RU2583234C1 - System for illuminating ice conditions and preventing effect of ice formations on sea objects of business operations - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: lighting.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to systems for illuminating ice conditions and preventing effect of ice formation on sea objects for economic activities. System includes means of monitoring of hydrometeorological environment in region of location sea objects of economic activities, means of determining characteristics of ice formations, protection against ice formations, display means of ice formations, a system for monitoring state of caisson, command-and-control system connected with monitoring of hydrometeorological environment, means for determining characteristics of ice formations and means of protection against ice formations. Means for protection from effects of ice formations are capable of withstanding a load comparable to that of critical load that occurs during impact of ice massif. System for controlling caisson state includes a strain gauge to measure ice loads on caisson, an inclinometer for measuring inclinations caisson, a ground dynamometer for measuring load on ground, a pressure transducer (piezometer) to measure and evaluate possible excessive pressure in soil on dynamic horizontal loads. Means for protection from effects of ice formations is in form of underwater and surface modules. Underwater modules are equipped with cooling units. Surface modules are composed of sliding structures and unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with devices for automatic dispensing of chemical reagents, applied on ice formation in form of calcium carbide.

EFFECT: technical result is improving reliability of protection of marine objects of economic activity during periods of ice formation, drift and ridging of ice fields, located under both shallow and deep seas.

3 cl

Description

The invention relates to lighting systems for ice conditions and to prevent the impact of ice formations on marine objects of economic activity.

A known method of destroying the ice cover for sea icebreakers, based on the use of Archimedean force, which consists in taking an autonomous underwater vehicle consisting of an empty tank with a volume of 100 m ³ , a hollow triangular cross section of a garroth with a volume of 20 m ³ and an engine room, which are connected with an icebreaker by electric power cable. The apparatus is lowered under the ice and using the control panel located on board the icebreaker, the jet engine and bring it to the place of destruction of the ice. Opening the gate, fill the tank with seawater. Gargrot ensures the buoyancy of the entire apparatus, resting gargrot on the lower edge of the ice, air from the gargrot when filling the tank with water is released through the check valve. The pump through the pipe and the non-return valve pumps water from the tank and creates an Archimedean force equal to 100 tons, with which, at the point of contact of the sharp edge of the garrot, with ice, the temporary shear resistance of ice equal to 30 kg / cm ² is almost 5 times higher. The pressure in the garrot is reduced to 0.2 atm. After the formation of cracks in the ice, the icebreaker and the apparatus move forward. The device consists of a tank, gargrot, engine room, a power electric cable, a water-jet engine with a rotary nozzle, an electric water pump, a check valve that can only discharge water from the tank, an intake pipe, a gate that can fill the tank with seawater, and a reverse a valve with the ability to release air from the gargrot when filling the tank with sea water. The ice cover is destroyed with a thickness of 2.5 and more meters (patent RU No. 2326785 C1, 06/20/2008 [1]).

There is also known a method of destroying the ice cover and the prefix to the vessel for its implementation (patent RU No. 2213675 C2, 10.10.2003 [2]).

The destruction of the ice cover with an incision of a limited area of the ice cover is carried out by jets of water, steam-water mixture or steam heated in a heat generator. The jets are directed at an angle to the surface of the water, so that when notched, pieces of ice are formed with faces at an angle to the surface of the water, and the jets are given a rotational movement. Compressed air is supplied under the ice cover, intended for prestressing the ice cover before destruction. After incision of the ice cover, electric current is passed into the water through the ice through the slit of the incision. The icebreaker attachment to the vessel contains a wedge-shaped frame, the casing of which forms concave cheekbones in the form of a double-sided plow with an upper ice-cresting ridge. It is equipped with one collector with nozzles connected through a heat generator. One of the nozzles has a swirl designed to impart rotational motion to the flow of the working fluid. The prefix to the vessel is equipped with a sliding contact included in the electric circuit under the collector with nozzles, designed to destroy the ice sheet by the action of electric current through the ice sheet and water. The prefix to the vessel is equipped with a mechanical or hydraulic drive designed for its raising and lowering. Achieving a reduction in the cost of power, energy and money for the delivery of goods by water in the ice cover of the water surface.

There is also a method of destroying the ice cover for the ascent of a submarine (patent RU No. 2085432 C1, 07.27.1997 [3]). The inventive method of breaking ice for the ascent of a submarine (PL), comprising supplying a stream of heated liquid to the surface of the ice. The process of ice destruction occurs when the submarine ascends to the periscope depth and adjusts its position. Using rods with nozzles, providing a minimum gap between them and the bottom surface of the ice, warm water is supplied and thus the ice is heated around the entire perimeter of the submarine, forming slots. Then, the submarines are brought under a section of slots sunk in the ice, create positive buoyancy, break the ice weakened by the slots, and float to the surface above the surface. As a heated liquid, water is used from the circulation path, which is thrown overboard in normal conditions, which eliminates the need for bulky equipment (heat exchangers, pumps, etc.) to be placed on the submarine and additional energy costs for heating and pumping water.

There are also known methods of destroying the ice cover by performing explosions.

A known method of destroying the ice cover includes installing explosives under ice at a distance from each other and undermining them. To increase the efficiency of ice destruction by explosions, the charges are detonated alternately, each of the subsequent charges being detonated with a time interval equal to the transit time of the peak of the flexural-gravitational wave (IGW) from the place of the explosion of the previous charge (copyright certificate SU No. 1820188 [4]).

The disadvantage of this method is that during blasting operations to increase the ice-breaking ability of IGW, only the energy of direct movement of water and ice cover is accumulated, i.e. oscillatory motion directed upward against the force of gravity. The energy accumulation of the reverse downward movement in the direction of gravity does not occur with the known method, i.e. the possibility of increasing the energy of IGV is not fully utilized. In addition, small and medium-sized ice fields form after the explosion, which under appropriate hydrometeorological conditions will continue to move towards, for example, the offshore oil and gas terminal, creating a threat of damage or destruction.

There is also known a method of destroying the ice cover, which consists in the fact that several charges are placed under the ice, which are detonated with an interval of time equal to the transit time of the flexural-gravitational wave from the place where the previous charge was blown up to the place where the subsequent charges were blown. At the same time, explosive charges are additionally placed on ice, which undermine simultaneously with the detonation of charges established under the ice cover. Moreover, each charge located above the ice cover is installed at a distance from each charge located under the ice cover equal to half the length of the flexural-gravitational wave, which allows to increase the amplitude of the flexural-gravitational wave and thereby increase the efficiency of the destruction of the ice sheet by explosions (RU patent No. 2124178 [5]). The essence of the invention is to increase the efficiency of destruction of the ice sheet by explosions.

The technical result obtained by the implementation of the invention is to increase the amplitude of the IHV excited by the detonation of explosive charges.

A significant drawback of the known methods is that they allow to achieve a technical effect in water areas free from objects of economic activity located in the waters of the seas, and are practically not suitable in areas where such objects of economic activity, such as offshore gas and oil complexes are located.

The widely known methods of ice destruction based on hydraulic and thermal methods also did not find wide industrial applicability due to their significant drawbacks.

The hydraulic method of breaking ice in practice has long been known. In particular, this method is used in hydraulic engineering, when in winter they prepare the front for dredgers. In this case, powerful hydromonitors are used, which destroy the ice with a stream of water under high pressure. The application of this method requires the provision of high water pressure. Powerful installations are necessary to ensure a high pressure of the water jet, which is not economically justified.

The thermal method involves cutting ice using gas, gasoline or other burners (gasoline cutter). At the initial moment, the ice begins to melt quickly, but in the future, the water formed as a result of melting of the upper layer of ice prevents the intensive melting of the lower layers of ice. At the same time, the process of ice melting slows down sharply. The results of the work did not confirm the opinion on the advisability of using this method.

As you know, the main dynamic factors that form the ice cover are wind, currents and level fluctuations. Shallow water, tortuosity of the coastline and a rather complex bottom topography with a large number of cans, streamers and islands also have a significant effect on the nature of hummocking processes. All this determines the features of the dynamics of the ice occurring on the arctic seas of Russia. In the initial period of ice cover formation in shallow sea water, when the border of young ice extends from the coast to depths of 2-3 m, along with gear-layered ice characteristic of all arctic seas, hummocks forming agglomerates are formed during agitation and hummocking, - granaries .

The factors listed above significantly affect the size and location of their location, therefore they distinguish stamukhs by time and place of their appearance, as well as by the type of ice from which they are formed. A characteristic feature of immovable stamukahs, which makes it possible to distinguish them from hummocks moving together with drifting ice, is the formation of the so-called. “Water shadow” from their leeward side during ice movements.

Due to the fact that in winter, along with the processes of ice formation, opposite processes of ice destruction constantly occur, seasonal contact shifts are typical of the fast ice contact zone with drifting ice. In addition to the tangential wind stress, the formation of hummocks at the boundary between fast ice and drifting ice is facilitated by level rises during surges. In this case, powerful ridges of hummocks are formed, several kilometers long and 2 m or more high, located perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. At the next shift of the landfast ice and drifting ice boundary, a new ridge of hummocks arises, parallel to those formed earlier, resulting in the formation of hummock belt observed on the drift sections of the Arctic seas. The compressive and tangential forces arising during the contact of the ice floes lead to ice breaking and formation of hummocks on their edges. There are tidal, thermal and wind hummocking. Tidal hummocking, for example in the Northern Caspian, is insignificant, because tidal level fluctuations here do not exceed the measurement accuracy. Thermal hummocking takes place during severe winters in the fast ice zone, however, it does not have a significant effect on the overall picture of hummockiness. The most characteristic of most seas is wind hummocking, which is facilitated by subglacial currents and sea-level fluctuations.

The maximum hummockiness, for all types of winters, is observed in the contact zone between fast ice and drifting ice.

Coastal shallow waters with a flat and shallow bottom are characterized by such a shape of the bottom relief as traces of plowing or furrows. They have the appearance of long, often rectilinear furrows with a length of several tens of meters to several kilometers. Furrows are formed when exposed to the bottom of hummock drifting ice, they are oriented in the direction of the prevailing winds during these periods and are like ice drift vectors drawn along the bottom. The width of the furrows varies from a few to 50-100 m or more. All furrows end in shafts formed by plowed soil. The height of some exceeds the depth of the sea, and they go to the surface in the form of islands.

The duration of the existence of furrows in silty soils is 2-3 years; in sandy soil, furrows are washed away by excitement for one season.

Since shallow areas of the seabed over a large area are subject to ice plowing (the interaction of drifting ice with the seabed), it can be argued that these processes are massive (albeit seasonal) in nature and therefore play an important role in the ecology of this reservoir. Along with the purely mechanical movement of huge masses of bottom soil, inhibition of bottom, island and coastal vegetation and organisms occurs.

Most of the seas of the Arctic basin are characterized by a wide variety of ice processes. Being a serious natural obstacle in the implementation of human activities at sea, the ice cover significantly limits the activity and poses a real threat to security.

Recent work in the offshore zone on the search for hydrocarbons dictates the need to search for more sophisticated and not burdened by serious material costs and labor-intensive means of protecting offshore structures.

The source of information (Rasenko A. “Kaisar” is an ice defender // Astrakhan Izvestia newspaper, January 22, 2004 [6]), as a means of protecting offshore oil and gas terminals in the Caspian Sea, the possibility of using old flooded in shallow water for these purposes is considered ships that were previously used as targets for missiles.

Ships are located in the sea at depths of 5-6 m and at a distance from the coast from 10 to 50 km. Occasional shifts and intense ice drift under the influence of storm winds prevailing at this time of year, west and east, as well as sea-level fluctuations in the sea contribute to the formation of powerful hummocks. Continuous hummocky fields form around the flooded ships, and along their sides - giant multilayer heaps of ice debris, the height of which ranged from 3-6 to 15 meters above sea level, and their underwater bases reached the bottom, forming hummocky formations sitting on the ground - granules .

The obtained results of ice research were used in 1999 in Astrakhan, where for the needs of the Kazakh company OKIOC (Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company), the reconstruction of a typical submersible drilling barge was carried out, which was specially adapted to work in the drifting ice of the North-East Caspian.

The submarine base and sides of the Kaisar-type barge have been modified to withstand ice loads, which have been studied and analyzed for five years. As a result of the calculations, the area of the barge was doubled, special ice reflectors were added on both sides of the barge. At the place of placing the barge in the sea, on both sides of the barge, it is planned to install a system of powerful metal piles (a depth of up to 20 m deep in the seabed), the purpose of which is to contain the onslaught of drifting ice and activate the processes of hummock formation around the platform. A similar device for protecting the drilling platform from drift ice is also known (Karl-Ulrich Evers, Walter Spring Ice mjdel testing of an exploration platform for shallow waters in the North Caspian sea // 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Frctic Conditions "Ice Engineering Applied to Offshore Regions "(Fugust 12-17, 2001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), 2001, pp. 255-264 [7]), which also helps protect drilling objects from destruction when ice fields move in front of the drilling object during the ice period of hummocks sitting on the ground, through ice-resistant structures that are specially flooded according to The diameter around the drilling platform.

However, with all the numerous advantages of Kaisar-type barges, the use of this device still does not guarantee absolute protection of drilling facilities from the effects of drifting ice.

So, in February 2002, under the influence of storm winds of predominantly western points, there was an increase in the concentration of floating ice in the Guryevskaya furrow area, their intensive movement, hummocking and formation of granules, which was accompanied by an increase in sea level caused by wind surge. This dangerous natural phenomenon almost caused a serious accident at the Sunkar Kazakh drilling platform. One of four Ice Defender barges, specially built and flooded around the drilling platform to protect it from the dangerous effects of drifting ice, was moved by moving ice from its place and moved along the bottom to a distance of 120 m.

A useful model is also known, which relates to the field of the oil and gas industry, in particular, to protecting drilling facilities from destruction during operation at sea, in the Northern Caspian, in ice conditions - Device for protecting drilling facilities from destruction during movement of ice fields (patent for useful RU model No. 79611 [8]).

The technical result of the device [8] is a further improvement of the protection against destruction of drilling facilities of marine exploration and production. The known device [8] solves the problem of protection against destruction of drilling facilities of marine exploration and production and contains a protective barrier consisting of metal shields installed at the bottom of the reservoir and screw piles. In this case, the device operates as follows. Around the drilling object, a protective barrier is installed to provide ice hummock extinguishing, and it is fixed with four to six screw piles, which ensure reliable fixation of the protective barrier at the bottom. Screw piles are deepened into the ground by 10 m or more and initiate the formation of an annular granule around the drilling object. Ice fields drifting under the influence of wind meet a protective barrier located around the drilling object and break. The claimed technical result is obtained under the assumption that due to the frequent change of wind directions for all types of winters, in relation to the conditions of the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the direction and speed of ice drift in the sea also often changes, up to 2-5 times a day. Ice hummocking occurs, and as a result of repeated changes in wind directions, taking into account their repeatability, an annular hummock is formed around the drilling object, which sits on the ground, which subsequently protects it from shear and destruction.

At the same time, another very important problem is simultaneously solved - ensuring the environmental safety of water as a result of possible accidental oil spills, since the annular granule formed around the drilling object provides reliable localization of the source of oil (and any other) pollution limited by the internal dimensions of the annular granule. It is much simpler, cheaper, and safer to eliminate the effects of pollution inside the annular granule than in the open sea, covered with drifting, hummock ice.

However, the technical result from the use of this technical solution is achieved only under the condition that "the direction and speed of ice drift in the sea also often changes, up to 2-5 times a day." In addition, the reliable installation of screw piles is associated with additional difficulties, primarily due to the type of soil and depths of the sea in the area of the offshore oil and gas terminal.

There is also known a method of destroying ice cover (patent RU No. 2452812 C1, June 10, 2012 [9]). The invention relates to the field of protection of drilling objects during the movement of ice fields and can be used to destroy the ice cover. The method includes the installation of explosive charges under ice and their alternate detonation with an interval of time equal to the transit time of the flexural-gravitational wave from the place where the previous one was blown up to the place where the subsequent charges were detonated. Explosive charges are set over the ice sheet and undermined at the same time as the charges established under the ice sheet are detonated. Before installing explosive charges measure the speed and direction of the wind, underwater currents and ice field drift, determine the thickness of the ice. Explosive charges are placed with the formation of the direction of propagation of the blast wave in opposite directions from the location of the marine business. The technical result is to increase the reliability of the protection of the marine business from the effects of ice formations. New distinctive features of the known method, namely, that before installing explosive charges measure the speed and direction of wind, underwater currents and ice field drift, determine the thickness of the ice, and explosive charges are placed with the formation of the direction of propagation of the blast wave in opposite directions from the location offshore economic activity, eliminate the unwanted spread of ice formations in the direction of the offshore business activity. However, installing charges at a certain distance from each other is a time-consuming operation and is not completely safe.

It is also known a device for the destruction of the ice cover, which contains acting on the coating of a vessel equipped with a gas source and a system for supplying it under the ice cover. The gas supply system is equipped with a collector placed under the cover and a mechanism for setting the collector in an underwater position to create a gas layer in the fracture zone. The invention is aimed at expanding the arsenal of technical means (patent RU No. 2314963 C2, 01/20/2008 [10]).

To actuate the device by the mechanism for setting the gas manifold in an underwater position, the gas manifold is installed in an underwater position. The gas supply and regulation system for the destruction zone is included in the operation. Gas from the gas source through the supply lines through the regulatory bodies enters the gas collector, and from it - under the ice cover, where the gas layer is created. The gas layer separates the ice cover from the liquid, thereby eliminating the influence of the liquid on the process of destruction of the coating. When exposed from above, there is no need to overcome the forces caused by the influence of the liquid as an elastic substrate, and when exposed from below, there is no need to overcome the forces of adhesion of the coating to the liquid. Consequently, efforts to break the ice cover are greatly reduced. However, the creation of a uniform gas layer cannot always be ensured, for example, in the presence of keels of the ice cover or in the presence of underwater currents.

There are also known methods of combating ice formation based on the use of anti-icing reagents, such as sodium, calcium and magnesium chlorides in pure form or with additives of phosphate, sand, zeolite and triethanolamine, respectively, or in combination with several of these additives (patent RU No. 2294352 C1, 27.07 .2007 [11]), by applying them to the ice surface using automatic chemical dosing devices (patent RU No. 2487971 C1, 07/20/2013 [12]), which allow to achieve a positive effect with an ice thickness of not more than 10 mm, which allows you to use them to combat ice formation mainly on highways.

The initial component of the task of protecting offshore facilities during ice formation, drift and during hummocking of ice fields located both in shallow and deep seas is the task of determining the structure of hummocks and hammers, the properties of ice and the boundary of ice and soil.

This problem is solved by known technical solutions, for example, by means of determining the structure of hummocks and hammers, the properties of ice and the boundary of ice and soil, which is characterized by the fact that thermal electric or water drilling of wells in ice is carried out, measurement and simultaneous recording of drilling time on a computer and the depth of the well, temperature and pressure of water in the well near the bottom and the heat power supplied to the drill, determined by measuring voltage and current during electrical When drilling and temperature and water flow when drilling with hot water, while drilling stamukh, they make a series of rises and lowerings of the drill to the bottom to continue drilling contaminated ice and reach the bottom soil, which is determined by a sharp increase in water temperature near the bottom and a decrease in the drilling speed until it stops, according to the depth of the well and water pressure near the bottom, determine the depth of the boundary between ice and soil, determine the drilling speed and build a graph of the dependence of the drilling speed on the depth of the well and on it the location and size of the voids are estimated, the ice density is determined by the drilling speed, supplied power and the measured temperature of the ice and water in the face, and the water level in the well is determined by the measured pressure of the water in the well near the face, from which the boundaries of consolidated ice are determined, and with thermal electric drilling produce a constant pumping from the bottom of the melt water generated during drilling, and pass it through a salinity meter, while the measured data is recorded on a computer simultaneously with each other by their parameters and take them into account when determining the density of ice, and from the obtained values of salinity and ice density determine its porosity (patent RU No. 2153070 C1, 07.20.2000 [13]) or by means of a method for determining the ice thickness of freezing waters in the range from film to 100 -120 cm with discreteness limited by the sensitivity of the method, and above 120 cm - without discreteness averaged over a local resolution element, according to satellite images in the thermal channel of the infrared frequency range in a cloudless atmosphere, meteorological data srednennoy surface wind speed V during the sensing and thermal conductivity values and the depth of snow cover (patent RU №2319205 C1, 10.03.2008 [14]).

A device is also known for providing the ability to determine the geometric characteristics (profile and thickness) of an ice hummock by continuously measuring the ordinates of the ice hummock profile in time (patent RU No. 2189006 C1, 09/10/2002 [15]).

To do this, in the device for determining the geometric characteristics of the ice hummock, including a movable carriage, at least two measuring nodes, respectively, upper and lower, each of which has a guide with a movable rod, at the end of which there is a measuring tip, and a transducer of mechanical displacements into an electrical signal, the output of which is connected to the recording equipment, and the lower measuring tip with the rod has positive buoyancy, the carriage is made in the form a mobile platform with a rod located vertically below it, mounted with the possibility of movement across the platform. Both guides are cantileverly mounted on the rod horizontally one above the other with a lumen, at the free ends of which are mounted sensors that are transducers of the angle of rotation into an electrical signal, while the axes of the said transducers are rigidly connected to the tips of the measuring tips, and the mobile platform is equipped with a sensor moving the platform along the ice hummock, electrically connected to the recording equipment.

The presence of a vertical rod attached to the platform, on which both guides with movable rods and measuring tips are located, allows both (upper and lower) measuring units to be moved simultaneously to ensure continuous recording of ice and ice hummock parameters from above and below.

The installation of a vertical rod with the possibility of its movement across the platform makes it possible to carry out measurements at any selected point over the area of the ice field.

Providing the platform with a displacement sensor allows you to determine the coordinate of the measured point and get a picture of the ice hummock profile during the measurement process.

The base structure of the offshore platform is known (patent RU No. 2030503 C1, 03/10/95 [16]), containing a concrete monolithic caisson consisting of a top plate, a bottom plate, two coaxial protective walls - internal and external, designed to withstand the impact of an iceberg. These walls are located vertically between the plates and are rigidly connected to them. The outer wall of the caisson consists of protective elements of complex shape that can crack the surface of the iceberg hitting the caisson.

The disadvantage of this stationary structure is that it is technologically complex, cumbersome, and the construction of such a structure is not always justified from the point of view of economy and technology in the development of deposits in the ice regions of the Arctic.

The known design of the technological complex for the development of underwater mineral deposits on the shelf, which allows to protect the technological (wellhead) equipment from collision with icebergs (patent RU No. 2215847 C1, 10.11.03 [17]), containing an offshore platform, underwater satellites and an onshore technological base interconnected communications. The offshore platform includes a base, rigidly connected to the soil using piles. On the basis of a horizontal platform with technological equipment, and underwater satellites include production wells with wellhead equipment. The base of the offshore platform consists of at least two parts: the lower one, rigidly connected to the soil, and the upper one, on which there is a horizontal platform with technological equipment. The base is equipped with fixing elements for sequential fixing of the relative position of the lower part of the base, the upper part of the base and the horizontal platform between each other, as well as elements of quick disconnect connections of technological communications, providing the possibility of relative movement of parts of the base. The proposed design allows to increase operational safety by providing the possibility of eliminating the interaction of the offshore platform with the ice massif, in particular icebergs by controlling parts (changing the position) of the base in an emergency.

The disadvantage of the design is its complexity, bulkiness and stationarity. Its construction in the development of small underwater mineral deposits is inappropriate.

A known design of an offshore ice-resistant platform with a protection system against the effects of moving ice massifs (patent RU No. 2130526 C1, 05.20.99 [18]), containing an ice-resistant caisson made with bottom and top support plates, rigidly interconnecting the inner and outer profiled with protective from exposure to ice by wall elements installed with a gap relative to each other, and the upper structure mounted on the upper base plate and made of technological functional blocks. The caisson serves as a protective container that is not filled with water. The platform is additionally equipped with an auxiliary ice visor. The protective elements are made in the form of segments of cylinders of rotation with a conical profile in the upper part. In this case, taking into account the depth of the sea at the installation site of the sea ice-resistant platform, the outer profiled wall with protective elements is performed with a conical part in the ice impact zone.

This stationary design provides protection of wellhead equipment, however, in the development of small and medium deposits the construction of such a platform is unjustified due to the technological complexity of its installation, cumbersome and unprofitable, as well as similar technical solutions (patent RU No. 2151842 C1, 27.06.2000 [ 19], RU patent No. 2030503 C1, 03/10/1995 [16], US patent No. 5186581 A, 02.16.1993 [21], US patent No. 4963058 A, 10.16.1990 [22], copyright certificate SU No. 1708160 A3, 23.01 .1992 [23].

The technical result of the known technical solution (patent RU No. 2344226 C1, 01/20/2009 [24]) is to ensure mobility, improve manufacturability, profitability and reliability of the structure, which provides protection of wellhead equipment in the face of the risk of collision with moving ice massifs, in particular icebergs and hummocks .

The claimed result is achieved due to the fact that, in contrast to the well-known protection systems for the well (wellhead equipment) from exposure to ice masses [16-23], including hummocks, in the conditions of development of submarine hydrocarbon deposits containing a protective container being built above the wellhead, in the proposed the container system is made in the form of a strong shell that can withstand a load comparable to the critical load that occurs when an ice mass is hit, the shell is equipped with a number of sensors characterized by the possibility of their operation I at a load exceeding the critical one and electrically connected to the system of automatic switching on by a signal from the sensors of the wellhead sealing means. In addition, in the system, in particular, a load cell or a displacement sensor can be selected as a sensor.

The implementation of the container in the form of a solid, based on the claimed condition of the shell, can significantly facilitate the installation of the structure on the bottom because of its mobility and eliminate the need for complex and cumbersome economically and technologically expensive manipulations to install a stationary platform. Equipping the shell with a number of sensors with the possibility of triggering them under a load exceeding the critical one allows you to control the environment, which, if there is an electrical connection between the sensors and the system of automatic switching on of the sensors of the wellhead equipment sealing means, will provide reliable protection of the process equipment.

Proposed to a specific choice of sensors - strain gauge or displacement sensor are the most affordable in terms of their ability to respond to critical loads.

The known protection system is a cylindrical shell pre-calculated for strength, installed in an underwater position at the depths of possible hummocks passing over wellhead equipment, which can withstand a load comparable to a critical load arising from an impact of an ice massif, for example, steel. A strain gauge system is built into the shell. The sensors are connected to the system of automatic inclusion in an emergency (approaching hummock) means of overlapping (sealing) of the mouth, in particular, the valve.

The protection system operates as follows. When approaching hummock, the load cell sends a signal to the emergency automatic start system. The sensor signal is the control signal for the shutoff means (valve) of the wellhead.

The choice of the shape of the container and the properties of the material from which it is made, in combination with the emergency response system and automatic sealing of the wellhead integrated into the container, contribute to mobility, increase of manufacturability, profitability and reliability of the design, which protects the wellhead equipment in the event of a risk of collision with moving ice masses , in particular icebergs and hummocks.

However, the triggering of the sensors when the load is fixed in excess of the critical load occurs at the moment the ice formation affects the structural elements of the container, i.e. subsequent closure of the wellhead may be useless. In addition, the hummock in its dimensions and weight may not be dangerous for the platform, and the emergency response system will work.

In addition, platforms for hydrocarbon production on the shelf of the Arctic seas, as a rule, consist of hydrocarbon shipping devices, a residential module, an auxiliary module, an intermediate deck and a support base (caisson), combined into a single prefabricated structure, while the caisson is mounted on a stone berm, located on sea soil at a depth of 19-20 m, for example, the Prirazlomnaya production platform installed in the Pechersk Bay of the Barents Sea, which is a complex technical structure, has such a structure, and which, using the known device [24], is practically impossible to protect from ice impacts.

Monitoring of the condition of the caisson is carried out by the monitoring system of the state of the caisson, including a deformation sensor for measuring ice loads on the caisson, an inclinometer for measuring the inclination of the caisson, a soil dynamometer for measuring the load on the soil, a pressure transducer (piezometer) for measuring and evaluating the possible increase in excess pressure in the soil from dynamic horizontal loads.

The objective of this technical solution is to increase the reliability of protection of offshore economic activities during ice formation, drift and during hummocking of ice fields located both in shallow and deep seas.

The problem is solved due to the fact that the system of lighting the ice situation and preventing the impact of ice formations on the marine objects of economic activity, including hummocks, in the development of underwater deposits, including means for monitoring the hydrometeorological situation in the region where the marine objects of economic activity are located, means for determining the characteristics ice formations, means of protection from exposure to ice formations that withstand a load comparable to that arising upon impact of the ice massif by a critical load, means of displaying ice formations, a caisson condition monitoring system including a deformation sensor for measuring ice loads on the caisson, an inclinometer for measuring the inclination of the caisson, a soil dynamometer for measuring the load on the soil, a pressure transducer (piezometer) for measuring and evaluating a possible increase in overpressure in soils from dynamic horizontal loads, additionally contains a command-control complex connected to moni hydrometeorological conditions in the region where marine facilities are located, means for determining the characteristics of ice formations, means of protection against the effects of ice formations, means of protection against the effects of ice formations are made in the form of underwater and surface modules, while the underwater modules are equipped with refrigeration units, the surface modules are made in retractable structures and unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with automatic chemical dosing devices reagents in the form of calcium carbide, when applied to an ice formation. At the same time, the command and control complex contains a functional logical unit for determining the critical parameters of the impact of ice formations on a marine business object, taking into account its strength characteristics, means of displaying ice formations, made with the possibility of highlighting the boundaries of ice formations, including unconsolidated parts of hummocks keels, using operator masks Canny (With John Canny. A Computation Approach to Edge Detection.// IEEE Transaction Analysis and Machine Intelligence. N6. Vol. Pami-8, November, 1986, pp. 679) and the possibility of constructing a situation model of the trajectory of motion relative to the relief of the shelf, coastline and marine business. Through the command-control complex, teams are formed for the operation of a particular protective equipment.

Means of monitoring the hydrometeorological situation in the region where offshore business facilities are located are located at distances L from the platform, and means for determining the characteristics of ice formations are located at distances l from the platform, determined by the formula l = t _cr √ gH, where t _cr is the normalized time to protect the protected area, g - gravity acceleration, H - the average depth of the sea between the coast and the device.

The lighting system for the ice situation and the prevention of the impact of ice formations on offshore business facilities contains a command and control complex that includes a functional logic unit for determining the critical parameters of the impact of ice formations on the offshore business facility, taking into account its strength characteristics, and means of protection from the impact of ice formations in the form of underwater and surface modules, while underwater modules are equipped with refrigeration units, surface The modules are made in the form of retractable structures and unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with automatic dosing devices for chemical reagents in the form of calcium carbide, when applied to an ice formation.

The functional-logical unit for determining the critical parameters of the impact of ice formations on a marine business object, taking into account its strength characteristics, contains: memory blocks, adders, registers, group comparison blocks, group switches, AND / OR element blocks, decoders, counters, delay blocks, generator clock pulses, trigger, logic unit for preparing luminance standards, including a unit for converting source map data, aerial photographs and images obtained from a satellite, Atelier of a single-channel or multi-channel field of information content, a block for searching the extrema of the field of information content, a block for comparing extrema of the field of information content of each channel, a block for calculating reference images, a block of buffer memory and communication between these elements.

Initial data - electronic topographic maps, terrain models, photo and video information (depending on the problem to be solved, all or only part of the data may be present) - come from technical means of monitoring the hydrometeorological situation in the region where marine economic objects are located, technical means for determining the characteristics of ice formations , as well as shock-load critical parameters of the marine object of economic activity (MOXD) - enter the input of the functional-logical about the block where they are converted, both into two-dimensional raster images using known standard algorithms, and into two-dimensional and three-dimensional image formats. For each image of the ice formation and the bottom topography, an array of coordinate referencing data is formed in the functional-logical block, which determines which coordinates on the ground correspond to each discrete image.

Further, the images are formed into information fields and the extrema of the field of information content of ice formations and bottom topography are identified by analyzing partial derivatives of the multi-channel information field, for example, by the Newton method (see, for example, A.A. Amosov, Yu.A. Dubinsky, N. P. Kopchenova, Computational Methods for Engineers, Moscow: Mir, 1998, pp. 279-284).

The coordinates of the found extrema are converted into coordinates on the ground (based on arrays of coordinates) and are compared taking into account the reliability of the source map data, for example, using the ellipsoid method (see, for example, “Orientation and Navigation of Moving Objects: Modern Information Technologies”, ed. B.S. Aleshin, K.K. Veremeenko, A.I. Chernomorsky. - M.: FIZMATLIT, 2006, pp. 123-128). By comparing the coordinates of the extrema, a ranked array of coordinates of the terrain is formed, in which the areas corresponding to the extrema in several images at the same time have the highest rank. Then, depending on the direction and speed of the wind and the current, situational models are constructed for the possible movement of specific ice fields (the trajectory of the ice formation is simulated).

For this, by means of, for example, radar, the distances of the closest approach to the ice formation, representing a potential hazard for MOXD, are determined, depending on the speed and course of movement of the ice formation.

At the same time, quantitative estimates of the movement of ice formation in a given region relative to MOH are obtained. As a result, the numerical values of the shortest distances to the ice formation are obtained. Modeling is carried out using methods of mathematical statistics, with finding approximation errors and determining confidence areas of ice formation relative to MOH. The measurements of the shortest distances from the axis of the “ship passage” of ice formation in the direction of movement on the MOX are performed on both sides of the “ship passage” using the Statistica statistical package (VP Borovikov, IP Borovikov. Statistical analysis and processing data in the Windows environment. M., 998 - 592 p.). Based on the strength characteristics of MOHD and possible adverse effects, a decision is made on its protection.

Means of protection against the effects of ice formations are made in the form of underwater and surface modules, while the underwater modules are equipped with refrigeration units, the surface modules are made in the form of retractable structures and unmanned aerial vehicles, and equipped with automatic dosing devices for chemical reagents in the form of calcium carbide, when applied to ice formation.

The proposed method is implemented as follows.

Using means for measuring the speed and direction of the wind, means for measuring the speed and direction of underwater currents and possible drift of ice fields, means for measuring the thickness of ice determine the speed and direction of wind, speed and direction of underwater currents and drift of ice fields, ice thickness. Acoustic wind speed and direction indicators or the Kasmeteo-type stationary hydrometeorological complex, which can be installed directly on the platform or on carriers (aircraft, surface and underwater swimming vehicles), can be used as a means of measuring wind speed and direction. As a means of measuring the speed and direction of underwater currents and the drift of ice fields can be used sonar parametric transducer, which is a sonar underwater probe. To determine the drift of ice fields, information obtained by stationary Kasmeteo-type hydrometeorological complexes from artificial Earth satellites or directly from artificial satellites equipped with infrared (IR) -radiometers that measure the thermal radiation signals of the terrain can also be used. An infrared image is formed due to the translational movement of the object along the path of movement and rotation of the antenna mirror (scan) in the perpendicular direction. An IR radiometer can be constructed similarly to the Lockhead RAC (Radiometric Area Correlator) system radiometer (I.N. Beloglazov, G.I. Dzhandzhgava, G.P. Chigin. Fundamentals of navigation in physical fields, Moscow, Nauka, Home Editorial Board of Physics and Mathematics, 1985, p. 28).

In addition, a radar can also be used, which can be built similarly to Obzor radar (Russian Air Force aviation and scientific and technological progress. Combat systems and systems yesterday, today, tomorrow. Edited by EA Fedosov. Bustard. Moscow, 2005, p. 633-639).

Switching and digitization of the output signals of the IR radiometer and radar can be carried out on the basis of the principles of processing television images, as set forth, for example, in (Television. Edited by P.V. Shmakov. Moscow, Svyaz 1979, pp. 394-410 )

The formation of a complex current image (TI) for combining digital images of an infrared radiometer and radar can be implemented on programmable logic integrated circuits (FPGA), on the basis of which the following operations are sequentially performed:

- noise suppression in each image (infrared radiometer and radar);

- improvement of each image by enhancing its contrasts;

- calibration and resizing of images in order to bring them to pixel by pixel coincidence;

- combination of images by pixel color mixing;

- smoothing to eliminate the effect of defocusing the complex image;

- filtering a complex image to increase its sharpness.

Xilinx Kintex-7 chips (Xilinx Redefines Power, Performance, and Design Productivity with Three Innovative 28 nm FPGA Families: Virtex-7, Kintex-7, and Artix-7 Devices. Xilinx WP373 (v1.4) can be used as FPGAs ) October 15, 2012). The selected chip is pin compatible with other Xilinx chips and can be replaced with a cheaper or more powerful option if necessary.

Noise suppression can be performed as a median filter (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, p. 194-195). The filter replaces the pixel value with the median value of the brightness distribution of all pixels in its vicinity (including the original one). In order to perform median filtering, for example, for a neighborhood of 3 × 3 elements of an image element, you must first sort the increasing values of the brightness of pixels inside the neighborhood and then assign the color components of the fifth median value to the element to be processed.

For monochrome images, the pixel brightness is equivalent to the component code G, and for color images, the pixel brightness can be determined, for example, by the expression:

Y = (0.3 * R + 0.59 * 0 + 0.11 * B),

where: R, G, B are the values of the color components.

The principle of image enhancement by enhancing its contrasts is based on the analysis of the histogram of the brightness of the input image (histogram equalization) (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, pp. 150-166).

The essence of the transformation is to construct such a transfer function in which a pixel of the input image with a minimum brightness is assigned a zero brightness value, a pixel of an image having a maximum brightness is assigned a hundred percent brightness, and pixels with intermediate brightness values are assigned values interpolated by the slope of the obtained function. The transform function may be linear, but in some cases, image enhancement based on a linear transform function is not the best approach. In particular, it is sometimes useful to obtain a different histogram form for the processed image.

Equalization of image histograms also allows you to align the brightness of different spectral images, which is very important for further processing.

Calibration and resizing of the image in order to bring them to the pixel matching images from the infrared radiometer and radar is as follows.

For calibration, it is necessary to select reference points on the images (the brightest and darkest elements of the image). For this you can use the threshold processing methods (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, pp. 850-874).

The combination of reference points is carried out through the use of affine transformations (scaling, offset, rotation) to the coordinates of the reference points of one of the images. It is advisable as the processed (first) image to choose the one in which a smaller number of control points were allocated.

The best matching option is selected using the least squares method. The calculation procedure is as follows. For each of the possible variants of affine transformations, all the reference points of the first image are selected. For each of these points, the nearest point in the second image is searched and the distance between them is stored. Next, the sum of the squared differences of the distances between the reference points of the two images for this variant of affine transformations is calculated and stored. The optimal scaling, offset, and rotation parameters correspond to the minimum sum of squared differences in the distances between the reference points of two images.

The affine transforms corresponding to the found optimal variant are applied to the entire first image. The method of bilinear interpolation of the values of the color components of the image at the nearest neighboring points is used (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, pp. 114-116).

Image alignment using pixel color mixing is described in (Mason Wu, Jackie Nader, Tom Davis, Dave Schreiner. OpenGL. Official Programmer's Guide. Publishing DiaSoft. M., St. Petersburg., Kiev. 2002, p. 206-211).

Smoothing to eliminate the effect of defocusing a complex image can be implemented by smoothing spatial filters described in (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, pp. 189-196).

Filtration of a complex image to sharpen it is carried out by spatial filtering of sharpening described in (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, pp. 196-213).

To highlight the contours in a complex image in order to bring it to a binary form, it is carried out by means of threshold TI processing. The TI presented in this form is less dependent on various distortions, meteorological or seasonal conditions. The implementation of threshold TI processing can also be performed on FPGAs in which gradient operators are implemented (R. Gonzalez, R. Woods. Digital image processing. Technosphere, M., 2006, pp. 825-836). The most widely used to highlight the boundaries of the mask operators Canny, Sobel and Prewitt. Most preferred is the Canny method, which is a collection of other methods. It consists of the following steps:

1) The image is smoothed (usually using a Gaussian filter).

2) There are edges in the image (usually the Sobel or Roberts method is used).

3) The direction of the gradient is found at each point.

4) Angle values are rounded.

5) It is checked whether the gradient value is a local maximum in this direction, if the point is not on the edge, then its value is set to 0, this phase is also called thin edges or non-maximum suppression.

6) The image is processed by two thresholds. If the gradient value at a point is above a certain threshold T ₁ , then this point is considered a boundary. Next, look at the points around the found boundary and, if the values of their gradients are above a certain threshold T ₂ , then they are also considered the boundary.

The reference information is based on a digital terrain map (MSC) of a vector format, for example, SXF (Storage and eXchange Format). In addition to the CCM, the preparation of the reference information uses photographs of the same locality. Initially, the procedure for highlighting borders in photographs, for example, by the Canny method, is carried out. After that, the procedure for comparing the CCM contours and the obtained boundaries in the photographs is performed. The coordinates of the border pixels in the photographs in the “corridor” of width Dpix along the CCM contours are recorded in the reference information.

Using the functional-logical unit, critical parameters of the impact of ice formations on the marine object of economic activity are determined taking into account their strength characteristics. To assess the strength characteristics of ice, regression dependences are established that relate the strength limits of ice during compression and bending, its temperature, salinity and density. Physico-mechanical properties of ice can be measured using a borehole pressiometer with a spherical indenter, while the strength of the unconsolidated part of the keels of hummocks is measured.

In this case, the construction of vertical profiles on the surface of the ice cover is performed. In this case, the coordinates of the control points are determined in a single coordinate system. Means of displaying ice formations are made with the possibility of identifying the boundaries of ice formations, including unconsolidated parts of hummocks keels, using the masks of Canny operators and the ability to build situational models of the trajectory relative to the relief of the shelf, coastline and marine business.

In an unfavorable situation, the development of the ice situation, as well as during fixation, by means of a monitoring system for the condition of the caisson, changes in dynamic indicators, by means of a command-control complex, teams form the functioning of a particular protective equipment.

To protect against ice fields with hummocks, an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with automatic dosing devices for chemical reagents in the form of calcium carbide is used.

Technical calcium carbide is a solid crystalline substance, very refractory, dark gray with a specific gravity of 2.2 and a characteristic sharp garlic odor due to the interaction of carbide with water vapor in atmospheric air. Calcium carbide CaC ₂ reacts violently with water, also with water vapor, releasing acetylene and leaving calcium oxide hydrate. In air, calcium carbide decomposes, interacting with water vapor, always present in the air, releasing acetylene. Commodity carbide is produced in seven granulations from 2-4 to 80-100 mm.

Submarine modules can be made in the form of metal structures of various shapes (piles, pontoons, combs designed for scrap ships and submarines, etc.).

Underwater modules equipped with refrigeration units are installed at distances S (l <S <L), on elevations of the seabed topography, to create artificial ice underwater formations to reduce the speed of movement of ice fields due to mechanical contact of the keels of the ice formation with artificial ice formations.

The destruction of the ice formation by reducing the height of the sail in the sea part can lead to a decrease in the precipitation of the ice formation, which is an effective protection against contact of the keel of the ice formation with the ground. As a result, not only a decrease in the surface part of the formation in the impact zone is possible, but also an additional appearance of the overturning (under the influence of Archimedean forces) moment, which can cause the breaking of the sea part of the ice formation.

The proposed method allows to eliminate the undesirable spread of ice formations in the direction of the location of the marine economic activity. Using the proposed method will allow to overcome more powerful ice cover, increase the speed of ship escort and ultimately extend the navigation time not only on the seas, but also on navigable rivers and lakes, as well as ensure the safe operation of marine facilities.

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Claims (3)

1. The system of lighting the ice situation and preventing the impact of ice formations on offshore economic activities, including hummocks, in the conditions of development of underwater deposits, including means for monitoring the hydrometeorological situation in the region where offshore economic activities are located, means for determining the characteristics of ice formations, means of protection from impacts of ice formations that withstand a load comparable to that of a critical load arising upon impact of an ice massif narrow, means of displaying ice formations, a monitoring system for the condition of the caisson, including a strain gauge for measuring ice loads on the caisson, an inclinometer for measuring the inclination of the caisson, a ground dynamometer for measuring the load on the ground, a pressure transducer (piezometer) for measuring and evaluating a possible increase in overpressure in soils from dynamic horizontal loads, characterized in that the system of lighting the ice situation and preventing the impact of ice formations on marine objects business activities, including hummocks, in the conditions of development of underwater deposits, additionally contains a command and control complex connected with means for monitoring the hydrometeorological situation in the region where marine objects of economic activity are located, means for determining the characteristics of ice formations, means of protection against the effects of ice formations, means of protection from impacts of ice formations are made in the form of underwater and surface modules, while underwater modules are equipped with spinning units, surface modules are designed as sliding structures and drones, equipped with devices automatic dosing of chemicals in the form of calcium carbide by applying them to the ice formation. 2. The system of lighting the ice situation and preventing the impact of ice formations on offshore economic activities according to claim 1, characterized in that the command-control complex contains a functional logical unit for determining the critical parameters of the impact of ice formations on the offshore economic activity subject to its strength characteristics . 3. The system of lighting the ice situation and preventing the impact of ice formations on offshore economic activities according to claim 1, characterized in that the means for displaying ice formations are configured to highlight the boundaries of ice formations, including unconsolidated parts of the keels of hummocks, using masks of Canny operators and with the possibility constructing situational models of the trajectory of movement relative to the relief of the shelf, coastline and offshore economic activity.