RU2696231C1 - Method of recycling carbon-containing materials - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: waste processing and disposal.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method of recycling carbon-containing materials, in particular solid wastes, woodworking wastes, agricultural and food production, as well as mixtures containing an organic component. Method is carried out by loading carbon-containing materials into housing above swirler-inducer, then, in the swirler cavity zone, thermal treatment of carbon-containing materials is performed in the presence of moisture to form a plasma-chemical process, followed by passing the formed vapor-gas mixture through a recirculation system. Recirculation system includes a plasma chemical process zone with periodic introduction of additional carbon-containing materials and output of at least partially ash residue. Swirler inductor is used, which is a set of heat-resistant plates installed with a partial gap between them, which are located at an angle to the vertical axis of the device. Besides, zone of plasma chemical process is preheated.

EFFECT: technical result consists in expansion of range of facilities for utilization of carbon-containing materials of organic and inorganic origin, as well as improvement of environmental situation in its implementation area.

5 cl, 3 dwg, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of rapid pyrolysis of unmilled biomass and hydrocarbon-containing mixtures and can be used for the disposal of solid household and industrial waste, woodworking waste, agricultural and food production, as well as for the processing of solid low-calorie products and mixtures containing an organic component.

Known (BY, patent 11589, publ. 30.08.2008) a method of processing worn tires. A known method for processing used tires involves pyrolyzing them in a reactor, producing a hydrocarbon-containing gas and solid carbon-containing material, removing solid carbon-containing material from the reactor, supplying the hydrocarbon-containing gas to the filter reactor, treating it with a coolant, releasing non-condensable gas and burning it. Solid carbon-containing material is fed into a gasification reactor, where water gas and ash are obtained by filtering superheated water vapor through a layer of material at 800–900 ° С; one part of water gas is used as a heat carrier, which is supplied to the filter reactor at 400–600 ° C is mixed with a hydrocarbon-containing gas at their mass ratio (0.2-1.0): 1, another part of the water gas is mixed with water vapor at a mass ratio of 1: (1-10) and fed to the reactor in an amount of (0.20 -0.62) kg per 1 kg of tires, and the remainder of the water gas is burned in a steam generator d I receive water vapor, the ash is granulated to a particle size of 3-30 mm and used as filling in the filter reactor, from the mixture of water and hydrocarbon-containing gases obtained in the filter reactor, the bitumen fraction is first isolated by condensation with a boiling point of 300-390 ° С, which is fed into the reactor in an amount of 0.05-0.1 kg of bitumen fraction per 1 kg of worn tires, and then a fraction with a boiling point of 190-299 ° C, which is burned in a steam generator to produce water vapor.

The disadvantages of this method include the high energy consumption for overheating water vapor to a temperature of 800-900 ° C, as well as the large energy costs for heating the gasifier reactor and filter reactor, large emissions of fuel combustion products consumed in heating the reactor gasifier and overheating of water vapor, low quality of the obtained liquid products (bitumen fraction and fraction with a boiling point of 80-189 ° C) of waste processing due to the presence of sulfur and water compounds.

Known (RU, patent 2356731, publ. 05.27.2009) a method of processing rubber waste. The known method includes pyrolysis of waste in a reactor in a coolant, separation of the pyrolysis products into gaseous and solid phases, cooling of the solid phase by supplying water, separation from the gaseous phase by condensation of the liquid phase and burning of the gaseous phase to heat the heat carrier in the heat exchanger. The solid fraction is fed to the mill, where water is simultaneously sprayed to carry out wet grinding to obtain a suspension, and the first and second fractions of the liquid phase are isolated from the gaseous fraction by condensation, and then water is extracted from the second fraction, and the first fraction is mixed with the suspension and by excitation of cavitation the mixture is subjected to mechanochemical activation. After the liquid phase is separated from the second fraction, a part of the gaseous phase is burned, and the rest of the gaseous phase is mixed with superheated water vapor and used as a heat carrier. As water to obtain a suspension, water extracted from the second fraction is used.

The disadvantages of this method include the high energy consumption for the waste recycling process due to the low energy efficiency of cavitation used to process products in order to improve their quality indicators, as well as the high consumption of electric energy necessary for the operation of the pump, which provides coolant circulation, low quality indicators of the resulting fuel suspension due to the increased water content, which does not allow the use of this fuel at low temperatures due to freezing of water and separation of the suspension.

Known (RU, patent 2422478, publ. 04/27/2011) a method of processing organic waste. A method of processing organic waste includes feeding the waste into the reactor, thermolizing it in the reactor in a coolant medium passing through the waste layer to form a gaseous and solid phases, withdrawing the gaseous phase from the reactor, cooling it, separating the liquid phase condensed by cooling the gaseous phase, burning non-condensed gaseous phase, withdrawal of the solid phase from the reactor at the end of the thermolysis process, its cooling, unloading of the solid phase from the container and its magnetic treatment, while as heat the carrier use a gaseous mixture of combustion products entering the heat exchanger and air in the reactor, the heat carrier is heated to 750-1150 ° C and passed through the waste layer at a speed of 2-25 m / s at a pressure in the reactor of 0.1-1.0 MPa .

The disadvantages of the method can be recognized as high energy consumption, due to the need to heat the coolant to 1150 ° C and the absence of a heat recirculation system (return to the waste recycling process), the presence of harmful substances into the environment as a result of burning of the non-condensed gaseous phase, low quality of the resulting liquid amount of water) and solid products (containing a large amount of ash) of waste processing.

The closest analogue of the developed method can be recognized (RU, patent 2524110, publ. 07.27.2014) a method for the rapid pyrolysis of biomass and hydrocarbon-containing products, including loading raw materials into the pyrolysis chamber, pyrolysis using heating elements located inside the pyrolysis chamber, output of the obtained vapor-gas mixture and unloading solid product obtained. Pyrolysis is carried out under the action of a sequence of thermal pulses transmitted from electric elements heated by electric pulses placed in the pyrolysis chamber so that its volume is divided into locally heated cells, and a current source with an electronic switch is used to power the heating elements, the duration of the electric pulse being 0.1-1.0 s, the power of the electric pulse is chosen so as to provide heating for the heating during the pulse element to a temperature of 450-500 ° C, the time interval between electric pulses is chosen so as to allow cooling of the heating element in the intervals between pulses to a temperature of 200-250 ° C, while the resulting vapor-gas mixture is released through holes in the walls of the pyrolysis chamber, and the condensation of its vapor fraction is carried out on condensers, which are cooled surfaces located at the minimum possible distance from the outer walls of the pyrolysis chamber.

The disadvantage of this method should be recognized as its lack of effectiveness.

The technical problem to which the developed method is aimed is to expand the range of means for utilization of carbon-containing materials of organic and inorganic origin.

The technical result achieved by the implementation of the developed method consists in improving the environmental situation in the zone of its implementation by reducing the amount of solid and gaseous waste.

To achieve the specified technical result, it is proposed to use the developed method for the utilization of carbon-containing materials. When implementing the developed method, carbon-containing materials are loaded into the casing over the inductor-swirler, heat treatment of the carbon-containing materials in the presence of moisture is initiated in the inductor-swirler zone with the formation of a plasma-chemical process, followed by passing the resulting vapor-gas mixture through a recirculation system, including the plasma-chemical process, with periodic input additional carbon-containing materials and the withdrawal of at least partially ash residue, moreover, an inductor-swirler is used, which is a set of heat-resistant plates installed with a partial gap between them, while the plates are located at an angle to the vertical axis of the device, and the zone of the plasma-chemical process is preheated.

Mostly the area of the plasma-chemical process is preheated in any known manner to 600 ° C.

Preferably, the plates of the inductor-swirl are interconnected by ends located near the vertical axis of the housing.

In some embodiments of the method, thermal energy is additionally taken from the gas-vapor mixture. This can be done by placing a thermal energy receiver, in particular a hot water boiler, on the path of the gas-vapor mixture.

In some embodiments, when the humidity of the carbonaceous materials is less than 80%, an additional wetting of the carbonaceous materials is carried out. Preferably, wetting is carried out using a diffuser to better distribute moisture throughout the volume of carbon-containing materials to be utilized.

When implementing the method, at least part of the extracted ash residue is preferably periodically fed to the surface of the plates of the swirl inductor.

The method can be implemented using the installation schematically shown in FIG. 1 - FIG. 3, the following notation is used: case 1, inductor-swirler 2, vapor-gas mixture circulation system 3, carbon-containing material loading means 4, ash residue unloading means 5, thermal energy extraction means 6, means for removing gaseous combustion products from the housing.

Using this setting, the method in the basic version is implemented as follows.

Raw materials (waste from the production of a poultry farm) enters the preheated cavity of the body (at least 600 ° C). At the same time, an air stream is supplied tangentially. Getting on the red-hot internal elements of the case, moisture in the raw materials instantly evaporates, tearing fragments of the raw materials into an almost dusty state. Dust particles moving in a vortex cyclic gas-vapor flow are electrified. Electric charge accumulates on internal metal surfaces isolated from the housing. The accumulated charges create corona discharges between the electrodes, in which all particles decompose to an atomic state. Carbon and hydrogen burn in the presence of an excess of oxygen.

The combustion products are removed from the zone of the plasma-chemical process into the afterburner. The afterburner is made in the form of a spiral channel and is located in the upper part of the body. Unburned carbon particles, acquiring a vortex motion, burn out in this chamber.

The method can be implemented as follows.

Carbon-containing materials (wood waste) with a moisture content of 60% are loaded into the housing 1 through the loading means 4, made in the form of a hatch in the side surface of the housing 1. In the case of insufficient humidity of the carbon-containing materials through the atomizer, the loaded carbon-containing materials are additionally wetted with water. Using the initiator of the plasma-chemical process, the plasma-chemical treatment of carbon-containing materials in the zone of the swirl inductor is excited to produce a vapor-gas mixture of a complex composition (water vapor, carbon monoxide, water vapor dissociation products, etc.). Using the stimulator of the movement of the vapor-gas mixture, the hot vapor-gas mixture is circulated, which, when moving, touches the surface of the thermal energy extraction means, partially transfers thermal energy to the indicated medium and returns to the plasma-chemical processing zone around the swirl inductor. From time to time, the resulting ash residue is removed from under the swirl inductor, which is partially returned to the surface of the swirl inductor plates as a catalyst. Gaseous wastes of the plasma-chemical process (carbon dioxide mixed with the residual amount of water vapor) are periodically removed to the atmosphere.

Claims (5)

1. A method for utilization of carbon-containing materials, characterized in that the carbon-containing materials are loaded into the casing over the inductor-swirler, initiate in the zone of the swirl inductor the heat treatment of carbon-containing materials in the presence of moisture with the formation of a plasma-chemical process, followed by passing the resulting vapor-gas mixture through a recirculation system including a zone plasmochemical process, with the periodic introduction of additional carbon-containing materials and the withdrawal of less measure of a partially ash residue, using a swirl inductor, which is a set of heat-resistant plates installed with a partial gap between them, while the plates are located at an angle to the vertical axis of the device, and the zone of the plasma-chemical process is preheated. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the area of the plasma-chemical process is preheated to 600 ° C. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further conducts the selection of thermal energy from the gas mixture. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further conducts the wetting of carbon-containing materials. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least part of the extracted ash residue is periodically fed to the surface of the plates of the swirl inductor.

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