RU2519932C1 - Non-discrete passive sighting equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: weapons and ammunition.

SUBSTANCE: non-discrete passive sighting equipment relates to sighting devices for arms and is characterised by a pair of lines located opposite each other relative to a vertical plane and having such curvature, considering derivation correction, that angular distance between them as to horizontal plane at the depth of any sighting angle is equal to angular width of a stationary target at firing distance for that sighting angle. The equipment is used as a part of a structure having an optical axis. Without using any active (emitting) ranging means it gives to the arms such a sighting angle throughout the length of sighting distance, which accurately corresponds to distance to the stationary target. Therefore, maximum probability of target penetration throughout depth of sighting distance is provided.

EFFECT: obtaining a sighting angle corresponding to distance to a stationary target.

5 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to sights for weapons.

BACKGROUND

The weapons sights currently widespread are either discrete, that is, the distance to the target (aiming angle) in them is set from one division to another with a certain step (division price), or active, that is, they measure the distance to the target with a laser pulse.

In discrete sights it is impossible to establish the distance between the divisions of the sight. Because of this, at distances between divisions, the average trajectory of bullets is higher or lower than the line of sight. This can be seen in the Tables of excess of trajectories over the aiming line for any weapon - the collection "Tables of shooting at ground targets from small arms of caliber 5.45 and 7.62 mm" of the USSR Ministry of Defense, TS / GRAU No. 61, Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense, Moscow, 1977 g.

For example, when firing at a range of 350 m from the AK-74 using its standard mechanical sight, the average trajectory of bullets, respectively, and the average point of impact (STP) of division “Z” is 0.17 m lower and division “4” is 0 , 2 m above the aiming point.

In turn, the deviation of the STP from the aiming point (center of the target) reduces the likelihood of hitting the target, and when the STP leaves the target's contours, the probability of hitting the target begins to tend to zero - “Efficiency of firing from automatic weapons” Shereshevsky MS, Gontarev A .N., Minaev Yu.V., Moscow, Central Research Institute of Information, 1979

Thus, discrete sights cannot provide an accurate setting of the aiming angle and the maximum probability of hitting the target over the entire depth of the aiming range.

And the impulse of active sights is detected by the enemy, that is, these sights cannot provide stealth aiming.

Mechanical sights of Kalashnikov assault rifles and machine guns.

These sights, as indicated by the Guide to the 5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK74, AKS74, AK74N, AKS74N) and the 5.45 mm Kalashnikov machine gun (RPK74, RPKS74, RPK74N, RPKS74N), the Main Directorate of combat training of the Ground Forces. Uch. - ed., 1982:

- there are "... divisions with a price of 100 m ..." (Article 13);

- “The sight is set according to the distance to the target, rounded to as many as hundreds of meters” (Art. 155).

These sights are similar to the invention only by purpose. And they are distinguished by the fact that they are discrete and do not provide for setting the aiming angle at ranges between the divisions of the sight, which prevents the technical result of the invention from being imparted to the weapon over the entire depth of the aiming range of such an aiming angle that exactly corresponds to the range to the target.

Optical sight PSO-1 to the Dragunov sniper rifle.

“The scale of aiming angles has ten divisions (from 0 to 10). The division price is 100 m. Starting from division 3, using the lock available in the handwheel, you can set the aiming angles after 50 m .... In the center of the grid is an aiming mark .... Below are three more sighting marks ... they correspond to the range of 1000 m, 1100 m, 1200 m and 1300 m ... ”- Art. 1 and 2, chap. 11. Short description and instruction manual for the sight of the sniper optical PSO-1.

At distances between divisions, the excess (lowering) of the STP vertically from the aiming point (center of the target) is recommended to be compensated by the vertical shift of the aiming point from the center of the target by the size of this excess. And the sniper must calculate the excess for each shot separately - Art. 131, Manual on shooting business 7.62-mm Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD), USSR Ministry of Defense, Moscow, Military Publishing, 1971

This sight is similar to an invention in that some aiming angles - from 1000 m to 1300 m - are brought into view. And it differs from the invention in that it is discrete, including in the part brought in the field of view, and does not provide for the installation of the aiming angle at the distances between the divisions of the sight, which prevents obtaining the technical result of the invention in terms of giving the weapon the entire aiming range of such an angle aiming that exactly matches the range to the target.

American optical sights of the ACOG series.

American optical sights of the ACOG series have from 5 to 10 sighting signs (crosshairs), brought into view with a division price of 100 m - the article "American optical sights for small arms", the journal "Foreign Military Review" No. 8 and No. 9 for 2008 year.

With ACOG sights, you have to choose which of the signs to aim at the target, that is, you have to round the range (aiming angle) to as many as hundreds of meters.

Therefore, these sights are similar to the invention in that they have some aiming angles (every 100 m) brought into view. And they differ from the invention in that they are discrete - they do not provide for setting the aiming angle at ranges between the divisions of the sight, which prevents the obtaining of a technical result of the invention in terms of imparting to the weapon along the entire depth of the aiming range such an aiming angle that exactly corresponds to the range to the target.

TriggerPoint XS1 Laser Rangefinder Sight.

As stated in the article “A tenacious scope: for a sniper to help” - Popular Mechanics Internet portal, 12/03/2012 - The TriggerPoint XS1 scope has two aiming marks:

- one for aiming the laser rangefinder at the target when measuring range,

- the second is formed by a ballistic computer taking into account the measured range to the target and other shooting conditions for the actual aiming at the target.

This sight, like all sights with a laser rangefinder, is not discrete, since with each aiming it forms a new aiming mark, which has the required aiming angle. Therefore, this sight is similar to the invention in that it gives the weapon, over the entire depth of the aiming range, such an aiming angle that exactly matches the range to the target.

And this sight differs from the invention by the presence of a laser rangefinder, the pulse of which is detected by electronic systems of reconnaissance and aiming of the enemy, that is, the sight unmasks the arrow with this sight, warns the target and gives it time to hide.

Measurement of the range to the target by an active ranging system prevents the technical result of the invention from being obtained with this sight in terms of aiming stealth.

The closest analogue (prototype).

Closest to the invention are American optical sights of the ACOG series. However, the invention is structurally different from them so much that it is impossible to isolate the restrictive part in the claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The essential features characterizing the invention.

A non-discrete passive sighting device is characterized by a pair of lines located opposite each other relative to the vertical and having such a distortion, taking into account the derivation correction, that the angular distance between them horizontally at the depth of any aiming angle is equal to the angular width of the standard target at the firing range for this aiming angle. (Figure 1 and Figure 2 and a brief description thereof in a brief description of the drawings).

Signs that distinguish from the closest analogue.

From all analogues, including the closest one - ACOG - sights, the invention is distinguished by a pair of lines located opposite each other relative to the vertical and having such a distortion taking into account the derivation correction that the horizontal distance between them at a depth of any aiming angle is equal to the angular the width of the standard target at the firing range for this aiming angle.

These features provide a technical result in all cases, and they are subject to the requested amount of legal protection.

These features characterize the invention in various forms of its implementation:

- at various sizes for various types of weapons, various cartridges and various purposes,

- with any materials and methods of execution,

- in any optical designs,

- with any range scales or without them,

- with any additions to or without lateral amendments,

- with any additional aiming marks, inscriptions, symbols or without them,

- when combining several non-discrete passive sights in one design,

- in any color scheme, with or without backlight,

- and so on.

The technical result of the invention.

Since the horizontal distance between the lines (the width of the fixture) from the top to the bottom of the fixture gradually narrows, there will certainly be such a width of the fixture that exactly matches the angular width of the standard target located at any range within the sighting range. And since each width of the device is located at a depth of the aiming angle at a range where the standard target has such an angular width, there will always be an exact aiming angle for the standard target at any range.

Thus, the technical result of the invention is, without the use of active (emitting) ranging instruments, giving the weapon an entire aiming angle that exactly matches the range to the standard target over the entire depth of the aiming range.

When a non-discrete passive sighting device is equipped with a range scale, a second technical result is manifested - the measurement of range to a standard target.

The problem to which the invention is directed.

The technical result of the invention eliminates the vertical deviation of the midpoint from the aiming point (center of target). Therefore, the invention provides the maximum likelihood of hitting a regular target across the entire depth of the aiming range without the use of active (emitting) means of ranging.

The material from which the invention is made.

A non-discrete passive sighting device can be made of any material that will ensure the accuracy and stability of its geometric dimensions, as well as observing the device in the field of view of the shooter. For example, from metal (wire and the like), ceramics, as a pattern on a transparent or reflective material, as a hologram, as a display image, and so on.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Calculation of non-discrete passive sights.

Non-discrete passive sights are calculated for each type of weapon and each cartridge or projectile used with this weapon (a set of aiming angles), as well as for each type of target (width of a standard target). The calculation requires the following data:

A) The angular width of the standard target at various ranges.

The angular width should be calculated on the basis of the linear width of the standard goal according to generally accepted formulas. For example, in thousandths of a range using the formula:

Angular width, thousand = Linear width, m / Range, m · 1000

The linear width of the standard target can be taken as the linear width of the corresponding target, for example, from the course of firing from small arms, military vehicles and tanks of the Ground Forces (KS SO, BM and T SV-98), the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, was put into effect by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces from 10 December 1983, Military Publishing House, Moscow, 1989

The angular width of the standard target is laid out ½ on both sides of the vertical.

B) Aiming angles at various ranges for this type of weapon and this cartridge or projectile.

Aiming angles should be taken from weapon documentation, for example, from the “Basic” tables of the collection “Tables of shooting at ground targets from small arms of calibers 5.45 and 7.62 mm”, USSR Ministry of Defense, TS / GRAU No. 61, Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense, Moscow 1977

If the step of the data on the aiming angles is large and does not allow you to create sight lines smoothed (for example, if there are only aiming angles from the above “Main” tables, where they are given in increments of 100 m), then the points obtained from the available data are allowed to be connected by straight lines .

But the smaller the data step, the more accurate the non-discrete passive sighting device will be. Therefore, it is recommended to obtain the missing aiming angles by experimental firing.

B) Derivation amendments (for deflecting a bullet or projectile, usually to the right due to rotation) for this weapon and this cartridge.

Derivation corrections should be taken, for example, in the tables “Corrections for changing meteorological and ballistic conditions of shooting and derivation” in the collection “Tables of firing at ground targets from small arms of 5.45 and 7.62 mm calibers” of the USSR Ministry of Defense, TS / GRAU No. 61 , Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, Moscow, 1977

The derivation should be taken into account by shifting both lines of the device at each depth by the amount of the correction for derivation at this range.

Aiming with a non-discrete passive sighting device.

The aiming process is reduced to placing the standard target between the lines of the device so that the target touches them on its sides. (Figure 3 and a brief description of it in a brief description of the drawings).

Moreover, any standard target within the aiming range will fall exactly to the depth of the aiming angle for this range, which will ensure the receipt of the above technical result of the invention.

The average point of impact (STP) is at the level of touch of the lines of adaptation to the sides of the standard target. Therefore, the shooter, shifting the level of touch, can shift the STP, for example, to the center of the target for the maximum probability of hitting or to the level of the neck to break through the individual armor of the target.

Aiming at regular targets that are so close that their angular width is greater (wider) than a non-discrete passive sighting device, perform the upper level (at the top of the lines), since it is recommended to start the top of the lines from the depth of the aiming angle, which provides a sufficient probability of hitting the target at smaller ranges (Figure 2 and a brief description of it in a brief description of the drawings).

Established targets whose angular width is less than a non-discrete passive sighting device in its lowest part are located outside the sighting range (measuring range).

Combination of non-discrete passive sights.

Several non-discrete passive sights can be combined if they are designed for regular purposes, significantly varying in width. For example, the fixture for a regular goal “human head” is already twice as fixtures for a regular goal “human figure”, and therefore they can be combined. (Figure 4 and a brief description of it in a brief description of the drawings).

Acquisition of non-discrete passive sights with a range scale and / or mark for aiming at point targets.

A non-discrete passive sight can be equipped with a range scale and / or mark for aiming at short ranges on point targets.

Range scale is used for:

1) measuring the distance to the standard target, for example, when targeting other weapons;

2) aiming at a standard target, the angular width of which is indefinable (masked, partially hidden behind cover, and the like);

3) aiming for emergency purposes, that is, targets for the width of which this device is not designed.

For aiming 2) and 3), it is first necessary to determine the range to such a target with an eye, using landmarks, a laser rangefinder and the like, and then point the middle of the non-discrete passive sighting device at a depth of this range into the target.

When combining several non-discrete passive sights in the same design, the range scales of all compatible devices match.

For aiming at short ranges (where the trajectory is close to zero) on point targets (viewing eyes, loopholes, lenses of optical instruments and the like), a non-discrete passive sighting device can be equipped with a discrete aiming mark, for example, at a distance of 100 m in the form of a torn crosshair . (Figure 5 and a brief description of it in a brief description of the drawings).

Designs in which the use of non-discrete passive sights is possible.

A non-discrete passive sighting device is used as part of a structure having an optical axis. For example:

- in a design based on an optical or night, thermal imaging and the like passive electronic-optical sight, where it will replace all the aiming marks and the handwheel of the aiming angle; the adjustment screw for aiming angle to bring the weapon to normal combat remains;

- in a collimator or holographic sight, where it will replace the aim mark; in this case, the advantage of a collimator sight - the possibility of aiming from unstable positions - will be added to the ability to shoot beyond the range of a direct shot;

- in the sight with a laser rangefinder and ballistic computer as a second (stealth) aiming mode, when turned on, a non-discrete passive sighting device will replace active aiming marks on the display;

- in a mechanical sight as a front sight; then to create an optical axis it is necessary to use an aim mark instead of an aim bar, for example, as for shooting at target targets, drawn on a transparent material; this arrow mark will have to hold in position, as shown in Figure 5, it will be a "flat fly".

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1. Non-discrete passive sights.

On this and all other schemes, the lines of a non-discrete passive sights are stepped, not because they need to, but because of the low resolution (“coarse grain”) of the program with which the schemes are created and reproduced.

The less "stepping" lines of a non-discrete passive sighting device, the more accurate it is.

Figure 2. The essence of a non-discrete passive sights.

At the depth of any aiming angle (Z), the horizontal distance between the lines is equal to the angular width of the standard target at the firing range for this aiming angle.

It is advisable to start the top of the lines not from the aiming angle 0, but from the angle that provides a sufficient probability of hitting a regular target at shorter ranges. For example, for the AK-74, it’s advisable to start the top of the lines at a depth of the aiming angle to a distance of 100 m, because the height of the trajectory of 100 m is only 0.02 m (The main table for the AK-74 from the collection “Tables of shooting at ground targets from small arms of calibers 5 , 45 and 7.62 mm ”, Ministry of Defense of the USSR, TS / GRAU No. 61, Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, Moscow, 1977), and such a deviation from the center even of the main target is insignificant.

The size of derivation corrections, for example for AK-74, is such that the lower part of the lines is noticeably shifted to the right (the right line in the lower part is almost straightened). Consequently, the barrel of the weapon at these ranges will also shift to the left, compensating for the derivation.

Figure 3. Aiming on the figure of a person.

Positions a), b), c) show:

- for aiming, the vertical size of the target does not matter;

- as the target is removed, the aiming angle increases.

Position a) shows that if the lines of a non-discrete passive sighting device not only touch the sides of the standard target, but also intersect them, then the midpoint of hits will be at the level of touching the lines to the sides of the target.

Figure 4. Combination of non-discrete passive sights for a person’s figure and head.

The scope for the head is a pair of internal lines (shorter), and for the figure - a pair of external lines.

Aim in the head to produce along the internal lines, and in the figure - on the external.

The lines for the head are shorter than the lines for the figure because the effective range of the head is less than the effective range of the body.

Figure 5. Non-discrete passive sights AK-74 for a person’s figure and head with a range scale and a mark for firing at target targets (recommended equipment).

The increment of the pitch of the aiming angles as the distance to the target grows (“Basic” tables from the collection “Tables of shooting at ground targets from small arms of calibers 5.45 and 7.62 mm”, USSR Ministry of Defense, TS / GRAU No. 61, Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense , Moscow, 1977) allows you to mark the range scale with different divisions. As the range increases, the price of divisions in meters may decrease, as there is more space for placing divisions.

Reducing the price of divisions is just what is required for accurate shooting at emergency targets at long ranges.

Claims (1)

A non-discrete passive sighting device is characterized by a pair of lines located opposite each other relative to the vertical and having such a distortion taking into account the derivation correction that the horizontal distance between them at a depth of any aiming angle is equal to the angular width of the standard target at the firing range for this aiming angle.

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