RU2401528C1 - Method for soil enrichment in crops cultivation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, namely to methods for soil enrichment in crops cultivation. Method includes application of organic fertiliser, such as straw and green mass of stubbly manure, which are ploughed in soil in autumn. Ground straw is applied as 2.6-4.3 t/ha, and as stubbly manure is represented by undersowing foxtail clover of the first year of growth, with grown green mass in amount of 3.5-4.5 t/ha simultaneously with growth of cover cereal crop.

EFFECT: improved fertility of soil, increased productivity of crops.

1 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of enriching the soil during the cultivation of crops.

A known method of enriching the soil when cultivating crops by introducing straw into it together with the green mass of crop green manure. Sareptskaya mustard is used as a crop of green manure, the green mass of which is introduced per unit area in an amount exceeding the amount of straw introduced per unit area by 2.4-3.5 times (1).

There is a method of soil enrichment in the cultivation of crops, taken as a prototype (2). The method includes applying alternative organic fertilizer to the soil. As organic fertilizer, straw is used in an amount of 4.5-5.6 t / ha and green mass of crop green manure (lupine) in an amount of 7.9-8.6 t / ha, which is plowed into the soil in autumn.

The disadvantage of the described methods is the limitation of the cultivation of crop green manure after medium-late crops in climatic conditions of the forest-steppe and subtaiga zone of Russia. After harvesting, there is not enough time left to form the right amount of green mass of crop siderat. The need to bear additional costs for soil preparation and siderat sowing after harvesting the previous crop, which leads to increased labor intensity and increased costs during busy harvesting times.

The invention is aimed at eliminating these disadvantages and lies in the fact that the method of enriching the soil when cultivating crops includes the introduction of organic fertilizer into the soil, which is used as straw and green mass of crop green manure, which is plowed into the soil in autumn, and crushed straw is used in quantity 2.6-4.3 t / ha, and red crop clover of the first year of life with grown green mass in the amount of 3.5-4.5 t / ha is used as crop green manure simultaneously with the growth of cover grain crops.

New in the claimed invention is that a perennial crop is used as a harvesting green manure - the red seedling clover of the first year of life, sown in the spring under the cover of cereals, for example barley, which forms a green mass simultaneously with the cultivation of the cover crop and also after harvesting. In the prototype method, an annual lupine is used as a crop siderat, for which there is not enough time in the forest-steppe and subtaiga zones to form the required amount of green fertilizer after medium-late crops. This time is limited for annual green manure crops: from crop sowing after harvesting previous crops to the onset of frost.

Clover red, as a perennial crop, develops a larger proportion of roots relative to the aerial parts than annual crops, which are also organic fertilizer, as well as aerial green mass. It does not reduce the yield of cover crop and does not interfere with its harvest, reduces weediness of fields, inhibiting the growth of weeds by its intensive growth, and is not a weed itself. Pink clover (hybrid), which can also be used as an inoculum siderate, is close to red clover in biological properties. In addition, red clover compared to the annual lupine (used in the prototype) is resistant to early frost and continues to grow with further onset of warm weather. And annual lupine is more thermophilic and severely damaged by frost, which shortens its growing season.

The difference from the prototype is that crushed straw is used in an amount of 2.6-4.3 t / ha, and red seedling clover of the first year of life with a growing green mass in an amount of from 3.5 to 4.5 t / is used as green seed. hectares simultaneously with the growth of the integumentary grain crop The choice of quantitative parameters for the introduction of straw and green mass is due to agronomic efficiency, confirmed by the experiment for three years.

Straw enriches the soil with macro- and microelements, improves the physical properties of the soil, and helps regulate the balance of humus. Green fertilizer helps to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter introduced into the soil, which improves plant nutrition and heals agrolandscape. Straw and biomass sowing red clover - environmentally friendly organic fertilizers.

These fertilizers, as in the prototype, are plowed into the soil in late autumn. Under the cover of the previous cereal crop, red clover is sown in spring, which develops the root and aboveground biomass simultaneously with the cover crop, as well as after harvesting. All chopped straw during the harvesting of the cover grain crop is uniformly scattered, mulching the surface of the field. The green mass in the amount of 3.5-4.5 t / ha, together with roots and straw, is smelled in late autumn (end of September - October).

Despite the fact that the greatest yield of green mass is increased by red clover in the second and third years of life, planting red clover of the first year of life at the end of the first growing season into the soil is advisable. Since this allows enriching the soil with an organic substance rich in nitrogen, in a short period of time between the cultivation of the main crops, rather than occupying the field the next year to grow green fertilizer instead of obtaining marketable crop products. As a bean culture, clover in its first year of life in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria accumulates in the green mass from 30.2 to 39.2 kg / ha of biologically bound nitrogen. It also allows saving on mineral nitrogen fertilizers when cultivating crops.

To develop the proposed method, field experiments were carried out with fertilizer in the oat crop rotation after the barley precursor. The experiment was carried out in four replicates using red seedlings of the first year of life in comparison with another crop of green manure - spring rape according to the following scheme:

1) control - without the introduction of straw, green manure and fertilizers;

2) straw application (4.3 t / ha);

3) application of straw (2.6-4.3 t / ha) + green mass of 3.5 t / ha of red clover of the first year of life, together with root residues;

4) application of straw (2.6-4.3 t / ha) + green mass of 4.5 t / ha of red clover of the first year of life, together with root residues;

5) the application of straw (2.6-4.3 t / ha) + biomass of crop green manure (rapeseed) 1.5 ... 2.5 t / ha of green mass with root residues.

The experiments were performed in 2006-2008. The area of each plot is 70 m ² .

In the 3rd and 4th variant of the experiment, under the cover of spring barley in spring, simultaneously with sowing barley or later (in June: before or after germination), red clover is seeded.

In the 5th version of the experiment, a field with straw crushed during harvesting and straw scattered over the surface of the soil for sowing stubble green manure is discarded 2-3 times, rolled up, sowed spring rape and again rolled up.

Experience has shown the advantage of red seeding of red clover of the first year of life over harvested rape, since even relatively early harvesting of barley in the conditions of the subtaiga zone does not allow the green mass of the cold-resistant rape crop to grow more than 1.5 ... 2.5 t / ha.

Clover - a culture resistant to shading and is actively increasing biomass in the form of a branched root system and wintering rosettes with a height of up to 10-15 cm, providing an amount of aboveground green mass - 3.5 ... 4.5 t / ha simultaneously with the growth of a cover grain crop, without reducing her harvest. During harvesting, all straw from 2.6 to 4.3 t / ha, depending on the yield, is crushed and evenly scattered, mulching the surface of the field. Clover after harvesting the integumentary grain crop continues to grow until a steady cooling occurs.

With the onset of sustained cooling, the biomass of green manure crops is smelled. In the spring, harrowing and cultivation are carried out at all plots to a depth of 6-8 cm, then oats are sown.

In the experiment, methods for enriching the soil between the cultivation of barley and oats were tested (table).

Experiment Options Productivity, t / ha Deviation from the control, c / ha 1. Control 37.9 - 2. Straw 40.3 2,4 3. Straw +3.5 t / ha of green mass of clover of the first year of life 43.9 6.0 4. Straw +4.5 t / ha of green mass of clover of the first year of life 44.8 6.9 5. Straw + stubble green manure (rapeseed) 42.5 4.6 NDS (5%) = 4.6

Example 1. Experience - control. In the control variant, after barley, straw was removed, and other fertilizers were not applied. Soil cultivation, as in all other variants, included: autumn plowing to a depth of 18-20 cm, early spring harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation before sowing oats to a depth of 6-8 cm; oat productivity averaged 37.9 c / ha (see table), which was taken as 100%.

Example 2. In the second version of the experiment, after harvesting barley, only chopped straw without green mass of green manure was introduced under autumn plowing. Oat yield increased by 6%.

Example 3. In the third experiment, simultaneously with sowing barley in spring, red clover was seeded with a sowing rate of 12-15 kg / ha to a depth of 1.5-2.0 cm. Clover grew under the cover of barley and after harvesting, then it after steady cooling was plowed into the soil along with root residues and chopped straw. The introduction of straw and 3.5 t / ha of green clover mass into the soil increased the yield of oat grain by 16% or 6.0 kg / ha (see table).

Example 4. In the fourth embodiment, as in the third, the green mass of clover of the first year of life was grown and scented along with root residues and chopped straw. The introduction of straw and 4.5 t / ha of green clover into the soil increased the yield of oat grain by 18% or 6.9 c / ha (see table).

Example 5. In the fifth version of the experiment, immediately after harvesting the barley, chopped straw was brought in, the field was plowed with a tiller 2-3 times to a depth of 5-6 cm, rolled before sowing, rape was sown as spring crop at a rate of 15-18 kg / ha, then rolled after sowing. The grown green mass of rapeseed in the amount of 1.5 ... 2.5 t / ha after the onset of steady cooling was plowed into the soil, as in the third, fourth version of the experiment. The yield of oats with straw and green rape was increased by 4.6 c / ha or 12% compared with the control.

Thus, in the inventive method (3rd and 4th option), a higher increase in green mass of green manure was obtained than in the fifth embodiment, and the highest increase in yield. In the claimed method does not require additional autumn tillage associated with the sowing of crop green manure, such as rapeseed or annual lupine.

The proposed method of introducing shredded straw and green mass of seed clover of the first year of life helps to increase the biological activity of the soil and its enrichment with nutrients, which is an important condition for increasing crop yields, while reducing the cost of each centner of the main environmentally friendly products.

The invention allows to increase crop yields and soil fertility, to obtain environmentally friendly products while reducing costs.

The claimed method extends the enrichment of the soil and increases its fertility compared to analogues from early harvested to late harvested crops, increases the yield of crops. The method allows to increase productivity, for example, oats by 16-18% and to obtain an environmentally friendly product while reducing costs. In addition, the application of the proposed method allows to save labor and financial resources, since the technology of cultivating clover does not require additional tillage after harvesting the cover crop.

Information sources

1. RF patent No. 2309571, cl. A01C, publ. 2007.11.10. A method of enriching black soil in the cultivation of crops.

2. RF patent №2246196, class. А01С 21/00, А01В 79/02, publ. 2005.02.20. A method of enriching the soil when cultivating crops.

Claims (1)

A method of enriching the soil when cultivating crops, including the introduction of organic fertilizer into the soil, which is used as straw and green mass of crop green manure, which is plowed into the soil in autumn, characterized in that the crushed straw is used in an amount of 2.6-4.3 t / hectares, and red crop clover of the first year of life, with grown green mass in the amount of 3.5-4.5 t / ha simultaneously with the growth of the cover grain crop, is used as crop green manure.