RU2648792C2 - Method for improvement of degraded pastures - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular, it can be used in arid conditions to improve the forage base of livestock. Method includes band soil-free tillage. In the method, prostrate summer cypress is sowed using a wide-row method one year in advance, while wheat grass is cross-sowed the following year. Best time for sowing prostrate summer cypress is November, that is, early-winter period, during which prostrate summer cypress is sowed using the wide-row method, and in autumn the soil on the field is loosened by harrowing, and wheat grass is sowed across the rows. When sowing prostrate summer cypress, the coulter springs of the seed drill are loosened in such a way that the discs touch the surface of the soil. Rate of sowing of prostrate summer cypress is 4–6 million/ha of virgin seeds, width between rows is 60 cm, sowing time is from the third decade of November to the middle of February. To sow prostrate summer cypress and wheat grass, SZT-3,6, or SZP-3,6 seeders are used. Wheat grass is sown across the rows in September at a rate of 2 million/ha of virgin seeds with a depth of 2–3 cm and a row spacing of 45 cm.

EFFECT: method promotes an increase in the productivity of degraded pastures in the application of a complex of agrotechnical and phytomelioration measures.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular, can be used in arid conditions to strengthen the forage base of livestock.

Known methods for improving pasture in deserts and semi-deserts, including tillage in strips 10-50 cm wide, alternating with sections of natural pasture 12-300 m wide, and sowing on treated strips of grass seeds. As a rule, the stripes are located across the direction of the prevailing winds (see books: L. Gaevskaya and others. "Improvement of pastures and the creation of hayfields in the desert zone of Uzbekistan", Samarkand, 1959, p. 19, 24; Shamsutdinov Z. Sh. " The creation of long-term pastures in the arid zone of Central Asia ", Tashkent," Fan ", 1975, p. 144; Erofeev V.A. et al." Recommendations for enclosing, improving and using pastures of the Western Caspian ", Elista, 1972, p. 48 ; Muhammedov et al. “Recommendations for improving pastures in arid zones of Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan”, M., Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, 1982, p. 16).

After fixing the seeded grasses, they cultivate the soil in strips with natural vegetation and are also sown with grass seeds. Thus, the technology of improving pastures in two stages protects them from the harmful effects of wind erosion. However, in its essence, it is a technology of radical improvement only in the strip version, which is notable for its high labor intensity and significant operational and capital costs.

A known method of improving semi-desert pastures, including strip tillage with preservation of untreated strips, sowing grass in the latter and harvesting the entire mass of grass after seed ripening. At the same time, the pasture is divided into strips of the same width (25-50 m). Through one lane they are treated and sown with grass seeds with different ripening periods. At the time of hay ripening, the grasses are mowed and raked through unseeded strips to the border of the next sowed strip. When raking, the ripened seeds crumble on an un sown strip. The next year, the grasses are mowed during the period of hay ripening of cereals and in late autumn they harrow areas across the direction of sowing, planting seeds in the soil (patent RU 2074599 of 03/10/1997), this analogue was adopted as the closest analogue.

The disadvantage of the analogue is the high cost during the work on updating the pasture.

The problem to which the invention is directed contributes to increasing the productivity of degraded pastures when applying a complex of agrotechnical and phyto-reclamation measures.

This task is achieved using a method of improving degraded pastures, including strip non-mold soil cultivation, while barley sowing is carried out in a wide-row method ahead of the year and cross-sowing of grain grain next year, November is considered the best sowing season, i.e. the winter period, during which a broad-row sowing of the rod is carried out, and in autumn the soil in these crops is loosened by harrowing, and grain crops are sown across the rows, when sowing the rod, the coulter springs are weakened so that the discs slightly touch the soil surface, the rate of sowing of the rod is 4-6 million / ha of germinating seeds, row spacing - 60 cm, sowing dates - from the third decade of November to mid-February, SZT-3.6, or SZP-3.6 seeders are used for sowing grain and barley, and wheat grain is sown across rows in September at a rate of 2 million / ha of germinating seeds at a depth of s 2-3 cm and row spacing 45 cm.

The creation of highly productive adaptive and sustainable brood-grass-agronomy agrocenoses in arid territories is possible if a set of ecological and technological methods is observed that allows to restore degraded forage lands and reduce the harmful effects of wind erosion.

The determination of optimal seeding rates, methods of sowing and the ratio of components has long been given special attention, since It is precisely on these elements of agricultural technology that the density of the population, the area of plant nutrition, and, consequently, the degree of intraspecific and interspecific competition for resources, and the premature maturity so desirable for practice, the high productivity of the created agrocenoses, and the saving of seed material, depend to a large extent.

To restore the grass stand of degraded pastures, it is recommended to use broiler and wheatgrass, which are representatives of two different phenorhythmotypes, characterized by the difference in maximum feed stocks. Wheatgrain agrocenoses provide a maximum of phytomass in June and are justifiably considered spring-early summer pastures. In addition, re-grazing can be organized on them in the fall: we are talking about the use of afternoon, i.e. that phytomass that grows after etching. Given the seasonal dynamics of the accumulation of feed stocks, rod agrocenoses should be used once in the summer-autumn period. In addition, if we take into account the ability of the young rod to give good afternoon after autumn, provided that the phytomass is first alienated before budding, i.e. in May, you can graze animals on its crops twice during the growing season, but not annually.

Mixed agrocenoses provide not only the opportunity to improve the quality of the feed, but also its eatability. With the competent design of such agrocenoses based on the principle of differentiation of ecological niches of components and their complementarity, it is possible to obtain more crop products from a unit area due to a more complete use of environmental resources by populations. In addition, it is known that under mixed crops, in comparison with clean crops, the amount of humus, aeration, and the number of water-resistant aggregates increase, which also contributes to their higher production of agrocenoses.

It has been shown that the grains of cereals are significantly superior to the chickens in competitiveness and, with unfavorable ratios of the norms for sowing seeds, strongly depresses them. On sandy and sandy brown soils, the optimal seeding rates in mixtures are 2 million grain seeds and 4-6 million / ha of barley seeds. Additional methods that reduce interspecific competition in the created agrocenoses are the methods of sowing: a year-ahead wide-row sowing of the rod and cross-sowing of the wheatgrass. The work is carried out in the following sequence: first, pre-cultivated soil in the optimum winter period is carried out with wide-row sowing of rod, whose plants manage to grow stronger during the growing season, partially form the root system, and in autumn the soil on these crops is loosened by harrowing, and grain crops are sown across the rows. Such methods of sowing additionally solve two more issues - they prevent the growth of weed vegetation in the row spacings and reduce the likelihood of developing wind erosion of the soil. When the rod is sown, the springs of the drill coulters loosen so that the discs lightly touch the soil surface. The seeding rate of the rod is 4-6 million / ha of germinating seeds, the row spacing is 60 cm, the sowing dates are from the third decade of November to mid-February. For sowing wheatgrass and rod, seeders SZT-3.6, or SZP-3.6 are used. Wheatgrass is sown across rows in September at a rate of 2 million / ha of germinating seeds with a seeding depth of 2-3 cm and a row spacing of 45 cm.

The focus on the creation of highly productive adaptive and sustainable brood-agronomy agrocenoses, subject to a set of technological methods, will prevent and restore degraded forage lands.

Pasture ecosystems created on the basis of the ecological and technological method are 5.6-6.6 times higher than natural pasture ecosystems in capacity and permissible load, which, in turn, can provide an increase in the output of livestock products per unit area.

The increase in phytomass produced by pasture ecosystems has a positive effect on the reclamation state of soils. Calculations show that under full load conditions of improved fodder land, the annual release of organic matter into the soil increases by 1.4–2 times compared with natural cenoses and during the ten-year period is 9–13 tons per hectare.

Compared with currently used agricultural technologies, the proposed method allows to obtain economic benefits: prior to restoration of degraded pasture ecosystems, their productivity in semi-desert and desert zones is low, not exceeding 0.3 t / ha of dry matter. After the ecological and technological restoration of their biodiversity is carried out, the productivity of these lands increases 5-8 times and amounts to 1.5-2.5 t / ha of dry fodder mass.

Claims (1)

A method for improving degraded pastures, including strip non-subsurface tillage, characterized in that the sowing of barley is carried out in a wide-row way ahead of the year and cross-sowing of grain in the next year, November is recognized as the best sowing season, i.e. the winter period during which a broad-row sowing of the rod is carried out, and in autumn the soil in these crops is loosened by harrowing, and grain crops are sown across the rows, when sowing the rod, the coulter springs of the seeder are loosened so that the discs touch the soil surface, the rate of sowing of the rod is 4-6 million / ha germinating seeds, row spacing - 60 cm, sowing dates - from the third decade of November to mid-February, SZT-3.6, or SZP-3.6 seeders are used for sowing grain and barley, and wheat grain is sown across rows in September at a rate of 2 million / ha of germinating seeds with a depth of their seeding 2-3 cm and a width of 45 cm between rows.