RU2503781C1 - Quick-mounting energy-efficient frame building - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: frame building comprises a foundation, two non-connected metal frames lined with sheathing sheets so that they create a single joined sheathing space of walls and floor slabs, including an attic roof. The inner frame is made from steel columns joined by crossbars and beams of slabs, rests on the foundation and is a bearing frame of the building. The outer frame is made of light metal profile connected with the inner frame by temporary fixators, and serves to fix the sheathing sheets with the specified thickness of the external walls of the building. The sheathing space is filled with light concrete, for instance, polystyrene concrete.

EFFECT: improved thermal characteristics, increased earthquake stability and fire resistance of a building.

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Description

The invention relates to capital objects of civil and industrial construction and can be used in the construction of both low-rise and high-rise buildings up to 75 meters high with a long service life and low operating costs when operating the building in an ambient temperature range from -50 ° C to +50 ° C and relative humidity up to 100%.

A known structural system for the construction of low-rise buildings with a metal frame (Patent RU No. 62128), including external load-bearing walls, internal load-bearing walls, partitions, structures of floor and attic floors with a frame of steel profiles, load-bearing trusses or beams, roof and wall runs from steel profiles, where these structural elements are formed on the basis of frame frames made of thin-walled steel profiles, and heat and sound insulating material in the walls and ceilings spolagaetsya within the height of the section frame members and is protected inside the insulation film, and outside - waterproof diffusion film. The frame frame of the walls, partitions and ceilings is lined with plasterboard or gypsum-fiber sheets from the inside. Ventilated wall or roof girders are installed on the frame frame of the external walls, supporting trusses and roof beams for the installation of facade or roofing systems. Steel structural elements of walls, floors and roofs are provided with an anti-corrosion coating.

The disadvantages of the known structural system is that during construction there are significant restrictions on the height of the building and the length of the spans of the floors. Buildings constructed according to this system cannot be related to capital construction projects. Due to the limited thickness of the walls, the building will be “cold” in regions with winter temperatures below minus 25 ° С. Condensation will occur on the metal structures of the building, and the insulation material will gradually get wet, losing its heat-shielding properties. Molds and fungi can form inside the walls. When operating such structures in winter, they need to be excessively heated to remove moisture from the insulation layer. Fire outside or inside will cause collapse of structures.

A low-rise building is known (Patent RU No. 2295010), including a foundation, walling, wall slabs. The building contains a supporting frame made in the form of support columns of pipe-concrete columns located along the outer walls of the building from their inner side and at an equal distance from the outer walls. The columns are interfaced with the foundation and floor slabs, the coating slabs are supported on the columns. The enclosing structures are made of lightweight concrete made by monolithic aggregate.

The disadvantages of the known building is that the supporting frame is not designed for heavy loads. During construction, there are significant restrictions on both the height of the building and the length of the spans of the floors. Floor slabs greatly limit the ability to modify the spatial layout of the building. Even with the construction of a 1-2 story building, the use of a crane is necessary.

The closest solution is a prefabricated building containing a roof, partitions, external walls with external and internal cladding, forming a fixed formwork, inside which a metal frame of steel thin-walled profiles is placed. The formwork is monolithically filled with lightweight cellular concrete with the formation of load-bearing walls. As lightweight cellular concrete, polystyrene concrete is used. External cladding-formwork of the external walls is made of fiber cement plate. The inner cladding-formwork of the walls, the cladding of partitions and ceilings is made of glass-magnesite sheets or fiberboard. The roof is made with skins, forming a fixed formwork, inside of which is placed a metal frame made of steel thin-walled profiles. The formwork is filled with lightweight cellular concrete (Patent RU No. 92037, adopted as a prototype).

The disadvantages of the known building is that during construction there are significant restrictions on the height of the building and the length of the spans of the floors. To create load-bearing walls, it is necessary to use heavier grades of monolithic polystyrene concrete, i.e. more thermally conductive and more expensive than indicated in the description of the utility model. Due to the limited wall thickness, the building will not be “warm enough” in regions with winter temperatures below minus 30 ° С. Condensation will occur on the reinforcing metal structures of the building, which over time can lead to collapse.

An object of the invention is to increase the energy efficiency of a building to a level that exceeds the requirements of current regulatory documents, and increase the strength of the structure, allowing the construction of multi-story buildings.

The solution to this problem is ensured by the fact that in the well-known prefabricated frame building containing a foundation, walls, frame, floorings, formwork sheets, the space between which is filled with light concrete, the walls contain two metal frames not connected to each other, internal and external. The inner frame is the supporting frame of the entire building, made of vertical columns 2 resting on the foundation 1 (Fig. 1), which are rigidly interconnected at the level of the flooring with the crossbars 3 of the inner frame. At a distance of 0.1 to 1 meter from the inner frame, a light external frame 7 of the building is made, fastened to the internal frame with temporary clamps 9, which are removed as the formwork is filled with light concrete 8. Interfloor ceilings are made of the said crossbars of the internal frame with beams fixed to them floors 4 (figure 2), and columns 2, beam 3, floor beams 4 and the outer frame 7 are equipped with a bent profile 5, on which the formwork sheets 6 are fixed so that they form a single connected formwork space walls and floors.

Steel elements of the inner frame can be fastened together by welding and / or screw joints and / or rivets.

To obtain the maximum technical result, a number of distinguishing features of the building can be specified.

The columns and crossbars of the inner frame can be made of rectangular steel pipes and filled with heavy and / or light concrete. On the upper floor of the column building of the inner frame 2, floor beams 4 and the outer frame 7 with the formwork sheets 6 fixed to them can be made in the form of an attic roof (Fig. 3). As the mentioned foundation, supporting structures of a previously constructed and / or sanitized building can be used.

In addition, the communications of technological engineering systems can be placed inside the formwork before filling the walls with lightweight concrete, which reduces the labor costs for installing communications and increases the speed of construction.

The essential features of the invention common with the prototype:

- the building contains a prefabricated metal frame;

- the frame is sheathed with formwork sheets, i.e. the building is equipped with external and internal cladding;

- the frame is located inside the formwork;

- the frame is filled with lightweight concrete along the entire height of the walls;

- the roof is made with a metal frame and skins forming a formwork filled with lightweight cellular concrete.

Features distinguishing the invention from the prototype:

- walls contain two metal frames, not interconnected by metal elements;

- the inner frame is made of columns connected by bolts;

- the load-bearing element of the building according to the invention is the internal frame, in contrast to the prototype, where the metal frame is not a load-bearing but a reinforcing structural element;

- the external frame with temporary clamps allows you to vary the wall thickness from 0.1 to 1 m and serves only for fastening the outer formwork sheets.

- the formwork sheets are fixed on the walls, floors and roof in such a way that they form a single connected formwork space of all the building envelopes and floors.

- the outer and inner sheathing sheets forming the formwork can be removable.

These new features, in conjunction with the known ones, are sufficient to obtain the claimed technical result.

Figure 1 shows a vertical section of a building according to the invention.

Figure 2 presents a horizontal section of the building along the floor (cut-out).

Figure 3 presents the structural element of the attic roof.

The building (see figure 1) contains the foundation 1, the column of the inner frame 2, the crossbar of the inner frame 3, the floor beam 4, the bent profile 5, the formwork sheet 6, the outer frame 7, lightweight concrete 8, a temporary latch 9.

The claimed building is constructed mainly as follows:

- on the foundation 1 install vertical columns 2 of the required height, and fasten them with crossbars 3, forming a supporting internal frame of the building;

- on the crossbars fix the floor beams 4 (see figure 2);

- when using steel pipes, mainly of rectangular cross-section, as columns, crossbars and beams, they are fixed together by welding, and, if necessary, additionally by bolted and / or riveted joints;

- if necessary, hollow columns, beams and floor beams can be filled with heavy and / or light concrete of the required grade;

- to the columns, beams and floor beams for rivets and / or screws fasten a bent profile 5, preferably hat-shaped section;

- from the outside of the building at the required distance from the inner frame, lightweight external frame 7 is installed with support on the foundation, which can be made of the same profile that is used to secure the formwork; both frames are fastened together with temporary clamps;

- to the bent profile 5 on the floor, inner walls and ceiling and to the outer frame 7 with self-tapping screws fasten the sheets of formwork 6;

- in the formwork space, the necessary electrical, ventilation and other communications are laid, for example, in flexible corrugated tunnels;

- install window and balcony blocks (without double-glazed windows) with fastening quarters;

- on the upper floor perform the attic roof (figure 3), the design of which is similar to the construction of the floor and is made of the same elements. In the roof frame, it is not necessary to use the crossbar of the internal frame, which can be replaced with lighter floor beams.

- hardening mortar of light concrete 8 is poured into the formwork space, for example, polystyrene concrete, monolithic walls and floors with the inclusion of the external and internal frame of the building inside the formwork. Light concrete is poured in layers along the entire contour of the building, approximately 0.5-0.6 m in height per shift. Temporary clamps timely dismantled;

- after monolithic walls, the formwork sheets can be replaced with decorative plates, siding, etc. The walls of the rooms inside the building can be plastered.

After installing the supporting internal and light external frames, the building according to the invention allows the installation of external formwork sheets over the entire height of a multi-story building even before the formwork is poured with light concrete, including the installation of window and balcony blocks. Thus, already at this stage of work, the construction is enclosed in an external "shell", and all further internal work is practically independent of weather conditions.

Columns, crossbars of the inner frame and floor beams can be made square or rectangular. If necessary, to increase the bearing capacity, fire resistance and seismic resistance, they can be filled with heavy or light concrete. Columns, a crossbar of an internal framework and floor beams of a building together with monolithic concrete provide the increased rigidity, fire and seismic resistance of all construction, including multi-storey, up to 75 m high.

As lightweight concrete, it is advisable to use polystyrene concrete with a specific gravity of 200-250 kg / m ³ . In the wall array of monolithic polystyrene concrete, cold air is scattered around the polystyrene foam balls, while the effective distance at which the temperature difference from atmospheric to room temperature is realized, as well as the length of the "path" of air penetration through the wall, are significantly increased. The vapor permeability of polystyrene concrete grade D-250, in accordance with GOST R51263-99, is 0.085 mg / (m × h × Pa), which is comparable with the vapor permeability of dry wood. Porous polystyrene concrete with a cement flow rate of 200 kg / m ³ or more under normal operating conditions provides long-term protection of the steel frame of the building from corrosion. At the same time, the advantages of prefabricated buildings are combined with increased energy efficiency and strength.

In the production of monolithic polystyrene concrete, only self-extinguishing brands of expanding polystyrene foam are used, so that polystyrene concrete with a specific gravity of 250 kg / m ³ and above is non-combustible building materials (NG), which, according to fire standards, allows it to be used in building envelopes above 28 meters.

Industrial applicability of the claimed technical solution is illustrated by examples:

- for buildings with low floors (1 ÷ 3 floors), the supporting structures of the building, columns, crossbar of the inner frame and floor beams can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a cross section of 50 × 100 mm with a wall of 4 mm, fastened together by welding;

- for buildings of average number of storeys (4 ÷ 5 floors), the supporting structures of the building, columns and crossbars of the inner frame can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a cross section of 100 × 100 mm with a wall of 4 mm, and floor beams can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a cross-section of 50 × 100 mm with a wall of 4 mm are fastened together by welding and additionally screw connections and / or rivets, and the cavity of the pipe is filled with lightweight concrete of the required strength grade;

- for multi-storey buildings (6 ÷ 9 floors), the supporting structures of the building, columns and crossbars of the inner frame can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a section of 180 × 180 mm with a wall of 6 mm and filled with monolithic heavy concrete of the required strength grade, and floor beams can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a cross section of 50 × 100 mm with a wall of 4 mm, fastened together by welding and additionally with screw joints and / or rivets and filled with monolithic lightweight concrete of the required strength grade;

- for buildings with high floors (10 ÷ 25 floors), the supporting structures of the building, columns and crossbars of the inner frame can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a section of 300 × 300 mm with a wall of 8 mm and filled with monolithic heavy concrete of the required strength grade, and floor beams can be made, for example, of steel pipes with a cross section of 50 × 100 mm with a wall of 4 mm, fastened together by welding and additionally with screw joints and / or rivets and filled with monolithic lightweight concrete of the required strength grade;

- the external frame is installed at the desired distance from the internal frame to provide the required parameters of thermal protection of the building;

A bent profile, to increase the area of contact with light concrete, can be made of rolled steel in the form of a U-shaped profile with a flanging of the walls by 90 ° (hat-shaped profile).

As the mentioned formwork sheets, glass-magnesium, cement-magnesium, gypsum plasterboard or cement-bonded chipboards can be used.

It is significant that in the claimed building, the formwork sheets are fixed on the walls, floors and roof in such a way that they form a single connected formwork space of all the building envelopes, including the roof. This space is intended for filling with lightweight concrete with layer-by-layer homologation. Due to the connectivity of the formwork space, concrete can be poured into walls and floors from anywhere in the cross section of a building. The concrete mixture is pumped through a concrete hose line. The low viscosity of the concrete mixture ensures its spreading according to the type of communicating vessels over the entire cross-sectional area of the building, which makes it possible to uniformly build up the monolith vertically.

In the building, the effect of heat-conducting inclusions in the array of enclosing structures is reduced, since there are no heat-conducting connecting elements between the frames, i.e. a layer of monolithic polystyrene concrete does not have “cold bridges”. If necessary, you can increase the thickness of the outer walling to 1 meter or more. This makes it possible to improve the heat-insulating properties of the wall by about 10 times compared with conventional brickwork and to ensure that the requirements of SNiP for sound insulation and heat protection are exceeded, starting with wall thicknesses of 0.3 m or less. With wall thicknesses of 0.5 m or more on the surface of the supporting frame condensate does not precipitate, and even more so, its temperature cannot fall below 0 ° C.

The energy-efficient prefabricated frame building declared in accordance with the claims is non-separable, is a single unit and satisfies the following requirements: fire hazard class K0, increased sound insulation up to 250 dB, high frost resistance F75-F100, low thermal conductivity of the walls in the dry state 0.08 W / ( m × ° C).

In frame buildings made of metal, the welded column-crossbar interface is the weakest point and collapses during an earthquake in the first seconds, which can lead to the collapse of the building. In the building according to the invention, after pouring and hardening of lightweight concrete, the crossbars of the inner frame additionally rely on the concrete layer of the exterior and interior walls of the building. This partially unloads the supporting columns of the inner frame and, accordingly, the welded units of the column-bolt, which leads to a general decrease in the voltage of the welds.

Factors such as the implementation of the supporting inner frame of rectangular steel pipes filled with heavy and / or light concrete, reinforcement of welds with screw joints and / or rivets, a single connected formwork space of all building structures, filled with monolithic light concrete, crossbar, supported in addition to columns monolithic walls, low weight of the building and, as a result, low pressure on the ground provide increased seismic and fire resistance of multi-storey buildings according to the invention.

The combination of known and new significant features that characterize the claimed invention in accessible sources of information is not found. This proves the novelty of the claimed invention. The invention can be repeatedly implemented in accordance with the above installation technology with the achievement of the specified technical result, which proves its industrial applicability.

Information sources:

1. Patent RU No. 62128 U1. Constructive system for the construction of low-rise buildings with a metal frame. Publ. 03/27/2007.

2. Patent RU No. 2295010 C2. Low-rise building. Publ. 03/10/2007.

3. Patent RU No. 92037 U1. Prefabricated building. Publ. 03/10/2010 (prototype).

Claims (4)

1. A prefabricated energy-efficient frame building containing a foundation, a rigid frame, walls, flooring and formwork sheets, the space between which is filled with lightweight concrete, characterized in that the walls contain two metal frames not connected to each other, the internal frame is the supporting frame of the entire building, made of vertical columns resting on the foundation, rigidly interconnected at the level of overlapping with the crossbars of the inner frame, at a distance of 0.1 to 1 m from the inner frame the outer cage of the building, fastened to the inner frame with temporary fixatives, which are removed as the formwork is filled with light concrete, the floors are made of the said crossbars of the internal frame with floor beams fixed to them, and the columns, crossbars, floor beams and the external frame are equipped with a bent profile which fixed formwork sheets forming a single cohesive formwork space of walls and floors. 2. The building according to claim 1, characterized in that on the upper floor of the building the columns of the inner frame, floor beams and the outer frame with sheets of formwork fixed to them form an attic roof. 3. The building according to claim 1, characterized in that the columns and crossbars of the inner frame are made of steel pipes of rectangular cross section and are filled with heavy and / or light concrete. 4. The building according to claim 1, characterized in that the supporting structures of the previously constructed and / or sanitized building are used as the mentioned foundation.

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