RU2367793C1 - Recovery method of minerals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mining industry, to methods of combined development of deposits. Recovery method of minerals 20 includes removing of overburdens 15, recovery of minerals 20 and reclaiming which are implemented by one inclined benching mine working, opening access to mineral 20 from surface and translating by measure of extraction of mineral 20 with travel of covering 15 and destroyed mountain mass 3 into releasing after excavation space with formation of dump 3, slope gradient of which is equal to angle of slope of excavation. Translational displacement of stepped incline mine opening is implemented by means of lateral, forming together by vertical line one inclined excavation with introduction of face of each lateral opening under massif of undisturved rock 2. Driving of lateral opening is implemented by devices 1, installed vertically-stepwise one to other and on formed bench 3 of mountain mass, herewith transportation of mountain mass from driving, for its placement into dump 3, is implemented through this row of devices 1.

EFFECT: invention provides cheapen of extraction and increasing of process ecological compatibility.

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Description

The invention relates to the mining industry, relates to a method of mining and can be used in coal and other mining industries.

Mineral extraction consists in extracting them from the bowels of the earth onto its surface for further use and includes at least the following operations — crushing, loading and transporting them from depth to the surface of the earth after preparatory stripping.

There is an open method for developing mineral deposits lying near the earth's surface, which consists in bringing the earth's surface closer to mineral deposits by removing the empty rocks that cover them by crushing, loading into quarry vehicles and transporting them to a dump at a remote distance to form a foundation pit, quarry, treatment works for the extraction of minerals also by crushing, loading and transporting them with increasing heights and with the final need for reclamation the surface of the earth by returning the rock mass to the worked out space.

Quarries, pits, in the shape of a funnel, an inverted pyramid of a trapezoidal section with ledges along which roads, railways are laid, reach a depth of 200-300 m, several kilometers across, by which rock mass is transported by road, rail or other quarry vehicles to dumps located both in a previously worked quarry with simultaneous restoration of the earth's surface, and located outside the quarry, with an additional shoulder and a rise to a height dump, measured in kilometers on roads formed on the ledges of a loosened mountain dump overburden, which makes up the bulk of the cost of mined minerals in the open method in comparison with their occurrence on the surface of the earth with open access without preparatory overburden, and profitability is determined precisely by the cost and complexity transportation of overburden rock mass with a large stripping ratio reaching ten or more.

The boundary of the open-cast mining method is the depth of the mineral deposit, at which the cost of a unit of coal mined will be the same as the cost of the same unit of coal mined underground, which is produced without removing rocks that cover these minerals from the surface of the earth, from a depth of hundreds and thousands of meters with the need for crushing, loading and transporting them to the surface and leaving the cavities of the worked-out space in the form of voids.

The underground method of mining coal and other minerals includes preparatory, opening and treatment vertical, horizontal or inclined mine workings to the depth of the mineral, along which cargo is transported to the height of the earth's surface and between each other when loosening rocks and moving them by mine transport in previously mined space or to the surface, which is less than the volume of transported rocks and less distance than with the open development of these deposits, but constrained by ovia, the need to fix the mine workings, ventilate them, clean-up operations during coal mining without fixing the mined-out space with the subsequent collapse of the roof and the creation of a lot of pressure, which forces “pillars” to be left - natural ceilings, columns that restrain the rock pressure of the bowels of the earth, also formed from disturbance equilibrium by the presence of voids, cavities in the worked out space, in which a large or significant part of the minerals remains, while the open surfaces of the coal seams can to ignite with the subsequent departure to a greater depth of development under these pillars, makes the cost of coal mined high.

The laying of mined-out space in mines is used to a limited extent to control rock pressure, to protect against destruction of buildings, structures and ponds, to more fully recover, but not all, minerals, etc., since this is a laborious and costly process, which includes the main way transportation of filling material over long distances, including from the surface.

Explosive methane gas is emitted from coal seams with the need for additional measures and costs to control and remove it from long numerous mine workings, especially from treatment, dead-end or dome-shaped, where it can stand out and accumulate in the upper cavities to an explosive concentration.

A known method of mining (copyright certificate SU 1176078 A1, 08/30/1985), adopted as a prototype.

The purpose of the invention is to reduce the cost of mining by excluding transportation of overburden by combining the blade and face with a gap to extract the mineral, less damage to the environment due to the lack of vehicles, in particular automobile, minor disturbances of the earth's surface due to the lack of open mines, areas of dumps, voids in the bowels.

The method of mining is as follows. Removal of overburden, mining and reclamation is carried out by one inclined step mining, opening access to the mineral from the surface and progressively moving as the mineral is extracted with the movement of the covering and destroyed rock mass into the space freed up behind the mine with the formation of a dump, the slope of which equal to the angle of inclination of the excavation, while the progressive movement of the stepped inclined mine working is carried out by horizontal mine workings, forming together vertically one oblique mine working with the bottom of each horizontal mine under an array of undisturbed rock, and the horizontal workings are driven by devices mounted vertically in steps on top of each other and on the formed ledges of the rock dump, while transporting the rock mass from penetration for its placement in the dump is carried out through this series of devices.

This is achieved by the fact that the opening, mining and reclamation is carried out by one inclined step mining, opening access to it from the surface and progressively moving as the mineral is extracted, destroying and moving the covering rock into the freed space behind it with the formation of a dump, the slope angle which is equal to the total angle of inclination of the developed array.

The translational movement of a stepped inclined mine after extraction from it from a mineral depth is carried out by a series of horizontal mine workings, which together form vertically this one oblique mine with the bottom of each mine working under an unbroken rock mass, forming together a stepped surface of a general inclined mine with moving repelled rocks through it into the worked-out empty space remaining after extraction of the mineral and oblique overburden overburden to form its mound or oblique blade, the angle of repose which prevents free falling asleep workings and determines the slope of the total output, which can be controlled by artificially maintain and regulate the lateral pressure rock embankment form ledges with the backup boards of their ledges array boards.

The ledges of the mass of undisturbed rock are located at the top without the possibility of supporting artificial structures and structures on them, and for a stable position, at least two supports are necessary, which is feasible by partially resting on the ledges of the blade and on the lower structure, which in turn is also partially supported by the lower ledge and the underlying structure with the pressure distribution of the structures over its area to the underlying ledges of the blade through the lower structures, the lowermost of a number of these structures standing completely on the long the ledge of the dump of the spent rock mass or undestroyed rock mass or on the soil of a mine with a partially increased load from the upper structures partially standing on it.

In artificial structures, structures, partially standing on top of each other and on the steps of the dump, horizontal mine workings are conducted under the ledges of undestroyed rock in the bowels of the earth with a face above the lower structure, minerals are extracted to the surface and the broken rock is transported from the face to dump of the worked-out space of the below-passing mining with lengthening of the support ledges with the need to move along them after the slaughter while maintaining the possibility of transport there are minerals through them, which imposes certain requirements on structures, the number of which is comparable or less involved in the development by open-pit method (excavators, dump trucks, bulldozers, drilling rigs, various road and other auxiliary machines), but the practical absence of a transport component for removing the covering mineral waste rock in the same volume or large due to cuts from the quarry and vice versa gives prospects in the development of the proposed method and the development of new designs d like that already used in mines.

There is a horizontal method for layer-by-layer coal mining from a powerful seam by mechanized support-guard type roof supports installed stepwise on the ledges of a monolithic fossil [3, p. 276], where the bottom face of the upper mine is ahead of the bottom face with the formation of a general oblique mine, and the collapsed roof rock is through ceilings and shields rolls down into the dump formed behind them in the waste space with the formation of a natural slope, falling asleep to these workings.

The number of ledges of horizontal mining and the number of mechanized supports is limited due to this rock mass, which presses on the lower support and during subsequent passes of mechanized supports under it will exceed the permissible load on them.

There is a method of developing a powerful steep seam in ascending or descending order with horizontal layers on ledges with a hardening tab with mechanized supports [1, p. 195], which increases the height of coal mining by filling the waste space with a connected monolithic substance instead of the former pillar of coal with its fuller extraction from formation, but the use of cementing filling material dramatically increases the cost of coal mined.

Known single-stand constructions of treatment complexes, combines, mechanized roof supports, progressively leading the face with the formation of dumps of collapsed rocks above and behind them, the stability of which is ensured by a wide area of support and overlap, torn between the soil and the roof of the mine with the possibility of their partial installation on top of each other and on ledges of the blade for conducting slaughter over the bottom overlap (3, p. 266).

Known two-rack linear section of the lining M1 30 and others, having two water stands with base plates on the soil of the reservoir, overlap and guard (3, p. 274), with partial installation of which in a vertical row with the support of the front rack to overlap the lower lining, and the back it is possible to extract minerals on the ledges of the dump with constant replenishment and lengthening of the ledges of the dump when moving behind the face with the formation of a natural slope of the dump with falling asleep of the worked mine workings, but horizontal communication between them and under Otovatelnymi mine workings makes this option inoperative, which is eliminated by their vertical communication with each other and with the soil surface of the preparatory horizontal excavation, which overlap with the full installation of each lining on a separate step of the blade, while with partial support they can be vertical communication with each other with the distribution of mountain the mass of the ledges coming from the surface and the upstream faces, while the number of supports resting on the ledge and the underlying support can be any provided that sufficient space is maintained between them to move goods between them, etc.

The guard takes on new functions - a bypass and a distributor, which bypass and distribute the rock from the overlap of the upper lining in front of the rear pillars of each underlying mechanized lining, extending the ledge of the blade, while there is still a need for the protective function of the shield to prevent the mine from falling asleep, and the associated mine is filled space with dump rocks, in addition to the worked out space of the upper lining with the possibility of cementing the worked out space full-time one of the lower mine workings, and the full extraction of coal reserves when installing a series of supports immediately to the entire depth of the mineral, which is unattainable when installing supports in a vertical row with a linear arrangement of faces and dumps due to the limited carrying capacity of the lower supports, which all higher , or with partial installation of the supports on top of each other, when the front support of each support is installed on the ledge of the array, and the rear on the overlap of the lower one ahead of the face and the blade in an ascending order due to detecting moldboard rock mass, particularly at the bottom lining, whereas the load of the upper roof supports in the present embodiment is redistributed through the lower blade on the ledges.

The functions and the design of the overlap and the movable mechanized lining itself are added and changed as a reduced area of overlap with the array being developed, the presence in the base and overlap of the holes for the lining to communicate with each other, the higher lining rolling along it, there is a need to overlap the side surface of the mine with the possibility of movement in it with by changing the profile and at the same time changing the direction of movement of the face and the blade to maintain working capacity, which is achievable with its shape in the form of a square, rhombus or and a circle, drive through hard rock using a blasting method, and not just coal.

The extraction of minerals and filling of the cleaned-up space with waste rocks with a vertical stepwise series of partially displaced devices with a lag of the face and the blade in an ascending order includes horizontal mining, transportation of mortgage material, rock to supports from other rock faces or from the surface, while it is possible to separate layering cementing hardening bookmarks and loose rock, transporting coal to the surface, so this is most effective with allowance, when a stepped row of mechanized roof supports has a direct exit to the surface of the earth using, for example, an inclined trunk passing through them between the supports and moving with them.

Correspondingly, the dimensions of the section of mechanized lining increase to a size exceeding the diameter of the trunk in order to maintain structural rigidity while simultaneously supporting the dump and lower lining and for the possibility of transporting the broken rock mass from the massif, which covers this field, located in front of the trunk to the bottom, to the dump of this mass located behind the barrel, while maintaining the possibility of horizontal-step mining of the face using narrower visors, shields, fixed to the overlap with the possibility ydvizheniya without frequent translational motion of the entire lining.

The installation of a horizontal row of supports, which are used in the lava with access to the lateral mine workings on top of each other and with partial support on the steps of the blade with a lateral exit, also implies such a high lateral development or several lateral workings on each other along the face, which is difficult to do, therefore one vertical-stepped row of supports is used with a vertical exit to a flat horizontal surface of the soil of horizontal development with maintaining a narrow but high stepped face, but with the opening possible the three-sided bottoming with horizontal stepwise displacement of the supports between each other and with respect to the inclined trunk by transferring the bottom and the blade to the corresponding side with the expansion of the mineral extraction zone, which together with the large overall bottom height increases the productivity and completeness of mineral extraction compared to the limited horizontal the passage of supports, the multiplicity of which counteracts the height and rock pressure of the rocks falling on them, in contrast to their lateral pressure.

The further essence of the method of mining coal and other minerals is disclosed and illustrated by examples of graphic images, where:

figure 1 is a General view of the production method using partially installed on top of each other and on the ledges of the blade of the device for the passage of mine workings with an inclined shaft;

figure 2 - use of the production method with the division into sections;

figure 3 - the use of the method from underground mining;

figure 4 is a variant of a single rack device;

figure 5 - device for transporting rock from the bottom to the dump;

figure 6 - changes in the direction of penetration by turning the devices;

Fig.7 is an isometry of the production site of the proposed method.

A stepped series of mechanized mobile two-support supports 1, designed for horizontal mining of rock 2 by the most common drilling and blasting method (Fig. 1), are simultaneously installed on the ledges of the bulk rock 3 and the lower support 1 under the ledges of the developed rock mass 2 in an inclined mining, formed by them, each of which consists of a base 4, front and rear support wheels 5 and 6, a ceiling 7 with retractable shields 8 integrated therein, a front face shield 9 with an explosive chipper 10 and a rear guard shield 11, side shields (not shown in the drawing), a handling device 12. In the front bottomhole part of the lining 1 on the base 4 there is a drilling machine 13 on the turret, the base 4 and the ceiling 7 have openings through which the inclined shaft 14 passes, access to the dump is opened in front of the ledge of the bulk rock mass 3 and the rear wheels 6, through which the adjacent roof supports 1 are additionally communicated vertically, etc. In the upper lining 1 during the passage of surface weak rock 15 on the axis 16 there is a loader 17 of cyclic action with a radius of action on the axis 16, reaching a dump hole in the base 4, without front bottomhole or side shields depending on the direction of the front of work, on the overlapping of which 7 installed lifting device 18. The lower lining 1 is made on the basis of a roadheader 19 mounted on the soil of the inclined working, or on the soil of the lower horizontal working connected to the ceiling 7 and the shield 1 0 tough. The inclined barrel 14 abuts against the combine 19 of the lower lining 1 motionless or with the possibility of movement along it.

As the face moves and the mineral 20 is delivered to the surface through the inclined barrel 14 by the lifting device 18, the combine 19 does not advance behind the face when it is rigidly connected to the barrel 14, but pushes the shields 8 from the floor 7, therefore, the initial capacity of the dump space behind the guard shields 10 all supports 1. After drilling and blasting operations carried out in overlying mine workings with the extension of the shields 8 from the floor 7, the broken rock mass 3 is transported through the handling device 12 to the variably freed up mined space behind the lower lining 1 behind the rear shield 10 by a distance not exceeding the length of the lining 1 horizontally, and the excavation and loading process of the upper lining 1 occurs within the radius of action of the loader bucket 17, increasing the area of the ledge of the blade in front of its rear wheels 6, and a protective shield 10 of the supports 1 of each excavation prevents falling asleep 1 support and development, restrains the pressure of the bulk mass 3, like the side sides of the body of the truck.

After advancing the face and extending the bottomhole shields 8 from the overlap 7 of all the supports 1, cleaning the bottomhole space located on the overlap 7 of each lower lining 1, lengthening the ledges of the dump with the rock mass 3, the whole structure is moved behind the face to the heading by the combine 19 lower lining 1 and under the pressure of the sides of the bulk rock 3 with the retraction of all the shields 8 back into the ceiling 7, by rolling the rear wheels 6 along the ledges of the blade with the release of the capacity of the worked out space for the next cycle.

With a sufficiently large size of the holes in the base 4 and the ceilings 7, through which the inclined shaft 14 passes, rested in the combine 19 of the lower lining 1 with the possibility of moving along it with a gap of at least a driving pitch, the movement of each lining 1 can be separate - the mining combine moves separately 19, increasing the dump capacity in the worked-out space behind it, then the lining 1 partially standing on it after drilling and blasting operations, moving the broken rock mass 3 by the loading and transport device 12 into the vacated tank behind Mb 19 behind the guard shield 10 with the front wheels 5 rotating to overlap the lower lining 1 and the enlarged platform for the ledge of the rock mass 3 with the release of the tank for the higher lining 1, which, in turn, also after drilling and blasting and cleaning works with transportation of the broken rock mass 3 in the blade formed behind the lower support 1 and the extension of the support step moves after the face and so on in ascending order until the latter moves, after which the shaft 14 moves along the support platform of the combine 19 pyami 1 within the difference in size of the stem 14 and the through-holes in the bases 4 and 7 ceilings.

The connection to the lining 1 and the design of the barrel 14 can be different - articulated with telescopic extension of the barrel 14, without the barrel 14 transferring the mineral 20 through the openings with loading and transport machines, for example, a crane, winch or conveyor, while maintaining the described order of passage of the horizontal workings of the supports 1.

Unlike a shaft shaft, made in a vertical mine working and fixed therein, the shaft 14, passing through the horizontal workings and lining 1, does not have direct contact with the internal surfaces of these workings, does not play a fixing role in a constantly updated or constantly moving space horizontal workings, passed through new bowels, therefore, the requirements for its construction are less stringent, the trunk is made as a truss with the aim of lifting goods, and not counteracting mountain pressure.

Drilling and blasting method of penetration is preferable as the most productive during the passage of strong rocks closing the field 2, taking into account the advantages that arise in the proposed case:

- explosion and breaking of rock 2 in the face occurs in the immediate vicinity of the shaft 14 and the miners' workplace, but behind a strong bottom-hole shield 9, the stability of which is ensured by the resistance against the dump of rock 3 by the rear safety shield 10 with a rigid resistance of the materials of the support structure 1 to compression unlike the spacer stop with frictional forces against the horizontal internal surfaces of the mine, if you use support 1 when driving long mine workings without a blade behind it, support 1 works like a shield with a shield coal mining method, when blown coal underneath, sliding down through the oven loading device, made of a durable material;

- the gas pressure will be dissipated by the presence of gaps between the supports 1 with the possibility of suppressing energy by fixing the shield 9 to the supports 1 through energy-absorbing devices, through springs, for example, or you can use fenders 11 that cover the explosion zone with the possibility of reusing the explosion energy for transporting previously broken rock 2 from the rock array to the dump by blocking the bottom hole space in the pipe;

- gaseous products of the explosion are removed from the mine more intensively due to the constant proximity of the barrel 14 along which the main ventilation ducts are laid in comparison with the bottom of the mine located hundreds of meters and kilometers from the barrel 14;

- the sound wave counteracts the enclosed space in the lining 1, in which there may be a separate camera, which is moved together with the lining 1 behind the face;

- along with these advantages, well-known security measures can be applied, such as moving people to other supports of 1 multi-level workings, personal protective equipment, alternating blasting of charges, another way of passing mine workings, etc .;

- more realistic prospects for the use of automatic mining and coal mining 20 due to the compact arrangement of equipment, the front of work, a constant distance in the working areas, proximity to the barrel 14, etc.

The total volume of loosened mass 3 of overburden rock 2, blown up in the quarry and in the proposed method, is comparable to each other, in the quarry a little more, but this happens in a more productive way by large blocks in different sections on a large territory with larger pieces of loosened rock 2 than in the proposed case, and since Since the productivity consists mainly of transporting the blasted rock mass 3, which is also produced in large quantities, in the proposed embodiment there is no transport component with fuel consumption, and the productivity mainly depends on the blasting speed of the rock mass 2, which depends on the speed of drilling holes, laying charges produced in a smaller volume, but often by drilling shallow holes with a smaller diameter, the ability to quickly remove blasted mass 3 into the dump with simultaneous recultivation of disturbed subsoil with prospects to accelerate this process, whereas in a quarry after blasting it is necessary to first remove rock mass 3 outside the quarry, extract mineral 20, and then return it to restore disturbed land, which is more expensive than in the proposed case, when the blade is within the range of the loader 17 or excavator within the dimensions of the lining 1, which reduces the cost of coal mined 20 with the prospects of increasing productivity.

With a significant occurrence depth of mineral 20 (Fig.2) when dividing a large number of supports 1, inclined shafts 14 into sections depending on the height of the lifting mechanism 18 and other factors when using this method for underground mining, each section is also located stepwise with full relying on the ledge 21 of the dump of rock mass 3 with the entire supporting area, while the beginning of a new row of supports 3 begins in front of the supporting platform of the ledge 21 of the upper section of the supports 1 with a longer mine working and correspondingly the existing support 22, while it is possible to gradually develop the field with subsequent development of the lower horizon with preliminary cementing with a mixture of 23 the lowest layer under the rock mass 3 (Fig. 3 is a rear view) with the possibility of its controlled entry through the inclined shaft 14 or through the dump of rock mass 3 followed by horizontal underground mining 24 below it, from the soil 25 of which the development of a new horizon has begun.

In figure 4. A single-rack device of mining workings for extracting minerals by partially supporting them on each other and on the rock mass stage 3 consists of a frame 26 with a front hydraulic stand 27, which it rests on the underlying frame 26, and a supporting part of the end 28 of the frame 26, which it rests on the ledge dump of rock mass 3. A distinctive feature of the previous lining 1 is the combination of the base and the overlap due to the partial loss of its main function - to counteract the rock mass 3 and maintain the roof of the production of rock monolith 2, from which there is one ledge, and the frame 26 for the upper mine serves as the base, soil, and for the lower is the overlap, roof; the absence of a rear support post and wheels supporting the end 28 of the frame 26 on a ledge and moving along it using, for example, a winch 29 due to the redistribution of pressure to adjacent frames 26 and the horizontal component, as lava supports move, as well as other options for dragging devices slaughter without the use of wheels and other mechanisms that may break or require maintenance, as the essence is to reduce the friction forces during movement, which can be reduced by wetting the surface of the ledge at the time of dragging, applying clay to the surface of the ledge, etc.

The pivoting shield 30 or part thereof is pivotally mounted below the frame 26 above the end of the lower frame 26 in front of its rear support part 28 and the dump hole 31, like the front bottomhole visor or the shield protecting the lining M 130 (3, p. 274), the rotation of which controls the flow rock mass 3 from above into the lower mine by overlapping the dump holes 31 of the frame 26 and moves it when filling the dump tank 32 and the extension of the ledge.

Transportation of the broken rock, rock mass 3 from the bottom to the dump (Fig. 4) through the dump hole 31 of the frame 26 is carried out by the vehicle 33 along the horizontal frame 26 to a distance within the dimensions of the frame 26, or by gravity from the bottomhole space along inclined pans 34 to the lower dump to a distance within the height of the excavation, by gravity during the destruction of the rock by hydromonitors 35 or under the influence of an explosion through an inclined pipe 36 from under the bottomhole space to a distance within the height of the two excavations.

The lifting device consists of a rotating ring 37 along the central hole 38 of the frame 26 with telescopic guides 39 fixed to it, which do not counteract the linear displacement of the frames 26 and their rotation among themselves, while maintaining their ability to raise and lower loads (Fig. 5).

Fig. 7 shows a general isometric view of a method for mining coal and other minerals with a vertically inclined stepped row of supports with partial support of each support on the ledges of the overburden rock mass passed through the support, and with partial support on a lower support without formation of a quarry.

Information sources

1. Kilyachkov A.P. Mining engineering. Nedra, 1989

2. Potapov. M.G. Career transport. Bosom. 1985

3. Yatskikh V.G. Mining machines and complexes. Bosom. 1984 year

4. Petrov A.I. Mine walker.

5. SU 1176078 A1, 08/30/1985.

Claims (1)

A method of mining, characterized in that the removal of overburden, mining and reclamation is carried out by one inclined step mining, opening access to the mineral from the surface and progressively moving as the mineral is extracted with the movement of the overburdened and destroyed rock mass in the released the development of a space with the formation of a blade, the slope of which is equal to the angle of inclination of the excavation, while the translational movement of stepwise inclined mining is carried out by means of horizontal mine workings, forming together vertically one inclined mine working with the bottom of each horizontal mine working under an array of undisturbed rock, and horizontal workings are drilled by devices mounted vertically-stepwise on top of each other and on the formed ledges of the dump of rock mass, while the transportation of the rock mass from the penetration, for its placement in the dump, is carried out through this series of devices.

Images