RU2616673C2 - Method for improving soil structuring - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises the prior applying of a structure-forming additive to the soil surface, plowing, harrowing and cultivation; said additive is represented by nanophosphorite applied to the soil surface in an amount of (8.0-12.0) kg per 1 ha crop area.

EFFECT: increasing soil fertility, the structure coefficient, the water stability coefficient.

1 tbl, 12 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of soil preparation for growing various crops and can be used in agriculture.

There is a method of improving the structure of the soil by pre-applying to its surface a structure-forming additive - ethoxylated polyoxyethylene glycol, plowing, harrowing and cultivation [1]. The disadvantage of this known additive is the relatively low proportion of those soil particles that make a decisive contribution to its fertility, namely with a size of (0.25-10.0) mm, as well as a low structural coefficient. In addition, this organic preparation may not be completely processed in the soil over time and accumulate in it, while creating undesirable consequences for growing crops.

The closest to the claimed by us object in terms of features and achieved by using the technical effect is a way to improve the structure of the soil by first applying a structure-forming additive to its surface - phosphorite, plowing, harrowing and cultivation [2]. The disadvantage of this method, which we have chosen as a prototype, is also the relatively low proportion of those soil particles that make a decisive contribution to its fertility, namely with a size of (0.25-10.0) mm, and, in addition, the relatively low structural and water strength coefficients.

The purpose of the present invention is to increase the proportion of those soil particles that make a decisive contribution to its fertility, namely with a size of (0.25-10.0) mm, as well as an increase in the structural and water resistance factors.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the known method of improving the structure of the soil by preliminarily applying a structure-forming additive, plowing, harrowing and cultivation on its surface [2], nanophosphorite is used as a structure-forming additive, which is introduced into the soil in the amount of (8.0-12.0) kg per 1 ha of sown area. As a result of using the proposed method, the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility increases by 20-25%, the structural coefficient by 25-30%, the coefficient of water resistance by 30-40% compared with those for the prototype method [2].

So far, the literature has not described any way to improve the structure of the soil, in which nanophosphorite or another mineral with a nanostructured level of organization of the substance would be used as a structure-forming additive. The circumstance just indicated gives us the right to assert that the claimed object complies with the first of the criteria established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for the invention, namely, the novelty. A comparison of the known features of the prototype method [2] and the distinguishing features that characterize the claimed object (replacement of the structure-forming additive used in the prototype — natural phosphorite containing micro and macro particles with sizes of about 1 μm or more by nanophosphorite containing nanoparticles with sizes less than 100 nm ), does not allow to predict a priori the appearance of new properties in comparison with the prototype, namely, an increase in the proportion of particles that ensure soil fertility, as well as structural factors and doprochnosti. In this regard, we have every reason to believe that the claimed object does not explicitly follow from the level well-known in the art and, therefore, corresponds to the second criterion feature of the invention — inventive step. The structure-forming additive proposed here is simple in composition, the preparation of both itself and the nanophosphorite used in it is simple and quite easily implemented on an industrial scale and, therefore, its practical use is also possible without much difficulty; if so, then we are entitled to talk about the conformity of the object we are declaring with the third criterion feature of the invention — industrial applicability.

The use of our proposed method can be demonstrated by the following examples.

Example 1 (preparation of additives)

Phosphorite flour obtained from natural phosphorites of the Syundyukovsky deposit of the Republic of Tatarstan is mixed with distilled or deionized (desalted) water at the rate of 20 g of flour per 100 ml of water. This mixture is then sonicated in an ultrasonic disperser UZU-0.25 with a power of 80 W at a frequency of 18.5 kHz with an oscillation amplitude of an ultrasonic waveguide of 5 μm for (5-20) minutes at room temperature, resulting in a suspension with phosphorite particle sizes (5 -95) nm. The nanophosphorite suspension thus prepared is then used for use as an additive in the soil.

Example 2

The structure-forming additive indicated in Example 1 is applied to the soil surface - nanophosphorite in the form of a suspension at the rate of 40 l (i.e. 8.0 kg of nanophosphorite) per 1 ha of cultivated area, after which it is plowed, harrowed and cultivated using a traditional method. Then, the content of aggregates of a certain size is determined by the so-called method. dry aggregate analysis, and water-resistant aggregates - by the method of so-called wet aggregate analysis in accordance with the procedure described in [3]. In the framework of the first of these methods, a sample of 1 kg is taken from a sample of the air-dried soil prepared above, sieved in portions through a sieve column with a diameter of 10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mm, avoiding with strong shaking. As a result of this procedure, the soil is divided into fractions with particle sizes> 10, 10-7, 7-5, 5-3, 3-2, 2-1, 1-0.5, 0.5-0.25 and <0 , 25 mm. Each fraction is weighed on a technochemical balance and its mass fraction is calculated as a percentage of the mass of the soil sample taken for analysis. In the framework of the second method, an average weight of 50 g is collected from individual fractions of aggregates obtained by dry sieving, for which a weight in g of numerically equal to half the percentage of this fraction in the soil is taken from each fraction on a technological chemical balance. Moreover, the fraction with a particle size <0.25 mm is not included in the average sample, so as not to clog the lower sieves during sieving. Next, they make up a set of 6 screens with holes from 5 to 3, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mm in diameter from the top to the bottom, fasten them and place them in a water tank so that there is a layer of water above the side of the top screen 5-6 cm. A cylinder with a sample of soil is filled with water for 2/3 of the volume and left to stand for 10 minutes, after which it is added to the top with water. After that, it is covered with a watch glass, tilted to a horizontal position and placed vertically. This procedure is repeated twice until the air is completely removed from the soil. Then the cylinder is closed with a stopper and kept in this position until the bulk of the soil aggregates fall down, after which it is turned over and waiting until the soil reaches the bottom. The described process is repeated 10 times until the destruction of fragile aggregates. Then, the bottom to the top of the cylinder is transferred to a set of screens and open the cylinder plug under water. The soil transferred to the sieve is sieved under water: a set of sieves is lifted under water without exposing soil clumps on the upper sieve, and lowered down with a quick movement. After 2-3 seconds, the movements are repeated. After 10 shakes, remove the top two sieves and continue to shake the bottom three sieves five more times. The aggregates remaining on the sieves are washed off with a stream of water from the wash bowl into large porcelain cups. After the soil aggregates have settled to the bottom of the cups, excess water is carefully drained from the cups and the soil aggregates are transferred to pre-weighed small porcelain cups for drying in a water bath to an air-dry state, and then weighed on a technical balance. The mass of each fraction of aggregates in grams is multiplied by 2 (since the calculation is made per 100 g of soil, and 50 are taken for analysis) and the percentage of water-resistant aggregates in the soil is obtained. The content of the fraction less than 0.25 mm is determined by the difference: 100% - Σ of all fractions> 0.25 mm, in%. The results for determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, namely with sizes in the range (0.25-10.0 mm), as well as structural and water strength factors for this case are presented in Table 1.

Example 3

Perform, as in Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 10.0 kg of nanophosphorite (i.e. 50 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. Data for determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for this case are also given in Table 1.

Example 4

Carried out, as in Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 12.0 kg of nanophosphorite (i.e. 60 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. Information on the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for the case under consideration are shown in Table 1.

Example 5 (comparative)

Perform, as in Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 5.0 kg of nanophosphorite (i.e. 25 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. Indicators of the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for this case, see Table 1.

Example 6 (comparative)

Perform, as in Example 2, but with the introduction of the suspension indicated in Example 1 at the rate of 20.0 kg of nanophosphorite (i.e. 100 l of this suspension) per 1 ha of sown area. The results of determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, the structural coefficient and water resistance for such a case are also shown in Table 1.

Example 7 (prototype [2])

They are carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of phosphorite at the rate of 4 tons per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). Information on the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are presented in Table 1.

Example 8 (prototype [2])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of phosphate rock at the rate of 6 tons per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). Data on determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are presented in Table 1.

Example 9 (comparative, prototype [2])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of phosphate rock at the rate of 12.0 kg per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). The results of determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, the structural coefficient and water resistance for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

Example 10 (similar to [1])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of ethoxylated polyoxyethylene glycol into the soil at the rate of 12 kg per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). The values of the fraction of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength coefficients for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

Example 11 (comparative, similar to [1])

Carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but with the introduction of ethoxylated polyoxyethylene glycol into the soil at the rate of 20 kg per 1 ha of sown area (in the form of an aqueous suspension). The results of determining the proportion of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

Example 12 (control)

They are carried out according to the general technology of Example 2, but no additives are introduced into the soil. Data on determining the fraction of particles ensuring soil fertility, structural and water strength factors for such a case are also presented in Table 1.

As can be seen from the data in Table 1, when using the method we are proposing, there is a significant improvement in indicators that determine the degree of soil structure, namely, a significant increase in the proportion of particles with sizes in the range (0.25-10.0) mm, as well as the structural and water resistance coefficient compared with those for the prototype method [2]. It should be especially noted in this regard that the amount of nanophosphorite required to achieve the goal is approximately 500 times less than the amount of phosphorite used in the prototype method [2]. Moreover, it is characteristic that the claimed range of amounts of nanophosphorite based on 1 ha of cultivated area, namely (8.0-12.0) kg, is significant and, when going beyond its lower border, there is one or another decrease in the above technical effect, when going beyond the upper - the actual overspending of nanophosphorite, since there is no longer any further increase in the indicators indicated in Table 1 (see the data of Examples 2-4 and 5-6).

LITERATURE

1. RF patent No. 2430951 (analogue).

2. T.H. Ishkaev, Sh.A. Aliev, I.A. Yapparov. Agroecological aspects of the integrated use of local raw materials and non-traditional agro-ore in agriculture. Kazan, Center for Innovative Technologies, 2007. S. 154-159 (prototype).

3. V.V. Medvedev. Soil structure (methods, genesis, classification). Kharkov, Publ. "13 typography", 2008. S. 402-405.

Claims (1)

A method for improving soil structure by preliminary applying a structure-forming additive, plowing, harrowing and cultivation onto its surface, characterized in that nanophosphorite is used as the specified additive, which is applied to the soil surface in an amount of (8.0-12.0) kg per 1 ha of sown area.