RU2590231C1 - Ventilation unit and method of its installation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to elements of building structures, namely to volumetric units for sanitary purposes, intended for organization of natural ventilation in residential, social, administrative buildings, as well as to erection of building structures, and can be used in construction of monolithic walls, floors and partition walls of buildings and structures used in various industries, where it is necessary to construction thereof. Ventilation unit is made of whole monolithic concrete and has shape of hollow rectangular parallelepiped, consisting of four walls with fastening elements arranged on them and two internal partitions dividing inner space of unit on main channel and two side satellite channels. As fasteners key groove is used made along perimeter of walls with outer side, parallel to upper cut of ventilation unit for jamming in flooring. Two reinforcement rods are arranged in through holes in upper part of walls and inner partitions. Besides, at least, one of walls is equipped with anchor for fixation of brace to it during installation of ventilation unit. Method of mounting of the ventilation unit includes installation of ventilation units on each other and fixed with help of fasteners to floorings; installation of first (start) ventilation unit at lower flooring before grouting of top floor slab with temporary attachment to brace by means of anchor; assembly of top inter-floor slab formwork; reinforcement of upper plate of inter-floor slab with simultaneous installation of two reinforcement rods in through holes of ventilation unit; closure of rim of ventilation unit with temporary cover to prevent ingress of concrete into inner space of unit; concreting floor plate of upper covering, during which deepening-key to upper part of ventilation unit is filled with concrete mix, and fixation of reinforcement bars in inter-floor slab; formwork, top cover, bracing removal after achievement of set design strength of concrete; installation of above located ventilation unit.

EFFECT: technical result consists in simplifying design of ventilation unit and faster process of construction of multistory buildings.

12 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to elements of building structures, namely to volumetric units for sanitary purposes, intended for the organization of natural exhaust ventilation in residential, public, administrative buildings, as well as to the construction of building structures, and can be used in the construction of monolithic walls, ceilings and partitions buildings of structures used in various industries where construction is necessary.

There are various technical solutions in this area.

So, the RU patent for invention No. 2176297 for a ventilation unit is known (IPC EV04/170, published. November 27, 2001). The ventilation unit for residential and civil buildings includes the ventilation ducts of the rooms and the prefabricated ventilation duct, separated by vertical diaphragms, with a horizontal diaphragm in the upper part of the middle channel and an opening formed in the vertical diaphragm between the middle and prefabricated ducts channels of premises located on the opposite side of the prefabricated ventilation channel, and in the upper part of the additional middle channel there is no additional horizontal diaphragm, and a hole is formed in the additional vertical diaphragm between the additional middle and prefabricated channels, the ventilation unit is open from the side adjacent to the interroom wall, and is located in the recess of this wall.

Known RU application for the invention No. 98116325 (IPC Е04В 1/348, published. 05/10/2000). The ventilation unit for residential and civil buildings includes indoor ventilation ducts and a prefabricated ventilation duct, separated by vertical diaphragms, with a horizontal diaphragm made in the upper part of the first channel and an opening formed in the vertical diaphragm between the first and prefabricated ducts (toilet) rooms adjacent to the prefabricated ventilation channel on the opposite side, and in the upper part of the formed second channel is made similar horizontal diaphragm, and in the vertical diaphragm between the second and prefabricated channels a similar hole is formed, the ventilation unit is made open from the side adjacent to the interroom wall, and is located in the recess of this wall. In addition, the block is made of two identical symmetrical semiblocks adjacent to each other with open sides with the possibility of forming a ventilation riser common for two adjacent apartments having a common collecting channel, and the ventilation ducts of the rooms and bathrooms (toilet) rooms are separated by inter-apartment diaphragms.

Also known patent RU for utility model No. 27130 (IPC E04F 17/04, published. 01/10/2003). The ventilation unit includes a vertical through channel-collector and two satellite channels, and each satellite channel is equipped with a blind jumper, displaced in height to the upper base of the block, and two holes, respectively, for air intake and for bypass air from the satellite channel to the collection channel moreover, the unit further comprises a vertical channel of small cross-section, made through and located between the satellite channels, said satellite channels and a small cross-section channel being made along one of the sides of the collection channel. The block is prefabricated and contains a three-dimensional metal frame equipped with three vertical lateral outer walls and a vertical inner wall-partition to form a through channel-collector, and an insert equipped with two vertical racks made in the form of channels from galvanized sheet steel roofing, with two attached to the said racks with vertical walls-partitions for the formation of a through channel of a small cross section and a vertical lateral outer wall, while s last fixed vertical metal pillar in the form of blind corners and jumpers for the channels satellite. In addition, the unit contains mounting loops mounted on the upper base from the inside of the surround metal frame.

Known spatial support system for frame, panel and frame-panel buildings according to the patent RU for utility model No. 137039 (IPC Е04В 1/04, published. 01.27.2014), which contains load-bearing elements conjugated in connection nodes, floor slabs, reinforced concrete precast monolithic flat floor disks formed by prefabricated multi-hollow slabs interconnected with load-bearing elements by means of inter-plate joints, concrete keys and reinforcing outlets, stiffness diaphragm, external fence in the form of external walls output panels or small-sized elements - blocks or bricks, while the specified spatial supporting system is formed by supporting elements of two types: frame-crossbar type (KRT) and panel-wall type. Moreover, these floor slabs are a set of two types of hollow-core slabs: standard and reinforced, the last of which are located at the locations of balconies, bay windows, protruding and falling loggias and have a variable length part cantilever beyond the building’s size in accordance with the design decision of the building’s vertical outline . In this connection nodes are made with the possibility of transferring horizontal loads to the supporting elements of the frame through the floor slabs on the diaphragms of rigidity, which are installed in places of the structural-planning scheme of the building, most exposed to horizontal loads. Reinforced hollow-core slabs are made of a concrete body, between the voids in the middle part of which amplifiers are formed by placing a complex reinforcing tab in the body of the slab from longitudinal rods and reinforcing elements connected by fixing means with the formation of a two-T-shaped strength element during pouring and hardening of concrete, functionally equivalent to the I-beam reinforced concrete beam built into the slab. The specified reinforcing elements in the zone of support of the cantilever releases of the floor slab are additionally reinforced with a steel sheet or welded reinforcing cage, while the amplifiers are separated from each other and from the sides of the floor slab by distances that allow them to be placed between them through transverse slots and open cutouts for plumbing and ventilation equipment and the ability to place insulation in the installation area of the wall panel, while columns are provided in the system with supporting elements s, and the specified floor slabs are selectively located. Cutouts are made in the ceilings, facing towards each other and forming dowels with P-shaped reinforcement outlets located in them from the external and internal bearing panels. Said longitudinal connecting rods anchored in dowels are placed at the joints of the conjugate floor slabs, with the possibility of ensuring the calculated stiffness of the floor slab in the horizontal plane.

The closest in the set of essential features to the proposed invention is a whole monolithic ventilation block of the II 01-02M series, developed by the St. Petersburg Zonal Research and Design Institute (http://lenzniiep.spb.ru/), TU 5896-003-03984346- 94. The installation method for the ventilation unit in question was developed by ZAO PO PO BARRIKADA on the basis of GOST 17079-88 “Ventilation concrete blocks. Technical conditions. " Typical design solution No. 03984346/022-KZh “Concrete ventilation blocks for residential and public buildings with a floor height of 2.8 m; 3.0 m; 3.3 m. Materials for design. Working drawings "developed by ZAO" PO "BARRICADA" ".

The block of this series consists of a central channel and two satellite channels located on each side. Typical ventilation units are made with metal mortgages, as a rule, located in the lower part of the ventilation unit, to which, after lowering the ventilation unit into the hole in the upper floor plate, but after it has been removed, metal corners that transfer the load of the ventilation unit are welded to overlap. The ventilation units are mounted on the downstream ventilation units and, after installation, the corners are welded, and a solution is placed at the corners before welding or after welding. In the event that the solution is laid after welding, it shrinks from its own weight, which leads to the formation of a gap between the solution and the corner. If the solution is laid before welding, and then corners are installed on it, then due to the strong heating of the corners during welding, the water quickly evaporates from the solution, which also leads to its shrinkage and loss of strength properties. What is the disadvantage of this option of supporting ventilation units.

Thus, the disadvantages of the known analogues and prototype are the significant complexity and material consumption in the manufacture of the ventilation unit, as well as difficult to perform high-quality installation of the ventilation unit.

The task to which the invention is directed is to create a ventilation unit and a method for its installation, due to which costs and construction time will be reduced during the construction of multi-story buildings.

The technical result of the invention is to simplify the design of the ventilation unit and to accelerate the construction process of high-rise buildings.

The technical result is achieved in that in a ventilation unit made of solid concrete and having the shape of a hollow rectangular parallelepiped, consisting of four walls with fastening elements placed on them and two internal partitions that divide the internal space of the unit into the main channel and two side satellite channels, according to the invention, as a fastening element, a recess-key is used, made along the perimeter of the walls from their outer side parallel to the upper edge of the ventilation unit and for pinching a ceiling, and the two reinforcing bars disposed in the through holes at the top of the walls and internal partitions. Moreover, at least one of the walls is also equipped with an anchor for attaching a strut to it during installation of the ventilation unit.

Also, the technical result is achieved due to the fact that in the method of mounting a ventilation unit made of solid concrete and having the shape of a hollow rectangular parallelepiped, consisting of four walls with fastening elements placed on them and two internal partitions that divide the internal space of the block into the main channel and two side satellite channels, including installing ventilation units on top of each other and fixing them using fastening elements to the floor, it is proposed:

- as a ventilation unit, use a unit with fasteners in the form of a recess-dowel, made along the perimeter of the walls on the outside of them parallel to the upper edge of the ventilation unit, and reinforcing rods inserted into through holes made in the upper part of the walls and internal partitions, moreover, at least one of the walls is provided with an anchor,

- install the first (starting) ventilation unit on the lower floor level before pouring the upper floor level with temporary fastening to the strut using an anchor,

- mount the formwork of the upper floor,

- to carry out the reinforcement of the slab of the upper floor with the simultaneous installation of two reinforcing bars in the through holes of the ventilation unit,

- close the upper edge of the ventilation unit with a temporary cover to prevent concrete from entering the interior of the unit,

- perform concreting of the slab of the upper floor, in the process of which a recess-key is filled with concrete mixture to pinch the upper part of the ventilation unit and the reinforcing bars are fixed in the slab,

- then, after gaining the design strength with concrete, remove the formwork, top cover, strut and proceed with the installation of the upstream ventilation unit.

Additional differences of the invention are that:

- the width of the recess-dowels 30-70 mm and the depth of 15-35 mm; and the optimal dimensions are: the width of the recess-keys 50 mm and a depth of 25 mm;

- through holes for the placement of reinforcing bars are located at a height of 60-90 mm from the top edge of the ventilation unit, and the optimal size is: height 80 mm from the top edge of the ventilation unit;

- the anchor for attaching the strut is installed in at least one of the walls of the block at a height of 1000-1200 mm from its upper edge.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the following drawings:

FIG. 1 - general view of the ventilation unit, where 1 - walls of the ventilation unit, 2 - recess-key, 3 - upper edge, 4 - strut;

FIG. 2 - drawing of the ventilation unit, top and front views, section 1-1, where 5 - the internal space, 6 - the main channel, 7 - satellite channels, 8 - internal partitions, 9 - openings for the placement of reinforcing bars, 10 - anchor;

FIG. 3 - photograph of the anchor;

FIG. 4 is a photograph of a top view of the ventilation unit, where 11 are reinforcing bars installed in the through holes 9 of the ventilation unit, 12 is a temporary cover;

FIG. 5 is a drawing of a pinched ventilation unit in a floor slab.

The ventilation block is made of solid concrete, has the shape of a hollow rectangular parallelepiped, consisting of four walls 1 with fastening elements placed on them and two internal partitions 8, dividing the inner space of the block 5 into the main 6 channel and two side 7 satellite channels. As the fastening elements, a recess-key 2 is used, made along the perimeter of the walls 1 from their outer side parallel to the upper edge 3 of the ventilation unit for pinching in the ceiling, as well as two reinforcing rods 11 (the optimum diameter of the reinforcing rod is 12 mm) placed in through holes 9 (the optimum hole diameter is 20 mm) in the upper part of the walls 1 and internal partitions 8. At least one of the walls 1 is also equipped with an anchor 10 for attaching a strut 4 to it when mounting the ventilation unit, at a height of 1000-1200 mm from the top edge of the 3 ventilation unit.

Brace - a tool used for temporary fastening of precast concrete elements (walls, etc.) by fastening one end of the brace with a bolt into the anchor to the precast concrete element (wall, ventilation unit), and the other end of the brace is mounted in concrete - floor (floor) .

The width of the recess-keys 2 is 30-70 mm, and the depth is 15-35 mm. The optimal dimensions of the keyway 2 are a width of 50 mm and a depth of 25 mm.

Through holes 9 for placement of reinforcing bars are located at a height of 60-90 mm (optimally 80 mm) from the upper edge 3 of the ventilation unit.

The method of mounting the ventilation unit includes installing the ventilation units on top of each other and fixing them using fastening elements to the floor floors. The first (starting) ventilation unit is installed on the lower floor level before pouring the upper floor level with temporary fastening to the strut 4 using anchor 10, the formwork of the upper floor level is mounted, the plate of the upper floor level is reinforced with two reinforcing bars 11 installed in the through holes 9 ventilation unit, close the upper edge 3 of the ventilation unit with a temporary cover 12 to prevent concrete from entering the interior 5 of the unit, the concreting of the interfloor upper floor slab is fused, during which the recess-key 2 is filled with concrete mixture to pinch the upper part of the ventilation unit, and the reinforcing bars 11 are fixed in the interfloor slab. Then, after the design strength has been set with concrete, the formwork, the top cover 12, the strut 4 are removed and the installation proceeds with the upstream ventilation unit.

To confirm the strength and reliability of the mounting of the ventilation unit according to the invention, a number of necessary calculations were performed (see SP 63.13330.2011 "SNiP 52-01-2003. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. General provisions).

The estimated load from the own weight of the ventilation unit is

G _vb = γ _n · γ _f · V _vb · ρ _gb · 10 = 1.0 · 1.1 · 0.43 · 2.5 · 10 = 11.825 kH,

where γ _n - reliability coefficient for the intended purpose;

γ _f is the reliability coefficient for the load;

V _vb is the concrete volume of the ventilation unit;

ρ _gb is the density of reinforced concrete.

Calculation of the required reinforcement anchoring in order to ensure joint operation of the ventilation unit with a monolithic overlap

The basic anchoring length required to transfer force in the reinforcement with the full design value of the resistance Rs to concrete is determined as follows:

R _bond = η ₁ · η ₂ · R _bt = 2.5 · 1.0 · 0.9 = 2.25 MPa,

where A _S is the cross-sectional area of the anchored reinforcement bar;

R _bond is the calculated adhesion resistance of the reinforcement to concrete, taken uniformly distributed along the length of the anchoring;

U _S is the perimeter of the cross section of the anchored reinforcement bar;

R _bt is the calculated value of the concrete resistance to axial tension;

η ₁ - coefficient taking into account the influence of the type of surface of the reinforcement;

η ₂ - coefficient taking into account the influence of the size of the diameter of the reinforcement.

The required design length of the anchoring of the reinforcement is F 12 A400, taking into account the structural solution of the element in the anchoring zone, is determined:

Where l _{0, an} is the base anchoring length;

α - coefficient taking into account the effect on the length of the anchoring of the stress state of the structural element in the anchoring zone;

A _{S, cal} is the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement required by calculation;

A _{S, ef} is the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement actually installed.

We take the anchoring length into a monolithic reinforced concrete slab for the edge of the ventilation unit 500 mm.

Calculation of punching concrete dowel ventilation unit

The calculated cross-section for punching the concrete key is located along the contour of the ventilation unit. The calculated load from the own weight of the ventilation unit in the calculated section is G _vb = 11.825 kH.

Estimated cross-sectional area of the key of concrete subject to shear

Perimeter P _b = 2 · (750 + 350) = 2200 mm

Estimated area of concrete

A _b = P _b 50 = 2200 50 = 110,000 mm ² = 0.11 m ²

The bearing capacity of the dowels, taking into account the coefficient of unevenness of the force transmission ψ = 0.75, is determined from the condition G _vb ≤ψ · γ _b1 · R _bt · A _b ,

where γ _b1 is the coefficient of concrete working conditions.

Substituting the values in the condition of strength, we obtain:

G _vb = 11.825 <ψ · γ _b1 · R _bt · A _b = 0.75 · 0.9 · 0.9 · 110000 · 10 ^-3 = 66.82 kH.

Thus, the condition of the strength for breaking concrete dowels in the design section is provided.

Calculation of crushing concrete of the channel wall with a steel anchoring rod

The calculated load from the own weight of the ventilation unit in the calculated section is:

Estimated concrete crushing area in accordance with the drawing of the ventilation unit:

A _{b, max} = t · b = 12 · 50 = 600 mm ² ;

A _{b, loc} = t · b = 12 · 50 = 600 mm ² ,

where t is the conditional thickness of the reinforcing bar;

b is the length of the reinforcing bar.

Estimated concrete crush resistance:

ψ = 0.75.

The condition for shear strength under the action of its own weight in a single design section: G _µvb ≤ψ · φ _b · R _b · γ _b1 · A _{b, loc} ,

where R _b is the calculated concrete axial compression resistance for the limiting states of the first group.

Substituting the values in the condition of strength, we obtain:

G _µvb = 2.956 <ψ · φ _b · R _b · γ _b1 · A _{b, loc} = 0.75 · 0.8 · 11.5 · 0.9 · 600 · 10 ^-3 = 3.726 kH.

Thus, the condition for the crushing strength of the concrete of the channel wall with a steel anchoring rod in the design section is provided.

The calculation of the tensile strength (cut anchors) under the action of the dead weight of the ventilation unit

The calculation of the separation under the action of its own weight in the calculated section is performed from the condition: G _vb ≤0.58 · R _S · A _S.

Substituting the values for reinforcing steel of class A400, we obtain:

G _vb = 11.825 <0.58 · R _S · A _S = 0.58 · 355 · 4 · 113.1 · 10 ^-3 = 93.149 kH.

In the event that part of the rods are excluded from work, in the worst case, only two rods provide joint work:

G _vb = 11.825 <0.58 · R _S · A _S = 0.58 · 355 · 2 · 113.1 · 10 ^-3 = 46.575 kH.

Thus, the condition of peel strength under the action of its own weight in the design section is provided.

During the calculations, no violations of the current design standards were revealed, which indicates compliance with the strength of both the structure itself and the interface. The analysis of the used units for interfacing ventilation units with ceilings showed the possibility of jamming of ventilation units in ceilings.

The calculation of the savings from the use of the proposed ventilation unit

- Calculation of savings due to the refusal to install metal corners

Four angles (80 × 8, 80 mm long, i.e., a total length of 0.32 m) in each lower corner are installed in the known ventilation unit.

The cost of a corner 80 × 8 with a length of 11.7 m = 25534 rubles, respectively, the cost of one meter = 25534 / 11.7 = 2182 rubles.

Thus, the cost of the corners removed from the proposed ventilation unit = 2182 rubles. 0.32 m = 698.34 rubles.

- Calculation of appreciation due to the cost of installed plastic tubes

The price of one meter of a tube with a diameter of 20 mm is 5.4 rubles, i.e. the cost of the tubes in the proposed ventilation unit 0.4 · 2 · 5.4 = 4.32 rubles.

Thus, the reduction in the manufacturing cost of one proposed ventilation unit is 694 rubles. Those. the savings are more than 9.7% (with the cost of a ventilation unit of a known design 7120 rubles).

The calculation of the savings from the application of the proposed method of mounting the ventilation unit

The cost of installation (welding) of corners = 96.44 rubles .; the cost of corners = 698.34 rubles., the cost of work on monetization = 326.77 rubles .; concrete cost = 65.55 rubles.

Total savings with the proposed method of mounting one ventilation unit will be 1187.1 rubles.

Total, the total amount of savings from the application of the invention is: 694 rubles. + 1187.1 rub. = 1881.1 rub., I.e. the savings will be 23% of the cost of the known method of mounting the ventilation unit (with the cost of the ventilation unit of known design 7120 rubles).

Claims (12)

1. The ventilation unit, made of solid concrete and having the shape of a hollow rectangular parallelepiped, consisting of four walls with fastening elements placed on them and two internal partitions, dividing the internal space of the block into the main channel and two side satellite channels, characterized in that as fastening elements, a recess-key is used, made along the perimeter of the walls from the outside, parallel to the upper edge of the ventilation unit for jamming in the ceiling, as well as two ar floor rods placed in through holes in the upper part of the walls and internal partitions, and at least one of the walls is also equipped with an anchor for attaching a strut to it when mounting the ventilation unit. 2. The ventilation unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the recess-keys is 30-70 mm and the depth is 15-35 mm. 3. The ventilation unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the recess-keys is 50 mm and the depth is 25 mm. 4. The ventilation unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the through holes for accommodating the reinforcing bars are located at a height of 60-90 mm from the upper edge of the ventilation unit. 5. The ventilation unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the through holes for accommodating the reinforcing bars are located at a height of 80 mm from the upper edge of the ventilation unit. 6. The ventilation unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the anchor for attaching the strut is installed in at least one of the walls of the unit at a height of 1000-1200 mm from its upper edge. 7. The method of mounting a ventilation unit made of solid concrete and having the shape of a hollow rectangular parallelepiped, consisting of four walls with fastening elements placed on them and two internal partitions that divide the internal space of the unit into the main channel and two side satellite channels, including the installation of ventilation blocks on top of each other and fixing them using fasteners to the floor, characterized in that
- as a ventilation unit, use a block with fastening elements in the form of a recess-dowel, made along the perimeter of the walls on the outside of them parallel to the upper edge of the ventilation unit, and reinforcing rods inserted into through holes made in the upper part of the walls and internal partitions, moreover, at least one of the walls is provided with an anchor,
- the first (starting) ventilation unit is installed on the lower floor level before pouring the upper floor level with temporary fastening to the strut using an anchor,
- mount the formwork of the upper floor,
- carry out the reinforcement of the slab of the upper floor with the simultaneous installation of two reinforcing bars in the through holes of the ventilation unit,
- close the upper edge of the ventilation unit with a temporary cover to prevent concrete from entering the interior of the unit,
- perform concreting of the interfloor upper floor slab, during which a recess-key is filled with concrete mixture to pinch the upper part of the ventilation unit, and reinforcing bars are fixed in the interfloor slab,
- then, after gaining design strength with concrete, the formwork, top cover, strut are removed and the installation proceeds with the upstream ventilation unit. 8. The method of mounting the ventilation unit according to claim 7, characterized in that the width of the recess-keys is 30-70 mm and the depth is 15-35 mm. 9. The method of mounting the ventilation unit according to claim 7, characterized in that the width of the recess-keys is 50 mm and the depth is 25 mm. 10. The method of mounting the ventilation unit according to claim 7, characterized in that the through holes for accommodating the reinforcing bars are located at a height of 60-90 mm from the upper edge of the ventilation unit. 11. The ventilation unit according to claim 7, characterized in that the through holes for accommodating the reinforcing bars are located at a height of 80 mm from the upper edge of the ventilation unit. 12. The ventilation unit according to claim 7, characterized in that the anchor for attaching the strut is installed in at least one of the walls of the unit at a height of 1000-1200 mm from its upper edge.

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