage adjacent panels during assembly, as shown in FIG. 1.

[0004] The sandwich panel 100 has a tongue 102 or protruding male portion formed at one longitudinal edge of the panel (for example, an upper end when a plurality of panels are arranged horizontally), and a groove 101 formed at an opposite longitudinal end of the panel (for example, a lower end when horizontally location of multiple panels). When assembled, the tongue 102 of one panel engages with a groove in an adjacent panel along the length of the panel. An example panel may have dimensions of, for example, 1200 mm along the vertical edge and 4000 mm along its length.

[0005] In conventional facade configurations, the additional reinforcement of the joints and the interconnection of panels and interacting joints provide sufficient mechanical resistance. However, fire walls have a great need for additional mechanical strength or resistance. The increase in mechanical strength or resistance is provided by stitching or mounting firewall panels to an underlying support structure using mechanical fasteners such as stapling screws. Stitching screws are inserted through the joint formed by the engaged tongue and groove in the adjacent panels. These stapling screws attach the sandwich panel to the underlying mounting frame for mounting the fire wall to the appropriate structure. These stapling screws reinforce the joint and provide a certain level of mechanical stability. Although the cladding sheets of a sandwich panel are relatively strong, the thickness of the steel in such a panel is usually limited to about 0.7-0.8 mm. This alone does not provide sufficient mechanical strength in cases where the mechanical requirements, such as those that lead to a fire, are correspondingly high.

[0006] Therefore, it is desirable to provide an improved firewall assembly that retains the lightweight aspect of the sandwich panel, but which provides improved mechanical stability, and which preferably meets at least the EIM 120 classification.

Disclosure of the essence of the invention

[0007] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a sandwich panel for a fire wall, wherein the sandwich panel comprises an insulating core sandwiched between a first cladding element and a second cladding element, each cladding element comprising a tongue at one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite end panels, while the tongue is designed to interact with the groove of the first adjacent sandwich panel to form the first joint, and the groove is adapted to interact with the tongue of the second adjacent sandwich panel to form the second joint, and the sandwich panel additionally contains: the first reinforcing a tongue engaging member and a second reinforcing member engaging a groove at the opposite end of the panel, the first and second reinforcing members reinforcing the first and second joints, respectively.

[0008] The design of the sandwich panel provides a single layer firewall with enhanced mechanical performance.

[0009] The first shell element and the second shell element may be made of metal or a metal alloy. Examples include steel, copper, aluminum, and the like. The thickness of the shell element can range from 0.4 mm to 0.9 mm. This provides a self-supporting sandwich panel with a metal cladding.

[0010] The first reinforcing element may comprise a metal plate, optionally a plate of metal or other metal or metal alloy.

[0011 A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second reinforcing element may comprise a metal plate, optionally a plate of steel or other metal or metal alloy.

[0012] The first reinforcing element may have a first portion for engaging with the tongue and a second portion extending beyond the tongue to extend into the groove of the cooperating tongue. The reinforcing element can have a U-shaped, J-shaped, hook-shaped, T-shaped, Z-shaped or S-shaped cross-section.

[0013] The plurality of first reinforcing elements may engage with the tongue along the longitudinal length of the sandwich panel.

[0014] The second reinforcing element may be a flat element.

[0015] The second reinforcing element may have dimensions of about 20 mm x 2 mm.

[0016] The groove may extend along the length of the sandwich panel with the second reinforcing element extending along the length of the groove.

[0017] The second reinforcing element may comprise one or more reinforcing elements.

[0018] The tongue may extend along the length of the sandwich panel and further comprise a third reinforcing element, said third reinforcing element engaging with the tongue at opposite longitudinal ends of the tongue. The third reinforcing element provides additional mechanical stability to the fire wall. The third reinforcing element may replace at least a portion of the first reinforcing element at opposite longitudinal ends of the tongue. The flat element can be a metal plate. The third reinforcing element may be approximately 50 mm wide, 124 mm high and 2 mm thick.

[0019] Another embodiment of the invention includes a firewall joint assembly comprising at least two sandwich panels, each sandwich panel comprising an insulating core sandwiched between a first shell element and a second shell element, each shell element comprising a tongue on one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite end of the panel, the joint assembly comprising: a first reinforcing element engaged with the tongue of the first of the at least two sandwich panels; a second reinforcing element engaged with the groove of the second of at least two sandwich panels, as well as fastening means for stitching the fire wall with the support structure, wherein the fastening means is configured to engage the first element and the second reinforcing element, the tongue of the first of at least two sandwich panels and a groove of the second of at least two sandwich panels and said support structure, wherein the first and second elements and the fastening means reinforce the joint formed by the joint engagement of the tongue of the first of the at least two sandwich panels with the groove of the second of the at least two sandwich panels.

[0020] The fastener may comprise a screw, bolt, or other mechanical fastener.

[0021] A plurality of fasteners may be installed along the joint. A plurality of fasteners can be equidistant along the joint.

[0022] The first reinforcing element may comprise a metal plate, optionally a steel plate.

[0023] The second reinforcing element may comprise a metal plate, optionally a steel plate.

[0024] The first reinforcing element may have a first portion for engaging the tongue of the first sandwich panel and a second portion extending beyond the tongue to extend into the groove of the cooperating second sandwich panel.

[0025] The first reinforcing element may have a U-shaped, J-shaped, hook-shaped, T-shaped, Z-shaped, or S-shaped cross-sectional shape.

[0026] The distance the second part extends beyond the tongue can be about 6 mm.

[0027] The plurality of first reinforcing elements may engage with the tongue along the longitudinal length of the sandwich panel.

[0028] The second reinforcing element may be a flat element.

[0029] The second reinforcing element may have dimensions of about 20 mm x 2 mm.

[0030] The groove extends along the length of the sandwich panel and the second reinforcing element extends along the length of the groove.

[0031] The second reinforcing element may comprise one or more reinforcing elements.

[0032] The tongue may extend along the length of the sandwich panel and may further comprise a third reinforcing element, said third reinforcing element engaging with the tongue at opposite longitudinal ends of the joint.

[0033] The joint assembly may further comprise a plurality of fasteners for engaging with the third reinforcing element.

[0034] The joint assembly may further comprise a base plate interposed between the plurality of fasteners and a joint adjacent to the third reinforcing member.

[0035] The flat element may comprise a metal plate.

[0036] The third reinforcing member has an approximate width of 50 mm, a height of 124 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm.

[0037] In yet another embodiment, a firewall is provided comprising a plurality of sandwich panels, each sandwich panel comprising an insulating core sandwiched between a first shell element and a second shell element, each shell element comprising a tongue at one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite end of the panel, wherein the tongue is configured to engage with a groove of an adjacent panel of a plurality of sandwich panels, and the groove is configured to engage with a tongue of a second adjacent panel of a plurality of sandwich panels, wherein the joint engagement of the tongue and groove forms a plurality of joints; and the fire wall further comprises a plurality of first reinforcing elements engaged with the tongue of each of the plurality of sandwich panels;

a plurality of second reinforcing elements engaged with a groove of each of the plurality of sandwich panels; and

fasteners for sewing together a plurality of joints, the fasteners being configured to engage each first reinforcing element and each second reinforcing element with corresponding joints from said plurality of joints, the first and second elements and fasteners reinforcing the corresponding joint.

[0038] The firewall may further comprise a plurality of third reinforcing elements, with each third reinforcing element being configured to engage each of the plurality of joints at opposite longitudinal ends of the joint.

[0039] The firewall may further comprise a plurality of fasteners for attaching the third reinforcing element to a panel adjacent to the joint.

[0040] The fire wall may further comprise a plurality of support plates engaged between the plurality of fasteners and a joint.

[0041] The third reinforcing element may comprise a flat element.

[0042] The third reinforcing member may have an approximate width of 50 mm, a height of 124 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm.

Brief Description of Drawings

[0043] With reference to the accompanying drawings, preferred embodiments of the invention are described in which:

[0044] Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a joint between two sandwich panels.

[0045] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a modified panel joint with reinforcement in accordance with the present invention.

[0046] FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a horizontal panel joint at the longitudinal end of a panel joint in accordance with the present invention.

[0047] FIG. 4 is another vertical sectional view of a horizontal panel joint at the longitudinal end of a panel joint in accordance with the present invention.

[0048] FIG. 5 is a partial view of two sandwich panels of the present invention in a firewall configuration.

Implementation of the invention

[0049] Sandwich panels as described above, and in particular sandwich panels for use in firewalls, must have additional mechanical resistance. To date, it has not been possible to achieve the desired additional mechanical stability using single panel firewalls. The sandwich panel 100 comprises an insulating core sandwiched between the first cladding member 103 and the second cladding member 103. The shell elements can be made of metal or a metal alloy such as steel, copper, aluminum, or the like. The insulating core can be polystyrene foam, rigid polyurethane foam, injection polyurethane foam, or other semi-rigid insulation materials. In addition, the core can be fiberglass, rock wool fibers, or other rock wool filler. At one end of the panel, each shell element comprises a male tongue or projection 102. At the opposite end of the panel, there is a female groove or groove 103. The tongue of one panel interacts with a groove in an adjacent panel to form a joint 105. The tongue and groove extend along the length of the panel. It should be understood that when the tongue and groove interact, the joint extends along the length of the panels. In a normal installation, these joints are horizontal joints, however tongue and groove can also be used for vertical joints.

[0050] Sandwich panels as described and shown in FIG. 1 are commonly referred to as self-supporting metal clad panels. The metal can be steel, copper, or aluminum. In one configuration, steel is used as the shell material. The thickness of the shell is typically in the range of 0.4 mm to 0.9 mm, and in one configuration, the thickness of the shell is 0.6 mm.

[0051] Sandwich panels like those described above are often used in a standard façade or interior wall and can meet the EI classification 60, 90, 120 and 240, however, when additional mechanical stability (EIM classification) is required, stapling screws or other fasteners are used. for stitching a joint with an underlying support structure. However, to maintain a lightweight structure, the thickness of the steel in the sandwich panels is limited. To increase the strength of the joint and ensure the ability to withstand mechanical shocks after a two-hour fire, additional reinforcing elements 107 and 108 are used to strengthen the joints 105. When testing such stability, in one of the configurations, a shuttle impact with a mass of 200 kg is used after 144 minutes. The configuration described in this document has passed the specified test. These additional reinforcing elements or parts reinforce the sandwich panel fire wall by transferring the load from the point of impact, through the joints and to the underlying building support frame.

[0052] Two reinforcing elements are used at each joint. The first reinforcing element 108 is engaged with the tongue of the sandwich panel. The second reinforcing element 107 is engaged with the groove of the sandwich panel. The first and second reinforcing members 108 and 107 may be pre-installed at the factory or may be installed on site at the point of assembly of the fire wall. The first and second reinforcing members can be a metal or metal alloy plate, such as a steel plate.

[0053] The tongue of the sandwich panel may be formed by an overlap or fold made when the shell member is formed. The first reinforcing element 108 may be configured to engage or otherwise engage this overlap in the tongue 102 of the sandwich panel. In one configuration, the first reinforcing member has a J-shaped cross-section where the J hook engages the tongue and the vertical portion of the J extends beyond the tongue into the groove 101 of the adjacent panel. In one configuration, but not limited as such, the projection beyond the tongue in the direction of the groove is 6 mm. Although not shown, the first reinforcing member may be a flat member, an S-shaped member, a T-shaped member, a Z-shaped member, a U-shaped member, or the like.

[0054] A single reinforcing element 108 may be used along the length of the tongue. Alternatively, a plurality of separate reinforcing elements may be inserted along the longitudinal length of the tongue at the joint. In one configuration, the J-elements can be, for example, 20 x 12 mm in size, 1.5 mm in thickness and 235 mm in length. The J-elements can be adjacent to each other along the length of the tongue or can be separated at some distance from each other.

[0055] The second reinforcing member 107, as shown in FIG. 2, is a flat member. In one configuration, the second reinforcing element is a 20 x 2 mm steel plate and extends along the entire length of the panel / slot. The second reinforcing member can be a single piece or multiple pieces, such as two pieces inserted from either end of the panel and connected.

[0056] The stitching screws 106 provide additional mechanical strength. The stitching screws engage the second reinforcing element 107, the groove, the cooperating tongue and the first reinforcing element 108. The combination of the first and second reinforcing elements with the joint formed by the cooperating tongue and groove and the stitching screws or fasteners provides the additional mechanical strength required to achieve higher required mechanical characteristics. The stitching screws can, for example, be of the fastener type, SFS SX 14/20-S16-5 5 × 48. These stapling screws hold the metal sheets together. The stitching screws can be positioned at any spacing along the length of the joint. In one configuration, a distance of 120 mm between adjacent stapling screws is implemented, however, it should be understood that this is not limited to this.

[0057] As shown in Fig. 3, an additional joint support is provided at opposite longitudinal ends of the tongue, that is, at the ends of each panel. At the ends of the panel, the support plates 109 are end-to-end connected to the support system. If there are several panels in the fire wall, these additional joint support plates are provided at the corners of the panel. To further reinforce the ends of the panels, an additional reinforcing element 111 is inserted into the male tongue or formed as a male tongue and inserted between the panel skin element and the core material. This third reinforcing element can be a flat element and can be a metal plate or an alternative profile. In one configuration, the third reinforcing element or piece is approximately 50 mm wide, 124 mm high, and 2 mm thick. This embodiment is not limited thereto, and the member may extend over the entire height of the panel or any part thereof, as shown in FIG. 4. This third reinforcing element may be referred to as a joint support steel plate. A plurality of fasteners 110 are provided to connect the third reinforcement / steel plate of the joint support, the second reinforcement 107 in the female joint and the base plate 109. The fasteners engage with the steel plate 109, the second reinforcement 107 and the third reinforcement at the joint. Additional fasteners or fasteners engage with base plate 109 and a third reinforcing member extending from joint 105. TDBL T-8, 6x16 fasteners may be used, however, it should be understood that other fasteners may provide similar engagement functionality. ... Joint support plates 111 may be placed at each corner of the panel at the longitudinal ends of the panel, as shown in FIG. 5.

[0058] Figure 5 shows the end of a panel with joint support plates 109 and fasteners, as well as a reinforced joint with stitching screws 106. The combination of the first and second reinforcing elements and stitching screws provides a reinforced firewall panel that surpasses performance previously possible for single-layer fireproof walls. In combination with this joint support, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, additional characteristics are achieved and the mechanical and fire resistance of the panel is increased.

[0059] The words "contains / containing" and the words "having / including" when used herein with reference to the present invention are used to indicate the presence of the specified features, integers, steps or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more others signs, integers, stages, components or their groups.

[0060] It should be understood that certain features of the invention, which for clarity are described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which for brevity are described in the context of one embodiment, may also be presented separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Claims (45)

1. A sandwich panel for a fire wall, wherein the sandwich panel comprises an insulating core located between the first shell element and the second shell element, each shell element comprising a tongue at one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite end of the panel, wherein the tongue is configured to interaction with the groove of the first adjacent sandwich panel to form the first joint, and the groove is designed to interact with the tongue of the second adjacent sandwich panel to form the second joint, while the sandwich panel additionally contains, for each shell element: a first reinforcing element engaged with the tongue and a second reinforcing element engaged with a groove at the opposite end of the panel, wherein the first and second reinforcing elements reinforce the first and second joints, respectively, the first reinforcing element having a first tongue engaging portion and a second portion extending a distance beyond the tongue and into the groove of the first adjacent sandwich panel when the sandwich panel interacts with the first adjacent sandwich panel, the second reinforcing element being a plate. 2. A sandwich panel according to claim 1, wherein the first shell element and the second shell element are made of metal or a metal alloy. 3. A sandwich panel according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the shell element is in the range of 0.4 mm to 0.9 mm. 4. A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first reinforcing element comprises a metal plate, optionally a steel plate. 5. A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second reinforcing member comprises a metal plate, optionally a steel plate. 6. A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the reinforcing member has a U-shaped, J-shaped, hook-shaped, T-shaped, Z-shaped or S-shaped cross-section. 7. A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of first reinforcing elements are engaged with a tongue along the longitudinal length of the sandwich panel. 8. A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second reinforcing element has dimensions of about 20 mm x 2 mm. 9. A sandwich panel according to claim 8, wherein the groove extends along the length of the sandwich panel, the second reinforcing element extending along the length of the groove. 10. A sandwich panel according to claim 8, wherein the second reinforcing element comprises one or more reinforcing elements. 11. A sandwich panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the tongue extends along the length of the sandwich panel and further comprises a third reinforcing element, the third reinforcing element engaging with the tongue at opposite longitudinal ends of the tongue. 12. The sandwich panel of claim 11, wherein the third reinforcing element replaces the first reinforcing element at opposite longitudinal ends of the slot. 13. The sandwich panel of claim 12, wherein the plate is a metal plate. 14. A sandwich panel according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the third reinforcing element is approximately 50 mm wide, 124 mm high and 2 mm thick. 15. A joint for a fire wall containing at least two sandwich panels, each sandwich panel containing an insulating core located between the first shell element and the second shell element, and each shell element contains a tongue at one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite the end of the panel, while the joint node contains: a first reinforcing element engaged with the tongue of the first of the at least two sandwich panels; a second reinforcing element engaged with a groove of a second of at least two sandwich panels, the first reinforcing element having a first part for engaging with a tongue and a second part extending beyond the tongue into the groove of a second of at least two sandwich panels , wherein the second reinforcing element is a plate, and fastening means for stitching a fire wall with a support structure, wherein the fastening means is configured to engage the first reinforcing element and the second reinforcing element, the tongue of the first of at least two sandwich panels and the groove of the second of at least two sandwich panels and the supporting structure wherein the first and second reinforcing elements and the fastening means reinforce the joint formed by the joint engagement of the tongue of the first of the at least two sandwich panels with the groove of the second of the at least two sandwich panels. 16. The joint assembly of claim 15, wherein the fastener comprises a screw, bolt, or other mechanical fastener. 17. The joint assembly of claim 15, wherein a plurality of fasteners are provided along the joint. 18. The joint assembly of claim 17, wherein the plurality of fasteners are equidistant along the joint. 19. A joint according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the first reinforcing element comprises a metal plate, optionally a steel plate. 20. A joint according to any one of claims 15-19, wherein the second reinforcing element comprises a metal plate, optionally a steel plate. 21. A joint according to any one of claims 15-20, wherein the first reinforcing element has a first portion for engaging with the tongue of the first sandwich panel and a second portion extending beyond the tongue to extend into the groove of the cooperating second sandwich panel. 22. The joint assembly of claim 21, wherein the first reinforcing element has a U-shaped, J-shaped, hook-shaped, T-shaped, Z-shaped, or S-shaped cross-sectional shape. 23. A joint according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the distance the second portion extends beyond the tongue is about 6 mm. 24. A joint according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the plurality of first reinforcing elements are engaged with the tongue along the longitudinal length of the sandwich panel. 25. A joint according to any one of claims 15 to 24, wherein the second reinforcing element is approximately 20 mm x 2 mm. 26. A joint according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein the groove extends along the length of the sandwich panel, the second reinforcing element extending along the length of the groove. 27. The joint of claim 26, wherein the second reinforcing element comprises one or more reinforcing elements. 28. A joint assembly according to any one of claims 15 to 27, wherein the tongue extends along the length of the sandwich panel and further comprises a third reinforcing element, the third reinforcing element engaging with the tongue at opposite longitudinal ends of the joint. 29. The joint assembly of claim 28, further comprising a plurality of fasteners for engaging with the third reinforcing element. 30. The joint assembly of claim 29, further comprising a base plate interposed between the plurality of fasteners and a joint adjacent to the third reinforcing member. 31. A joint according to any one of claims 28-30, in which the plate comprises a plate of metal or metal alloy. 32. A joint according to any one of claims 28 to 31, wherein the third reinforcing element has an approximate width of 50 mm, a height of 124 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm. 33. A firewall containing a plurality of sandwich panels, each sandwich panel comprising an insulating core located between the first cladding element and the second cladding element, each cladding element comprising a tongue at one end of the panel and a groove at the opposite end of the panel, the tongue is configured to engage with the groove of the first adjacent panel of the plurality of sandwich panels, and the groove is configured to engage with the tongue of the second adjacent panel of the plurality of sandwich panels, while the joint engagement of the tongues and grooves forms a plurality of joints; in this case, the fire wall additionally contains a plurality of first reinforcing elements engaged with the tongues of each of the plurality of sandwich panels; a plurality of second reinforcing elements engaged with a groove of each of the plurality of sandwich panels, the first reinforcing elements having a first portion for engaging respective tongues and a second portion extending beyond the respective tongues into the groove of a first adjacent panel of the plurality of sandwich panels, the second reinforcing elements are plates; and fasteners for stitching a plurality of joints, the fasteners being configured to engage each first reinforcing element and every second reinforcing element with corresponding joints of the plurality of joints, the first and second elements and fasteners providing reinforcement of the corresponding joint. 34. The fire wall of claim 33, further comprising a plurality of third reinforcing elements, wherein every third reinforcing element of said plurality is configured to engage with each of the plurality of joints at opposite longitudinal ends of the joint. 35. The fire wall of claim 34, further comprising a plurality of fasteners for attaching the third reinforcing element to a panel adjacent to the joint. 36. The firewall of claim 35, further comprising a plurality of support plates engaged between the plurality of fasteners and the joint. 37. A fire wall according to any one of claims 34 to 36, wherein the third reinforcing element comprises a plate. 38. A fire wall according to any one of claims 34 to 37, wherein the third reinforcing element is approximately 50 mm wide, 124 mm high and 2 mm thick.

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