RU2490464C1 - Method to mine bed deposits - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining.

SUBSTANCE: method includes preparation of a deposit, opening of trenches, mining of stripping rocks, filling of a dump onto underlying rocks into a mined space and mining of a mineral with an excavator, at the same time the trench during opening is arranged along the border of stocks, and filling of the dump onto underlying rocks into the mined space is carried out near the non-working flank of the opencast with simultaneous flattening.

EFFECT: invention provides for accelerated restoration of ecosystems of lands damaged by mining works due to combination of stripping, production and recultivation works.

3 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mining and can be used in the development and rehabilitation of shallow quarries located in sedimentary rocks, including the extraction of building materials, coal, and the development of placers.

The claimed invention relates to a priority area for the development of science and technology "Technologies for environmentally sound development of deposits and mining" [Alphabetical index to the International Patent Classification in priority areas for the development of science and technology / Yu.G. Smirnov, E.V. Skidanova, S.A. Krasnov. - M .: PATENT, 2008. - p.111].

Currently, the total area of land disturbed by open pit mining in Russia exceeds three million hectares. The issues of restoration of disturbed lands in the current period are very relevant and are included in the priority area for the development of science and technology "Technologies for environmentally sound development of deposits and mining." At the same time, land restoration and return to the land user most often occurs after the completion of mining operations, several years and even decades after their violation. As a result of this, overgrowing of the reclaimed lands begins only after the end of the exploitation of reserves, which increases the time for the negative impact of the disturbed lands on the environment.

There is a method of developing and reclamating shallow quarries (depth 2-8 m) with overburden dumps located on one or two sides (G. Zubchenko, G. Sulin. Rational use of water and land resources in the development of placers. - M. : Nedra, 1980, p.189-190, p.198-199). Reclamation here boils down to re-excavation of all or part of the waste dumps into the mined-out space and subsequent leveling of the surface (dash strip of the quarry) at an angle of 3-6 °.

A sign similar to the existing sign of the proposed method is perekaskavatsiya waste dumps in the worked out space.

The disadvantage of this method is the significant lag in terms of land return from the time of their violation, the large area of disturbed land due to the placement of dumps on the sides, as well as the double scope of work to remove overburden rocks and their subsequent movement into the worked out space.

There is also a known method of reclamation in open pit mining (AS No. 1062392, class E21C 41/00 / V.I. Gorkunov, BC Zavalishin, K.Z. Valiev, published December 23, 83, Bulletin No. 47), including moving and storing overburden rocks at the open pit borders to non-working sides to tape dumps, and the soil layer to the tape warehouse to the bottom in the center of the spent quarry field, moving overburden to the flattened surface of the sides and the bottom of the quarry, and laying the soil layer on overburden.

Common signs of an analogue with the claimed object is the flattening of the sides and filling the bottom of the quarry.

The disadvantage of this method, as well as the previous one, is the inability to carry out accelerated restoration of disturbed lands using the proposed technical solutions, as well as double transshipment of overburden: first aboard the quarry, and then into the worked out space. In addition, due to the storage of overburden on board the quarry, the land intensity (m ² / m ³ ) of mining is growing.

A known method of developing mineral deposits and reclamation of quarries [patent No. 2018669 class. E21C 41/00 / V.L. Gutauskas, B.P. Saukevičius, publ. 08/30/1994].

Common features of the analogue with the claimed technical solution are the simultaneous development of overburden and mineral in sunset, as well as laying overburden in the worked out space.

The disadvantage of this method is that the initially formed side of the quarry is reclaimed only after completion of mining operations. The latter leads to the postponement of the terms for the return of land to the land user (and, accordingly, their overgrowing) to the end of the development of reserves. In addition, placing the original dump aboard the quarry increases the area of disturbed land.

The closest in technical essence to the achieved result is a method for developing hard to dig placers (AS No. 1788267 A1, class E21C 41/32 / B.L. Talgamer, A.V. Gurichev, V.A. Kudryashev from 07/12/1990 )

Common signs of the prototype with the claimed method are the simultaneous excavator overburden and mineral mining, dumping the dump on the underlying rocks into the worked out space to the sides of the entry.

A comparative analysis of the claimed technical solution with the prototype shows that the main disadvantage of the latter is the need for subsequent reclamation of disturbed lands, as well as the delay in the restoration of vegetation for the period of overtaking of overburden operations regarding reclamation.

The claimed technical solution is aimed at combining overburden, mining and reclamation work, which allows to accelerate the process of land return to the land user, as well as reduce the volume of earthwork for transshipment of overburden.

The technical result consists in ensuring accelerated restoration of ecosystems of land disturbed by mining operations by combining overburden, mining and reclamation works.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the opening of the mineral is carried out by a trench passed along the boundary of the reserves, and dumping of dumps is carried out on the underlying rocks into the worked out space at the non-working side of the quarry with its simultaneous flattening. If there is a lack of overburden for flattening the sides of the quarry, preliminary preparation of the deposit is carried out by creating a temporary dump in the outlined contours of the trench and overburden is mined together with the development of a temporary dump. In the case of an excess of overburden necessary for flattening the side of the quarry, the preparation of the deposit is carried out by removing the excess overburden outside the intended contour of the trench.

Digging a trench during opening along the border of the reserves around the perimeter of the field allows the formation of non-working sides of the quarry in accordance with the requirements of mining restoration and to ensure the possibility of their overgrowing immediately after excavation of the mineral.

Dumping of the overburden dump off the idle side with flattening of the latter eliminates subsequent reclamation work.

The simultaneous conduct of the two above operations allows you to accelerate the restoration of disturbed lands while reducing the volume of earthwork, including due to the exclusion of over-excavation of overburden.

The prior art does not know the signs that match the distinctive features of the claimed method, however, unknown signs similar to the distinctive features of the proposed method.

Known spiral system for the development of placers [Shorokhov S.M. Technology and complex mechanization of the development of alluvial deposits - M .: Nedra, 1973. - from 538], in which the development of reserves begins from the outer boundary of the area to the middle. Such a system is used to create a significant lead in preparatory work during the development of wide placers and allows overburden rocks removed from the internal entry to be placed in the worked out space of the external entry, which reduces the transportation distance. In the claimed technical solution, the overburden is placed within the same worked out sunset.

A well-known sign does not provide for the acceleration of the worked land into the ecosystem, since the restoration work will be carried out here later. In addition, overburden dumps from the first (overburden) entry are stored outside the boundaries of the reserves, which increases the area of disturbed land.

Known methods of dumping overburden in the worked out space, including with their location near the open side of the quarry. However, at the same time, the formation of the surface of the dump is not performed taking into account the requirements of reclamation, and accelerated restoration of the worked land is not provided.

Thus, it is not known from the prior art the influence of similar with distinctive features on the achieved technical result, which consists in providing accelerated restoration of the earth’s ecosystem by combining overburden, mining and reclamation works.

Therefore, the claimed method meets the condition of patentability "inventive step".

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where in Fig.1 shows a plan diagram of the development of the field indicating the direction of entry of the excavator, where

1 - stock border;

2 - opening trench;

3 - entry in the central part of the field.

Figure 2 presents the technological scheme of the opening of reserves of the trench with the placement of dumps of overburden rocks off the open side of the quarry with flattening the latter.

Positions 1-3 are the same as in figure 1.

4 - mineral in its entirety;

5 - underlying rocks;

6 - overburden;

7 - contour of the opening trench;

8 - a temporary mineral warehouse;

9 - overburden dump;

10 - non-working side of the quarry;

11 - laid out board.

Figure 3 presents the technological scheme of mining the entry, adjacent to the opening trench, with the placement of overburden on the underlying rocks (the bottom of the quarry), and the mineral on the working board. Positions 1-11 are the same as in figure 2.

Figure 4 presents the technological scheme of field development with an excess of overburden. Positions 1-11 are the same as in figures 1-3.

12 - development after removal of the excess overburden;

13 - temporary overburden dump.

Figure 5 presents the technological scheme of mining a field with a lack of overburden. Positions 1-11 are the same as in figures 1-4.

14 - development after moving the missing amount of overburden from the entry into the contours of the trench;

15 - a mound in the contours of the trench, compensating for the lack of overburden.

The method of developing reservoir deposits is as follows. After clearing the quarry field from vegetation, a dragline excavator begins sinking the opening trench 2 along the perimeter of the field along the boundary of reserves 1. At the first stage, at the beginning of the opening trench 2, a mine is formed with temporary placement of overburden on board the quarry. After the extraction of mineral 4 on the underlying rocks 5 at the idle side 10, overburden 6 is laid with the side 11 flat in accordance with the requirements of mining reclamation, depending on the accepted direction (water management, recreation, environmental protection, etc.). Mineral 4 is placed in a temporary warehouse 8 (or immediately in a vehicle) with subsequent transportation to the consumer.

With a large thickness of overburden, the capacity of the blade 9 within the contour 7 of the opening trench 2 may be insufficient to accommodate the entire volume of the rocks without backfilling of the working board and mineral. In this case, a partial excavation of overburden is carried out within the contour 7 of the opening trench 2 with the creation of a mine 12 and the temporary placement of the rocks in a temporary dump 13. This operation allows the board 9 to be flattened without backfilling the mineral layer 4. Subsequently, when mining adjacent to the opening trench 2 of the entry 3, the capacity of the dump in the mined-out space increases and all overburden within the limits of entry 3 together with the temporary dump 13 are stored on the underlying rocks (bottom) and the laid side 9.

In the development of many mineral deposits, the capacity of empty rocks overlapping the mineral layer is small, therefore, overburden is not enough to flatten the sides and backfill the developed space (including deposits of sand and gravel, sand, clay; placers).

With a small thickness of overburden rocks, their amount within the contours 7 of the opening trench 2 may not be enough to flatten the side of the quarry in accordance with the requirements of mining reclamation. In this case, the missing part of the overburden is delivered to the contour of the trench 2 from the area of the entry 3 adjacent to the trench in the central part of the field. At the same time, behind the contour 7 of the trench 2 create a mine 14, and in the contours of the trench they form a mound 15. Subsequently, when the trench 2 is drilled, overburden 6 together with the mound 15 are transferred to the worked out space with a flat side 9.

The parameters of the workings 12 (figure 4) and 14 (figure 5) are set by calculation, taking into account the mining conditions of the deposit and the selected direction of reclamation. The width of the opening trench along the top, taking into account the normal placement of overburden rocks on the idle side (see figure 2), can be determined by the formula

$$A=\frac{{(H_{\mathrm{at}}+H_P)}^2(\mathrm{1,5}\cdot ctg{\alpha }_{\mathrm{about}}+0.5\cdot ctg{\alpha }_{\mathrm{about}})-k_R\cdot H_{\mathrm{at}}^2\cdot ctg\alpha }{H_P+H_{\mathrm{at}}(\mathrm{one}-k_R)}$$

where A is the width of the opening trench along the top, m; H _in - power overburden, m; H _p - the thickness of the mineral layer, m; k _p - coefficient of loosening of rocks; α _about - the angle of slope of the laid side, degrees; α - angle of slope of the sides of the trench, degrees.

If it is not possible to ensure the penetration of the opening trench of the calculated width with an existing excavator, it is necessary to remove excess overburden beyond the contours of the trench.

Claims (3)

1. A method of developing reservoir deposits, including preparing a deposit, opening trench reserves, overburden mining, dumping the dump onto the underlying rocks into the mined space and excavating the minerals by an excavator, characterized in that the trench passes along the reserve boundary during the opening, while dumping on the underlying rocks in the worked out space are carried out at the open side of the quarry with its simultaneous flattening. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that if there is a lack of overburden for flattening the side of the quarry, the preparation of the deposit is carried out by creating a temporary dump in the outlined contours of the trench along the boundary of the reserves and the overburden is mined together with the mining of the temporary dump. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the case of an excess of overburden required for flattening the side of the quarry, the preparation of the deposit is carried out by removing the excess overburden beyond the intended contours of the trench along the boundary of the reserves.

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