RU2468404C2 - Transparent layer with high electrical conductivity containing metal lattice with optimised electrochemical stability - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: device contains conductive layer (2) made with possibility to connect to substrate with transparency function. This layer (2) is formed of metal lattice (9) made of pure metal and covered with at list one layer of electrochemical protection (10) preferably with metal layer or layer of metal nitride.

EFFECT: improving method.

11 cl, 6 dwg, 2 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The object of the present invention is an electrically conductive layer for an electrochemical and / or electrically controlled device such as glass with variable optical and / or energy properties or a photovoltaic device, or also an electroluminescent device. The invention more preferably relates to a transparent layer with high electrical conductivity with a metal grid with optimized electrochemical resistance and configured to withstand heat treatment such as bombing or hardening.

Currently, there is indeed an increased demand for glass, called "smart" and able to adapt to the needs of users.

There is also an increased demand for photovoltaic glass, which allows the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy, as well as electroluminescent glass, which are effectively used in display devices and as lighting surfaces.

As for “smart” glasses, we can talk about controlling the solar flow through glasses installed outside buildings or on vehicles such as a car, train or plane. The goal is the ability to limit excessive heating inside the cabs / rooms, but only in the case of high insolation.

The invention also relates to mirrors used as rear-view mirrors and which reliably avoid dazzling the driver, or to alarm panels on which messages appear if necessary or in flickering mode to better attract attention. Glasses that can be arbitrarily set to diffuse can be used as projection screens if desired.

It can also be about controlling the degree of visibility through the glass, in particular, to darken them, to put them into dispersion mode and, if necessary, even to completely stop visibility. The invention may relate to glasses installed in the interior walls of rooms, trains, aircraft, or installed as side windows of automobiles, or even more preferably to glasses when they are installed in front of flat screens, for example, such as LCD displays or plasma screens. In this specific application in flat screens, the front element, which is generally a glass substrate, plays a role that determines the aesthetics of the screen.

In this case, it is necessary that in the off state these screens are a black view, and in the on state it is necessary that the black view disappear as quickly as possible for the image to appear.

Currently, manufacturers of this type of screen are installing a substrate in front with a transmittance T _{L of the} order of 50%. However, it is easy to understand that in the on state, such a decrease in T _L will remain and degrade image quality.

It is proposed by the inventors to replace such a view with a reduced T _L transparent substrate provided with an electrically controlled system providing such changes in the aesthetic aspect.

To regulate the light transmission or light absorption of glasses, there are systems called viologenes, such as the systems described in US Pat. Nos. 5,239,406 and EP 612,826.

To regulate the light transmission and / or heat transmission of glasses, there are also systems called electrochromic. It is known that such systems in the General case contain two layers of electrochromic material, separated by a layer of electrolyte and covered by two electrically conductive layers. Each of the layers of the electrochromic material can reversibly accept electrons and cations, and a change in their oxidation state due to their introduction / removal leads to a change in their optical and / or thermal properties. In particular, their absorption and / or their reflection in waves with a length in the visible and / or infrared part of the spectrum can be controlled.

Electrochromic systems are usually divided into three categories:

- systems in which the electrolyte is in the form of a polymer or gel; for example, a polymer with proton conductivity, such as the polymers described in patents EP 253 713 or EP 670 346, or a polymer with lithium-ion conductivity, such as polymers described in patents EP 382 623, EP 518 754 and EP 532 408; while other layers of the system are generally inorganic;

- systems in which the electrolyte is essentially an inorganic layer, as well as the combination of other layers that make up the system. This category is often referred to by the term “fully solid” system, examples of such systems can be found in patents EP 867 752, EP 831 360, WO 00/57243 and WO 00/71777;

- systems in which the plurality of layers is polymer-based layers, this category is often referred to by the term “fully polymer” system.

There are also systems called "optical gates." In this case, we are talking about films containing a polymeric, in the general case, network matrix, in which microdroplets containing particles capable of being placed in a certain direction under the influence of a magnetic or electric field are dispersed. So, for example, patent WO 93/09460 for an optical valve is known, containing a matrix of polyorganosilane and particles of the type of polyiodide, much less cutting off the light when the film is energized.

You can also mention systems called liquid crystal systems, the method of operation of which is similar to the previous ones. They are based on the use of a film placed between two conductive layers and based on a polymer in which droplets of liquid crystals are distributed, preferably nematic crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy. In the case when the film is energized, the liquid crystals are oriented along a certain axis, which provides visibility. In the absence of voltage, i.e. in the absence of alignment of the crystals, the film becomes scattering and impedes visibility. Examples of such films are described, in particular, in European patent EP 0 238 164 and in US patents US 4 435 047, US 4 806 922 and US 4 732 456. This type of film, applied in a single layer and embedded between two glass substrates, is implemented by Saint-Gobain Vitrage under the commercial name "Priva-Lite".

In practice, any liquid crystal device known under the name "NCAP" (Nematic Curvilinearly Aligned Phases) or "PDLC" (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Cristal) can be used.

You can also apply, for example, polymers with cholesteric liquid crystals, such as the polymers described in patent WO 92/19695.

As for electroluminescent systems, they contain a material or a package of electroluminescent organic or inorganic materials, to which electricity is supplied through electrodes.

Any such mixed systems generally require equipping with current supply elements supplying electrodes, which are generally two electrically conductive layers on one or the other side of the active layer or various active layers of the system.

Such electrically conductive layers (which in practice may be layering) typically comprise an indium oxide-based layer, generally tin doped indium oxide, more commonly known as ITO. It can also be layers based on tin oxide doped with, for example, antimony, or also based on zinc oxide doped with, for example, aluminum (or a mixture based on at least two such oxides). In particular, ITO layers have been studied. Such layers can be easily deposited by cathodic sputtering, accompanied by a magnetic field, either from an oxide target (chemically inactive sputtering) or from a target based on indium and tin (chemical sputtering in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as oxygen). However, in order to ensure sufficient electrical conductivity and electrochemical resistance for practical applications, it is necessary to carry out the heat treatment step at the place of application or after extraction (often at temperatures above 300 ° C).

Nevertheless, although ITO is functionally well adapted for use as an electrically conductive layer inside an electrically controlled system, ITO, even annealed, has insufficient conductivity, causing a charge loss phenomenon during a change in the state of the system (transition from a color state to a state with no color). This circumstance is expressed in a specific case of an electro-controlled electrochromic type system by non-uniform switching and a slowed-down linear switching speed depending on the surface of the system. It is understood that if an ITO-based electrically conductive layer in an electrochromic system associated with a substrate with a transparency function is used as a front element for a flat screen, then the ITO specifications do not correspond to this type of application (for example, according to the switching speed between the shutdown state and the operating state screen).

Another approach is to package the oxide layers of the metal layer, which improves the surface resistance of the electrically conductive layer. Moreover, such a metal layer is at the same time thin enough to maintain a certain level of light transmission.

In this aspect, from WO 93/05438, for example, an electrically conductive layer formed by a thin metal layer, preferably based on silver, copper, aluminum, bonded to a layer based on a metal blocker, such as, for example, iron, zirconium, titanium, tungsten, is known. Such a package of the TCO type (the English abbreviation means "Oxyde Transparent Conducteur") is intended for incorporation into the electrochemical device of the electrochromic type, inside which the layer of the metal blocker forms a diffusion barrier for Li ⁺ ions between one of the active layers and the metal layer.

At the same time, an electrically conductive layer is known from WO 94/15247, which has a structure similar to the previously described structure and which is supplemented by a layer based on a transparent conductive oxide, such as, for example, zinc oxide or tin doped indium oxide.

In addition, from US 5510173 and US 5763063 known structure of the package with energy management, including a layer of silver or copper, preferably alloyed with a noble metal, which is protected from corrosion by a two-layer coating based on an oxide or a mixture of oxides, for example, In ₂ O ₃ and ITO or ZnO ₂ / In ₂ O ₃ and ITO. In the case of using ZnO _2, application as an electrode is impossible due to the fact that this oxide is an insulator.

At the same time, US Pat. No. 6,870,656 is known, which describes the structure of a reflecting electrode including an electrochemically stable layer based on an alloy of silver and gold.

Regardless of the structure of the electrically conductive layer described previously, its electrochemical resistance is achieved only when such an electrically conductive layer is doped.

Another strategy for improving the electrochemical resistance of a metal layer is to protect it by combining two ZnO oxides: Al and ITO (in this case, FR 2886419 can be referred to).

However, regardless of the structure of the TCO, it is difficult to have a very low surface resistance and a high switching speed in active systems without using a thick metal layer that significantly impairs light transmission.

A solution to improve the switching speed due to the use of an ITO oxide-coated metal lattice is described in US Pat. No. 5,293,546. However, when used in the field of electrochromes, the electrochemical resistance of the lattice is obviously insufficient.

The aim of the present invention is to obtain the design of electrically conductive layers, which are electrochemically stable and provide a short switching time, for forming electrodes of electrochemical / electrically controlled systems such as the systems described previously (electrochromic, photovoltaic, etc.). Additionally, we are talking about achieving this goal with less cost, with the abandonment of the stages of heat treatment and without making significant changes to the configuration of known electrochemical systems that relate to the present invention. In a more general case, we are talking about the development of electrodes on a transparent, essentially substrate (glass or polymer material), which would be better than the previous ones.

The object of the present invention is an electrically conductive layer configured to bind to a substrate with a transparency function, said layer being formed of a metal grating, characterized in that the metal grating is made of pure metal and coated with at least one layer of electrochemical protection, preferably a metal layer or a layer of metal nitride.

Owing to such a special lattice structure, it is possible to obtain an electrode with lower electrochemical resistance that is compatible with any electrically controlled systems, and at the same time having high electrical conductivity, thus guaranteeing an extremely short time for the electrically controlled system to switch from a color state to a colorless state.

In preferred embodiments of the present invention, if necessary, you can apply, in addition, any of the following layouts:

- a layer of electrochemical protection is associated with at least one barrier layer based on a metal oxide;

- the metal oxide is selected from zinc oxide, mixed zinc oxide, doped with another metal selected from the group of the following metals: Al, Ga, B, Sc, indium oxide, preferably doped with tin, tin oxide, preferably doped with antimony;

- the lattice is a lattice based on pure material selected from silver, copper, zinc, aluminum, nickel, chromium, an alloy of nickel and chromium;

- the layer of electrochemical protection is a layer based on a material selected from titanium, gold, platinum, palladium, said material being nitrided if necessary;

- the thickness of the lattice is from 1 to 15 microns, more preferably is from 2 to 8 microns and even more preferably is about 3 microns;

- the thickness of the layer of electrochemical protection is from 10 to 100 nm, more preferably is from 25 to 75 nm and even more preferably is about 50 nm;

- the thickness of the barrier layer is from 40 to 400 nm, more preferably is from 60 to 300 nm, and even more preferably is about 250 nm;

- the lattice is deposited on a second barrier layer, preferably based on silicon nitride;

- the resistivity of the electrically conductive layer is from 0.01 to 1 Ohm / square, more preferably is from 0.2 to 0.6 Ohm / square and even more preferably is about 0.4 Ohm / square;

- the electrically conductive layer is made with the possibility of heat treatment such as bombing or hardening.

In the present invention, the “bottom" electrode is understood to mean the electrode that is closest to that accepted as a reference carrier substrate on which at least a portion of the active layers are deposited (for example, a plurality of active layers in a "fully solid" electrochromic system). The “upper” electrode is located above the stack of active layers with respect to the same reference substrate.

The lower electrode including the electrically conductive layer of the present invention preferably has a specific electric resistance of 0.2 to 0.6 Ohm / square and T _L of 75 to 85%, which makes its use as a transparent electrode completely satisfactory.

In particular, to achieve this level of resistivity, the metal grate preferably has a total thickness of 1 to 3 μm.

In this thickness range, the electrode remains transparent, i.e. it has low light absorption in the visible part of the spectrum even in the presence of a lattice (its grid is almost invisible given its size). The lattice has a periodic or aperiodic structure, causing darkening of light from 15 to 25%. For example, a grid in the form of squares, which is a metal strip 20 μm wide with a gap of 300 μm thick, on the initial substrate with a transmittance of 92% provides a transmittance of 80%. Examples of the implementation of such periodic or aperiodic structures are described in German application DE 10 2006 045 514.2.

As mentioned previously, the present invention may relate to various types of electrochemical or electrically controlled systems. More preferably, it relates to electrochromic systems, in particular to “fully solid state” (“fully solid” systems in the present invention are defined as layer packs in which all layers are inorganic) or “fully polymer” (“completely polymeric” systems in the present invention defined as packs of layers in which all layers are organic), or also to mixed or hybrid electrochromic systems (layers in the pack are organic and inorganic), or also to liquid crystal or viologen systems, or also electroluminescent systems.

Electrochromic systems or glasses, which may include the present invention, are described in the aforementioned patents. They may contain at least one carrier substrate and a packet of functional layers, comprising successively at least a first electrically conductive layer, such as described previously, an electrochemically active layer capable of reversibly accepting ions, such as H ⁺ , Li ⁺ , OH ^- , of the type of anodic or cathodic electrochromic material, an electrolyte layer, a second electrochemically active layer capable of reversibly accepting ions such as H ⁺ , Li ⁺ , OH ^- , of the type of cathodic or respectively anodic electrochromic material, and second oh conductive layer (the term "layer" should be understood as a single layer or continuous or non-continuous overlay of several layers).

The present invention also relates to the incorporation of the electrochemical devices described in the introduction of this application into glasses that operate according to the transmission principle. The term "glass" should be understood in a broad sense as combining any transparent, essentially material of glass and / or a polymeric material (such as PC polycarbonate or PMMA polymethyl methacrylate). Carrier Substrates and / or Counter Substrates, i.e. substrates bordering the active system can be rigid, flexible, or semi-rigid.

The invention also relates to various applications that such devices may find, for example, to glasses or mirrors. We can talk about the glazing of buildings, in particular external glazing, internal partitions or glazed doors. It can also be about windows, roofs or internal partitions of vehicles, such as trains, planes, cars, ships, construction vehicles. It may also be about screens for displaying information or indications, such as projection screens, television or computer screens, tactile screens. It is also possible to use for the manufacture of glasses or lenses of cameras or to protect solar panels. It is also possible to use energy storage devices such as batteries, fuel cells, rechargeable batteries and the actual galvanic cells.

The invention is further described in more detail by way of non-limiting examples and figures:

- figure 1 is a schematic top view of an electrochromic cell in which an electrically conductive layer of the present invention is used;

- figure 2 is a sectional view of a stack of layers including an electrically conductive layer of the present invention;

- figure 3 is a section on an enlarged scale of the conductive layer of the present invention;

- figure 4 is a schematic view of a variant of implementation of the present invention;

- figure 5 shows a particular embodiment of the electrical inclusion of the present invention;

- Fig.6 is a schematic view of an elongated and deformed lattice.

1 and 2, for ease of reading, are intentionally shown schematically and not necessarily to scale. They show a "fully solid" electrochromic device, sequentially containing, respectively, the present invention:

- a substrate of colorless alkali-lime-silica glass S1 2.1 mm thick;

- the lower electrode 2, containing on one side a grating 9 (shown in FIG. 3) made of aluminum and representing a grid in the form of squares with stripes with a thickness of 20 μm with gaps, a width of 300 μm and a thickness of about 3 μm, and this grating 9 coated with a layer of electrochemical protection 10 (shown in figure 3) based on titanium nitride with a thickness of about 50 nm, associated with at least one barrier layer 11 (shown in figure 3) containing a package of layers of the type ZnO: Al / ITO 60 nm thick for ZnO: Al and 30 nm for ITO, respectively;

- top electrode 4 based on ITO or SnO ₂ : F;

- electrochromic system 3, the structure of which is described below;

- PU sheet 7, which makes it possible to lay another glass S2 on glass S1 with the same characteristics as that of glass S1. If necessary, the side of the glass S2, facing the sheet of PU 7, is equipped with a package of thin layers with the function of solar protection. This package may contain, in particular, two layers of silver, alternating in a known manner with layers of dielectric. Alternatively, the PU sheet 7 may be provided on the side in contact with the active packet 3 with a grating 9, similar to the grating deposited on the substrate, as the lower electrode 2. The electrodes 2 and 4 are connected to the current supply elements 6 and 8.

Electrochromic system 3 contains:

- the first layer of the anodic electrochromic material EC1 from iridium oxide (hydrated) from 40 to 100 nm or hydrated nickel oxide from 40 to 400 nm doped or undoped with other metals (as an option, this layer can be replaced by a layer of anodic electrochromic material from nickel oxide from 100 to 300 nm, doped or undoped with other metals);

- a layer of tungsten oxide with a thickness of 100 nm;

- a second layer of hydrated tantalum oxide or hydrated silicon oxide or hydrated zirconium oxide with a thickness of 100 nm, and the last two layers form a layer with the function of an electrolyte EL;

- the second layer of cathodic electrochromic material EC2 based on tungsten oxide WO ₃ with a thickness of 370 nm.

The combination of layers was deposited by cathodic sputtering, followed by a magnetic field.

The described electrochromic device corresponds to example 1.

The following is an example 2 corresponding to a structure known from the prior art in which both the lower and upper electrodes are based on ITO or SnO ₂ : F.

EXAMPLE 2 (comparative, according to the EU standard)

EC electrochromic glass has a composition identical to Example 1, except that:

- the lower electrode 2 is a layer based on ITO (indium oxide doped with tin) with a thickness of 500 nm, deposited hot (350 ° C), and does not include a lattice.

Alternatively, the upper electrode contains other conductive elements. More preferably, it may be a combination of an electrode with a layer having a conductivity higher than that of it and / or with a plurality of conductive strips or threads. For more detailed information on the implementation of such multicomponent electrodes, please refer to the previously mentioned patent WO 00/57243. A preferred embodiment of this type of electrode consists in applying to the ITO layer (optionally located above one or more other conductive layers) a network of conductive filaments embedded in the surface of the polymer sheet (which can protect the active system and / or provide layering of the glass carrier substrate type with another glass in the case of the manufacture of electroactive glass, for example, electrochromic type).

The aluminum grating 9 can be obtained, for example, by photolithography or laser ablation; the obtained values of T _L (light transmission) and electrical conductivity are presented in table 1, below.

Table 1 Al thickness (μm) T _L (%) R _c (ohm / square) Laser ablation grating one 75-77 0.8-0.9 Laser ablation grating 3 76-78 0.4-0.6 Photolithographic lattice one 68-70 0.7-0.8 Photolithographic lattice 3 67-71 0.3-0.4

Comparative tests were carried out with two electrochromic cells measuring 30 × 30 cm; the results are summarized in table 2 below.

table 2 Switching Speed Measurements Example 2 Example 1 Zone A Zone B Zone A Zone B T _Ldec (%) 63.5 64.8 70 69.9 T _Lcol (%) 22.3 17.45 26 24 Contrast 2.85 3.71 2.69 2.91 V _colo (s) 13 9 3 3 V _deco (s) 8 5 3 3

Zone A: Center

Zone B: side

T _Ldec : light transmittance in a non-color state

T _Lcol : light transmission in a state with staining

V _colo : time to reach 90% staining based on a colorless state

V _deco : time to achieve 90% color fade based on the color state.

At a constant contrast value (approximately 3), the EC glass of Example 1 (with an electrode with a metal grill) differs in comparison with the EC glass of Example 2:

- faster switching (increasing the factor from 3 to 4 by the time of staining and from 1.6 to 2.6 by the time of lack of color);

- homogeneous switching (switching time is the same over the entire surface).

Resistivity (ohm / square) V _com (s) Contrast Example 2 (EC standard) 5 13 3 Example 1 0.5 3 3

According to another preferred aspect of the present invention, it is shown that the lattice, which is the object of the present invention, is able to withstand heat treatment, in particular, it withstands bombing and even quenching.

After applying a layer of approximately 3 μm aluminum onto a substrate with a transparency function, for example by magnetron sputtering, this layer is coated with an electrochemical protection layer based on titanium nitride with a thickness of approximately 20 nm, for example, also by magnetron sputtering. Alternatively, a silicon nitride-based barrier layer is placed between a transparency function substrate and an aluminum-based metal layer.

Then such a package is etched by lithography or laser ablation.

The lattice thus formed on the first substrate is bonded to the second substrate, which is the opposite glass, so that it is located both on side 2 and on side 3 of the assembly formed by the superposition of two substrates. Bombing of 2 overlaid sheets is carried out in any suitable way, in particular, due to the action of gravity on supports, such as frames, frames, by pressing and / or aspiration on frames or solid molds.

In the case of quenching, the lattice thus formed is bonded to a substrate, which is quenched by any conventional quenching method.

The nature of the package in which the lattice was made is specially made with the possibility of resistance to oxidation (in this case, aluminum is passivated), moreover, titanium nitride forms a barrier against oxidation, while the lattice is also protected from oxygen due to layering.

The results of the measurements of the resistivity given below are a good illustration of the fact that the lattice retains its electrical conductivity before and after the bombing or after quenching.

So, for example, a 3 μm thick grating containing strips 40 μm wide with a gap between strips of 300 μm has a square resistivity of 0.3 Ω / square before heat treatment and 0.25 Ω / square after bombing or hardening.

The invention also relates to a substrate provided with at least one electrode of the type previously described, irrespective of the electrical / electrochemical device into which it is integrated or intended to be embedded both as an electrode and as a substrate.

According to other possible applications, said lattice can be used as an active layer in an electrochemical and / or electrically controlled device with variable optical and / or energy properties or in a photovoltaic device, or also in an electroluminescent device, or also in a heating device, or, if necessary, in a device with a flat lamp, in an electromagnetic shielding device, or in any other device that requires the use of a transparent conductive layer i.

As a heating device, such a grill can be located inside the hole made in the windshield through which the camera lens or any other type of electronic device is guided, and such a hole is not susceptible to fogging due to the heating device (see Fig. 4).

In another embodiment, the lattice can be bent, elongated on its support in order to locally provide electrical properties (conductivity) that differ from the properties of the adjacent zone.

Depending on the prevailing direction of deformation in the direction of extension (two adjacent cells move away from each other) or pulling inward (as opposed to the previous case, two adjacent cells approach each other), heating fronts can be induced in priority directions during the passage of current in the grating. Thus, depending on the glass profile (flat, curved, shaped, etc.), it is possible to achieve uniform heating and compensate for shape factors, and in contrast, create zones of different heating depending on the specific glass zones, for example, to favor heating more along the edges than in the center (see Fig.6).

It is also possible, without going beyond the scope of the present invention, to use several gratings, each of which has its own characteristics (for example, resistivity), connecting them electrically by means of buses both in series and in parallel (see Fig. 5).

Claims (11)

1. An electrochemical / electrically controlled device with variable optical and / or energy properties, comprising at least one carrier substrate (S1) provided with an electroactive layer or a packet (3) of electroactive layers located between the electrode (2), called the "lower ", and an electrode (4) called" upper ", in which at least one of the lower electrodes (2) or upper electrodes (4) contains at least one electrically conductive layer formed of a metal lattice (9) made of pure metal, from characterized in that the thickness of the lattice (9) is from 1 to 15 μm, more preferably is from 2 to 8 μm and even more preferably is about 3 μm, and the fact that the electrically conductive layer is coated with at least one layer (10) electrochemical protection based on a material selected from titanium, gold, platinum, palladium, said material being nitrided if necessary, and the fact that the electrochemical protection layer (10) is connected with at least one metal oxide-based barrier layer (11) selected from zinc oxide mixed about zinc oxide doped with another metal selected from the group of the following metals: Al, Ga, B, Sc, indium oxide doped especially with tin, tin oxide doped especially with antimony. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the lattice (9) is a lattice based on pure material selected from silver, copper, zinc, aluminum, nickel, chromium, an alloy of nickel and chromium. 3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lattice (9) has a periodic or aperiodic structure, representing dimming of light from 15 to 25%. 4. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the thickness of the layer of electrochemical protection (10) is from 10 to 100 nm, more preferably is from 25 to 75 nm and even more preferably is about 50 nm. 5. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the thickness of the barrier layer (11) is from 40 to 400 nm, more preferably is from 60 to 300 nm, and even more preferably is about 250 nm. 6. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lattice (9) is deposited on a second barrier layer, preferably based on silicon nitride. 7. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the resistivity of the electrically conductive layer (2) is from 0.01 to 1 Ohm / square, more preferably is from 0.2 to 0.6 Ohm / square and even more preferably is about 0.4 ohm / square. 8. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lattice retains its electrical conductivity before and after heat treatment. 9. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it is an electrochromic system, in particular a "fully solid state" electrochromic system or a "fully solid" or "fully polymer" electrochromic system, a liquid crystal system, or a viologen system, or an electroluminescent the system. 10. Glass, characterized in that a device according to any one of claims 1 to 9 is built into it. 11. The use of a device according to any one of claims 1 to 9 or glass according to claim 10 for glazing for a building, glazing used for internal partitions or windows, or roofs or used for vehicles such as an airplane, train, car, ship, construction machine visualization / indication screens, such as computer or television screens or projection screens, tactile screens, in the manufacture of glasses, or camera lenses, or protective coatings for solar panels, or lighting surfaces.

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