RU2735441C1 - Space elevator for delivery of passengers and cargoes from surface of earth or other planet to low orbit and back and method of construction thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: lifting devices.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to lifting equipment for delivery of cargo and personnel from surface of planet into low near-planetary orbits. Proposed space elevator (SE) represents a hollow cylindrical tower of truss sections in the form of pairs of pipes inclined to vertical, which periodically (in height) diverge and converge. These pipes are connected by horizontal ring-shaped pipes to form belts. Weight of sections, thickness and number of inclined pipes are reduced, and length of pipes increases from base to top of SE, on which four space stations are fixed. It is possible to fill aerostats by pipes to compensate for weight of lower part of pipe, hot air from thermal power plants or helium. SE can be built on Earth and on other planets and satellites (incl. without aerostats). SE is assembled by assembly spiders with manipulators and anthropomorphic robots-porters. On the Earth the lift is surrounded with windbreaks enclosing it from wind.

EFFECT: technical result is aimed at improving design of SE, approximating its implementation.

10 cl, 36 dwg

Description

The invention relates to ground equipment for spacecraft B64G 5/00 and lifts in residential buildings and other structures, powered by mechanical devices, except for cables and ropes B66B 9/02.

(1) It is known that the Russian Federation plans to master the Moon (A. Ilyin Lunar plans of Russia / Zh. Novosti kosmonavtiki, 2014, issue 12, pp. 69-71). It is assumed in the 2030s-40s to build a research habitable base on the surface of the Moon near its pole, where reserves of water ice have been found. It is also known that the Americans, perhaps, will build a military base on the Moon (Information message "News" of the first channel, 06/19/2018, 12-00), but most likely this will also happen only in the 2030s (I. Lisov Trump's space budget. Lunar station instead of ISS. / Zh. News of cosmonautics, 2018, issue 5, pp. 60-65).

The disadvantage of military and research exploration of the Moon is that research and military stations have reduced profitability. Only mining on the moon is partly profitable. In particular, when finding the necessary deposits, it is possible to extract rare elements, uranium for nuclear power plants, helium-3 for thermonuclear power plants. So, for example, there are 50 years of uranium reserves on Earth, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing. In the case of the creation of thermonuclear power plants, fuel will also be required for them in the form, including helium isotopes. In the more distant future, mining is possible on other planets of the solar system. Simultaneously with lunar mining, mining on asteroids may appear. Extraction of minerals on other planets is more difficult than building military or research bases on other planets. If we solve it, then the construction of military and research bases will be decided all the more. In the case of mining on other planets, the traffic between the Earth and other planets will sharply increase. More efficient means of delivering passengers and goods than rockets are required to meet the demand for cargo delivery. It is necessary to offer such means.

(2) It is known that the Americans are going to test the XS-P spacecraft, which is being developed by Boing, for endurance: within 10 days it will have to take off and land 10 times in a row on the Earth's surface, delivering cargo into space (I. Afanasyev USA on the forthcoming war in space. / Zh. News of cosmonautics, 2017, issue 7, pp. 64-68). They need such a load on the spacecraft in case of a war in space. The United States will lose satellites in space orbiting the Earth, they need to be duplicated by new satellites for the same purpose.

The disadvantage of the XS-P apparatus is the high cost of delivering cargo to space compared to space elevators and the short-term use of it: after 10 flights it must be repaired, otherwise it will crash.

(3) My proposal is known to store spent nuclear fuel on the Moon, where people, plants and animals do not live (Salmin A.I. Comparative calculation of the total efficiency of nuclear waste disposal in different places. / Www.science-perm.ru / Materials of the first international scientific-practical conference "Theoretical and applied aspects of industrial management" Perm: Innovatika, 20.11.2016, pp. 8-13). The disadvantage of this proposal is the unreliability of the withdrawal of containers with spent nuclear fuel into space, in the event of a missile accident, radioactive substances will scatter over a large area, including populated by people, plants and animals. We need a more reliable way than rockets to deliver spent nuclear fuel into space.

(4) There is a known spacecraft for suborbital tourism (I. Afanasyev The carrier aircraft "Bird Rukh" ran along the runway./w. News of Cosmonautics, 2018, issue 2, pp. 52-55). Blue Origin's New Shepard made its maiden flight, delivering a capsule with windows and a human dummy to suborbital altitude.

The disadvantages of suborbital tourism using rockets are: 1) the high cost of a ticket for a suborbital flight, which is available only to very wealthy people; 2) the short duration of the tourist's stay in space, he does not have time to enjoy the state of weightlessness, and he already has to return.

(5) It is known that at present, spacecraft have been designed and even tested for the search and removal of space debris from the Earth's orbits (I. Cherny Kuaron never dreamed of ... To clean up the "orbital dump." / Zh. News of Cosmonautics, 2017, issue 6 , p. 50-52).

These devices have three drawbacks: 1) catching space debris requires a lot of fuel, the delivery of which to orbit is very expensive, 2) delivery of space debris to Earth for reuse of its parts is very expensive, processing space debris into new radio components and new space spacecraft right in space is astronomically expensive, 3) pushing space debris from orbit to the surface of the Earth means losing income from the recycling of its parts.

(6) There are known devices for extending the resource of satellites of the Intelsat company (I. Afanasyev Orbital car service. / Zh. News of Cosmonautics, 2018, issue 3, pp. 70-71). These satellites perform the following work: 1) inspection followed by providing the owner with data on the state of his spacecraft, 2) refueling the satellite with propellants and compressed gases, 3) relatively simple repair operations, for example, disclosing failed antennas, solar panels and other elements, 4) transporting the spacecraft from one orbit to another, changing its position in the target orbit, 5) moving "dead" satellites into the disposal orbit, deorbiting (cleaning the near-earth space from debris).

The disadvantages of the aforementioned vehicles are 1) the impossibility of carrying out complex repairs of the spacecraft with their help, which requires human intervention and the rapid delivery of spare parts from the Earth, 2) the need to transport fuel by rockets from the Earth's surface, which makes refueling more expensive.

(7) Known high-orbit tether and lunar space elevators (article "Space elevators" in the magazine "Young Technician" 1981, issue 6, p. 52; Y. Artsutanov Into space on an electric locomotive. / Newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" 07/31/1960 g., Sunday Supplement; A. Clarke Fountains of Paradise; A. Mayboroda Electric mains ... into space. / Zh. Technology of Youth, 1984, issue 5, pp. 32-35; Moiseenko A.V. Into space - by elevator. / Komsomolskaya Pravda, Club of the Curious, March 4-10, 2005, pp. 8-9; S.I.Slavin One hundred great secrets of cosmonautics.M .: Veche, 2012, p. 157-165; S.N. Zigunenko Sto great achievements in the world of technology.M .: Veche, 2012, pp. 149-154; Transport system Earth-Moon / Patent for invention of the Russian Federation №121233 on application №2011153485 / 11 from 27.12.2011; Space elevator / Patent for utility model of the Russian Federation No. 85447 on application 2008150810/22 dated 23.12.2008; Method for producing high-strength and high-modulus carbon fiber / RF Invention Patent No. 2343235 on application 2007130808/04 dated 14.08.2007). The essence of the cable elevator design is that a filament of carbon nanotubes connects the Earth's surface with a geostationary satellite in high orbit at an altitude of about 100,000 km or with the surface of the Moon. In this case, the satellite or the Moon serves as a counterweight, the centrifugal force maintains the cable in a straightened state. A carriage with a load moves along the cable due to the electricity supplied through the cable. The initial prototype of all cable elevators was the K.E. Tsiolkovsky. V. Artsutanov proposed to use spiders for the construction of elevators to weave the spider web holding the elevator cables, but he did not specify the design of the spiders.

The disadvantages of cable elevators are 1) the small thickness of the thread, which does not allow lifting heavy loads, 2) the absence of wind fences, which can disrupt the load, 3) the lack of protection of passengers from radiation in the radiation belts of the Earth, 4) the lack of high-speed technologies for the synthesis of hundreds of thousands of kilometers nanotubes in space, 5) a long path of the load along the cable, which even at high speeds will take a lot of time.

(8) A device is known for protecting an object in outer space (according to USSR patent No. 1709899 according to application No. 4613067/23 dated November 16, 1988, B64G 1/52), containing a multilayer inflatable shell surrounding the object, characterized in that in order to improve the conditions for the functioning of an object in outer space by bringing these conditions closer to the terrestrial ones, the spaces between the layers of the shell are filled with gas with a decrease in pressure as the transition from the gas surrounding the object to the gas limited by the outer layer of the shell, while each layer of the shell is connected to an adjacent a layer of the shell, with each layer of the shell connected to an adjacent layer of the shell by at least four connecting elements. In addition, each layer of the shell is made of a material that does not interfere with the penetration of electromagnetic waves, or, conversely, one of the layers can be permeable to electromagnetic waves. In addition, each layer of the shell is made in the form of outer films and a carrier fabric located between them. In addition, the spaces between the object and the inner layer of the shell and between the layers of the shell are filled with an inert gas. The disadvantage of the described shells is a small arsenal of means in which such shells are used in the form of free-flying spacecraft and space stations. The stations attached to the top of the space elevators are not yet included in this arsenal, since no industrially applicable models of space elevators have been proposed. Also, the described invention does not disclose how to form the described inflatable shells around the spacecraft.

(9) There is a known method of forming the inflatable shells described in paragraph 8 around the space station, included in the method of mounting in space of the initially disclosed solid heat-resistant slingless parachute for multi-ton cargoes launched from the planet's orbit (Patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2643307 according to the application for invention No. 2015157317 / 11 (088427) of 12/30/2015). An abbreviated quote from the application is provided below:

“It is advisable to use as a radiation protection balls of oilcloth inserted into each other with air or other gases absorbing solar radiation (such as hydrogen and helium) between the oilcloths with increasing pressure from the center to the periphery. Oilcloth means two layers of film with a carrier fabric between them. I am not inventing anything new in comparison with the application mentioned in the prior art in paragraph "8", with the only difference that an interplanetary space station is placed inside the balls. The premises of the station inside the central sphere are the most protected from radiation, the premises of the station, which lead to the outer balloons of the station, are less protected from radiation, and the cosmonauts will stay in them for a limited time. " “… From the other end of the station” “there must be a compartment that leads outward” of the outer “sphere, so that spaceships can dock to the station from the outside. On the outer ball made of oilcloth, there are solar panels, which also look like a multilayer oilcloth and are attached to it while still on Earth. During installation, the balls made of oilcloths are sewn from separate canvases, unrolled from rolls, by astronauts in spacesuits. In this case, the lateral edges of adjacent webs are bent towards each other and either glued and stitched with a stapler, or soldered to each other with heated tongs. The folds of the front and rear edges of the rolls are also glued or soldered to the station body. When all the rolls are attached to the station at both ends, their glued or soldered bends are wrapped by a cable around the station body, the ends of the cable are screwed with a sleeve connection to each other. The cable presses the bends of the canvases to the station body. To prevent the rolls from unfolding when fastening the side edges of the canvases, U-shaped clamps are inserted into them, which press the outer layer of the oilcloth to the innermost one in the central hole of the roll. On the ships of the station there are gas conduits leading to the outside of the ships, to which gas cylinders are connected from the inside, which is released outside between the balls until the pressure is reached, which is measured by pressure gauges located opposite the windows outside the station in the inter-ball rooms. To fill the room outside the station inside the central ball, you can use water or other liquid, which is pumped out by pumps from cylinders inside the station. Cables are pulled between the balls: on the ball, which is closer to the center, the bends of the canvases are pierced by the middle of the cable, and the two ends of the cable, containing rings similar to key rings, are attached by rings to the bends of the canvases of the neighboring ball, which is further from the center. The holes in the bends of the canvases around the places where the cable and rings are pierced contain a metal edging, which is made on Earth and is located at the curved edges of all canvases at equal distances. In places where the bends of the canvases are on opposite sides of the balls, for fastening the cables there are tabs with a metal edging, which are a continuation of the folded edges of the canvases and are laid between the curved side edges of the canvases, protruding from the other side of the bend. For the cosmonauts to move inside the balls and outside along the paths along the unrolled rolls, rows of parallel strips are sewn to the oilcloth on Earth, forming paths along which the cosmonaut can move, like ladders, turning his hands over. By foot-strips we mean strips of fabric sewn from both ends to the oilcloth, with sealed with glue the places of thread penetration. "

The disadvantage of the method for forming a multilayer shell is its use only on free-flying space stations.

(10) Known stratospheric balloon parachute (S.V. Revzin Stratostat-parachute. Sverdlovsk-Moscow: Gidrometeoizdat, 1946), including a gas cylinder, suspension, gondola, suspension ring, suspension belt, starting belt, shaft, shaft ring, curvilinear appendixes , gas valve, spark gap. Its disadvantages are not discussed, it is given as an example of a stratospheric balloon, the elements of which can be used in stratospheric balloons when installing an elevator.

(11) The known earth-lunar complex (according to the patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 3244973, according to the application No. 200711300/11 from 27.03.2007, B64G 9/00? D64G 1/14), which contains the Earth-space lift and the Earth Lunar module ... The earth-space lift is made in the form of 103 retractable cylindrical sections. The sections have stabilizing vertical lifting screws with hoops in the amount of 101 pieces and diameters from 450 to 480 meters, mounted vertically in the ground at a depth of 1300 meters in a reinforced concrete body. The body also contains reservoirs filled with liquefied natural gas with high-pressure chambers supplying the lower part of the lift cylinders with gas and steam pressure up to 300 atmospheres. The lunar module with four movable supports has a cylindrical shape of 50 meters in diameter with a cone-shaped top of 25 meters and a mass of 10,000 tons. The module is divided by internal bulkheads into compartments that have space for a parachute, shunting engines, living quarters, water and oxygen reserves, storage needs, special equipment, fuel tanks, a hydrogen electric power plant, propulsion engines and lunar robots. The module is also equipped with a cargo lift with a lifting shock-absorbing strut.

The disadvantage of the earth-lunar complex is the need to work with liquefied natural gas, which increases the cost of each rise. In addition, the application does not take into account the barometric formula, according to which the pressure in a vertical air column in the Earth's gravity field grows exponentially. To create sufficient gas pressure at the top of the complex to lift tens of tons of cargo, an astronomical pressure is required below, which no telescopic tube material can withstand. It turns out that this invention is not industrially applicable.

(12) Known androgynous device for docking spacecraft (according to the application for the invention of the USSR No. 3201713/11 dated 06/13/1988, according to the patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2059542, B64G 1/64), containing a housing, a retractable ring with guide protrusions and coupler locks and the shock-absorbing-drive system of the ring, characterized in that in order to increase the reliability of the docking of devices of predominantly large masses and dimensions and to simplify the device by increasing the specific energy intensity of the shock-absorption system, the shock-absorbing drive system of the ring is made in the form of several independent pneumatic shock absorbers with external flanges connected on cardan joints to the ring and the body of the device, the shock absorbers are movably installed in the sleeves with expanded ends interacting with the heels fixed in the body, pneumatic cylinders are installed in the sleeves, equipped with floating pistons, and longitudinal bores are made, in which spring pushers are installed, and the pushers and pneumocyst The cylinders are equipped with rods interacting with the flanges of the shock absorbers, and the cavities of the shock absorbers and pneumatic cylinders are connected through the shutoff valves to the sources of high and low air pressures of the apparatus.

The disadvantage of the described docking device is its use only on free-flying space stations; it is possible to expand the arsenal of means where it is used by using it on space stations attached to the top of the space elevator.

(13) Known combined aircraft lighter than air (according to the patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2318697 on application No. 2006104265/11 dated 13.02.2006, В64В 1/22, B25J 3/00), which is a semi-rigid airship containing a gondola and copy-type manipulators controlled from the driver's nacelle. The device is equipped with electronic means of maneuvering in the vertical plane. The apparatus can be equipped with devices and tools for performing work in different areas of economic activity.

The disadvantages of the apparatus are not discussed, it is given as an example of a copy-type manipulator device controlled from the driver's cab. It is possible to expand the arsenal of tools that use such manipulators.

(14) A storage for information cases is known that synchronizes additional mixed laser illumination with the work of the hot area and the nose pads of sunglasses. (Patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2615822 for application for invention No. 2015118739/11 (029078) dated 19.05.2015). The invention is an adjustable lighting system placed on windbreaks that shield the space elevator from the wind. It is assumed that, in addition to the space elevator, an industrial zone of intensive technology development is located inside the windbreak fence.

The disadvantages of this invention are not discussed, it describes the structure of the windbreaker, but does not describe the structure of the space elevator, which such windbreakers with a lighting system enclose, which makes the application incomplete.

(15) It is known that a steel alloy obtained is 5-8 times stronger than ordinary steel containing carbon, nitrogen or boron (Russian scientists have increased the strength of steel using a laser and nanoparticles. / Www.sib-science.info/ institutes / news of Siberian science; Russian scientists have increased the strength of steel using a laser and nanoparticles. / www.sbras.info/ Science in Siberia, published by the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.). A group of Krasnodar and Moscow scientists led by Alexander Yeletsky learned how to increase the strength of steel 5 times compared to the most common technical steel by adding nanocarbon soot and graphite oxide to steel and treating the steel surface with laser radiation and an electron beam. When fullerenes are added to the steel processed in this way, its strength increases by 8 times. In addition to strength, the following effects were also obtained: 1) reduction of the technological process of steel processing, since there is no deformation during such processing, 2) the friction coefficient of the material decreases by 20-30% under conditions of dry contact with the surface. (In Russia, they learned to increase the hardness of steel by 5 times / www.welemudr.mirtesen.ru). The greatest depth of the hardened layer, up to 1 mm, is achieved when the steel surface is treated with an electron beam.

The development of this method of steel processing led to the appearance of wear-resistant steels after their irradiation with ions (Russian scientists have found a way to improve the properties of steel by 100 times. / Www.trashbox.ru. 31.08.2019). The wear resistance of the metal after its irradiation with beams of charged particles of increased density, plasma flows and laser radiation increased 100 times.

The disadvantage of the described method for producing strong steel is that, in view of its recent invention, the arsenal of means where it is used is still small. Its disadvantage is that if smooth wheels are made of it, then when driving on a smooth vertical track, made in this way, these wheels will slip due to reduced friction.

(16) A known material is graphene, which is 10 times stronger than steel and is 5% of its density (Scientists have created a material 10 times stronger than steel. / Www.zen.yandex.ru, 12.08.2019). At Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a perforated sample was 3D printed from graphene flakes.

The disadvantage of a perforated sample is that at the locations of the holes, the material is most vulnerable to cracking in case of excessive loads.

(17) There is a known pearl plastic, which is 14 times stronger than steel and 8 times lighter ("Pearl plastic" is 14 times stronger than steel. / Www.zen.yandex.ru, September 18, 2019). The University of Buffalo has developed a plastic based on ultra-high-molecular-weight high-density polyethylene (UHMWPE), which is stacked like pearl molecules in the form of tiles, overlapping. The material absorbs impact energy, deforming, the material has a high thermal conductivity, the material is easier to process than steel. The American military became interested in him in terms of making body armor and helmets from it to protect against bullets.

The disadvantage of the material is that there are too few ways to use it, especially in the civilian industry.

(18) A lifting device is known (according to the application for an invention of France FR 2979617 of 03/08/2013), which includes two electromagnetic guns in a stationary orbit above the Earth's pole, one gun for adjusting the height of the first spacecraft, the second for accelerating those launched from the first of the spacecraft of the second spacecraft, from the Earth to the said spacecraft there are cables of electrical wiring with internal ribs filled with gas, which are anchored on the surface of the Earth or in the ocean. The disadvantages of the described design are that 1) the inner ribs filled with gas will have a lifting force only up to an altitude of 53 km (record of the stratospheric balloon flight), the overlying cable will be so heavy that it will collapse under its own weight, 2) the direction of the lower powerful electromagnetic gun in side of the Earth's surface will cause electrical phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere that will affect the weather, which is currently unstable, 3) the second spacecraft is launched not from the Earth, but from another spacecraft, hence the second spacecraft into the Earth's orbit must be delivered, which reduces the value of the described design.

(19) A nuclear tug with a nuclear engine is known (Nuclear reactors in space: Transport and power module. / Www.habr.com, 07/13/2015), which has a total thrust of propulsion engines of 18 N for 10 years, weighing 6800 kg, decomposed It has dimensions of 53.4 mx 21.6 mx 21.6 m, the working medium is argon and xenon in the ratio 78%: 22%, which is supposed to be launched into orbit using the Angara-A5 rocket. Also known is another nuclear tug with a nuclear rocket engine (Development in Russia of a nuclear tug continues / masterok.livejournal.com), running on hydrogen, designed for 4000 from work with 10 reactor starts, generates a specific impulse of 975 s, can reach Pluto in 2 months, having spent 75 tons of fuel. The advantage of such devices is that they do not need to pull cables from the surface of the Earth for their operation; electricity is generated on board the tugs.

The disadvantage of such nuclear tugs is the need to deliver fuel to them into orbit. In the case of the construction of a space elevator, a mutually beneficial exchange is possible: fuel is delivered to them in the elevator, and they tow the spacecraft that have undocked from the elevator, which increases the possibility of their use. But the reserves of inert gases on Earth are limited, and the depletion of hydrogen reserves, if extracted from water, can lead to dehydration of the planet. Therefore, for mass flights into space, 1000 launches per year, it will be necessary to come up with more advanced technology. But until it is invented, you will have to use what is proposed.

(20) An outer frame made of cables for a balloon and the structure transported by it is known (Patent for a useful model of the Russian Federation No. 63318 on application No. 2006142889/22 dated December 4, 2006), inside which an aerostatic envelope with lifting gas and a transported building block are enclosed from above and from the sides of this shell, and which contains simple hooks and double hooks with holes and bolts screwed into these holes, characterized in that it contains vertical and horizontal hoop-shaped cables forming a checkered case, vertical cables from the bottom of the structure are tucked so that they form a small and a large loop, the small loop is deepened into the bottom of the structure together with the shell glued to it and covers the building block, fixed on hooks and double hooks, respectively from above and below, the small loop is connected at the bottom at the base into a single whole by hooks threaded into the loops, the large loop covers aerostatic envelope on the outside, while the building block is enveloped in aerostatic envelope also from below, while the hooks, double hooks and loops are fixed with bases on vertical cables, the bolts in the holes of the hooks are threaded only at the ends with the possibility of overlapping the exit from the hooks of the loops or rings of the cables on them, the ends of the hooks are blunt.

The drawbacks of the cable case are not discussed, it is useful for screwing large ballonets to the load, it is possible to increase the number of structures where it is used.

(21) Known is a ceramic solar screen of the Messenger spacecraft that studied Mercury (I. Sobolev Farewell to Mercury. / Zh. News of Cosmonautics, 2015, issue 6, pp. 59-61), which protected onboard equipment and scientific instruments from incinerating radiation The sun: its outer surface was heated up to 300 ° С, but in the shade behind the shield, a comfortable temperature for the equipment of + 20 ° С remained.

The disadvantages of the screen are not discussed; it can be more widely used in spacecraft cooling systems.

(22) There is a proposal on the direction of research to create an apparatus for the extraction of helium and other gases from the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system (Salmin A.I. The problem of creating a 3D train for the extraction of helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases from the upper layers of the planetary atmosphere / monthly international scientific journal "Research science" Slovakia, Banska Bystrica, 2019, issue 5, pp. 17-25), it is proposed to create superconducting materials that retain superconductivity in the temperature range from -100 ° C to + 600 ° C, then construction is possible a branched suction pipe, each section of which has a fan and nozzles to discharge atmospheric gas with the creation of a reactive lifting force, one or four sections flow into each section so that the pipe branches from one pipe at the top to many thousands of pipes at the bottom; the sections are equipped with solar panels. The gas collected by the pipe is pumped into multi-shell balls, delivered in ball couplings to Earth's orbit, from where the balls descend to Earth by a space elevator, where the planet's atmospheric gas is separated into its constituent gases, which are used. The delivery of gas balloons ensures that the space elevator is loaded with work so that it does not stand idle.

The disadvantage of the described method of gas extraction is that the construction of a space elevator on Earth is required for the method to be effective. The design of a workable elevator should be proposed.

(23) The known robot FEDOR (Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research) (Robot Fedor: features, characteristics, purpose. / Www.robo-sapiens.ru, 12.10.2019; I. Afanasyev "Fedor" flies to the ISS. / F . Russian space, 2019, issue 9, pp. 2-9), a Russian-made robot capable of doing a lot of what people can do: walk like people, climb stairs, overcome an obstacle course, drive a car, crawl on all fours , sit on the twine, shoot with two hands at targets, work with a saw and a grinder, give injections, carry a person to the car and take him to the hospital. It was originally designed to rescue people for the Emergencies Ministry and the fire service. The robot is equipped with two cameras, a thermal imager, a microphone, GPS, GLONASS, a dozen rangefinder lasers and a special system for determining body position. He recognizes typical objects and tools, distinguishes between obstacles. 08/22/2019 Robot Fedor flew into space, stayed on the ISS for 17 days (Space flight of the robot "Fedor". / Www.ria.ru, 08/22/2019). The robot can be controlled remotely by a person wearing augmented reality glasses, copying his movements.

The disadvantage of the Fedor robot is the small number of its applications; it is necessary to expand the number of ways to use it.

(24) Known exhaust pipe of the plant (K. Vasiliev Pipes of the XX century / Zh. Young technician, 1981, issue 4, p. 32), consisting of a hose with a large ball at the end, in the upper part of the ball there is a hole, hot factory smoke inflates the balloon and lifts it to a great height, removing harmful air coming out of the hole in the balloon to a great height, where it remains, allowing people below to breathe freely.

The disadvantage of the ball pipe is that there is no additional payload that lifts the ball.

(25) There are known methods of absorption and processing of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which reduces the greenhouse effect, in particular, these are the following methods:

1) Finnish scientists have patented a microorganism that converts carbon dioxide into protein for the food industry, no less effective than soy proteins with a water consumption ten times less than growing soy (In Finland they learned how to create proteins from the air. Is it a joke? The XXI century has already come / www.aleksandrsinyavsky.rf, 09/27/2019);

2) American physicists have created solar panels that convert carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuel - methanol and other combustible alcohols, using the energy of light and water (Physicists have created solar panels that convert carbon dioxide into fuel. / Www.ria.ru, 28.07.2016. ; "Artificial leaves" and biofuels / Zh. Science and Life, 2019, issue 9);

3) American scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created a lithium-carbon dioxide battery with a large number of recharge cycles (R. Fadeev Scientists have created batteries based on carbon dioxide / www.4pda.ru, 11/10/2019);

4) a Canadian ex-plumber has created a startup that converts carbon dioxide into potassium salt for soap and other hygiene products and for fertilizers and the pharmaceutical industry (A former plumber's startup helps turn carbon dioxide into handmade soap / www.inrussia.ru, 09/18/2019 g.);

5) Chinese scientists have found a catalyst for the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into methane (Kuramshin A. Zeolite catalysts accelerate the conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuel / www.elementy.ru, 28.05.2019);

6) Japanese scientists convert carbon dioxide into a polymer that can be turned into polyurethane used in the manufacture of clothing, biodegradable packaging, household appliances, the main component of the converter is a porous coordination polymer consisting of zinc metal ions (A way has been found to convert CO2 into things and fuel / www.zen.yandex.ru, 20.10.2019);

7) the traditional method of planting trees and other plants and breeding them in nurseries, then planting in places of permanent residence, an increase in the number of green plants leads to an increase in the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen.

The disadvantage of these methods is that they are not known and remembered everywhere, and are used to utilize carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Industrial enterprises, such as mines, which themselves or whose products increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, should not be closed, but methods should be introduced to absorb carbon dioxide.

(26) My second attempt to patent a pneumatic space elevator is known, in particular a pneumatic elevator (according to the application for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2002109848/28 (010373) dated 15.04.2002, В66В 9/04, B64G 5/00). The essence of the proposed design is that the weight of the barrels, the same as those described in the application of the prior art of paragraph 7, is compensated by balloons attached to the barrels.

The examination considered the disadvantages of the design to be the absence of methods for mounting such a structure and the lack of specification of the design of the carriage that opens and closes the barrel cavity.

(27) My fifth to seventh attempts to patent a pneumatic space elevator are known, which include, as a support for the upper half of the elevator, multilayer balloons filled with electrons (according to the patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2376195, according to application No. 2007116200/11 dated January 27, 2007, 58), inside which the rotation of electrons is caused (applications for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2009134204/11 from 11.09.2009, No. 2012127263/11 from 29.06.2012). The essence of these applications is that there is a shell filled with electrons, its wall is, in the simplest case, a plate-shaped hollow battery, the inner wall of which (the cathode layer of the battery) is negatively charged and repels electrons, not allowing them to settle on the shell. Inside such a shell, the electrons are caused to rotate in the form of a standing vortex, the outer part of which moves from bottom to top, pushing the upper part of the shell and creating a lifting force. If these balloons are connected by cable to a power plant on the surface of the earth and to the trunks of the pneumatic lift above the atmosphere, then they will hold the upper part of the lift above the atmosphere, compensating for its weight.

The disadvantage of these designs was the too small calculated lifting force of the rotating vortex of electrons. To create a significant buoyant force of such balloons, it will be necessary at a power plant to generate and transmit a voltage of millions of volts to the top of the elevator, which is unsafe with the current state of technology.

(28) My eighth attempt to patent a pneumatic space elevator is known, which includes a method for manufacturing a multilayer aerostatic shell filled with electrons and structures from it, including a space elevator (according to the application for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2014113511/11 dated April 7, 2014, В64В 1/58, B05S 17/005, B64N 21/00, H01M 2/10). The essence of this invention is that the aforementioned shell filled with electrons (according to the patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2376155, according to application No. 2007116200/11 dated 04/27/2007, В64В 1/58) is proposed to be used as an element, a "building brick" towers for pneumatic hoist trunks. The barrels will rest on a retaining tower, within which the support will be created by the repulsive Coulomb force inside the balloons, which will withstand the weight of the barrels.

The disadvantages of the described construction method are that the examination questioned that the repulsive force of the cathode layer of the balloon is sufficient to hold the force of the weight of the trunks, electrons will settle on the shell, it will collapse, so the retaining tower will collapse and the lift trunks will collapse. In addition, it is proposed to use detachable pipes with atmospheric gas as a lifting device, which cannot be used due to the barometric formula.

(29) My ninth attempt to patent a space elevator is known: a pneumatic space elevator with a retaining tower made of ballonets filled with atmospheric gas and a fence made of windbreaks for delivering cargo to the planet's low orbit, and a method of its construction. (Application for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2016143661/11 (070033) dated November 7, 2016, B64G 5/00, E04H 12/00, E04H 15/20, E04H 12/20, E04H 12/34). In this application, a simplification of the design is made. It is proposed to use a one-piece pipe for delivering a loaded cab inside it. The pipe rests on a retaining tower around it, which consists of stacked ballonets with atmospheric gas.

Disadvantages of the design are 1) not taking into account the barometric formula, ultra-high pressure at the planet's surface will rupture any pipe, 2) the lower ends of the pipe are buried in the ground, which will eventually lead to its failure, 3) in order to resist the weight of the lift, the gas density in the ballonets must be higher density of one of the densest substances of osmium in a solid state, which is impossible, 4) the application proposes to use a spiral pipeline as a garbage chute, which will not work in the upper part, since there is no gravity, and the garbage will hang in the pipe and clog it.

(30) (4) Known geodesic mesh constructions V.G. Shukhova (V.V. Vasiliev V.G. Shukhov's ideas in modern aerospace technology. // in the collection "Actual problems of mechanics: modern mechanics and the development of V.G. Shukhov's ideas. M .: Nauka, 2011, pp. 111-127 ; T. Vinogradova, S. Avdeev Shukhov's Code. Nizhny Novgorod: Publisher "Pokrovka, 7", 2013, pp. 119-141). Their physical meaning lies in the fact that due to the geometric shape, the weight of the structure or other loads are redistributed to those points of the structure that are needed by its manufacturer, in particular, from the skin of the structure to its ribs.

The disadvantage of V.G. Shukhov is that they are low in height up to several hundred meters and not wide in diameter up to several dozen, how to build such structures with a height of 101 km and a diameter of more than 100 m is not described.

(31) There is a known method and device for charging a battery (Patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2699247 on application 2018137550 dated 2.03.2017), according to which the battery is charged with a charging current that depends on the battery charge level, while the device for charging the battery contains a control unit configured to control the charging current during device operation. The technical result is an accelerated battery charging without damage or shortening the service life.

The disadvantage of this method is a small arsenal of tools, where it is proposed to use it, it is necessary to expand the scope of its application.

(32) Known high-power potassium batteries based on organic polymers with a high capacity, charging in 10 seconds (Skoltech developed high-power potassium batteries, charging in 10 seconds. / Zen.yandex.ru, 12.11.2019), developed by the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Ural Federal University. They allow replacing lithium batteries due to the fact that there are few lithium deposits on Earth, and the needs for batteries in society are high. The battery uses a low-melting potassium-sodium alloy anode (melting temperature - 12.7 ° C, applied to carbon paper and high-voltage organic cathodes made of redox-active polymers. The battery capacity loss stability is 11% after 10,000 operating cycles. Batteries also showed high power indicators up to 100 kW / kg, which corresponds to the level of supercapacitors.

The disadvantage of the battery is a small arsenal of tools, where it is proposed to use it, it is necessary to expand the scope of its application.

(33) My third attempt to patent a pneumatic space elevator is known, in particular a pneumatic elevator (patent for invention of the Russian Federation No. 2317243 on application 2005134495/11 dated November 7, 2005, В66В 9/04, B64G 5/00). The essence of the design is that I compensate for the weight of the trunks with balloons attached to the trunks, surround the balloons with a sectionally rotating pipe-like shell to protect them from the wind, prescribe the structure of the trunks in detail, place the trunks in pairs in a rack so that when one cabin is lowered, the air is squeezed into the communicating barrel lifting cabin. The formula of the invention of this design is as follows: a pneumatic lift containing sealed main shafts communicating through an adjustable mechanism and additional shafts communicating with them, each of which is a sealed metal pipe assembled from separate sections, an air blower for supplying compressed air to the shafts, and the sealed pipe in its above-ground part it has a longitudinal section with the edges spread apart to the width of the beam carrying the cabin, and flanges in the form of rings open opposite the section, and in its underground part it has no section, while each barrel contains sealing elements, which are a zipper - two strips forming a detachable connection, containing concavities and protrusions parallel to the edges of the longitudinal section of the trunk with the possibility of connecting the concavities and protrusions of one strip with the corresponding concavities and protrusions of the second strip with sealing of the trunk and with the possibility of their separation or connection retractable, free, closed-open, the edges of the strips are located deep inside the pipe, reaching its center, and the fixed edges of the strips are a continuation of the insulating dielectric material that covers the metal pipe from the outside, a pair of carriages is attached to the top and bottom of the beam carrying the cabin with the possibility of opening the strips in front of the moving beam and the closure of the strips behind it, and inside each barrel along the pipe wall and along the edges of the strips on the opposite side of the concavities and protrusions of the zipper, parallel straight grooves are located, characterized in that each section of the underground part is connected to the above and lower sections by a sleeve connection, like the most the upper underground section with the lowest above-ground section, each barrel contains a pair of pistons, the lower of which is attached to the carriage attached to the bottom of the car-carrying beam, and the upper one is attached to the carriage attached to the top of the car-carrying beam, and the pistons are made of self-lubricating materials. lateral n The ribs inserted into the said grooves carry rollers inserted into the same grooves above and below the ribs and have a notch deep to the center of symmetry where the zipper strips are inserted, the piston notch has its own ribs and rollers that are inserted into the grooves of the strips, while the barrel contains a pair of electric pumps for air blowers, the lower of which is located in a horizontal pipe with a flap connecting the main and additional shafts at the surface of the planet with the ability to move air between the lower pistons of the main and additional shafts, the upper one is located at the highest point of the lift with the ability to move air between the upper pistons of the main and additional trunks; the horizontal pipes connecting the main and additional shafts at the surface of the planet and in the upper part of the lift are adjoined by open pipes with dampers and pumps with the ability to regulate the pressure in the shafts by pumping and pumping out air in the spaces of the main and additional shafts under the lower pistons and above the upper pistons; the trunks are assembled in racks uniting an even number of trunks and formed by rings of large diameter containing parallel grooves on the outer side surfaces, bridges connecting the flanges of the trunks to each other and rings of large diameter; a composite tubular ballonet, consisting of elementary ballonets, divided into vertical sections, external to the rings of large diameter, which are connected into a single whole by parallel armatures in the form of rings, the upper and lowermost armatures in the form of rings carry rollers inserted into the grooves of rings of large diameter with the possibility of rotation on the rollers of the vertical section of the composite tubular ballonet under the action of the wind around two adjacent rings of large diameter, a tubular protective shell attached outside the composite tubular ballonet, at the lower edge of the section of the tubular shell carries an annular shield covering the gap between adjacent sections of the tubular shell, internal along in relation to rings of large diameter with ballonets attached by rods to the walkways and rings of large diameter, lightning rods in the form of rings, which are attached outside the pipe-shaped protective shell, bear pointed spikes-pins, and which are connected to a common grounded insulated wire running along one of the shafts; a sealed cabin is placed on the crossing beams attached to the pairs of barrel carriages, in addition, there is a stand containing a pipe with water vapor, a pipe with a cold air duct, a ventilation pipe, a sewage pipe, pipes with water vapor and cold air are covered with thermal insulation and are made with the possibility of mixing cold air and steam at the top of the lift to obtain water; in addition, there is a rack containing a pipe with an input wiring cable, a pipe with an output wiring cable, a pipe with an input communication cable, a pipe with an output communication cable; all struts are assembled into a pyramid-like structure, they intersect near the top of the pyramid, and above the intersection point they are connected by bridges parallel to the surface of the planet; at the top point, the racks with cabins are attached to the transition compartments of the dock station, which consists of the base unit, docking compartments and transition compartments; at the top point, racks with pipes and cables are attached to the docking compartments of the station, the station is surrounded by a spherical multilayer shell, the layers of which are combined into a single whole by connecting elements in the form of tie ropes, racks or rigid spacers, which are filled with air or gas to varying degrees filling the space between layers: under the inner first layer, the air or gas pressure is equal to atmospheric, then decreases from layer to layer, and which is penetrated in one half by two horseshoe-shaped membranes, each of which consists of two halves with the possibility of pumping out air from under the shells and opening with scissor propellers opening the upper hemisphere of the shell and access of space stations under construction or being repaired, their blocks and other spacecraft into the space under the first, inner layer of the shell when the inner and outer membranes are opened and into the space under the outer layer of the shell when the outer membrane is opened; scissor propellers are formed by scissor-shaped membrane breakers in two halves, driven by axial piston rods, under which air is supplied from a common inlet in a pair of coaxial cylinders; at the same time, the parts of the racks located in the airless space do not contain a composite tubular ballonet and rollers, so that the tubular protective shell is attached directly to the rings of large diameter, on which radio and telecommunication antennas are also located; the space around the lift is surrounded by protective structures - wind breakers, each wind break is formed by vertical posts containing one armature pipe and rotating pipe-like shells; vertical struts are located in close proximity to each other with a minimum gap, forming four vertical planes, two of which are located at an obtuse angle to each other, and the second two are parallel to the first, the space between the planes is closed, since it is also fenced off from the sides by vertical struts; when viewed from above from space, the protective structures form a multibeam star formed by the first of the described planes, and the second of the planes, located at an obtuse angle to the first, form spikes on the rays of the star; a lift is located in the center of the star; the vertical posts of the windbreak contain one pipe each, the flanges of which are connected to the rings of large diameter by bridges, around the ring of large diameter there is a pipe-shaped protective shell rotating around it, which at the upper and lower edges of each section has a reinforcement in the form of a ring, to which rollers inserted into grooves on the outer side surface of the ring of large diameter; on the inner side of the vertical posts of the plane of the windbreak between the gutters, bridges are attached connecting the opposing vertical posts of parallel planes, the bridges of each mentioned pair of posts are connected inside the windbreak by bridges perpendicular to them to form a horizontal grid connecting all posts into a single whole; a ring of large diameter is enclosed at each vertical post by a fixed annular flap, open at the exit of the walkways connecting the vertical posts of parallel planes, covering the gap between adjacent rotating sections of the protective pipe-like shell; inside the vertical struts there are lifting gas ballonets, which are attached from the inside to large-diameter rings and to the walkways with the help of rods.

In addition, on the pipes of vertical posts of windbreakers, on a sewer pipe, on a pipe with an output communication cable, on one of the hoist shafts of each post, vertical rails are attached, having periodically repeated holes for the movement of the self-propelled installation; on the walkways, rings of large diameter and the flanges of the trunks containing vertical rails, there are handrails with handrails at the same level, and the self-propelled unit is a chair with passenger straps, with a footrest, with hooks in the bottom from the bottom for hanging cargo, with a gear transmission, attached to the back of the seat for movement along the rail, with the lever of two gearboxes of two motorcycle engines; the gear train consists of gear wheels with the possibility of engaging teeth in the holes in the rail when rotating, gear wheels with the ability to rotate from the drives of motorcycle engines, a bicycle-type chain transmitting rotation from the second to the first group of gear wheels.

The disadvantages of the described design were the following: 1) the manufacture of tens of kilometers of zipper-closing lift trunks is a rather laborious undertaking, the reliability of the structure is not very high, if depressurization occurs somewhere on a section with a height of 101 km, an accident is possible, 2) the barometric formula is not taken into account so that at the top, at an altitude of 101 km, create sufficient pressure to lift the cabin, at the ground the pressure should be astronomically huge, no pipe can withstand it, 3) it is proposed to bury the long lower end in the form of a pipe deep into the ground as the foundation of the elevator rack, over time the pipe will fail into the ground and the height of the elevator will change, which will lead to cracking of the upper part of the elevator, 4) balloons in the upper part of the elevator are bulky, if you create pipe-like shells around them, the latter will be very bulky and will create significant weight that is difficult to compensate, 5) when designing only structural tensile strength is taken into account for compression, but the ultimate bending strength is not taken into account, as a result of the calculations, larger elevator shafts are obtained than proposed, respectively, it is impossible to carry out the described operations during assembly with them, 6) it is impossible to build an elevator by lifting it using stratospheric balloons filled with helium, since the total volume of helium that will be needed for this operation exceeds the explored reserves of helium on Earth, the reserves of helium on Earth make it possible to build only one such elevator, and building an elevator from balloons filled with hydrogen is fire hazardous, 7) separate structural units such as preliminary connection of racks at the top of the elevator at lifting will not withstand the loads.

The aim of the invention is to improve the design of a space elevator for delivering cargo to low orbit of the planet to such an extent that it is industrially applicable.

The technical result of the invention is

- a lighter, but more durable, in comparison with rockets and shuttles method of delivering people and cargo, as well as gases, fuel and water into space, has been proposed,

- the use of a simple staircase as a lifting device in an elevator, along which a humanoid robot with an elevator car on its back climbs, which simplifies and facilitates the design of a lifting device attached to the elevator,

- the use of dielectric gaskets and metal bolts with a dielectric coating to seal and connect the barrel sections, which prevents current flow through them from the ionosphere to the planet's surface,

- the low elevator height, below the radiation belts of the Earth, ensures the protection of elevator passengers from radiation,

- low elevator height, below the orbits of the space debris flight, protects the elevator from space debris entering it,

- hot or helium balloons have protection against the wind, more compact than the tubular rotating shell of the prototypes,

- compensation of the weight of the elevator pipes during the construction of new steel grades, irradiated by ions, during the construction of the elevator tower on Earth at the atmospheric level up to a height of 12 km by ballonets with lifting gas or heated atmospheric gas,

- the use of old steel grades, invented before the 1970s, in the construction of an elevator on terrestrial planets other than Earth,

- reducing the thickness and diameter of pipes and their number in the elevator tower from the bottom to the top, which saves material and lightens the upper part of the elevator,

- when building from new super-strong grades of steel, irradiated by electrons, as well as from graphene or pearl plastic in the conditions of the Earth, as well as during the construction of an elevator on other planets of the terrestrial and lunar group, it is possible that there may be no ballonets with lifting gas or heated atmospheric gas, the use of bare trunks,

- pumping the lifting gas leaking out through the walls of the ballonets through the lifting gas supply system through a pipe with fans inside,

- when using heated atmospheric gas, removing cooled gas from ballonets and replacing it with heated gas supplied through pipes with fans,

- delivery of water, natural gas, electricity, fuel, air from the planet's surface to the station at the top of the elevator, a method for cooling and condensation of water vapor and fuel vapors on board the station at the top of the space elevator is proposed,

- a method is proposed for the construction of a space elevator in a vertical position in sections,

- coordination of the construction and use of the elevator with the traditional space industry, rocket launches are required to install a space station at the top of the money for the modernization of missiles and the construction of cosmodromes with take-off sites for missiles, until 2030 it is allowed to build experimental short towers that do not reach a height of 101 km,

- creation of an environmentally friendly structure for the delivery of goods to an altitude of 101 km or more without the use of fuel, which emits gases harmful to breathing during combustion, and without the use of water for hydrogen production for fuel, which in a crowded world is important as a means of maintaining life,

- the use of four or more stations and more than four cabins on the backs of robots climbing four stairs, which makes it possible to launch passengers and cargo every day or even more often without many months of preparation for launch,

- the system for remote opening of dampers for supplying heated atmospheric gas to ballonets and removing cooled atmospheric gas is described in more detail,

- access is provided for the repair of elements of the lift rack at any height,

- provides lightning protection for the part of the elevator in the atmosphere,

- provides a more reliable support of the elevator tower on the surface of the planet,

- an increase in the arsenal of means in which new types of super-strong materials are used, the creation of pipes from thin plates of super-strong material is proposed,

- expanding the arsenal of tools for the use of copy-type manipulators,

- an increase in the use of the simplified and enlarged FEDOR robot,

- expanding the arsenal of tools where fast battery charging is used,

- when using hot air balloons, an increase in carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere, which can be compensated for by modern methods of carbon dioxide utilization.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that a space elevator for the delivery of passengers and goods from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back, including the foundation, racks and a space station at the top of the elevator, enclosed by a multi-layer inflatable shell with layers connected by radial cables, the elevator is enclosed a fence made of windbreaks located in a circle around it differs in that the racks are made in the form of pairs of inclined vertical pipes, the sections of which periodically diverge in one belt in the next belt, converge, inclined vertical pipes are connected by parallel horizontal annular pipes and flow into them, the pipes are connected flanged connections and made of heavy-duty material, all elevator pipes have periodically repeating annular recesses on the outer surface, the pipes form a cylindrical tower at least 101 km high, every 20 km 200 m or less vertical inclined pipes become thinner and longer , and their number becomes smaller due to the connection of each pair of pipes through the node of the upper belt of the lower section, there are four or more space stations at the top of the elevator, a simple vertical ladder is stretched to each station, attached to horizontal ring-shaped pipes and vertical inclined pipes in places where they pass by , with the possibility of climbing a large humanoid carrying robot with an elevator car on its back up the stairs and docking the elevator car with a transition compartment docked with the space station and attached to the upper horizontal ring-shaped pipe, on some horizontal ring-shaped pipes next to the stairs, platforms for sitting the robot with devices are fixed for recharging the batteries of the robot from the wires stretched along the stairs, with the possibility of divergence of the carrying robots going up and down the stairs at the same time, the foundation of each stand is a massive steel A-shaped stand, which rests on glands concrete, which rests on piles, the lower sections of two inclined vertical pipes are buried in an A-shaped pillar and fixed in it. In addition, a space elevator for the delivery of passengers and goods from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back may differ in that in dense layers of the atmosphere, annular horizontal tubes have tube-like branches connected to tubes holding hot air balloons, fans and shutters to cover the flow of hot atmospheric gas into the balloons, fans are also installed in vertical inclined pipes near the places where they flow into horizontal annular pipes, at the bottom of the balloons there are also pipes not connected to the pipeline with fans and dampers to shut off the removal of cooled atmospheric gas, with the ability to fill balloons with purified hot atmospheric gas from thermal power plants on the planet's surface through a system of vertical and horizontal pipes and remove the cooled atmospheric gas from the bottom of the balloons by radio commands from the control center on the planet's surface, the fans are powered from isolated x wires stretched inside the pipes, the internal gaps of the sections of vertical inclined pipes located below the place where the exhaust pipes of thermal power plants enter and above the uppermost balloon of the tower are blocked by plugs with the possibility of preventing hot atmospheric gas from entering the pipes above and below the working area in dense layers of the atmosphere, balloons tied by cables intersecting at right angles, aerostat cables perpendicular to the horizontal annular tubes are tied around the pipes holding the flaps, balloon cables parallel to the horizontal annular tubes are tied to the inclined vertical tubes located closer to their ends in the places of annular recesses, along the vertical tubes and on balloons lightning rod with current collectors, balloons are equipped with wind protection devices, including a cylindrical shell with fixed walls and wind-deflected plates in its composition, and at one end of the cylindrical shell is located There are two pipes with the ability to remove atmospheric gas in the direction opposite to the direction of the wind, the inner walls of the pipes contain heat-insulating pipes covered with an anti-corrosion coating. In addition, a space elevator for the delivery of passengers and goods from the surface of the Earth or another planet to a low orbit and back may differ in that in dense layers of the atmosphere, annular horizontal pipes have pipe-like branches connected to pipes holding balloons filled with lifting gas, fans and dampers. to shut off the flow of lifting gas into the balloons, fans are also installed in vertical inclined tubes near the places where they flow into horizontal annular tubes, with the ability to fill balloons with lifting gas from storage facilities on the planet's surface through a system of vertical and horizontal tubes by radio commands from the control center on the planet's surface, the fans are powered from insulated wires stretched inside the pipes, the internal gaps of the sections of vertical inclined pipes located below the confluence of the pipes of the lifting gas storages and above the uppermost balloon of the tower are blocked with plugs with the possibility of preventing When lifting gas enters the pipes above and below the working zone in dense layers of the atmosphere, balloons are pulled together by intersecting cables at right angles, balloon cables perpendicular to the horizontal annular tubes are tied around the pipes holding the shutters, balloon cables parallel to horizontal annular tubes are tied to those located closer to their ends to inclined vertical pipes in the places of annular recesses, along the vertical pipes and on balloons there is a lightning conductor with current collectors, balloons are equipped with wind protection devices, including a cylindrical shell with fixed walls and wind-deflected plates in its composition, and from one end of the cylindrical shell two pipes are located with the ability to remove atmospheric gas in the direction opposite to the wind direction. In addition, a space elevator for the delivery of passengers and cargo from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back may differ in that each station is equipped with a water pipe in the form of a pipe with water vapor and a pipe with cooled atmospheric gas supplying steam and gas from the surface of the planet. , with periodically at least 50 meters in height installed radial fans inside both pipes, while the fans are powered from insulated wires stretched inside the pipes, with a radiator at the top with the possibility of heat exchange between the pipes with water vapor and pipes with cooled air and condensation of water vapor in liquid with its pumping to the station, sections of pipes with water vapor and cold air periodically converge in one belt, diverge in the next, the cavities of the pipes with water vapor and cold air do not communicate with the cavities of annular horizontal pipes, but go around them, but are fastened to them ... In addition, a space elevator for the delivery of passengers and cargo from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back may differ in that the walls of the pipe sections consist of tubes of super-strong material inserted into each other, the inner tubes in the center of the walls are perforated with the possibility of facilitating them weights, flanges of tubes of vertical inclined pipes are recruited from thin rings of heavy-duty material, inner one-piece tubes of vertical inclined pipes reach the edge of the rings and have ends cut and bent along the flange rings to form beam plates, dielectric ring-shaped gaskets with triangular protrusions are laid between the flanges of vertical inclined pipes. beam plates, the flanges of horizontal annular pipes are formed by the cut and bent ends of all tubes in the composition of their walls with the formation of connecting beam plates and annular dielectric spacers without protrusions, the points of attachment of the pipe-like Branches to horizontal ring-shaped pipes have cutouts with bends at the ends of the tubes of pipe-like branches in the form of supporting beam plates outside the horizontal ring-shaped pipe and fixing beam plates inside the horizontal ring-shaped pipe, the flanges are connected by bolts with a dielectric coating with several nuts each, A-shaped foundation posts are recruited from Conformal , primary U-shaped and secondary U-shaped plates, folding reinforcement plates are poured into the reinforced concrete of the foundation, which are installed in rows perpendicular to each folding plate to the next folding plate in opposite cuts. In addition to the fact that the installation site of the space elevator is fenced with windbreakers with the possibility of shielding from direct wind flows, each windbreak includes two rows of vertical pipes bent in the direction of wind deflection and separate vertical pipes from the edges of the rows between rows, insulated electrical wires are stretched inside the pipes and periodically at least Radial fans powered from these wires are installed at a height of 50 m, the pipes have periodic annular grooves, there are annular dielectric gaskets on the flanges between the vertical pipe sections, the flanges are connected by bolts with a dielectric coating, the pipes are periodically connected in pairs at a large height interval of at least 50 meters cross bridges, cross bridges of the same level are interconnected by longitudinal bridges, pipes rest on a foundation made of piles, reinforced concrete and A-shaped pillars, between vertically adjacent bridges and on the opposite side of the bridges, each pipe is installed There are hot air balloons, each of which is connected at at least two points through pipe-like branches to a vertical pipe and through pipes holding dampers and fans of hot air balloons with the possibility of filling balloons with hot atmospheric gas from thermal power plants located at the foot of the windbreak with remotely open valves. less than one pipe with a damper and a fan is suspended from the bottom of each balloon with the ability to remove cooled atmospheric gas from each balloon when the last damper is remotely opened, the envelopes of the balloons are tightened by cables intersecting at right angles, a lightning rod with current collectors is placed along the vertical pipes and on balloons, balloons are equipped with devices for protection from wind, including a cylindrical shell with fixed walls and wind-deflected plates in its composition, and two pipes are located at one end of the cylindrical shell with the possibility of removing atmospheric gas to the sides y, opposite to the direction of the wind, but not in the direction of the direction of the lift, the inner walls of the pipes contain heat-insulating pipes covered with an anti-corrosion coating. In addition, a method is proposed for the construction of a space elevator, according to which a pit is dug, piles are driven in, reinforced concrete is laid on them, A-shaped posts are installed in turn, reinforced concrete is poured under them in turn, the lower ends of vertical inclined pipes are inserted into the holes in the A-posts the lower belt and attach these ends to the A-shaped struts, start to climb the vertical inclined pipes of the spiders holding in the front pair of limbs of the hands a section of the mounted pipe, plugged from the upper end with a cork, and inserting a pair of toes of the four hind limbs of the legs into the ring-shaped recesses during the ascent the outer surface of the pipes, the spiders remove the plugs from the upper ends of the already installed pipes, then the spiders install the mounted sections of the pipes on the continuation of the sections of the already installed pipes with the first pair of limbs of the hands, with the second pair of limbs of the hands they remove from the box fixed to the cephalothorax, bolts with nuts and fasten the sections, spiders also raise sec stairs and fix them on horizontal annular pipes and vertical inclined pipes, a large humanoid robot lifts each transition compartment on its back up the stairs to the uppermost horizontal pipe, spiders attach the transition compartment protrusions to the flanges of the uppermost horizontal annular pipe and unscrew the transition compartment from the robot's back , then a space station is docked to each transition compartment, and it is surrounded by a multilayer inflatable shell. In addition, the proposed method of building a space elevator may differ in that in the planet's atmosphere, aerostatic shells are filled with heated atmospheric gas, two or more spiders take the ends of the cables of the balloons into the first pair of front limbs of the hands and simultaneously rise along inclined vertical pipes to the installation site, several more spiders according to the number of pipe-like branches of horizontal pipes, to which pipes with aerostat dampers are attached, rise to the installation site and attach the pipe-like branches of horizontal pipes to the pipes holding the dampers as part of the balloon, the first mentioned spiders tie the ends of the cables of the balloons to ring-shaped recesses on the nearest vertical inclined pipes, then the spiders return down, pick up the lightning rod sections in turn and stretch it along the vertical inclined pipes and fix them on them, connect the lightning rod sections to each other. In addition, the method of building a space elevator may differ in that in the atmosphere of the planet, aerostatic shells are filled with lifting gas, two or more spiders take the ends of the cables of the balloons into the first pair of front limbs of the hands and simultaneously rise along inclined vertical pipes to the installation site, several more spiders along the number of pipe-like branches of the horizontal pipes, to which pipes with aerostat dampers are attached, rise to the installation site and attach the pipe-like branches of the horizontal pipes to the pipes holding the dampers as part of the balloon, the first mentioned spiders tie the ends of the cables of the balloons to the ring-shaped recesses on the nearest vertical inclined pipes, then the spiders return downward, pick up the lightning rod sections in turn and stretch it along the vertical inclined pipes and fix them on them, connect the lightning rod sections together. In addition, for the construction of each windbreak, a foundation pit is dug, piles are driven in, reinforced concrete is laid on them, A-shaped posts are installed in turn, reinforced concrete is poured under them in turn, the lower ends of the vertical pipes of the lower chord are inserted into the holes in the A-shaped posts and these ends to the A-pillars, start to climb the vertical pipes of the spiders, holding in the front pair of limbs of the arms a section of the pipe to be mounted, plugged from the upper end with a cork, and inserting a pair of fingers of the four hind limbs of the legs into the ring-shaped grooves on the outer surface of the pipes when climbing, the spiders take out plugs from the upper ends of the already installed pipes, then the spiders install the mounted sections of pipes on the continuation of the sections of the already installed pipes with the first pair of limbs of the hands, with the second pair of limbs of the hands they take out from the box fixed on the cephalothorax, bolts with nuts and fasten the sections, the spider climbing the vertical pipe raises the crosswalk and screwing he together with the second spider to the wide flanges of two vertical pipes of adjacent rows, after assembling all the transverse bridges of the same level, a pair of spiders lifts the longitudinal bridge along one vertical pipe and turns it in turn to the cross bridges, then in the planet's atmosphere, balloons are filled in turn with hot atmospheric gas, two or more spiders take the ends of the cables of the balloons and rise along the vertical pipe to the installation site, attach the pipe-shaped branches of the vertical pipes to the pipes holding the flaps with the second pair of limbs of the arms, then the rest of the windbreak belts are assembled in turn in the same way, then the spiders return down, the lightning rod sections are taken in turn and pulled along the vertical inclined pipes and fixed on them, the lightning rod sections are connected to each other.

Description of figures

The figures show the following images.

FIG. 1 is a general view of a space elevator with balloons from a high Earth orbit, FIG. 2 is a vertical cross section AA of the section of the right half of the space elevator tower at the border of two belts, in Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a section of the lower part of the space elevator tower from the inside from the center of symmetry, FIG. 4 - horizontal section BB of the section of the right half of the space elevator tower at the border of two belts, in Fig. 5 is a view of the foundation of a space elevator tower, FIG. 6 is a space station at the top of a space elevator tower, FIG. 7 - a device for protection against wind in a cross-section B-B, FIG. 8 - a device for protection from the wind in the cross section Г-Г, in Fig. 9 - a device for protection from wind in a longitudinal section D-D in the closed state of the plates deflected by the wind, FIG. 10 is a section of a vertical inclined pipe in a horizontal longitudinal section E-E, FIG. 11 - unfolded blank of the inner perforated tube, FIG. 12 - section of a vertical inclined pipe on a vertical cross-section Zh-Zh, in Fig. 13 - connection of a pipe with steam to a horizontal annular pipe, FIG. 14 - system of cooling and condensation of water vapor, Fig. 15 is a diagram of turning on and off the damper and fan motors, FIG. 16 is a diagram of the location of the damper motor, FIG. 17 - connection of two perpendicular cables of the balloon, in Fig. 18 - the connection of the two ends of the cable of the balloon, wrapped around the horizontal tube holding the balloon, FIG. 19 - fastening the cab with passengers and cargo to the back of the robot, FIG. 20 - assembly spider, front view, in Fig. 21 - assembly of an elevator using a spider, FIG. 22 is a close-up view of fastening a ladder to a horizontal pipe, FIG. 23 - connection of the thermal power station pipeline to the vertical inclined pipe of the lower belt, FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the folded ends of the inner one-piece tubes in the flange of an inclined vertical tube 3-3; FIG. 25 - fastening of pipe-like branches to a horizontal annular pipe on a vertical section II, FIG. 26 - connection of star-shaped flanges of horizontal pipes on a vertical cut II, Fig. 27 - the structure of the A-shaped pillar on a horizontal cut K-K, Fig. 28 is a diagram of laying reinforcement in reinforced concrete, top view before pouring concrete, FIG. 29 is a diagram of the laying of reinforcement in reinforced concrete, side view before the concrete is placed, FIG. 30 is a side view of the spacer in action when replacing a section of a vertical inclined pipe, FIG. 31 - the grip of the spacer on the pipe on the horizontal cut L-L, in Fig. 32 is a transverse horizontal section of the spacer M-M, in Fig. 33 - connection of sections of the lightning rod, Fig. 34 is a general view of a space elevator without balloons with windbreaks, balloons of which are filled with hot atmospheric gas, from a high Earth orbit, FIG. 35 - a wind roll with ballonets filled with hot atmospheric gas on a horizontal cross section H-H, in Fig. 36 - a wind roller with ballonets filled with hot atmospheric gas on a vertical longitudinal section O-O.

The numbers in the figures indicate the following details.

FIG. 1: 1 - cylindrical elevator tower, 2 - windbreaks, 3 - space stations surrounded by multilayer shells at the top of the tower, 4 - thermal power plants on the Earth's surface.

FIG. 2-4: 5 - inclined vertical pipes, 6 - horizontal annular pipe, 7 - tubular branches of the horizontal annular pipe for fastening inclined vertical pipes and pipes holding the dampers of balloons, 8 - pipe flanges, 9 - annular dielectric spacers, 10 - pipes, holding dampers of balloons, 11 - balloon shell, 12 - sheath cables, 13 - centrifugal fans, 14 - hot air dampers, 15 - cooled air dampers, 16 - a device to protect the balloon from the wind, 17 - lightning rod, 18 - lightning rods lightning rod, 19 - wiring for damper and fan regulators, 20 - ring-shaped recesses of the pipe surface.

FIG. 5: 21 - inclined vertical pipe of the lower belt, deepened into the hole in the massive steel A-shaped pillar, 22 - massive A-shaped pillar, 23 - the lower boundary of concreting, 24 - reinforced concrete, 25 - piles, 26 - the surface of the planet, 27 - threaded steel rods, 28 - massive nuts, 29 - holes for rods 27 in the rack 22, 30 - a pipeline with heated air from a thermal power plant that flows into pipe 21, 31 - a hole for pipe 21.

FIG. 6: 32 - ladder for lifting the carrying robot, 33 - carrying robot, 34 - cabin with passengers and cargo, 35 - transition compartment, 36 - space station, 37 - outer layer of multilayer inflatable shell with solar panels, 38 - middle layer of multilayer inflatable shells, 39 - inner layer of a multilayer inflatable shell, 40 - cables holding the layers of the shell, 41 - spacecraft docked to station 36, 42 - platform for sitting of the carrying robot, 43 - pipe-shaped branch pipe 6, holding platform 42, 44 - platform railing 42, 45 - tubular branch of pipe 6, holding the transition compartment, 46 - ladder holder 32, covering the pipe 6, 47 - ladder holder, covering the pipe 5.

FIG. 7-9: 48 - plate deflected by the wind, 49 - fixed wall of the device for wind protection 16, 50 - direction of the wind outside, 51 - direction of movement of atmospheric gas inside the device for protection against wind 16, 52 - firmware for fastening walls 49 to the shell balloon 11, 53 - pipes for removing atmospheric gas, 54 - direction of removing atmospheric gas through pipe 53.

FIG. 10-12: 55 - outer one-piece tubes, 56 - middle one-piece tubes, 57 - inner perforated tubes, 58 - inner one-piece tubes, 59 insulating tube, 60 - anti-corrosion coating, 61 - flange rings, 62 - holes in the inner perforated tubes, 63 - bolts, 64 - dielectric coating of bolts, 65 - external welds, 66 - expanded tube blank 57, 67 - internal welds.

FIG. 13: 68 - pipe-shaped branches of inclined vertical pipes with water vapor for attaching the envelope pipe, 69 - envelope pipe, 70 - fastening plates, 71 - lugs on cap hatches and fastening plates for screwing plates 70, 72 - cap hatches on vertical inclined pipes with water vapor, 73 - inclined vertical pipes with water vapor.

FIG. 14:74 - upper end of the pipe with water vapor 73, 75 - pipe at the lower end of the radiator, 76 - radiator cooling pipes, 77 - spikes on the radiator pipes inside the chilled air pipes, 78 - shading shield, 79 - liquid water tank, 80 - switch for fans and pumps, 81 - faucet for water at the space station, 82 - transparent removable bag for used or used water, 83 - plug to plug the hole in the bag 82 left after removing the bag from the faucet, 84 - holes with valves for hand inserts, 85 - elastic ring in the bottom of the bag, covering the tap, 86 - lighting direction, 87 - liquid water pipe, 88 - pumps in the form of axial fans for liquid water.

FIG. 15: 89 - oscillatory circuits of control circuits, 90 - antennas of control circuits, 91 - oscillatory circuits of controlled circuits, 92 - inductance coils for turning on and off the fan motor, 93 - fan motor 13, 94 - damper motor, 95 - inductance coil for turning on the damper motor , 96 - a key that closes the circuit for rotation in the first side of the damper motor, 97 - a key that closes the circuit for rotation in the second side of the damper motor, 98 - a key that closes the circuit for rotation of the fan motor, 99 - screw shaft of the damper motor, 100 - ring with an internal thread corresponding to the screw shaft of the damper motor, 101 - washer at the end of the screw shaft 99, 102 - switch holder 96, 103 - switch holder 97, 104 - ring holders 100, 105 - magnets at the edges of the damper 14 and pipe 10.106 - wire, connecting the damper with the oscillating circuits 91.

FIG. 17-18: 107 - inner bolt, 108 - outer bolt, 109 - cylindrical hole with a thread in the bolt 108, 110 - loops of the lower cable, 111 - loops of the upper cable, 112 - the end of the cable directed towards the person looking at the figure, 113 - the end of the cable, directed away from the person looking at the figure, 114 - the cable twisted around the pipe 10, 115 - the loops of the cable 114, twisted around the pipe 10, 116 - a triple knot of the ends of the cable wound around the pipe 10.

FIG. 19: 117 - plate in the back of the robot, 118 - shelf on the back of the robot, 119 - angle for attaching the shelf, 120 - cockpit projection for attaching to the back of the robot, 121 - angle at the end of projection 120.

FIG. 20: 122 - cephalothorax of a spider, 123 - abdomen of a spider, 124 - five-fingered front manipulators, 125 - two-fingered rear manipulators, 126 - video cameras for tracking the front manipulators, 127 - video cameras for tracking the rear manipulators, 128 - tool box, bolts and nuts.

FIG. 21: 129 - toes of the spider's feet, closed in annular grooves of the surface of the mounted pipe, 130 - palms of the spider's hands holding the mounted pipe, 131 - palm of the spider's hand holding the bolt, 132 - palm of the spider's hand holding the nut.

FIG. 22: 133 - spikes of the steps of the stairs, 134 - lower spikes of the higher section of the ladder, 135 - hole for inserting the spike 133, 136 - hole for inserting the spike 134, 137 - screws with heads, the diameter of the heads is larger than the holes 135, 138 - vertical bars of the ladder, 139 - lugs on ladder holders 46 for screwing bolts.

FIG. 23: 140 - plug of heat-insulating material reaching the lower end of pipe 21.

FIG. 24: 141 - triangular projections of spacers 9 between the ray plates, 142 - ray plates, which are the bends of the tube 58.

FIG. 25: 143 - support beam plates outside the horizontal tube, which are the bends of the tubes of the tube-shaped branch 7, 144 - the fixing beam plates inside the horizontal tube, which are the bends of the tubes of the tube-shaped branch 7, 145 - the annular cut in the heat-insulating tube for installing the fixing beam plates, 146 - the hole leading from the cavity of the tubular branch 7 into the cavity of the horizontal annular tube.

FIG. 26: 147 - connecting beam plates, which are bends of the tubes of the horizontal annular tube.

FIG. 27: 148 - C-shaped plates, 149 - primary U-shaped plates, 150 - secondary U-shaped plates.

FIG. 28-29: 151 - folding reinforcement plates, 152 - folding reinforcement plates perpendicular to the plates 151, 153 - end connections of adjacent reinforcement plates of the same row, 154 - free end plates of a row without connection 153.

FIG. 30-32: 155 - strut beam, 156 - clamps, 157 - section of a vertical inclined pipe, lying below the withdrawn section, 158 - section of a vertical inclined pipe, lying above the withdrawn section, 159 - plates that make up a catch, 160 - U-shaped plates that make up the beam, 161 are temporary plugs.

FIG. 33: 162 - metal cylinder at the connection of the lightning rod sections, 163 - the lower end of the wire of the overlying lightning rod section, 164 - dielectric cylinder holder 162, 165 - dielectric holders of the ends of the wires of the lightning rod sections, 166 - the upper end of the wire of the lower lightning rod section, 167 - screws securing the ends wires to the cylinder 162, 168 - ears for bolts with nuts on holders 164, 165.

FIG. 35-36: 169 - vertical pipes with hot atmospheric gas, 170 - cross bridges connecting vertical pipes 169, 171 - longitudinal bridges, 172 - balloons with hot atmospheric gas as part of a windbreaker, 173 - wide flanges for screwing cross bridges 170.

The space elevator (Fig. 1) is a hollow cylindrical tower 1 surrounded by windbreaks 2. The windbreaks reach a height of 14 km and shield the tower from the winds, deflecting the wind on the tower to the side. The design of a windbreaker containing balloons with helium is described in detail in the invention of the prior art, paragraph 14. The weight of the lower part of the elevator tower during its construction on Earth from steel is compensated by the buoyancy force of Archimedean hot air balloons or balloons with helium, which are located outside the tower, forming its outer wall. Hot atmospheric gas in hot air balloons comes from thermal power plants 4 on the Earth's surface through pipes in the tower. Helium enters the balloons with helium from the Earth's surface from the helium storages through the pipes in the tower, not constantly, but periodically to pump balloons, which gradually lose gas seeping through the envelopes of the balloons. During the construction of an elevator tower on Earth from graphene or pearl plastic or other modern ultra-light super-strong materials, as well as during the construction of an elevator tower on other planets of the terrestrial and lunar group, balloons may not be available. The tower contains 4 or more 3 space stations, surrounded by multi-layered inflatable shells. An elevator tower 1 without balloons is shown in FIG. 34. Such an elevator on Earth is surrounded by windbreaks 2, which include hot air balloons; therefore, such windbreaks in FIG. 34 are surrounded by thermal power plants 4, which provide hot atmospheric gas for hot air balloons in windbreaks.

FIG. 2-6 shows a general view of the structure of a space elevator tower on Earth when it is constructed from steel.

FIG. 2 shows a vertical cross-section AA of the section of the right half of the space elevator tower at the border of the two belts. The belt is the section of the space elevator tower between two horizontal annular tubes 6, including the upper tube 6 and excluding the lower tube 6. FIG. 2, the cut is made at the pipe node 6, that is, the place where two inclined vertical pipes 5 of the underlying belt are attached to it from below, and two inclined pipes 5 of the overlying belt are attached to it from above. The height of the chord is 50 m, the height of the pipes 5 is more than 50 m, since they are not vertically straight, but have a slope (an example of a specific pipe length is given in the calculated part at the end of the description). Pipes 5 and 6 are mounted from 10 m sections, which contain flanges 8 at the ends, a dielectric ring-shaped gasket 9 is located between the flanges, which is necessary so that the current from the ionosphere cannot freely flow through the pipe to the planet's surface, gaskets 9 create resistance to the current from the ionosphere ... The pipe 6 has a pair of tubular branches 7 at the top and bottom for fastening vertical inclined tubes 5 and a tubular branch 7 on the outside to the right for attaching a tube 10 holding a damper 14 for a thermal or helium balloon and a fan 13 for supplying hot atmospheric gas to the balloon. The pipes 5, 6 have annular recesses 20 in the walls on the outside so that the toes and hands of the pipe-mounting spiders can cling to the pipe. The hot air balloon is a shell 11, tightened with Kevlar cables 12. The shell is glued to the pipe 10 and the place of gluing is tightened by a cable 12 wrapped around the pipe. cooled atmospheric gas when the heated atmospheric gas enters from above through the damper 14. Cylindrical wind protection devices 16, described in more detail below, are sewn to the outside of the shell. To divert the lightning discharge along the pipes 5, a lightning rod 17 is lowered, it continues along the envelope of the balloon and covers it. The wire contains lightning rods 18 in the form of sharp pins. A carbon track is sewn to the sheath under wire 17. Rope 17 ends with a metal plate dug into the ground of the planet a few tens of meters from the elevator. The Kevlar cables of the balloon 12, parallel to the pipes 6, are fastened with their ends in the recesses 20 of the pipes 5. This makes it possible to make additional connections between the pipes 5 of one belt.

FIG. 3 symbolically depicts the general principle of the arrangement of vertical inclined pipes 5: from below there are thicker pipes, which gradually become thicker upwards. Periodically, the number of pipes in a chord is reduced by connecting pipe pairs not to each chord node, but through a node. In the calculated part, it is proposed to change the thickness of the pipes every 20,200 m, through 404 belts. But on a small sheet of paper it is impossible to depict such a large picture because of the large number of belts, therefore the image is conditional, demonstrating only the general principle of the arrangement of inclined pipes, which is described in more detail in the calculation part. FIG. 3 also shows the location of balloons, their shells are visible, obscured by pipes 5, since the image shows a view from the inside of the tower, and balloons are located along the outer wall of the tower.

FIG. 4 shows a horizontal section of the pipe 6. Due to the large radius of the pipe 6, this section looks straight. FIG. 2.4 are clearly visible in the upper part of the inclined vertical pipes 5 at the point of their connection to the pipe-like branches 7 of the horizontal annular pipe 6 centrifugal fans 13 for pumping heated atmospheric gas or helium into the balloon. It is better to install them under the horizontal annular tube 6 in order to activate the supply of heated atmospheric gas or lift gas to the balloon. Without fans 13, the pressure at the top of the tube would be too low to fill the balloons at the top of the elevator tower. Fans 13 are powered by voltage through wires 19 fixed inside pipes 5 and 6. The hot air balloon has a large volume, therefore, it is attached to several tubes 10 with dampers 14 connected to the pipe-like branches 7 of the horizontal pipe 6, and has several dampers 14, 15. Other parts the same as in FIG. 2. In the construction of an elevator tower without balloons, the horizontal annular pipe 6 has only pipe-like branches 7 for connecting vertical inclined pipes, it does not have branches 7 for connecting pipes 10.

FIG. 5 shows a view of the foundation of a space elevator tower. Piles 25 are driven into the bottom of a pit dug on the surface of the planet, then a layer of reinforced concrete 24 is laid on them to the lower boundary 23, then A-shaped posts are placed on this layer, and reinforced concrete is also laid under them. It means that there is no empty space above the crossbar of the letter A in the racks, there is also metal. Then, on the sides of the racks, the planets are covered with dug soil. The pipes 5 of the lower chord have a special shape, therefore they are designated as pipes 21. They have a massive flange 8 not at the end of the pipe, but at the height of immersion of the pipe 21 into the cylindrical hole 31 in the upper part of the post 22. The post 22 also has cylindrical holes 29 threaded inside , into which rods 27 with corresponding threads are screwed from the outside, onto which several nuts 28 are screwed. Rods 27 with nuts 28 motionlessly fix the pipe 21 in an inclined position. A pipe 30 flows into the pipe 21, supplying the heated atmospheric gas to the pipe 21 and higher through the pipe system. The connection point is shown in more detail below. The foundation almost does not differ from the foundations of other high-rise objects, the differences are, first of all, quantitative: a thicker layer of reinforced concrete, longer piles.

FIG. 6 shows the upper part of the space elevator tower with station 3, consisting of the space station 36 itself, surrounded by shells 37, 38, 39, pulled together by cables 40. Under the inner shell, atmospheric gas has the highest pressure, then it decreases from shell to shell, as described in the inventions of the prior art of paragraphs 8, 9. The front and rear docking nodes of the station protrude from the shell 37, therefore spaceships 41 can be docked to them. The station 36 is docked to the transfer compartment 35. The upper annular horizontal pipe 6 has several pipe-shaped branches 45, to which the transition compartment 35 is attached through flanges. The grips of pipes 5 and 6 with holders 47 and 46, respectively, described in detail below, hold in a vertical position a simple metal ladder 32, consisting of two vertical rods and transverse rungs between them. FIG. 6, a humanoid carrying robot 33 stands on the stairs 32, similar to the FEDOR robot (prior art paragraph 23), but larger and simplified to the function of climbing stairs, sitting down, etc. A cabin 34 with passengers and cargo is fixed on the back of the robot. The cab fixing is described below. In the upper position, when the robot 33 reaches the upper end of the ladder 32, the car 34 abuts against the transition compartment 35 and is docked to it through a conventional docking unit, described, for example, in the prior art paragraph 12. So that several robots 33 can simultaneously climb and descend the ladder 32 to increase the turnover between the surface of the planet and the station at the top of the elevator, the staircase is equipped with platforms 42 for seating the carrying robot 33. If one robot descends and the second climbs the stairs towards it, then one of them clears the way for the second, sitting on platform 42. Such platforms are equipped several next to staircase 32 at different heights. The platform 42 is a metal rectangle equipped with a railing 44, screwed to the flanges 8 of several upper pipe-shaped branches 43 of the pipe 6. The platforms are equipped with means for charging the batteries of the robot; for this, electrical wires are stretched along the ladder 32, which are connected to the chargers (prior art p. 32, 33) at the sites.

FIG. 7-9, a wind protection device 16 is shown in detail. It is a cylinder, the wall of which is divided into 4 equal parts in cross section. The stiffer and more stationary opposing parts 49 alternate with more flexible plates 48. One of the walls 49 is sewn to the shell 11 with stitches 52 to seal the puncture points with glue. At one end, conventionally considered the bottom, the cylinder has opposing pipes 53 for removing atmospheric gas. A gust of wind with a direction of 50 bends one of the plates 48 inward, while this plate 48 blocks the entrance of atmospheric gas into the pipe 53 from the leeward side. Atmospheric gas cannot deflect the opposite plate 48, since it enters the wall 49 and abuts against it. Therefore, the atmospheric gas swirls inside the device with the direction of flow 51 and rushes to the only outlet in the opposing pipe 53 with the direction of the outlet 54. In the pipe 53, the wind speed in direction 54 is greater than in direction 50, since all the atmospheric gas collected along the entire height of the device 16 rushes into the small lumen of the pipe 53. The plate 48 bent by the wind gives the device 16 an impulse directed in the same direction as the wind 50, and the stream 54 emanating from the pipe 53 gives the device 16 an impulse opposite to the direction of the wind 50, the impulses balance each other, and the device 16 is locked in place, locking the balloon as a whole. Devices 16 are installed around the perimeter of the balloon, parallel to pipes 6 and perpendicular to them. Therefore, from which side of the balloon along the shell the wind would not blow, they catch it and fix the balloon in place. The wind along the shell can only blow in two directions; accordingly, it will deflect the plate 48 from one of the two sides. If the wind blows from the side of the walls 49 or in the direction perpendicular to the direction 50 outside the plane of the drawing, then it is caught by the device 1 located perpendicular to the device 16 in question along the other perimeters of the balloon.

FIG. 10-12 and 24 show the structure of the vertical inclined pipe 5 of the elevator in detail, the vertical inclined pipe 21 looks similar. The joints of such pipes are shown in detail in FIG. 23. It is advisable to make the pipe of heavy-duty material. It can be ultra-strong steel, graphene, pearl plastic, or any other newly discovered super-strong material. Reports of the discovery of new ultra-strong materials appear on the Internet several times a year. It is possible to make a pipe from a single piece of material, such as graphene or old grade cutting steel. But if you make a pipe of ultra-strong steel or pearl plastic, then to preserve the properties of these materials, it is made from thin sheets. The advantage of making a pipe from separate sheets is that if the pipe cracks from overload in some separate section, the crack will not propagate over the entire pipe array, but only over one layer of material, and the pipe as a whole will not be cracked. If the pipe is made of ultra-high-strength steel (according to the prior art, paragraph 15), then rolled steel sheets are taken with a length of 10 m and a width equal to the circumference of the future pipe, 0.5 mm thick. It is possible to process steel sheets up to 2 mm, irradiating them with a laser and electrons from both sides to a depth of 1 mm, but such sheets are difficult to bend before irradiation, therefore, thinner sheets are taken for the manufacture of tubes 55-58. Periodic circular holes are made in the steel sheets that will constitute the inner perforated tubes 57 by a milling cutter or otherwise, as shown in FIG. 10. They are needed to reduce the weight of the tubes 57 and save material. They have little effect on the strength of the tubes, since the load is distributed along the integral parts of the tubes. For the manufacture of outer tubes 55, steel sheets are taken with a length of about 1 m, and not 10 m. Holes for bolts are made at the edges of the tube 58 blanks. The sheets are then bent and welded to form tubes 55-58. Then the sheets are irradiated with a laser and electrons from an electron gun and ions. Since the depth of such processing is 1 mm, the sheet thickness of 0.5 mm allows the tube to be made completely super strong. Tubes 55-58 differ from each other in diameter by 0.5 mm. This allows them to be inserted into each other, nailed, to form a whole thick-walled pipe with a wall thickness of 22-54 mm (Fig. 10, 12). The internal welds of 67 individual tubes are arranged so that in the event of any extreme load on the pipe, only one seam spreads at the location of the seam 67, while the other seams remain, which is achieved by a distance between the seams of at least 10 cm.

To form the flanges 8 of the pipe 5 or 21 in the case of its production from ultra-high-strength steel, rings 61 are first made of rolled steel with an inner hole diameter equal to the inner diameter of the innermost tube 57. The thickness of the rings can be up to 2 mm. Further, bolt holes are made in the rings. Further, the rings are irradiated from both sides with a laser, electrons and ions to a depth of 1 mm, which makes it possible to make the ring 61 super strong throughout its thickness. Next, the rings are put on tubes 58 and pressed against the ends of tubes 55-57. Tubes 58 are longer than tubes 56.57, so they protrude beyond them. Further, the rings on the sides of the flange 8 are welded to each other, to the ends of the tubes 55 with the formation of seams 65. The tubes 58 are not fully irradiated before being installed inside the tube. Their ends remain unirradiated. After installing the rings 61, the ends of the tubes 58 protruding beyond the rings are notched and folded and welded to the underlying ring 61 and to the underlying layers 58 in turn so that the bolt holes in the beam plates 142 formed in this way (Fig. 24) coincide with the holes under the bolts in the rings 61. In turn, as they are bent, the bent beam plates 142 and the welding places are irradiated with a laser, electrons and ions. To fill the space between the beam plates, the annular dielectric spacer 9 has triangular projections 141 at the top and bottom that fall between the beam plates 142. Next, a heat-insulating tube 59 is installed (driven in) into the pipe, the height of which is equal to the length of the tubes 56-57 plus the thickness of the flanges 8, consisting of rings 61 and ray plates 142, and plus half the thickness of the spacer 9 without protrusions. Further, the tube 59 is painted from the inside to form a layer 60. The connection of the flanges 9 is performed already during the installation of the elevator with bolts 63 having a dielectric coating 64, which, like the dielectric gasket 9, protects the elevator tube from the current flow from the ionosphere into the planet's soil. For greater strength of the connection, not one nut is used, but three nuts per bolt. The bolts carry a small load at the vertical pipes, since the sections of pipes 5 are pressed against each other by the planet's gravity, the lateral loads are insignificant. The result is the pipe shown in FIG. 10, 12, 24. The outer tubes 55 are located at a distance of about 1 cm from each other with the formation of annular recesses 20 between them. If 12 tubes 55 are inserted into each other with a thickness of 0.5 mm each, the depth of the recesses will reach 6 mm. It is possible to make deeper grooves by installing more than 12 tubes 55. The upper and lower edges of the grooves are welded and irradiated with laser, electrons and ions. The following tubes 56 are made from solid sheets of metal without holes. They are installed at least two. The first protects the pipe from corrosive external influences through the recesses 20, of which it is the bottom. And the second tube 56 is spare, it will protect the inner layers from corrosive effects through the recesses 20 in the event of damage to the first tube 56. But the main load in protection against corrosive effects is borne by the outer tube 55, so it must be irradiated not only with electrons, but also with ions ... Next are several layers of perforated tubes 57. These make up the largest portion of the tube thickness and are shown in FIG. 10, 12 5 pieces, but this is purely symbolic, in reality there are more of them. The thinner the wall, the fewer tubes 57 in its composition. Then there are two solid inner tubes 58, they protect the inner layers of the tube from the internal corrosive effects of heated air or water vapor in the event of damage to tube 59, so tubes 58 are also irradiated not only with electrons, but also with ions. Next comes the heat-insulating tube 59. It is made of a material with low thermal conductivity and is designed to avoid heat leakage and to protect the tubes 58 from corrosion. Its wall thickness can reach several centimeters. The outside of the tube 59 is coated with an anti-corrosion coating such as paint. Tubes 59 and layer 60 are absent in elevators without balloons, as well as in elevators with balloons at an altitude higher than balloons, that is, above 12 km. FIG. 10, conventionally, only two rings of flanges 61 are shown, but in reality there are more of them. Inside the pipes, wires 19 are stretched on brackets held by long screws screwed into the pipes 59.

It is possible to manufacture tubes 55-58 and rings 61 not from steel, but from lighter metals such as titanium, aluminum, which can also be irradiated with a laser, electrons and ions, and which can also include fullerenes. But since the materials that are obtained as a result of such processing are not described in the open press, one can only assume what properties they will have. How many times the density of super-strong material is less than the density of super-strong steel, so many times less strength it must have in comparison with super-strong steel in order to build a space elevator from it.

When pipes 5,6 are made of graphene, they are printed entirely without layers on a 3D printer from graphene flakes. To get a pipe 10 m long, it is necessary that the bottom of the printing chamber gradually descends to a height of 10 m, then printing will take place from the end of the pipe. To do this, it is enough to have a screw 10 m long and a nut fixed at a height of 10 m from the bottom of the printing chamber. The screw will gradually rotate and screw into the nut, lowering the height of the print chamber bottom. The connection between the bottom of the printing chamber and the screw head is made movable through a ring under the screw head, connected through the cylinder to the bottom of the printing chamber. When printing, atomic planes are not formed, as in graphite, so the material is more durable in all directions of application of force to it.

In the case of the manufacture of tubes 55-58 and rings 61 of pearl plastic, instead of carbon, plastic powder is charged into the 3D printer, sheets are printed from it, in which the plastic is laid as in tiles, then the sheets are bent into tubes, and their edges are welded to each other like how the edges of polytechnic pipes are welded. Otherwise, the same actions are performed with sheets of pearl plastic as described with steel, the only differences are that plastic sheets are lighter and thicker than steel sheets, it is easier to make holes in them. The holes in pearl plastic can be inserted into the 3D printing program so that they are not cut out separately.

The pipe-like branches 7 are obtained when manufactured from steel as follows. In the manufacture of pipes 5 or 6 in rolled steel sheets, before they are connected into pipes, large holes are cut out along the outer diameter of the future pipe branch, taking into account the thickness of its walls. Tubes 55-58 of the tubular branch 7 are inserted into each other. The pipe is then fabricated in a manner similar to that described in the discussion of FIG. 10-12, but a shorter length of about 50 cm. Also, this pipe does not have rings 61 at the junction with the pipe 5 or 7. The joints of the pipe-like branch 7 with the hole of the pipe 5 or 6 are completely star-shaped, not round, they consist of tube bends as shown in FIG. 25. To support the tubular branch 7 with the tube 5 above or below it, the first has support beam plates 143 located outside the horizontal annular tube 6 and being the bends of the outer tubes of the tubular branch. To fix the pipe 6 in the hole, the tubular branch 7 also has fixing beam plates 144, which are the bends of the inner tubes of the tubular branch. The pipes of the tubular branch 7 shown in FIG. 25 are similar to tubes 55-58 shown in FIG. 10.12. For good fastening, the tubes with the ray plates 144 should be longer than the tubes with the ray plates 143 by the thickness of the tube wall 6. To prevent a gap between the heat-insulating tube 59 and the walls of the tube 6, the heat-insulating tube 59 has an annular cut 145 to a depth equal to the thickness of the ray-shaped branches 144 Radial branches 144 are retracted into this cutout. The cavity of the tubular branch 7 communicates with the cavity of the tube 6 through the opening 146. The ray branches are welded to each other and to the tube 6. The weld point of the ray branches 143, 144 is irradiated with lasers, electrons and ions. The thermal insulation layer 59 and layer 60 are installed after the pipe-like branch 7 is fixed in the large hole in the pipe 6.

The pipe 30 is manufactured and connected to the pipe 21 in the same way as the pipe-shaped branch is manufactured and connected (Fig. 23), but it has no branches 143, since it is not a support. The difference is that before installing the heat-insulating layer 59 in the pipe 21, a heat-insulating plug 140 is installed in it. The height of this plug is equal to the distance from the pipe 30 to the bottom of the pipe 21, which forms the bottom of the hole 31 in the post 22. This allows the plug 140 not to fall through when any pressure drops in the pipe 21. It is not economical in terms of the cost of heat-insulating material, but it is more reliable. Plugs, similar to plug 140, are located in the pipes 5 of the extreme zone, opposite which the uppermost balloons are installed so that warm air from thermal power plants does not rise above this level through pipes 5.

In addition to making pipes from graphite, one-piece pipes 5 and 6 without separate tubes can be cast from old cutting steel grades. But in the conditions of the Earth they are not applicable, they can only be used on the terrestrial planets. The production of pipes in this way will be cheaper. When making an elevator from graphite and pearl plastic, the cost of making pipes will be more expensive than making a super strong steel. It is possible to build an elevator from different materials, for example, the lower sections are made of steel, the middle ones are made of pearl plastic, and the upper ones are made of graphene. The use of pearl plastic in the manufacture of upper sections is undesirable due to the weaker resistance of this material to temperature changes. The diameter of the elevator made of different materials will be determined by the bending load of the steel, since it is the largest. When building an elevator without balloons, there are no heat-insulating tubes 59 about the coating 60 and heat-insulating plugs 140 in the pipes, hot atmospheric gas or lift gas does not go through the pipes.

The fastening of the sections of the horizontal annular pipe 6 differs from the fastening shown in FIG. 10 and shown in FIG. 26. Vertical inclined pipes do not have a tensile load, the load is applied from top to bottom, therefore rings 61 are installed in their composition. But a horizontal annular pipe experiences such a load, therefore, the ends of all tubes 55-58 are bent at it to form connecting beam plates 147, rings 61 absent. Only the gasket 9 has a ring shape, and the pipe flanges are star-shaped and consist of plates 147. The gasket 9 also does not have triangular protrusions for a horizontal ring-shaped pipe, it is completely flat.

The stations at the top of the elevator are supplied with water from the planet's surface. Since there is only enough water on Earth, there will be no water supply during the construction of an elevator on other planets of the solar system. If liquid water is fed through a pipe to a height of 101 km, then a water column of such a height will have too much weight, no pipe material can withstand it. Therefore, water is supplied through a separate pipe in vapor form, heated to a temperature above 100 degrees Celsius. For steam cooling and water condensation, cooled air is also supplied through a separate pipe to the station, passed through the refrigerating chamber. In terms of the number of stations, there are 4 pipes with water vapor and 4 pipes with cooled air. These pipes are also not straight, but consist of sections that first converge and then diverge from chord to chord, like pipes 5 in Fig. 3. But unlike pipes 5, the cavities of pipes with water vapor and cold air are not connected to the cavities of pipes 6, and pipes with water vapor and cold air go around pipes 6, as shown in FIG. 13. To bend around the pipe 6, instead of the flanges of the pipe-like branch 7 of the pipe 6, a cover hatch 72 in the form of a metal circle covered with thermal insulation inside the pipe is placed on the upper flange 8 of the vertical inclined pipe with water vapor 73. The cover-hatch 72 has ears 71. To prevent the pipe 6 from being stressed, it is placed on both sides between the plates 70, which bear the load of the pipes 73 lying above. The plates 70 also have lugs 71, into which, together with the lugs 71 of the cover hatches, the bolts 63 are threaded, wrapped with nuts 28. To connect the cavities of the pipes 73 lying above and below the pipe 6, the pipes 73 have pipe-like branches 68 connected by an enveloping pipe 69 having branch flanges 68.

The upper end 74 of the uppermost steam pipe 73 is connected to a radiator pipe 75 (FIG. 14). The radiator is a parallel tube made of metal or other material with high thermal conductivity. The steam radiator tubes 76 have spikes 77 on the outside that protrude into the cavity of the cold air tubes. The spikes increase the heat transfer surface between the cold air and water vapor tubes. The water vapor is cooled and condensed, by pumps 88 the mixture of water vapor and water is supplied to the tank 79, where the water is finally condensed as a result of the expansion of the water vapor. Then, by pumps 88 through pipe 87, water is supplied to the space station 36. The radiator with pipes 76 is surrounded on all sides by shading shields 78 to protect it from heating from solar radiation. A shield 78 protecting against the direction of radiation 86 is shown in FIG. 14. The shield 78 is made of ceramic, which does not conduct heat well, and the room temperature is kept in its shadow (see the prior art paragraph 21). Weightlessness is created in tank 79 and pipe 87, since the height of 101 km is above the point of no return. Therefore, the water does not flow down, but moves in the direction set by the pumps 88. For the power supply of pumps 88 and fans 13, there is a wiring 19, which consists of two wires fixed inside the pipe on brackets screwed to a tube 59. The station has a switch 80, which turns off the electrical circuit with pumps 88 and fans 13 and stops the flow of water. Therefore, the supply of steam to the station is not constantly carried out, but only when it is necessary to collect water, only it is necessary to turn on the fans 13 of the pipe with steam in advance, so that it has time to rise from below. To prevent a column of steam or cold air with a height of 101 km from breaking the lower part of the pipe, the fans 13 are not turned off simultaneously, but in turn. When the switch 80 is turned off, inductors with magnets inside are triggered, which turn on the timers of each fan 13 of the steam pipe and the cold air pipe. The higher the fan is, the less time the timer closes its circuit. As a result, the fans turn off in turn from the top to the bottom, and steam or cold air gradually settles down following the operation of the top fan in turn.

Pipe 87 ends with valve 81 at the station. Since there is zero gravity at the station, so that water does not scatter around the station, a transparent bag 82 is put on the tap 81, which has an elastic ring 85 around the tap hole, tightly surrounding the tap when putting the bag on it. In the wall of the bag 82 there are openings with valves 84 for passing through the hands. A plug 83 is attached to the bag 82 on a string so as not to get lost, which is inserted into the tap hole when the water bag is removed from the tap, then the elastic ring 85 surrounds the plug 83. In this way, several bags of water can be filled.

In addition to water, other liquids such as fuel can be supplied to the station in this way.

FIG. 15, 16 shows in detail the arrangement of dampers 14 on the pipes 10 that hold them, supplying heated atmospheric gas to the balloons, and the dampers 15 on the pipes 10 that hold them, which withdraw cooled atmospheric gas from the balloons. Devices for supplying hot atmospheric gas to the balloon and for removing cooled atmospheric gas from the balloon look the same at the ends of pipes 10 and include two electric motors: 94 - the damper motor and 93 - the fan motor 13.

FIG. 15 shows the control system for the damper and the fan motor. There is a control center on the surface of the Earth or another planet. It has antennas 90 and oscillating circuits 89, consisting of a capacitor, two inductors and a rheostat (standard designations). Each oscillating circuit has its own resonant oscillation frequency. The metal body of the shutter 14 or 15 is used as a receiving antenna for the signal supplied from the antennas 90. It can have a parabolic curved shape, like a satellite dish, this does not interfere with the shutter function. It is connected to two oscillatory circuits 91, consisting of a capacitor, a rheostat and two inductors (standard designations). The resonant frequencies of the oscillations of each circuit 91 are equal to the resonant frequency of the oscillations of the paired circuit 89. The two circuits 91 do not have the same oscillation frequency. Inductors 92 have a common magnet inserted at opposite ends. The magnet is connected to the key 98. When the antenna 90 from the circuit 89 sends a signal to the antenna-shutter 14 or 15, a resonant current is excited in one of the circuits 91, the strength of which is sufficient to draw in (or push) the magnet 98 into the coil 92 of this circuit and and close motor circuit 93 by turning on the fan. If the signal of the second antenna 90 from the second circuit 89 is applied, resonance occurs in the second circuit 91, the key magnet 98 is pushed (or, respectively, drawn in) from the coil 92 of the second circuit 91, the motor circuit 93 is opened and the fan 13 is turned off. When a signal from the first circuit 89 from the first antenna 90 is applied to the slide antenna 14 or 15, a resonant current arises in the first circuit 91, which is sufficient to push the magnet out of the coil 95, which closes the switch 96 of the circuit with the electric motor 94, which opens the valve. At the end of the opening of the latch 14 or 15, the key 96 of the circuit with the electric motor 94 is opened mechanically, as will be described below. When a signal from the second circuit 89 is supplied from the second antenna 90 to the slide antenna 14 or 15, a resonant current arises in the second circuit 91, which is sufficient to push the magnet out of the coil 95 of the second circuit and close the key 97 in the circuit with the electric motor 94. This turns on current of reverse polarity through the electric motor 94, it rotates in the opposite direction and closes the valve 14 or 15. At the end of closing the valve 14 or 15, the key 97 is opened mechanically, as will be shown below. At the same time, dampers 14 and 15 open at one balloon. The dampers of all the balloons do not open at the same time, since then there is not enough hot atmospheric gas for all the balloons, but they open in turn cyclically, first the dampers of the lower belt, then the second, then the third and so on until the last, then everything is repeated from the beginning.

FIG. 16 shows the valve 14 in close-up. The valve 15 looks exactly the same. The electric motor 94 has a shaft 99 in the form of a screw. A washer 101 is fixedly fixed to the end of the shaft. The shaft is threaded into a ring 100 with an internal thread corresponding to the thread of the shaft 99. The ring 100 is fixed fixedly by a holder 104, which is attached to the pipe body 10 from the inside. Also fixed to the holder 104 are the holder 102 of the key 96 and the holder 103 of the key 97. Between the keys 96 and 97, the oscillating circuits 91 are located on the holder 104, which are connected by a wire 106 to the shutter 14. The wire 106 has a margin of length so that when the shutter 14 is opened it does not break ... Power to the engine 94 and circuits 91 is supplied through wire 19 from the surface of the planet. In the extreme positions of the shutter, the washer 101 abuts against key 96 or key 97, mechanically opening them and not allowing them to close in the event of an erroneous repeated signal from the planet's surface. At the end of the pipe 10 and at the edges of the shutter 14, magnets 105 are installed, which at the shutter and the pipe correspond to each other, and which, being magnetized, provide a tighter closing of the shutter. The force with which the damper opens must be greater than the force of attraction of the magnets 105.

FIG. 17 shows the connection of two perpendicular kevlar ropes, wrap around the balloon in two directions. The inner bolt 107 is screwed into the outer bolt 108, which for this has a cylindrical threaded hole 109 at its end. Between the heads of bolts 107 and 108, loops of cables wrapped around the bolt 108 are clamped. The cable 12 is wrapped with the formation of loops 110. The cable perpendicular to it is wrapped with the formation of loops 111. The end 112 of the cable perpendicular to the cable 12 is directed towards the viewer of Fig. 17 perpendicular to the plane of the image. The end 113 of the cable perpendicular to the cable 12 is directed from the viewer of FIG. 17 perpendicular to the plane of the image. The main load is carried by the bolt 108, which is thicker than the cable 12 and the cable perpendicular to it, therefore, it can withstand a large load, unlike the case if the cables were connected to each other (for example, tying one cable to another is shown in the invention of the prior art paragraph 20).

FIG. 18 shows the connection of the two ends of a Kevlar cable 114 wrapped around pipe 10 and pressing the ends of the sheath 11 glued to pipe 10 to pipe 10. The connecting ends of cable 114 are wrapped between bolts 107 and 108, arranged in the same way as the bolts in FIG. 17 and screwed together. into another, with the formation of loops 115, compressed by the heads of the bolts 107 and 108, and tied with a triple knot 116. With this design, the main load is also carried by the bolt 108, which is thicker than the cable 114, therefore the bolt 108 is able to carry a greater load than if the cable was tied without a bolt.

FIG. 19 shows how the cabin 34 with passengers and cargo is attached to the back of the carrier robot. The body of the robot has a plate 117 on its back. Massive bolts 63 with two nuts 28 are screwed to it by massive bolts 63 with two nuts 28, each bolt has two parallel corners 119, on which a shelf 118 lies. To prevent the cab from turning, it has two projections 120 having corners 121 at the ends. Each corner has two holes for screwing two bolts, each with a pair of nuts, to the plate 117 on the back of the robot. The second bolt missed the cut in FIG. 19, it is next to the drawn bolt at corner 121 closer to the viewer of FIG. 19 in front of the image plane.

FIG. 22 shows a close-up view of the attachment of a ladder 32 to a pipe 6, shown in smaller detail in FIG. 6. The ladder consists of two vertical rods 138, which have periodic holes 135, into which studs 133 are inserted at the ends of the transverse rungs that serve as steps of the ladder. To prevent the vertical rods 138 from diverging to the sides with the fall of the steps, threaded holes are made in the ends of the spikes 133 into which the screws 137 are screwed. The heads of the screws 137 are larger in diameter than the holes 135, so the steps of the stairs are fixed. The vertical rods 138 have studs 134 at their lower ends and holes 136 for these studs at their upper ends. This is done so that the rods 138 of adjacent ladder sections do not move relative to each other in the lateral direction. The ladder holder 46 consists of two half-rings with ears 139 having holes for bolts 63 with nuts 28. The inner diameter of the half-rings of the holder 46 is equal to the outer diameter of the pipe 6. The holder 46 has ring-shaped projections corresponding to the two annular recesses 20 of the pipe 6, thereby the holder 46 does not move to the left and right along the pipe 6. The holder 47 surrounding the pipe 5 is arranged in a similar way.

The lightning rod (Fig. 33) is attached to the pipes 5 by dielectric holders 164, 165, similar to holders 46 and 47, but less massive, with one ring-shaped protrusion corresponding to an annular recess 20 and ears for bolts with nuts 168. The lightning rod section has in place connecting the ends of the wires below and overlying sections 163, 166 a long hollow metal cylinder 162, secured with screws 167 in the holes in the cylinder at the ends of the wires. The cylinder and the ends of the wires must be fixed to the pipes by the 5 mentioned holders. Holders, like holders 165, fasten the lightning rod along its entire length to pipes 5 and 6.

FIG. 20-21 show a spider for assembling an elevator in a front view position when off and in a side view position in operation. In the prior art, paragraph 13 is a reference to the invention, which describes in detail the manipulators of the copying type. There are also similar manipulators on the International Space Station. If between the hands of the control manipulator, fixed on the hands of a person, and the hands of the controlled manipulator, instead of wires are placed, but the receiving and transmitting antennas, then the controlled manipulator can be controlled remotely. In order to see what the manipulator is doing, there are video cameras 126 for viewing the front upper limbs of the arms and video cameras 127 for viewing the hind limbs of the legs. The image from the cameras is transmitted remotely to the inner surface of the glasses, which are worn over the eyes of the control people. Each pair of limbs is controlled by the hands of an individual person. The forelimbs of the hands have 5 fingers and fully correspond to the human hand. The hind limbs of the legs have two fingers, corresponding to the thumb and forefinger on the control person's hand. With its hind limbs, the spider-robot climbs the already mounted bottom of the pipe, inserting two fingers into the grooves 20 on the pipe. With the first pair of upper limbs of arms 130, the robot can take the mounted pipe, put it in the desired position, and with the second pair of front limbs of the arms 131 and 132, the spider robot takes a bolt and a nut from a lockable box 128, fixed on the cephalothorax 122, and connects the installed pipe, behind which his legs hold, and the pipe to be mounted to each other. Horizontal pipes are mounted in the same way, only in a horizontal position. Before installation, the spider carries the pipe to be installed in the front limbs of the arms, and with the hind limbs of the legs it climbs through the pipes to the installation site. In order for the operator's hands not to get tired of carrying the pipe being mounted, the limbs of the hands should have a locking mode in a given position when the hands are disconnected, but keep the last position. So that the operator's hands do not get tired during installation, keeping the spider's legs in the same position, the limbs of the legs should also have a fixation mode in a given position, when the legs are disconnected, but retain the last position.

Of course, it is possible to make a fully automatic spider, but a spider controlled by people is more reliable, because in an unforeseen situation an automatic spider may not find a way out and do everything wrong, he will still need control from people. The FEDOR robot is equipped with such control when it can copy human actions. It is possible to make such a regime for a spider.

Thus, the spider is controlled by 4 people. Since climbing to a great height with a section of the pipe in hand is a rather tedious task, one spider can be controlled by several successive four people, so that while some are driving, others are resting.

The spider robot can repair the elevator. If the fan fails, which will be evidenced by the speed sensors transmitting a signal to the control panel on the planet's surface, the spider will take the spacer and rise to a height to the pipe, the fan of which is not working. Install the spacer so that it is a support instead of the temporarily removed pipe section. For this, the spacer (see Fig. 30) in the form of a beam 155 has at its ends two clamps 156, similar to furnace clamps, but perpendicular to the beam and directed in the same direction. The lower grip is placed on the lower flange of the pipe section 157, located under the removed pipe. The upper grip is placed under the upper flange of the pipe section 158, located above the removed pipe. Next, the spider loosens the bolts securing the removed pipe section to the adjacent pipe sections. Next, the spider cuts off the triangular protrusions 141 of the gasket 9 and the wires 19 with a large knife, removes a section of the pipe with a broken fan inside. Installs plugs 161 in the open remaining ends of pipes 157,158. Then he lowers the removed section of the pipe down, another spider lifts instead of it a section with an operating fan. Connects the fan wires to the cut ends of the wires 19. Glues the projections 141, not attached to the gaskets 9 of the new pipe section, between the beam plates 142 of the upper flange of the lower section and the lower flange of the overlying section, inserts a new pipe section, while its gaskets 9 do not have projections from the bottom 141 at the bottom, and the gaskets 9 at the top do not have protrusions 141 at the top, then screws the new section with bolts and nuts, and then removes the spacer and lowers it down. For the duration of the work, pipes 30 are closed with valves so that new hot atmospheric gas does not enter the ends of pipes 157, 158, free after removal of the pipe. It is also possible to replace sections of the horizontal annular pipe. In this case, the spacer jaws are installed not in front, but behind the flanges of the penultimate section before the removed section, in order to compensate for the load on the expansion of the ring of the horizontal annular pipe. Figures 31-32 show a cross-sectional spacer if made of heavy-duty steel or pearl plastic. Then it is made up of U-shaped plates 160, which at the ends are long and U-shaped to form the plates 159. The ends of the plates 159 and 160 are welded and irradiated with laser and electrons at the welding points.

FIG. 27 shows the stacking of the A-pillar plates when made of heavy-duty steel or pearl plastic. Since it is not yet possible to obtain a massive piece of super-strong steel or pearl plastic.In the case of its manufacture from super-strong steel, the A-shaped stand is recruited from plates 2 mm thick, which can be irradiated from both sides with electrons to a depth of 1 mm, or in the case of pearl plastic, it is recruited from plates with a thickness a few millimeters in order to tiled. First, the C-shaped plates 148 are laid with their ends towards each other to form a tube into which the pipe 21 is screwed. The C-shaped plates are C-shaped long plates, their length is equal to the length of the ends of the pipes 21, which are inserted into the A-shaped post and abut against reinforced concrete, (in the manufacture of an A-shaped rack from a single piece of metal of ordinary steel, pipes 21 abut against steel, and not against reinforced concrete, since the hole for them is not through) Next, the primary U-shaped plates 149 are installed so that each subsequent plate covers one previous and deployed with its ends towards its ends (Fig. 27). When the space between the C-plates is completely filled with the primary U-plates, secondary U-plates 150 are installed, which enclose the pairs of the primary U-plates. Each next secondary U-shaped plate also turns its ends towards the previous secondary U-shaped plate. The ends of the secondary U-shaped plates are 2 or more times longer than the ends of the primary U-shaped plates. In the corners between the Conformal plates and the first two primary U-shaped plates, there remains a space into which the rods 27 are screwed. To make the contact of the rods 27 with the walls of the corners more dense, the first two primary U-shaped plates inside and C-shaped plates outside have rows of protrusions with a pitch equal to the pitch of the threads of the rods 27.

In the reinforcement of reinforced concrete in the foundation of the elevator tower, it is also possible to use folding reinforcement plates made of super-strong steel instead of conventional reinforcement (Figs. 28, 29). The reinforcement plates are 2 mm thick so that they can be irradiated with electrons. These plates are bent in rows and have joints 153 in adjacent rows. They also have rows of cuts at two edges for installing folding plates of adjacent layers perpendicular to them, which also have rows of opposite cuts. FIG. 28, 29, a short box of perpendicular plates 151, 152 is shown. For a building structure, the length of the plates 151 and 152 is much longer than shown and is equal to the length of the structure poured with concrete. The advantage of the proposed design is that the plates 151 and 152 do not need to be welded together, they are fixed by placing a notch in the notch, only end free plates 154, which do not have joints 153, are welded to adjacent plates, and therefore are less firmly fastened in the absence of welding. The distance between adjacent plates of the row 151 or 152 is less than the size of the builder's boot, so the builder can walk on them from above and insert the notches of the plates 151 and 152 of the upper rows into each other. Several builders or a crane place the last folding plate on top of the already laid plates, then at the upper plates 151 and 152 along the edges of the structure, the cuts are inserted into each other, then the builder jumps onto the already installed part of the upper folding plate and inserts the remaining rows of the upper folding plate into the cuts of the penultimate folding plate the plate, moving forward along the already laid part of the upper folding plate. After the plates are laid, they are poured with liquid concrete, which penetrates between the plates 151 and 152.

In addition, the space elevator installation site is fenced with windbreaks with the possibility of shielding from direct wind flows. A wind roller with balloons filled with helium is described in the prior art paragraph 14. Below and in the claims, a wind roller with balloons filled with hot atmospheric gas is described. Each such wind breaker (see Figures 35, 36) includes two rows of vertical pipes 169 bent in the direction of wind deflection and separate vertical pipes from the edges of the rows between rows, insulated electrical wires are stretched inside the pipes and radial fans are periodically installed at least 50 m in height powered by these wires, the pipes have periodic annular grooves, there are annular dielectric gaskets on the flanges between the sections of vertical pipes, the flanges are connected by bolts with a dielectric coating, the pipes rest on a foundation of piles, reinforced concrete and A-shaped struts, pipes periodically over a large interval of height at least 50 meters are connected in pairs by cross bridges 170, cross bridges of the same level are interconnected by longitudinal bridges 171, the bridges are connected to each other by bolts and nuts through the holes, between the vertically adjacent bridges and on the opposite side of the bridges, each pipe 169 has thermal air residues 172, each of which is connected at least at two points through pipe-like branches 7 to a vertical pipe and through pipes 10 holding flaps 14 and fans of hot air balloons with the possibility of filling balloons with hot atmospheric gas from thermal power plants located at the foot of the windbreaker with remotely open valves , at least one pipe 10 with a damper 15 and a fan is suspended from the bottom of each balloon with the possibility of removing cooled atmospheric gas from each balloon when the last damper is remotely opened, the envelopes of the balloons are tightened by cables intersecting at right angles 12. The balloons, unlike the prototype, do not have rotating tubular envelopes , but the area of the slots between the balloons is much less than the area of the balloons themselves, so they block the space behind the windbreak from most of the wind flow. A lightning rod with current collectors is placed along the vertical pipes and on balloons (not shown in FIGS. 35, 36, but it looks exactly the same as in Figures 2, 33), balloons are equipped with wind protection devices 16 similar to those shown in Figures 7- 9 with the possibility of removing atmospheric gas in the direction opposite to the direction of the wind, but not in the direction of the direction of the elevator, the inner walls of the pipes contain heat-insulating pipes, similar to pipes 59, covered with an anti-corrosion coating 60. Remote control of the dampers 14, 15 and fans near them is carried out in a similar as described in the description of Figures 15, 16. The weight of the tubes 169 is compensated for by the balloons 172, so the tubes can be made of ordinary steel or other metal. The height of the windbreak can reach no more than 14 km; the above buoyancy force of the balloons will not be enough to support the weight of the pipe with the walkways.

For the construction of each windbreak, a pit is dug, piles are driven in, reinforced concrete is laid on them, A-shaped posts are installed in turn, reinforced concrete is poured under them in turn, the lower ends of the vertical pipes of the lower belt are inserted into the holes in the A-shaped posts and these ends are attached to A -shaped racks. The A-pillars look exactly the same as shown in figure 5. Next, spiders are started to climb the vertical pipes, holding in the front pair of limbs of the hands a section of the pipe to be mounted, plugged from the upper end with a cork (the cork is made in the usual form of a wooden cylinder), and inserting when a pair of fingers of the four hind limbs of the legs ascends into the ring-shaped grooves on the outer surface of the pipes, the spiders remove the plugs from the upper ends of the already installed pipes. The pipe 30 has a valve shutting off the supply of hot atmospheric gas, the gas supply is shut off before removing the plug from the upper end of the already installed pipe. Then the spiders install the mounted sections of pipes on the continuation of the sections of the already installed pipes with the first pair of limbs of the hands, with the second pair of limbs of the hands they take out bolts and nuts from the box fixed on the cephalothorax and fasten the sections, the spider, ascending the vertical pipe, raises the transverse bridge and screw it together with with the second spider to the wide flanges of two vertical pipes of adjacent rows, after assembling all the transverse bridges of the same level, a pair of spiders lifts the longitudinal bridge along one vertical pipe and turns it in turn to the cross bridges, then in the planet's atmosphere, balloons are filled in turn with hot atmospheric gas, two or more than a spider, they take the ends of the cables of the balloons and rise along the vertical pipe to the installation site, attach the pipe-shaped branches of the vertical pipes to the pipes holding the flaps with the second pair of limbs of the arms, then in the same way the rest of the windbreaker belts are assembled in turn, then the spiders return down, take them one by one in front of the section of the wire of the lightning rod and pull it along the vertical inclined pipes and fix it on them, connect the sections of the lightning rod to each other. The cables of the balloons 172 of the windbreaker are not attached to the vertical pipes, but are tied together and remain hanging freely. The balloons are meant to be attached to more than two tubular branches, in FIG. 36 due to the smallness of the image, only two branches 7 are shown, holding the balloon.

FIG. 2, 4 show a variant of a balloon filled with hot atmospheric gas. A variant of a helium-filled balloon looks exactly the same, but it lacks a damper 15 with its tube 10 and its fan 13 at the bottom of the balloon, as well as thermal power plant 4 at the bottom of the elevator on the Earth's surface. Since helium gradually seeps through the shell 11, it becomes necessary to pump up the balloons with helium, therefore, helium is supplied through pipes 5 and 6, which supplements the helium lost by the balloons. The need for pumping helium is not constant, so most of the time the fans 13 can be turned off and turned on only periodically for pumping. Turning off the fans is similar to turning off the fans that pump water vapor and cold air in the water supply system, that is, taking turns from top to bottom as helium settles. It would be preferable to build an elevator from helium balloons, but since the reserves of helium on Earth are limited, only one elevator can be built from Earth's helium. So that there is no conflict between countries that want to build each for themselves an elevator, because of helium for the elevator, it is possible to build an elevator from hot air balloons. The first elevators will be built from hot air balloons, as well as without balloons, and when the extraction of helium from the atmospheres of giant planets begins, as described in the prior art paragraph 22, it will become possible to build a large number of elevators with windbreaks containing balloons from helium. The disadvantage of hot air balloons is that when fuel is burned, carbon dioxide is formed. The remaining gases and dust are captured by devices for cleaning the exhaust of thermal power plants. For example, dust is almost completely deposited when the exhaust gas is ionized. Carbon dioxide will enter the atmosphere and increase the greenhouse effect. Therefore, it is necessary to use modern technologies for processing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which are listed in the prior art paragraph 25.

With the development of technologies for the manufacture of pipes made of super-strong steel, graphite, pearl plastic and other modern materials, elevators without balloons will be built on Earth. Ultra-strong steel, irradiated with electrons, graphite and pearl plastics are materials for military technology. If the military does not agree to reconciliation with each other, they will keep the manufacture of these materials secret, then there will be no mass use of these materials in the international civil industry and elevators from them will be built only in countries that own the technologies for their manufacture, and work with these materials , and balloon lifts made of steels irradiated with ions will be built for export from these countries to countries that do not possess the technology of ultra-strong materials (ultra-strong steels irradiated with electrons, pearl plastic and graphene). But if a serious military confrontation can be avoided, then technologies for working with ultra-strong materials will spread throughout the world, and elevators with balloons will become a rarity.

On other planets, no deposits of materials have yet been found, from which it would be possible to make elevator sections. Lunar regolith and Martian sand, when sintering grains of sand in a 3D printer, form pieces of material with a strength comparable to that of gypsum, so they are not suitable for making elevator pipes. If you build an elevator out of graphene, you will have to build powerful solar power plants on the Moon or another planet, bring graphite flakes and a 3D printer to print pipes there in the descent vehicles of spacecraft. If you build an elevator from metal or pearl plastic, in addition to solar power plants for welding, you will have to import sheets of metal or pearl plastic in the descent vehicles of spacecraft and bend them into pipes. The dimensions of the sheets of metal or pearl plastic are limited by the dimensions of the descent vehicle, so the pipe sections will be shorter than 10 meters, such long sections are possible only on Earth. If you build an elevator on the Moon or another planet from old grades of steel or old grades of metals, then the pipes will have to be cast on Earth and delivered to the surface of the planet. They have not yet learned how to print durable pipes from old types of steels and old types of metal on a 3D printer, but perhaps they will still learn, then powder of the old type of steel or old metal will be delivered to other planets.

At the end of the application, I would like to dwell in detail on the new possibilities of using the space elevator.

An elevator is a cheaper means of delivering goods than a rocket. It does not need tons of fuel to take off; it is enough to charge the battery in the body of the carrying robot. There is no need to build a new rocket every time you climb. Considering the robot can climb 365 times a year after a little inspection before climbing, the construction costs will pay off. Using multiple robots on the same ladder will accelerate the return on investment. In order to reduce the cost of tickets for a ride in the elevator, it is possible to build it with funds collected from voluntary donors. Then the cost of the trip will not include the payment of the loan for the construction.

Massively launched rockets are an environmentally hazardous means of launching cargo into the planet's orbit and into orbit around the Sun. Currently, about 80 missile launches are carried out annually. With intensive space movement between the planets, it will be necessary to do 1000 launches per year or more. The exhaust gases of the rockets will pollute the Earth's atmosphere. At present, they are beginning to use new propellant components in rockets; when these components are burned, carbon dioxide and water are emitted into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide causes a greenhouse effect, environmentalists are fighting to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. If hydrogen and oxygen are used as fuel components, an environmental problem of a different kind is possible. Hydrogen and oxygen are produced by electrolytic decomposition of water. Water reserves on the planet are limited, it is required for domestic needs, it is not enough everywhere. During massive flights on oxygen and hydrogen, the planet will become dehydrated. The construction of an elevator without balloons will completely solve the environmental problem, the construction of an elevator with hot air balloons will partially solve it, since it will be necessary to utilize carbon dioxide by the methods described in paragraph 25 of the prior art.

The elevator saves rocket fuel. It is not required to lift the cabin, and less fuel is required to accelerate a spacecraft that has undocked from the top of an elevator than to take off from the surface of the Earth. In addition, compressed gas such as nitrogen or ion jet engines can be used for acceleration. Nuclear tugs have been designed for similar purposes (see prior art paragraph 19).

The rise of the elevator car is slower than the takeoff of a rocket or shuttle, so its passenger does not experience overload, which can be useful for transporting space tourists, even the elderly and children can become space tourists. The only contraindication for them will be a poor transfer of weightlessness. A tourist can be in zero gravity aboard a space station at the top of an elevator or aboard a spacecraft that undocked from it for a long time. This will prolong his pleasure from being in zero gravity, in contrast to suborbital flight, where the tourist experiences weightlessness for only a short time. Taking off in an elevator car is cheaper than taking off in a rocket, which means that space travel will be available for people with average incomes, and not just for the super-rich.

From a military point of view, the station at the top of the space elevator opens up new possibilities for repairing spacecraft damaged in battle. A shuttle or a free-flying space station can be removed from orbit and a damaged spacecraft can be placed in its compartment with manipulators, the crew can inspect this spacecraft and find a failed unit. But this block must be replaced with a new one, the same one that must be delivered from Earth. Delivery takes several months. Until a new rocket is built, it will take time. If there is a space station at the top of the elevator, the new unit is delivered within 24 hours in the space elevator car. There are at least four stations at the elevator, therefore, it is possible to simultaneously repair and launch 4 spacecraft. From a combat point of view, the space elevator is a large, convenient target for any projectile, from a grenade launcher shot to a cruise missile. But the means of protection and means of air and space defense are being improved, so this lack of an elevator is compensated for.

Currently, work is underway to create space cable elevators for the delivery of goods to the high orbit of the Earth and to the Moon (state of the art paragraph 7). An elevator of the described design does not interfere with construction and complements the use of cable elevators. For the delivery of people, it is more preferable, since it is located below the radiation belts of the Earth, and its space station is surrounded by a multi-layer inflatable shell that protects astronauts from radiation, and a person will have to travel by cable elevator through the radiation belts of the Earth, where he will receive a high dose of radiation. The cable elevator has one channel for lifting the load along the cable, and the low-orbit elevator can have 4 or more ladders that can lift loads at the same time. A low-orbit elevator can lift a heavier load than a cable elevator, and the robot rests on the thick rods of the ladder, and not on a thin thread. The low-orbit elevator can deliver cargo from the Earth's surface to the lower end of a cable elevator cable stretched from the moon, complementing the lunar cable elevator.

The space elevator can be useful in collecting and recycling space debris. Spacecraft that catch space debris need a lot of fuel to chase after it. Instead of costly launches of spacecraft with fuel on board and refueling of garbage trucks from them, the latter can be docked to the space station at the top of the elevator and refueled and unloaded there. Now, the plans of the leadership of the Russian space agency are not to push space debris out of orbit so that it burns up in the upper layers of the atmosphere, and not to land vehicles with comic debris on Earth, but to disassemble space debris into separate nodes and build new vehicles from them right in orbit. The problem is that science is advancing rapidly. Those radio components that were used on spacecraft 20-30 years ago are not used in new vehicles, they will have to be melted into new parts, which is cheaper to do under Earth conditions. The low-orbit space elevator makes it cheaper to deliver old spacecraft to Earth and lift back new spacecraft made of them, and it becomes cost-effective to remodel them on Earth. Pushing space debris from orbit to Earth means losing valuable materials along with parts that are expensive to recover again, although this operation is the cheapest in terms of its implementation.

Compared to the research space station, the station at the top of the space elevator has the advantage of daily exchange of cargo with the Earth. This speeds up research because researchers don't have to wait several months to get the equipment they need to the station. Attached to the top of the space elevator, the space station has better living conditions for astronauts. They do not need to wash, wiping themselves with wet napkins, they can wash their hands with tap water and go down to Earth on weekends to wash themselves in the bath.

Burial of nuclear waste on Earth, as a rule, provokes protests from nearby people, and in the desert it is expensive to store nuclear waste, roads and cooling systems must be built. It is dangerous to launch a ship with nuclear waste into space, because during takeoff it can suffer an accident, then large areas where people, animals and plants live will be exposed to radioactive contamination. Delivering nuclear waste into orbit using an elevator is more reliable than a rocket. By transferring containers with such waste from the space elevator cabin to the spacecraft, and then unloading it through the same elevator on the Moon, you can leave these containers away from the space elevator on the Moon, where no one lives. Elevators are being built not only for the delivery of containers with nuclear waste, but also for other purposes that will pay for the construction of the elevator.

The space elevator also opens up opportunities for innovative policy decisions on Earth. For example, there are two conflicting countries, they must be reconciled. To do this, they need to be involved in joint projects. Such a project could be the construction of a space elevator. Several space elevator stairs can be placed on the territory of one country, and several - on the territory of another country. They can share the space station on top of the elevator. An example of such countries is South and North Korea. The space elevator can be used in the same way to increase the connectivity of the territories of one country and interethnic contacts in a multinational state, if you build it so that some of the racks are located in the territory where people of one nationality live, and some of the racks are where people of a different nationality live. for people of different nationalities to use the station at the top of the space elevator. Russia is an example of such a state.

Thus, the space elevator creates new opportunities for space exploration and bringing together the inhabitants of the Earth for joint activities.

Calculation of the savings in the material from which the elevator pipes are made, and the strength of the elevator with a decrease in the number of vertical inclined pipes and their elongation and thinning from the bottom up.

In a report from the Academy of Sciences, it is said that the laser treatment method makes it possible to increase the strength of steel by 5 times compared to the most common technical steel and by 8 times if fullerenes are added to this steel (state of the art paragraph 15). Ultra-high-strength steel in the claims means just such steel. For calculations, let us take AlSl 201 (12 × 15G9ND) steel as the most common technical steel. Its density is ρ = 7880 kg / m ³ , the ultimate strength is 640 MPa, and the hardness HB is 217 × 9.81. Therefore, an increase in hardness by 5 times means a hardness of HB ₅ :

And an increase in hardness by 8 times means a hardness of HB ₈ :

According to GOST 22761-77 dated October 31, 1977 “Metals and alloys. Method of Brinell hardness measurement with portable static hardness testers "such hardness cannot be converted into tensile strength, since the highest hardness value is 4903 MPa or 500 kgf / mm ² . Therefore, we estimate the ultimate tensile strength σ _in the formula proposed in the textbook by A.S. Morozova, V.V. Remneva, G.P. Tonkikh. "Organization and conduct of a survey of the technical condition of building structures of buildings and structures" M .: Route, 2005, p. 101 (it is also given in the article "Application of the strength-hardness relationship when examining steel structures using portable hardness testers" / wvvw.armada-ndt.ra):

Here K = 0.34 at HB <175 and K = 0.36 at HB> 175. Then for the hardness increased 5 times, we get

And for the hardness increased by 8 times, we get

To calculate the ultimate strength of the lift shaft, we use the formula:

Here P is the pressure that steel can withstand without damage, m is the mass of steel, g is the acceleration of gravity on the planet, S is the cross-sectional area of a steel product, h is the height of a steel product, ρ is the density of steel. As can be seen from formula 3, strength does not depend on the cross-sectional area of a steel product, but depends only on its height.

The point of no return for the Earth is a point at an altitude of 101 km. For a planet with a mass less than that of the Earth, this point will be lower. In order not to calculate the point of no return for all planets, let us take 101 km as an altitude sufficient for all planets with a mass less than Earth's to put the load into the planet's orbit. For the construction of bare trunks in the form of straight pipes without the use of balloons 16, 17 with a height of 101 km on each planet, the following strength of steel trunks, calculated according to formula 6, will be required:

Comparing the results with formula 4, we can say that on the Moon, Mercury and Mars it is possible to build an elevator with bare struts without balloons 101 km high without the inclusion of fullerenes in the steel as a material for the trunks. On Earth, even with fullerenes, steel will not support the weight of the barrels. But on Earth up to an altitude of 41 km, balloons and stratospheric balloons can be installed to compensate for the weight of the lower part of the trunks, then the upper part of the trunks will have sufficient strength to hold the weight of the trunks if they are made of steel with fullerenes:

In addition, the lower point of the satellite's orbit depends on the thickness of the planet's atmosphere. Mars has an atmosphere of approximately 101 km, so Formula 9 is correct. Titan's atmosphere is 400 km thick, so calculations with an altitude of 101 km are unsuitable for it. Therefore, for Titan, the strength of bare elevator trunks can be calculated for an altitude of 400 km using formula 6:

As can be seen from formulas 4, 5 and 12 on Titan, an elevator with bare trunks without balloons 400 km in height can be built using the mentioned steel with fullerenes as barrel materials. Of course, it is possible to build an elevator with balloons on Titan, but then you will have to carry lift gas cylinders, balloon shells, pipe-like shells, equipment for construction by lifting racks from a horizontal position (loads, drums with cables, pipes with horns, etc.) ). Therefore, from the point of view of transportation of equipment necessary for construction, it is more profitable on Titan to build an elevator with bare trunks in the form of straight pipes without ballonets.

These calculations were proposed for an elevator prototype that had straight shafts. But in the proposed design, it is proposed to reduce the number of pipes in the structure with height, due to which material savings and a decrease in the weight of the upper part of the elevator structure can be achieved.

101 km are divided into 5 sections of 20 km 200 m each. Every 20 km 200 m, the pipe thickness decreases by 6 mm, the pipe diameter decreases by 15 cm, the pipe is lengthened by skipping one node when it is connected to the underlying belt (in Fig. 3, this shown on the fourth belt from the bottom). The thickness of the pipes varies from 5.6 cm in the lower chords to 3.2 cm in the upper chords. In the first belt from the bottom, the vertical inclined pipes 5 stand as follows: 1 m is the outer diameter of the pipe, between the bases of a pair of pipes of one node 2 m, 1 m between the extreme pipes of adjacent nodes. That is, a pair of pipes is 5 meters wide horizontally. The height of the chord is 50 m. Vertical inclined pipes are divided into sections of the order of 10 meters, five such sections make up a pipe of one chord. There is no significant slope of pipes 5 in the lower belt, so their length is close to 50 meters. Depressions 20 are not included in the pipe diameter calculation.

In the upper chord of the elevator, the two uppermost vertical inclined pipes occupy a width of 80 m, all the pipes of the lower chords that are below these two pipes and keep them in the same sector. The elevator tower also has sections that have a height of 20 km 200 meters, which is 404 belts, and a width of 80 m and include vertical inclined pipes of the same length and thickness and horizontal annular pipes with a length of 80 m. 5 sections stacked one on top of the other make up a sector ... 2 vertical inclined pipes of one chord of the upper section are held by 4 vertical inclined pipes of one chord of the fourth section from the bottom, they in turn are held by 8 pipes of one chord of the third section from the bottom, they in turn are held by 16 pipes of one chord of the second section from the bottom, they in turn are held 32 pipes of one chord of the first section from the bottom.

Calculation of the lower section.

One pipe in one chord of the lower section is 2.5 meters wide. Its length L _{1 is} calculated from a right-angled triangle formed by the height of the belt, 2.5 m long along the horizontal annular pipe, and the inclined vertical pipe itself serves as the hypotenuse.

The thickness ΔR of this pipe is 5.6 cm, the radius R is 0.5 meters. Then its volume V ₁

Volume of 32 pipes per 80 m width, V ₃₂ :

Such belts in the lower section 404, the height of the belt is 50 m, the height of the section is 20200 m. The volume of the vertical pipes of the lower section V _b1c is

The length of a horizontal pipe with a width of one section of 80 m, such pipes in section 403, their total length 1 is

The volume of horizontal pipes of one first section V _g1c

Then the volume of all pipes of the first section V _1c is equal to the result of adding formulas 16 and 18

The radius of an equivalent bar R ₁ , that is, one that has the same volume and height h = 20200 m, is equal to

Equivalent radius reflects the effect of combining elevator pipes with horizontal pipes. Just as the rods of a broom easily break one by one, but a broom made of combined rods does not break by the effort of a person's hands, so separate vertical inclined elevator pipes are more fragile than their union in a belt. This fact is formalized by the introduction of the concept of an equivalent rod, that is, one that has the same volume and the same height as vertical pipes together with horizontal ones.

Calculation of the second from the bottom section.

One pipe in one chord of the second section from the bottom has 2.5 meters × 2 = 5 meters wide. Its length L _{2 is} calculated from a right-angled triangle formed by the height of the belt, 5 m long along the horizontal annular pipe, and the inclined vertical pipe itself serves as the hypotenuse.

The thickness ΔR _{2 of} this pipe is 5.6 cm - 6 mm = 5.0 cm. Radius R ₂ 0.5-0.075 = 0.425 m. Then its volume is V ₂

Volume of 16 pipes per 80 m width, V ₁₆ :

The volume of vertical pipes of the second from the bottom section V _в2c is equal to

From formula 15, taking into account the thickness of horizontal pipes of 0.046 m, we find the volume of horizontal pipes of the second section from the bottom V _g2s

Then the volume of all pipes of the second from the bottom section V _2c is equal to the result of adding formulas 24 and 25

The radius of an equivalent rod R ₂ , that is, one that has the same volume and height h = 20200 m, is equal to

Calculation of the third section from the bottom.

One pipe in one chord of the third section from the bottom is 2.5 meters × 4 = 10 meters wide. Its length L _{3 is} calculated from a right-angled triangle formed by the height of the belt, 10 m long along the horizontal annular pipe, and the inclined vertical pipe itself serves as the hypotenuse.

Thickness ΔR _{3 of} this pipe 5.0 cm - 6 mm = 4.4 cm.Radius R ₃ 0.425-0.075 = 0.35 m.Then its volume V ₃

Volume of 8 pipes per 80 m width, V ₈ :

The volume of vertical pipes of the third from the bottom section V _в3с is equal to

From formula 15, taking into account the thickness of horizontal pipes 0.044 m, we find the volume of horizontal pipes of the third section from the bottom V _g3c

Then the volume of all pipes of the third from the bottom section V _3c is equal to the result of adding formulas 31 and 32

The radius of an equivalent rod R ₃ , that is, one that has the same volume and height h = 20200 m, is equal to

Calculation of the fourth section from the bottom.

One pipe in one chord of the fourth section from the bottom is 2.5 meters × 8 = 20 meters wide. Its length L _{4 is} calculated from a right-angled triangle formed by the height of the belt, 20 m long along the horizontal annular pipe, and the inclined vertical pipe itself serves as the hypotenuse.

The thickness ΔR _{4 of} this pipe is 4.4 cm - 6 mm = 3.8 cm.The radius R _{4 of the} pipe is 0.35-0.075 = 0.275 m.Then its volume is V ₄

Volume of 4 pipes per 80 m width, V ₄ :

The volume of vertical pipes of the fourth from the bottom section V _в4c is equal to

From formula 15, taking into account the thickness of the horizontal pipes 0.038 m, we find the volume of the horizontal pipes of the fourth section from the bottom V _g4c

Then the volume of all pipes of the fourth from the bottom section V _4c is equal to the result of adding formulas 38 and 39

The radius of an equivalent rod R ₄ , that is, one that has the same volume and height h = 20200 m, is equal to

Calculation of the fifth section from the bottom.

One pipe in one chord of the fifth section from the bottom is 2.5 meters × 16 = 40 meters wide. Its length L _{5 is} calculated from a right-angled triangle formed by the height of the belt, 40 m long along the horizontal annular pipe, and the inclined vertical pipe itself serves as the hypotenuse.

The thickness ΔR _{5 of} this pipe is 3.8 cm - 6 mm = 3.2 cm. Radius R ₅ 0.275-0.075 = 0.200 m. Then its volume is V ₅

Volume of 2 pipes per 80 m width, V ₂ :

The volume of vertical pipes of the fifth section from the bottom V _в5c is equal to

From formula 15, taking into account the thickness of the horizontal pipes 0.032 m, we find the volume of the horizontal pipes of the fifth section from the bottom V _g5c .

Then the volume of all pipes of the fifth from the bottom section V _5c is equal to the result of the addition of formulas 45 and 46

The radius of an equivalent rod R ₅ , that is, one that has the same volume and height h = 20200 m, is equal to

The total volume of the elevator sector.

Let's calculate the total volume of the elevator sector by adding the volumes according to formulas 19, 26, 33, 40 and 47:

If we make the entire sector as a lower sector of 32 pipes with a width of 80 m, then the volume of each section will be the same as that of the lower section (formula 19), then the total volume of sector V will be _full

From formulas 49.50, the ratio of volumes will be equal to

That is, the sector of the elevator with decreasing in thickness and elongating pipes in volume will only account for 33% of the elevator with the same thickness and length of pipes. Then the savings in volume and mass will be

Calculation of the mass and load limit of the three upper sections of the elevator.

The lift can be made with the participation of balloons up to an altitude of 41 km, and bare pipes can be left for the remaining 60 kilometers. 60 km is approximately the height of the top three sections of the elevator tower. The volume of the three upper sections of the elevator tower V _3-5 as a result of adding these formulas 33, 40 and 47 will be

Then the mass of the three upper sections of the elevator, made of different materials, will be equal to

Of steel

Graphene

Pearl plastic

The density of pearl plastic has not been published, so the density of freshwater pearls is taken for calculation by formula 56. The density for graphite is taken as the density of graphene.

The weight of the three upper sections of the lift, made of different materials, will be

Of steel

Graphene

Pearl plastic

We divide the weight by the area of the equivalent rod of the third section from the bottom, the radius of which we calculated according to the formula 34 to determine the load P on it when made from different materials. First, we find the area of the equivalent bar of the third section from the bottom S ₃ , and then we calculate the loads.

Of steel

Graphene

Pearl plastic

According to GOST 22761-77 dated October 31, 1977 “Metals and alloys. Method for measuring Brinell hardness with portable static hardness testers ”steel has a strength of 378 to 1736 MPa for steel grades that existed in the 1970s. According to the comparison of formula 61 with GOST, it is impossible to make the upper 60 km of an elevator on Earth from such steels. According to comparison with formula 4, it turns out that such a structure can be made of steel without fullerenes, irradiated with electrons and a laser.

The strength of graphite (according to the dictionary of Physics. M: BRE, 1998, p. 595) is equal to 24000 MPa. It turns out that graphene can withstand such a weight. The strength of pearl plastic is 1.4 times that of graphite (respectively 14 times and 10 times stronger than steel according to the state of the art, paragraphs 16, 17), that is

It turns out that pearl plastic can withstand such a load.

Calculation of the mass and ultimate load of the upper 2.5 sections of the elevator with a height of 50 km.

The lift can be made with the participation of balloons up to an altitude of 51 km, and bare pipes can be left for the remaining 50 kilometers. 50 km is approximately the height of the two and a half upper sections of the elevator tower. The volume of 2.5 of the upper sections of the elevator tower V _2.5 as a result of adding these formulas 33, 40 and 47 will be

If pipes made of graphene and pearl plastic can withstand the weight of an elevator sector with a height of 60 km, then they will withstand 50 km even more. Therefore, we will make the calculation only for steel pipes. The mass of steel pipes of the upper 2.5 sections of the elevator is

The pipe weight will be

The load taking into account the formula 60 will be equal

According to GOST 22761-77 dated October 31, 1977 “Metals and alloys. Method for measuring Brinell hardness with portable static hardness testers ”steel has a strength of 378 to 1736 MPa for steel grades that existed in the 1970s. According to a comparison of formula 68 with GOST, it is possible to make the upper 50 km of an elevator on Earth from such steels. This means that it is even more possible from new grades of super-strong steel. But, as shown below by the calculation of the mass lifted by balloons, at an altitude of 50 km it is impossible to create a balloon with such a large weight. This can only be done at an altitude of 12 km. Therefore, it is impossible on Earth to create an elevator from old steel grades that existed in the 1970s.

Calculation of the mass and ultimate load of the entire 101 km elevator sector.

The total volume of the elevator sector was calculated in formula 49. Let's find its mass from different materials.

Of steel

Graphene

Pearl plastic

Find the weight of the elevator sector from different materials.

Of steel

Graphene

Pearl plastic

Let's calculate the load on the equivalent bar of the lower section. First, we find the area of the equivalent bar of the lower section, knowing the radius R ₁ , calculated in the formula 20:

Then the load on rods made of different materials will be equal to

Of steel

Graphene

Pearl plastic

Comparing with the load that the steel of the old brands of the 1970s can withstand, it can be concluded that an entire elevator cannot be built from such steel without balloons on Earth. According to formula 4, from steel of new grades without fullerenes, such an elevator without balloons can be built on Earth. Comparing with the strength of graphene and pearl plastic, we can conclude that on Earth it is possible to build the described elevator without balloons. Since such an elevator can be built on Earth, the more it can be built on other planets, where the acceleration of gravity is less.

Let's calculate whether such an elevator can be made from steel of old brands of the 1970s on planets other than the Earth. In Formula 69, the mass of the steel elevator sector was estimated. Let's calculate the weight of the elevator sector on different planets by multiplying the gravitational acceleration on these planets by its mass.

On the moon

On Mercury

On Mars

Let us refer this weight to the cross-sectional area of the equivalent bar calculated by the formula 75 and find the load.

On the moon

On Mercury

On Mars

According to GOST 22761-77 dated October 31, 1977 “Metals and alloys. Method for measuring Brinell hardness with portable static hardness testers ”steel has a strength of 378 to 1736 MPa for steel grades that existed in the 1970s. Such steel will withstand loads according to formulas 82-84. Therefore, on other planets it is possible to build elevators from old steel brands.

Calculation of the volume of balloons that compensate for the weight of the pipes.

It is necessary to make sure that the volume of the balloons that compensate for the weight of the tubes is not too large that it is possible to create such balloons. To check, we calculate the volume of balloons below, at the height of the first belt, and at the very top, at an altitude of 50 km, that is, at an altitude of 1010 belts.

Here m _t is the mass of the pipes being lifted, two inclined vertical pipes and a section of one horizontal pipe connecting them from below, ρ _in is the air density at the corresponding height, ρ _gw is the density of hot air at the same height, V _ae is the balloon volume, m0b is the mass balloon shell, m _vent - mass of pipe 10 with a fan and a damper 15 and lightning conductor.

Let's first calculate the mass of the shell. Let's take the average density between polyamide coated with polyurethane, 1200-1220 kg / m ³ and Kevlar, from which the cables are made, 1400-1500 kg / m ³ . Let the average density of the shell be 1350 kg / m ³ . We take the shell of a cylindrical shape with a base radius R and a height of h = 50 m, which corresponds to the height of one belt.

Here, d = 0,002 m - thickness of the shell, V _on - the envelope volume, ρ _about - average density of the shell. Substituting the corresponding values, we get

From formulas 85 and 87 we get

Taking into account the volume of the pipe of the first belt according to formula 14 and the volume of a part of the horizontal annular pipe, as well as the density of steel, we find the mass of pipes of the first belt

We take the mass of the fan and the lightning rod equal to 300 kg. Find R from the equation

We look at the air density according to GOST 24631-8 "Reference atmospheres" Table 8 "Average values of atmospheric parameters in December - January at a latitude of 80 °". We look at the density of hot air at 1000 degrees Celsius according to the table "Density of dry air at different temperatures and normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg)" / Reference www.Textab.ru.

The square root is

The second root of this quadratic equation is negative, so we do not take it into account. The diameter of such a cylinder is twice the radius, and it does not fit into the 5 m width allocated to the two pipes of the first chord. This can be compensated for by the glyptic shape of the base of the cylinder, in which one semi-axis of the ellipse, parallel to the horizontal pipe, will be about 4 meters, and the second axis of the ellipse, perpendicular to the horizontal pipe, will be about 62 m.

We calculate the mass of two pipes of the 1010th belt at an altitude of 50 km (third section from the bottom), taking the volume of pipes 5 from formula 29, taking into account the volume of the section of the horizontal pipe 6 and the density of steel.

Let us assume that at this altitude the air is not heated to 1000 degrees Celsius, as at the height of the first belt, therefore its density is not 5.1 times lower than that of the surrounding air, but only 2 times lower, which corresponds to approximately 200 degrees Celsius ... Then equation 88 (taking into account the mass of fans and a lightning conductor 300 kg) will be written in the following form:

The square root is

It turns out that the root of such a quadratic equation does not exist in real numbers, since there is a negative number under the square root. This means that the balloon will not hold the entire tube of the third section. But we can take not two pipes, but one-seventh of such a pipe, then equation 94 will be rewritten as follows:

Then equation 88 (taking into account the mass of the fan and the lightning conductor 300 kg) will be written in the following form:

The square root is

It turns out to be a negative number. The balloon does not exist, therefore, ordinary steel with balloons up to 50 km cannot be used on Earth. The elevator, made of new super-strong steel, irradiated with electrons, holds the weight without balloons, therefore, this calculation does not affect it. But it is possible to use new grades of ultra-strong steel irradiated with ions, which are inferior in strength to ultra-strong steel, irradiated with electrons, and occupy an intermediate position in strength between the old grades of steel used in the 1970s, and the new ultra-strong steel, irradiated with electrons. Let us then calculate to what height balloons can be used in an elevator made of such steel.

When studying atmospheric densities in accordance with GOST 24631-8 "Reference atmospheres" Table 8 "Average values of atmospheric parameters in December - January at a latitude of 80 °" it turned out that balloons can hold the weight of the structure of the elevator tower belts made of steel irradiated with ions, starting from 12000 m heights. Then you get an expression, as in formulas 91, 92, but with a different density of the atmospheric gas.

The square root of 101 is

Such a wide balloon will not fit 5 meters wide, so it can be made in the form of an ellipse on a horizontal cut, the diameter of the semi-minor axis of which will be about 4 meters, and the semi-major axis of 553.74 meters. Balloons at a height of up to 12 km will have average radii between those proposed in formula 93 and those proposed in formula 102. It is also necessary to calculate the load that steel will withstand for a tower with a height (101,000 m - 12,000 m) = 89,000 m, taking into account that the lift is gradually thickening down.

The volume of the upper 89,000 meters of the elevator sector will be the same as in formula 49, but the volume of the first section is not taken to be full, but its share is equal to (20200-12000) / 20200 = 0.406. Then the volume of the upper part of the 89000 m elevator sector V ₈₉₀₀₀ will be equal to

The mass of the upper part of the elevator sector made of steel with a height of 89,000 m will be equal on Earth

Its weight will be equal

We take the area of the equivalent bar of the lower section from formula 75 and find the load:

It turns out that the steel of old grades in accordance with GOST 22761-77 from 31.10.1977 “Metals and alloys. The method of measuring Brinell hardness with portable static hardness testers "could hold such a weight, but due to the fact that the elevator is thinner in the upper part of the elevator at an altitude of 40400 m, and the old steel does not support the weight of the three upper sections, it is impossible to build an elevator from the old steel, but only from grades of steel, stronger than the old steel, irradiated with ions, but less strong than steel, irradiated with electrons. Also, such a structure can be built from other metals, whose density is several times lower than steel, and the strength is as many times less than that indicated in the formulas 61, 68, 76, 106.

Calculation of pressure in pipes.

According to the pressure from the classification of gas pipelines with natural gas, the gas pipeline inside the elevator tower belongs to low pressure gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.005 MPa. This pressure can be created by centrifugal fans 13. The static air pressure in the pipe can be calculated by the formula

Here m is the mass of air in the pipe, g is the acceleration of gravity of the Earth, S is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, V is the volume of air in the pipe, ρ is the air density in winter, at a latitude of 80 degrees near the Earth's surface, this is the highest air density , the higher it falls, h is the height of the pipe.

It makes no sense to consider a height greater than 50 m to a length of 50.990 m (50.990 m is the length of the vertical inclined pipe of the third section, see the first calculation), since it is precisely such pipes bounded by fans 13 that form a continuous column of air, that is, the barometric formula is not here works, since it is written for a continuous column of air, and here the column of air is limited by the operation of the fan 13, which pumps air from bottom to top and creates a back pressure that overcomes the static pressure. To maintain a pressure of 5000 Pa in the pipe, the fan must generate a pressure of 5694.82 Pa in order to overcome the static air pressure. It means that purified air from impurities and dust is supplied to the pipes of the elevator tower through pipes 30, air purification means are currently developed by ecologists. For example, air is ionized to remove dust.

A formula similar to 107 for air can be written for water vapor. If we take the density of water vapor at a humidity of 62% and a normal atmospheric pressure of 0.36 kg / m ³ , then the water vapor pressure p _in will be

To overcome this pressure and create a pressure of 5000 Pa, the fan must pump a pressure of 5176.4 Pa. When the fans 13 in pipes with water vapor are turned off with the key 80, the upper fans should be turned off immediately so that after the timer is turned on, the fan that has become the topmost fan creates zero pressure in the radiator pipe 75. If we divide the pressure created by the fan by the steam pressure in one pipe, we get the number of fans at the top of the pipes, which must be turned off immediately.

That is, when the fans are turned off, the top 30 fans are turned off completely, and only the thirty-first fan turns on the timer.

Calculation of the diameter of the elevator tower taking into account the bending load.

The critical load p _cr is determined by Euler's formula (VI Feodosiev Resistance of materials. M .: Nauka, 1967, pp. 420-421):

Here E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, J is the moment of inertia relative to the neutral line of the tower cross-section, h is its height.

The weight of the tower G is

Here D is the diameter of the tower, δ is the thickness of the hollow tubes, h is the height of the tower, ρ is the density of the tower material, g is the acceleration of gravity of the planet.

The ratio of values from formulas 110 and 111 must be less than one for the tower to be stable.

Substituting the moment of inertia of a hollow cylindrical tube (VI Feodosiev Resistance of materials. M: Nauka, 1967, pp. 131-133) we get

δ, we take the diameter of the equivalent bar of the first section according to the formula 20 1.372 m × 2 = 2.744 m. Young's modulus for super-strong steel has not been published, therefore, we take Young's modulus for ordinary steel E = 2 × 10 ¹¹ Pa, the density of steel is 8000 kg / m ³ .

We take the height 101000 m.On Earth, the diameter of the elevator will be

On the moon, this value will be

That is, on the planets of the terrestrial and lunar group, where the acceleration of gravity occupies a value intermediate between the lunar and terrestrial, the diameter of the elevator will be from 1674.826 m to 1931.076 m.

If graphene is used instead, then its density is 2150 kg / m ³ (Density table./www.dpva.ru. 08/13/2019), and its Young's modulus E = 10 ¹² Pa (Y. Erin Graphene turned out to be the strongest. / www.elementy.ru. 13.08.2019) The rest of the characteristics are taken as in equations 107, 108. On Earth, the diameter of the graphene elevator will be

On the Moon, the diameter of a graphene elevator will be

That is, the diameter of the graphene elevator on the terrestrial planets will vary from 398.177 m to 728.773 m.

For pearl plastic, the diameter values will be close to the diameter values for a graphene lift, but due to the fact that Young's modulus for pearl plastic and for pearls has not been published, it is impossible to calculate the exact diameter of such a lift. Since in formula 114 there is a sign greater than, and not equal, the overlying sections can not be narrowed, but made their diameter the same as that of the lower section.

Claims (10)

1. A space elevator for the delivery of passengers and goods from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back, including the foundation, racks and a space station at the top of the elevator, surrounded by a multi-layer inflatable shell with layers connected by radial cables, and the elevator is surrounded by a fence made of windbreaks, located in a circle around it, characterized in that the racks are made in the form of pairs of inclined vertical pipes, the sections of which periodically diverge in one belt and converge in the next belt, the inclined vertical pipes are connected by parallel horizontal annular pipes and communicate with them, the pipes are connected by flange connections and are made of heavy-duty material, all elevator pipes have periodically repeating annular recesses on the outer surface, while the pipes form a cylindrical tower with a height of at least 101 km and every 20.2 km or less vertical inclined pipes are made thinner and longer, and their number reduced by connecting each pair of pipes through the node of the upper chord of the underlying section, while the number of space stations at the top of the elevator is equal to four or more, and a simple vertical ladder extends to each station, attached to horizontal annular pipes and vertical inclined pipes where they pass by , with the possibility of climbing a large humanoid carrying robot with an elevator car on its back up the stairs and docking the elevator car with a transition compartment docked with the space station and attached to the upper horizontal ring-shaped pipe, moreover, on some horizontal ring-shaped pipes next to the stairs, platforms for sitting the robot with devices for recharging the batteries of the robot from the wires stretched along the stairs, with the possibility of divergence of the carrying robots going up and down the stairs at the same time, while the foundation of each rack is a massive steel A-shaped rack, which It is supported on reinforced concrete, which rests on piles, and the lower sections of two inclined vertical pipes are buried in an A-shaped pillar and fixed in it. 2. A space elevator for the delivery of passengers and cargo from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back according to claim 1, characterized in that in dense layers of the atmosphere, annular horizontal tubes have tube-like branches connected to tubes that hold hot air balloons, fans and dampers for shutting off the flow of hot atmospheric gas into the balloons, and the fans are also installed in vertical inclined pipes near their places of communication with horizontal annular tubes, at the bottom of the balloons there are also pipes not connected to the pipeline with fans and dampers to shut off the removal of cooled atmospheric gas, with the possibility fill balloons with purified hot atmospheric gas from thermal power plants on the planet's surface through a system of vertical and horizontal pipes and remove cooled atmospheric gas from the bottom of balloons according to the radio commands of the control center on the planet's surface, while fans are tans from insulated wires stretched inside the pipes, the internal gaps of the sections of vertical inclined pipes located below the place of communication of the exhaust pipes of thermal power plants and above the uppermost balloon of the tower are blocked with plugs with the possibility of preventing hot atmospheric gas from entering the pipes above and below the working area in dense layers atmosphere, balloons are pulled together by cables intersecting at right angles, and the balloon cables, perpendicular to the horizontal annular pipes, are tied around the pipes holding the flaps, and the balloon cables, parallel to the horizontal annular pipes, are tied to the inclined vertical pipes located closer to their ends in the places of annular recesses, a lightning conductor with current collectors is placed along vertical pipes and on balloons, balloons are equipped with wind protection devices, including a cylindrical shell with fixed walls and wind-deflected plates in its composition, and from one end In the cylindrical shell there are two pipes with the possibility of removing atmospheric gas in the direction opposite to the direction of the wind, the inner walls of the pipes contain heat-insulating pipes covered with an anti-corrosion coating. 3. A space elevator for the delivery of passengers and cargo from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back according to claim 1, characterized in that in dense layers of the atmosphere, annular horizontal pipes have pipe-like branches connected to pipes holding balloons filled with lifting gas, fans and dampers for shutting off the flow of lifting gas into balloons, and the fans are also installed in vertical inclined tubes near their places of communication with horizontal annular tubes, with the ability to fill balloons with lifting gas from storage facilities on the planet's surface through a system of vertical and horizontal tubes by radio commands from the control center on the surface of the planet, while the fans are powered from insulated wires stretched inside the pipes, the internal gaps of the sections of vertical inclined pipes located below the place where the pipes of the lifting gas storage facilities and above the uppermost balloon of the tower are blocked by plugs from the The ability to prevent lifting gas from entering the pipes above and below the working area in dense layers of the atmosphere, the balloons are pulled together by intersecting cables at right angles, and the balloon cables, perpendicular to the horizontal annular tubes, are tied around the pipes holding the dampers, and the balloon cables, parallel to the horizontal annular tubes, tied to the inclined vertical pipes located closer to their ends in the places of ring-shaped depressions, a lightning rod with current collectors is placed along the vertical pipes and on balloons, the balloons are equipped with wind protection devices, including a cylindrical shell with fixed walls and wind-deflected plates in its composition, and at one end of the cylindrical shell there are two pipes with the possibility of removing atmospheric gas in the direction opposite to the wind direction. 4. A space elevator for the delivery of passengers and goods from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back according to claim 1, characterized in that each station is equipped with a water pipe in the form of a pipe with water vapor and a pipe with cooled atmospheric gas supplying steam and gas from the surface of the planet, periodically - not less than 50 meters in height - installed radial fans inside both pipes, while the fans are powered from insulated wires stretched inside the pipes, with a radiator at the top, with the possibility of heat exchange between pipes with water vapor and pipes with cooled air and condensation of water vapor into a liquid with its pumping to the station, while the sections of pipes with water vapor and cold air periodically converge in one belt, and in the next they diverge, the cavities of the pipes with water vapor and cold air do not communicate with the cavities of annular horizontal pipes , but go around them, being fastened to them. 5. A space elevator for the delivery of passengers and goods from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls of the pipe sections consist of tubes of heavy-duty material inserted into each other, the inner tubes in the center of the walls are perforated with the possibility of lightening their weight, the flanges of the tubes of the vertical inclined pipes are recruited from thin rings of heavy-duty material, the inner one-piece tubes of the vertical inclined pipes reach the edges of the rings and have ends cut and bent along the flange rings to form beam plates, dielectric ring-shaped gaskets are laid between the flanges of the vertical inclined pipes with triangular projections between the beam plates, the flanges of the horizontal annular pipes are formed by the cut and bent ends of all tubes in the composition of their walls with the formation of connecting beam plates and ring-shaped dielectric spacers without projections, the point of attachment of the pipe-shaped branches branches to horizontal annular pipes have cutouts with bends at the ends of the tubular branch tubes in the form of supporting beam plates outside the horizontal annular tube and fixing beam plates inside the horizontal annular tube, the flanges are connected by bolts with a dielectric coating with several nuts each, A-shaped foundation posts are drawn from C -shaped, primary U-shaped and secondary U-shaped plates, folding reinforcement plates are poured into the reinforced concrete of the foundation, which are installed in rows - each folding plate perpendicular to the next folding plate - into opposite cuts. 6. A space elevator for the delivery of passengers and cargo from the surface of the Earth or another planet to low orbit and back according to claim 1, characterized in that the installation site of the space elevator is fenced with windbreaks with the possibility of shielding from direct wind streams, each windbreaker includes two curved in the direction of the deflection of the wind of a number of vertical pipes and individual vertical pipes from the edges of the rows between the rows, insulated electric wires are stretched inside the pipes and periodically - at least 50 meters in height - radial fans are installed, powered by these wires, while the pipes have periodic ring-shaped depressions, between sections of vertical pipes on the flanges there are ring-shaped dielectric gaskets, the flanges are connected by bolts with a dielectric coating, the pipes are periodically - at intervals of at least 50 meters in height - are connected in pairs by cross bridges, cross bridges of the same level are interconnected by longitudinal bridges, pipes They are built on a foundation of piles, reinforced concrete and A-shaped pillars, between the vertically adjacent walkways and on the opposite side of the walkways, each pipe has hot air balloons, each of which is connected at least at two points through pipe-like branches to a vertical pipe and through pipes holding dampers and fans of hot air balloons, with the possibility of remotely open dampers of filling balloons with hot atmospheric gas from thermal power plants located at the foot of the windbreak, at least one pipe with a damper and a fan is suspended from the bottom of each balloon with the possibility of removing the cooled atmospheric gas from each balloon, the envelopes of balloons are tightened by cables intersecting at right angles, a lightning rod with current collectors is placed along vertical pipes and on balloons, balloons are equipped with wind protection devices, including a cylindrical envelope with fixed walls and plates deflected by the wind in its composition, and at one end of the cylindrical shell there are two pipes with the ability to remove atmospheric gas in the direction opposite to the wind direction, but not in the direction of the elevator, the inner walls of the pipes contain heat-insulating pipes covered with an anti-corrosion coating. 7. The method of building a space elevator, according to which a pit is dug, piles are driven in, reinforced concrete is laid on them, A-shaped posts are installed in turn, reinforced concrete is poured under them in turn, the lower ends of the vertical inclined pipes of the lower belt are inserted into the holes in the A-posts and attach these ends to the A-shaped struts, launch the assembly spiders on the rise along the vertical inclined pipes, holding in the front pair of manipulator arms a section of the pipe to be mounted, closed at the upper end with a stopper, and inserting a pair of fingers of the four rear manipulator legs into the ring-shaped depressions on the outer surface of the pipes, then the spiders remove the plugs from the upper ends of the already installed pipes, then install the mounted sections of pipes on the continuation of the sections of the already installed pipes with the first pair of hands, with the second pair of hands they take out bolts and nuts from the box fixed to the cephalothorax and fasten the sections, and the spiders also raise the sections of the stairs and fasten them on horizontal annular pipes and vertical inclined pipes, then a large humanoid robot lifts each transition compartment on its back up the stairs to the uppermost horizontal pipe, spiders attach the transition compartment protrusions to the flanges of the uppermost horizontal annular pipe and unscrew the transition compartment from the back of the robot, then to each the transfer compartment is docked with a space station and surrounded by a multi-layer inflatable shell. 8. The method of building a space elevator according to claim 7, characterized in that in the atmosphere of the planet, aerostatic shells are filled with heated atmospheric gas, two or more assembly spiders take the ends of the cables of the balloons in the first pair of front arms and rise simultaneously along inclined vertical pipes to the installation site, a few more spiders - according to the number of pipe-like branches of horizontal pipes, to which pipes with aerostat dampers are attached - rise to the installation site and attach the pipe-like branches of the horizontal pipes to the pipes holding the dampers as part of the balloon, the first mentioned spiders tie the ends of the cables of the balloons to the ring-shaped recesses on the nearest vertical inclined pipes, then the spiders return downward, pick up sections of the lightning rod in turn, stretch it along the vertical inclined pipes and fix it on them, connect the lightning rod sections to each other. 9. The method of building a space elevator according to claim 7, characterized in that aerostatic shells are filled with lifting gas in the planet's atmosphere, two or more assembly spiders take the ends of the cables of the balloons into the first pair of front arms and rise simultaneously along inclined vertical pipes to the installation site, more several spiders - according to the number of pipe-like branches of horizontal pipes, to which pipes with aerostat dampers are attached - rise to the installation site and attach the pipe-like branches of horizontal pipes to the pipes holding the dampers, as part of the balloon, the first mentioned spiders tie the ends of the cables of the balloons to the ring-shaped recesses on the nearest vertical inclined pipes, then the spiders return down, pick up the sections of the lightning rod in turn, pull it along the vertical inclined pipes and fix them on them, connect the lightning rod sections to each other. 10. The method of building a space elevator according to claim 7, characterized in that for the construction of each windbreak, a pit is dug, piles are driven, reinforced concrete is laid on them, A-shaped posts are installed in turn, reinforced concrete is poured under them in turn, inserted into holes in A -shaped uprights, the lower ends of the vertical pipes of the lower belt and attach these ends to the A-shaped uprights, launch the assembly spiders on the rise along the vertical pipes, holding in the front pair of hands a section of the pipe to be mounted, closed at the upper end with a stopper, and inserting a pair of fingers of four hind legs into ring-shaped grooves on the outer surface of the pipes, then the spiders remove the plugs from the upper ends of the already installed pipes, install the mounted pipe sections on the continuation of the already installed pipe sections with the first pair of hands, with the second pair of hands they remove from the box fixed to the cephalothorax, bolts and nuts and fasten the sections, and a spider climbing a vertical pipe lifts across the bridge and screw it together with the second spider to the wide flanges of two vertical pipes of adjacent rows, after assembling all the cross bridges of the same level, a pair of spiders lifts the longitudinal bridge along one vertical pipe and screw it in turn to the cross bridges, then in the atmosphere the planets are filled in turn balloons with hot atmospheric gas, two or more spiders take the ends of the cables of the balloons and rise along the vertical pipe to the installation site, attach the pipe-shaped branches of the vertical pipes to the pipes holding the dampers with the second pair of hands, then the other windbreaker belts are assembled in turn in the same way, after which the spiders come back down, pick up the sections of the lightning rod in turn, pull it along the vertical inclined pipes and fix them on them, connect the lightning rod sections to each other.

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