RU2711926C1 - Method of recultivation of lands disturbed during development of ore deposits of mineral resources - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: methods of reclamation of lands.SUBSTANCE: method for reclamation of lands disturbed during development of ore deposits of minerals, including their technical reclamation and subsequent biological reclamation, for this purpose fertile ground is sprinkled on the soil surface, fertilizers are introduced and seeds of local flora are sown, is characterized by that in process of technical reclamation, the areas subject to reclamation are flattened, to ensure the possibility of passage of the used hydraulic seeder on them and their strip grounding with application on the surface of recultivated areas of potentially fertile soil with thickness of 20–25 cm, wherein seeding and fertilization during biological reclamation is carried out in spring, wherein the seeds are sown, combining it with watering and fertilizing the crops, for which an aqueous mixture of seeds and mineral fertilizers is prepared, which is formed based on 50 kg/ha of oat seed, from 12 to 20–30 kg/ha of perennial grass seeds, 0.9–2.0 kg/ha of seeds of wood species, wherein the fertilizer application rate is up to 90 kg/ha ammonium nitrate, up to 90 kg/ha double superphosphate, up to 50 kg/ha potassium chloride, and after mixing the mixture is uniformly applied on the surface of areas subject to reclamation, after completion of sowing on same day by means of trailed harrow seeds are closed into formed potentially fertile soil, besides, in the middle of vegetation period fertilizing of crops with nitrogen fertilizers is carried out at rate of 45 kg/ha in a dissolved form. In addition, during reclamation seeds of cereals, legumes and wood-shrubby plants are used, wherein the cereals include an Arctagrostis latifolia, and/or Beckmannia syzigachne, and/or Calamagrostis langsdorffii, and/or Elymus sibiricus, and/or Elymus subfibrosus, and/or Poa pratensis, and/or Festuca pratensis, and/or Festuca rubra, and/or Deschampsia borealis, wherein the legumes include Vicia, Vicia macrantha, and/or Trifolium pratense, and/or Medicago sativa, wherein the wood-shrubbery include Willow (Salix) and/or Pinus pumila, and/or Larix cajanderi, and/or Duschekia fruticosa, and/or Populus suaveolens. Besides, the potentially fertile soil is formed in the form of a mixture of fertile soil with fine enrichment wastes in ratio of 1:2–3.EFFECT: invention provides accelerated formation of plant communities and soil formation in recultivated areas, especially in cryolite zone conditions.3 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mining, mainly to open cast mining, and may find application in the reclamation of shallow quarry excavations after open cast mining. There is a method of restoring disturbed lands during open pit mining, including separate excavation, transfer and storage of overburden and soil layer into dumps, quarrying and laying the mined-out area with construction waste that is close in composition to natural minerals (see RU No. 2274749, Е21С 41/32, 2006).

The disadvantages of this method are the high cost of reclamation due to the secondary loading and transportation of overburden and soil layer and the presence of large areas of alienated land.

There is also a known method of reclamation of lands disturbed during the development of ore mineral deposits, including their technical reclamation and subsequent biological reclamation, for which fertile soil is poured onto the surface of the earth, fertilizers are applied and the seeds of local flora are sown (RU No. 2462854 А01В 79/02, 2010 )

The disadvantages of this method are the high cost of reclamation - due to the widespread use of manual labor when making small terraces on bulk rocks on the slope slope and planting seedlings on the surface of the dump; in addition, the seed sowing rate is on average 30 kg / ha, which, as experience shows, is far from always sufficient; in addition, the sowing of seeds is carried out after planting seedlings between their rows, which complicates the use of equipment, while sowing and fertilizing is carried out without irrigation, which increases the mobility of seeds and fertilizer particles and contributes to their removal from the areas being cultivated. Thus, the rate of formation of plant communities and soil formation in reclaimed areas are not high enough, and under cryolithozone conditions are not sufficiently effective.

The task to which the claimed solution is aimed is to ensure the accelerated formation of plant communities and soil formation in the cultivated areas.

The technical result that manifests itself in solving the stated technical problem is expressed in the accelerated formation of plant communities and soil formation in reclaimed areas, especially in the permafrost zone.

To solve the stated technical problem, the method of land reclamation disturbed during the development of ore mineral deposits, including their technical reclamation and subsequent biological reclamation, for which fertile soil is poured onto the surface of the earth, fertilizers are applied and the seeds of local flora are sown, characterized in that in the process technical reclamation provide a flattening of areas subject to reclamation to ensure the possibility of passage through them used sieve and their strip land surveying with applying to the surface of the reclaimed areas of potentially fertile soil with a thickness of 20-25 cm, while sowing seeds and fertilizing during biological reclamation is carried out in the spring, moreover, the seeds are sown, combining this with watering and fertilizing crops, for which they prepare water mixture of seeds and mineral fertilizers, formed at the rate of 50 kg / ha of oats sowing, from 12 to 20-30 kg / ha of seeds of perennial grasses, 0.9-2.0 kg / ha of seeds of wood species, while the rate of fertilizer application up to 90 kg / ha of saltpeter ammonia, up to 90 kg / ha of double superphosphate, up to 50 kg / ha of potassium chloride, and after mixing the mixture, it is evenly applied to the surface of the areas to be recultivated, and, after completion of sowing, on the same day using a trailed harrow, the seeds are planted in formed potentially fertile soil, in addition, in the middle of the growing season, fertilizing crops with nitrogen fertilizers is carried out at a rate of 45 kg / ha in dissolved form. In addition, the seeds of cereals, legumes and trees and shrubs are used for restoration, while cereals include broad-leaved arctopoleceae (Arctagrostis latifolia) and / or eastern beckmania (Beckmannia zyzigachne) and / or langsdorff reedweed (Calamagrostis langsdorffii, and) (Elymus sibiricus) and / or an almost fibrous wheatgrass (Elymus subfibrosus), and / or meadow bluegrass (Roa pratensis), and / or meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), and / or red fescue (Festuca rubra), and / or northern pike (Deschampsia borealis), while legumes include vetch, mouse pea (Vicia macrantha), and / or meadow clover (Trifolium prat ense), and / or sowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa), while tree-shrubby willows (Salix) and / or cedar dwarf (Pinus pumila) and / or Cayander larch (Larix cajanderi) and / or shrub alder (Duschekia fruticosa) and / or aromatic poplar (Populus suaveolens). In addition, potentially fertile soil is formed in the form of a mixture of fertile soil with fine enrichment waste in a ratio of 1: 2-3.

A comparative analysis of the features of the claimed solution with the features of the prototype and analogues indicates the conformity of the claimed solution to the criterion of "novelty."

The combination of features of the claims provides the accelerated formation of plant communities and soil formation in the cultivated areas, while the signs of the distinctive part of the claims solve the following functional tasks

The signs “during the process of technical remediation ensure the flattening of the areas to be reclaimed until the used hydraulic sower can pass through them” set the parameters for the flattening of the areas to be reclaimed, minimizing the amount of this work.

Signs indicating that they carry out “strip land surveying with the application of 20-25 cm thick fertile soil on the surface of the reclaimed areas” make it possible to minimize the amount of this work and speed up its implementation, while using potentially fertile soil instead of fertile (removed before starting works) allows to increase the thickness of the applied soil and, thereby, the survival of crops.

Signs indicating that “sowing seeds and fertilizing during biological reclamation in the spring” contribute to increased survival of crops by increasing the length of their germination period before the onset of cold weather.

Signs indicating that “the seeds are sown, combining this with watering and fertilizing the crops, for which they prepare an aqueous mixture of seeds and mineral fertilizers” make it possible to use the technology of water sowing of seeds, while increasing the humidity of seeds and soil and fertilizing the soil. In this case, wind blowing away seeds and fertilizers from the treated area is excluded.

Signs indicating that the water mixture, seeds and fertilizers form “at the rate of 50 kg / ha of oats sowing, from 12 to 20-30 kg / ha of seeds of perennial grasses, 0.9-2.0 kg / ha of seeds of tree species while the fertilizer application rate is up to 90 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate, up to 90 kg / ha of double superphosphate, up to 50 kg / ha of potassium chloride, ”ensure the plants successfully pass the sprouting, tillering and heading stages, and together with the stubble of oats form the primary turf reclamation layer. At the same time, the oats under-cover sowing ensures effective erosion control in the first year of the formation of vegetation on disturbed lands

Signs indicating that "after mixing the mixture, it is uniformly applied to the surface of the areas to be recultivated" to ensure uniform distribution of seeds on the reclaimed surface.

Signs indicating that “after sowing, on the same day, with the help of a trailed harrow, the seeds are sown in the formed potentially fertile soil” provide maximum preservation of the sown seeds.

Signs indicating that “in the middle of the growing season, fertilize crops with nitrogen fertilizers at the rate of 45 kg / ha in dissolved form” increase the survival of crops.

The signs of the second paragraph of the formula specify the list of used seeds of local flora.

The signs of the third paragraph reveal the content of the concept of potentially fertile soil.

In FIG. 1 shows a view of the reclaimed waste dumps of the Main open pit (GOK Kubaka); in FIG. 2 shows a view of the reclaimed dumps No. 766, 778, 790, 802; in FIG. Figure 3 shows a view of a reclaimed dump 6 years after the completion of restoration work - perennial grasses; in FIG. 4 shows a view of a water sifter in the process of loading seeds and fertilizers into its hopper.

The method of land reclamation disturbed during the development of ore mineral deposits includes their technical reclamation and subsequent biological reclamation. The reclamation method involves the use of standard mining equipment for opencast mining (grader or bulldozer or truck loader - to flatten out areas to be recultivated and form a layer of potentially fertile soil on the reclaimed surface) and FINN T-90 hydraulic seeder mounted on the chassis of a cross-country vehicle ( for applying seeds and mineral fertilizers in a dissolved state). A heavy chain is used as a harrow (with links made of a round bar with a diameter of 15-30 mm, with the possibility of towing by a grader or loader or a cross-country vehicle, including a hydraulic sieve).

For sowing, seeds of local flora are used: seeds of cereals, legumes and tree-shrub plants, while cereals include arctopole broadleaf (Arctagrostis latifolia) and / or eastern beckmania (Beckmannia zyzigachne) and / or langsdorff reedweed (Calamagrostis langsdorffii, and Siberian (Elymus sibiricus) and / or almost-fibrous grass (Elymus subfibrosus), and / or meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and / or meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), and / or red fescue (Festuca rubra), and / or pike northern (Deschampsia borealis), while legumes include vetch, mouse pea (Vicia macrantha), and / or meadow clover (Trifolium pratense), and / or sowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa), while tree-shrubby willows (Salix) and / or cedar dwarf (Pinus pumila) and / or Cayander larch (Larix cajanderi) and / or shrub alder (Duschekia fruticosa) and / or aromatic poplar (Populus suaveolens). In addition, sowing oats are used in the sowing process.

Potentially fertile soil is formed before the start of the process of landing, in the form of a mixture of fertile soil with fine enrichment waste in a ratio of 1: 2-3, while using fertile soil previously removed before mining mineral deposits and stored in specially designated places within the land tap.

In the process of technical reclamation, the areas to be reclaimed are laid out until the used hydraulic sieve can pass through them. Next, strip landing of these areas is carried out with the application of potentially fertile soil with a thickness of 20-25 cm on their surface, on which seeds of the above-mentioned plants of local flora are sown and fertilizers are applied. At the same time, the process of biological reclamation is carried out in the spring, and the seeds are sown, combining this with watering and fertilizing the crops, for which they prepare an aqueous mixture of seeds and mineral fertilizers, formed at the rate of 50 kg / ha of oats sowing, from 12 to 20 30 kg / ha of seeds of perennial herbs, 0.9-2.0 kg / ha of seeds of woody species, while the fertilizer application rate is up to 90 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate, up to 90 kg / ha of double superphosphate, up to 50 kg / ha of potassium chloride, and after mixing the mixture, it is uniformly applied to the surface of the areas to be x reclamation. After sowing, the same day, using a trailed harrow, the seeds are planted in a potentially fertile soil. Further, in the middle of the growing season, fertilizing crops with nitrogen fertilizers is carried out at a rate of 45 kg / ha in dissolved form.

The results of the method. The work site is characterized by a mid-mountain relief of medium degree of ruggedness. The slopes are slightly concave, with a steepness of 10-30 degrees. Absolute marks of the bottom of the river valley. Malaya Avlandya an average of 533 m, and the river. Kubaka - 556 m. The watersheds are wide, smooth. The relative excess above the bottoms of the valleys is on average 370 m, the maximum is 442 m. The altitudes of technologically disturbed sections of the mountain landscape formed during the development of the field range from 650 to 880 m.

Mineralization of the Kubakinsky ore field is characterized by a low sulfide content, the amount of which does not exceed 0.5%. In order to ensure the formation of vegetation cover in June, sowing seeds of perennial grasses and tree-shrub species of local flora and sowing of mineral fertilizers according to the aforementioned experimentally determined doses are carried out with the help of a hydraulic sower. In the middle of the growing season, nitrogen fertilizers are also fertilized at the rate of 45 kg per hectare in dissolved form.

Taking into account the natural and economic importance of the lands before the seizure, they were forest lands and were used as reindeer pastures, as well as hunting grounds. The directions of remediation work at the Kubaka mining and processing enterprise are defined as sanitary-hygienic and forestry. The purpose of the remediation work is the creation of erosion-resistant crops of perennial grasses (tinning), the formation of optimal conditions on the cultivated areas that promote the restoration of natural woody and shrubby vegetation due to the application of seeds from adjoining natural complexes. The principle of the approach to restoration work is the maximum adaptation of the relief of the reclaimed areas to the adjacent natural landscapes.

As of 01.01.20017, the total area of land reclaimed by the claimed method according to the technical and biological stages in the projection onto a horizontal surface at the facilities of the mining complex amounted to 63.0 ha,

During technical reclamation, the territories of disturbed lands were decontaminated from industrial wastes and planning works were performed on waste rock dumps and other technogenic objects unsuitable for self-restoration of vegetation by chemical and physical properties. The thickness of the applied fertile layer is differentiated depending on the degree of soil erosion and amounts to 20-25 cm. When developing a mixture of the fertile soil layer and potentially fertile rocks, transportation and placement in areas requiring land cultivation, the typical mining equipment used at the enterprise was used.

In biological reclamation, fertilizing and sowing seeds using a hydraulic sieve includes the following technological operations:

1. loading the sowing seeds and fertilizers;

2. filling the tank (tank) with water;

3. the movement of the hydraulic sieve to the site of work with the simultaneous preparation of the mixture due to the rotating screw in the tank of the hydraulic installation;

4. Sowing with simultaneous application of fertilizers in liquid form. After sowing is completed, on the same day, using a chain harrow driven by a bulldozer or a cross-country vehicle (Ural, KAMAZ), the seeds are embedded in the soil (rolled) into the formed layer of potentially fertile soil to ensure the accelerated formation of soil-plant complexes in disturbed areas landscape. Depending on the species, seed application rates can range from 6-7 (fescue, bluegrass) to 10-15 kg / ha (grassland), tree species 0.9-1.0 kg / ha, but taking into account the harsh climatic conditions of the place work, the possibility of animal damage to seeds and seedlings, to guarantee the formation of a stable vegetation cover in the areas of reclamation, the seeding rate can be increased by 1.5-2.0 times, to the above values.

The composition of the working mixture for hydropowing when using a FINN T-90 type sowing machine is determined by the specific norms for sowing seeds and applying mineral fertilizers per 1 ha, and the specific productivity of the plant for one cycle (0.5 ha).

After loading the sieve with fertilizers and seeds, it is filled with water from the surface water intake. The total volume of the working capacity is 3 m ³ . After a full load, before starting the movement of the unit, its mixture mixing system is switched on, providing dissolution of fertilizers and uniform distribution of seeds in the volume of the mixture. Using a chain harrow allows you to close at least 80-90% of the seeds deposited on the surface of the restoration layer, providing optimal water-thermal and agrochemical regime of growth, and reducing damage by birds and rodents. During the working day, biological reclamation was carried out on an area of up to 10-12 ha of disturbed lands.

Plants successfully went through the sprouting, tillering and heading stages. Together with the stubble of oats, they form the primary turf of the reclamation layer. The oats under-cover sowing, which effectively performs anti-erosion functions in the first year of the formation of vegetation on disturbed lands, is of positive importance. The results are given in table. 1.

On the areas of reclamation 2015-2017 the biodiversity of the restored soil and plant complexes has increased due to the application of seeds of grasses and shrubs of natural flora from the adjacent undisturbed natural complexes. Among them - cereals (mostly reedweeds), 2-3 species of shrubby willows and Gmelin wormwood are especially active. The active process of stabilization of the surface of the reclaimed areas and the formation of vegetation is noted, which is the main goal of the ongoing remediation of the erosion direction.

Thus, it has been experimentally established that the method can be used for reclamation of technogenic formations of various genesis and is claimed to minimize the pollution of the environment and environmental degradation in the areas of mining operations. The high efficiency of the measures taken is shown by the abundant fruiting and ripening of seeds of introduced species. Natural self-renewal of created plant communities ensures the formation of stable groups of grassy vegetation and stabilization of the surface of technogenic objects.

Based on the results of a field survey and analysis of environmental monitoring p. Kubaka, thermal and geochemical control of waste rock dumps, carried out in accordance with the approved program of industrial control of land conditions and waste disposal at Kubaka mine, confirmed the environmental safety and erosion resistance of the sites thus prepared. Reclaimed land plots leased to the main land user meet the existing requirements for their acceptance, suitable for further use in forestry.

Claims (3)

1. A method of reclamation of lands disturbed during the development of ore mineral deposits, including their technical reclamation and subsequent biological reclamation, for which fertile soil is poured onto the surface of the earth, fertilizers are applied and the seeds of local flora are sown, characterized in that they provide in the process of reclamation the flattening of areas to be reclaimed, until the used hydraulic sieve can be passed along them and their strip lapping with drawing on the surface There are 20-25 cm of cultivated areas of potentially fertile soil, while sowing seeds and fertilizing during biological reclamation is carried out in the spring, and the seeds are sown, combining this with watering and fertilizing crops, for which an aqueous mixture of seeds and mineral fertilizers, formed at the rate of 50 kg / ha of oats sowing, from 12 to 20-30 kg / ha of seeds of perennial grasses, 0.9-2.0 kg / ha of seeds of woody species, while the fertilizer application rate is up to 90 kg / ha ammonium nitrate, up to 90 kg / ha of superphosphate double up to 50 kg / ha of potassium chloride, and after mixing the mixture, it is uniformly applied to the surface of the areas to be recultivated, and after sowing on the same day with the help of a trailed harrow, the seeds are embedded in the formed potentially fertile soil, in addition, in the middle of the period vegetations carry out fertilizing of crops with nitrogen fertilizers at the rate of 45 kg / ha in dissolved form. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that during the restoration, seeds of cereals, legumes and tree-shrub plants are used, while cereals include Arctagrostis latifolia, and / or Eastern Beckmania (Beckmannia zyzigachne), and / or reed grass Langsdorff (Calamagrostis langsdorffii), and / or Siberian grassroot (Elymus sibiricus), and / or almost-fibrous grassroot (Elymus subfibrosus), and / or meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and / or meadow fescue (Festuca pens or pestle) red fescue (Festuca rubra), and / or northern pike (Deschampsia borealis), while legumes include vetch, mouse pea (Vicia macrantha), and / or meadow clover (Trifolium pratense), and / or sowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and tree-shrubbery trees willows (Salix) and / or cedar dwarf trees (Pinus pumila) and / or Cayander larch (Larix cajanderi), and / or shrub alder (Duschekia fruticosa), and / or aromatic poplar (Populus suaveolens). 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the potentially fertile soil is formed in the form of a mixture of fertile soil with fine enrichment waste in a ratio of 1: 2-3.

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