RU2284689C1 - Method for creating of early-maturing basic material for sunflower selection - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves sowing seeds of basic parent form in preliminarily selected geographic point at super early time as compared to time optimal for the given culture and region; growing plants under natural conditions defined by this sowing time, i.e., under long day conditions; selecting from cultivated plants those with shortened "germination-flowering" period, for the purpose of which registering early flowering plants to leave such plants for crossing procedure and removing remaining plants; subjecting early flowering plants to crossing procedure by providing group repolination under free flowering conditions, with spatial isolation from "random" sunflower plants flowering during this period of time and not participating in experiment being provided; growing said plants to maturing stage; selecting therefrom plants with shortened "flowering-maturing" period and high coefficients of complex of economically valuable features; sowing seeds of these plants at late time as compared to optimal time for the given culture in the given region in this geographic point; growing plants under natural conditions defined by this sowing time, i.e., under short day conditions; selecting from grown plants those with shortened "germination-flowering" period; subjecting these plants to crossing procedure; selecting plants with shortened "flowering-maturing" period, etc as well as after super early sowing; using seeds selected from plants obtained after late sowing as early-maturing basic material for sunflower selection.

EFFECT: increased efficiency, accelerated and high-precision identification of early-maturing highly adaptive sunflower genotypes for various climatic cultivation zones.

3 cl, 1 dwg, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the selection of sunflower early maturity.

There are several methods for selecting plants for early maturity, in which the original forms are grown on the background of artificially shortened photoperid. For example, the “Method for identifying the genotype by phenotype of the photoperiodic reaction of wheat is known mainly when breeding for precocity, productivity, and resistance to adverse environmental factors” (AS USSR No. 1660635, A 01 H 1/04), according to which the original varieties are grown in regulated Under contrasting photoperiodic conditions and for crossing, plants are used that are maximally different in age for each phase of ontogenesis. The disadvantage of this method is the use of different from the natural lighting conditions provided by the vegetative-climatic installations for identifying the photoperiodic reaction of wheat phenotypes.

The well-known "Method of selection of wheat forms of different early maturity and photoperiodic sensitivity", also based on the use of expensive artificial lighting conditions for differentiating wheat forms from early and late ripening according to photoperiodic reaction when growing on a short day (RF patent No. 2065697, A 01 H 1/04) .

The closest analogue to the claimed invention is the "Method of creating the source material of corn in breeding for precocity" (AS USSR No. 1729336, A 01 H 1/04, 1992). In the known method, adopted by us for the prototype, the parent form is sown in the optimal time for different geographical areas for one year: first in the Krasnodar Territory, and a month later in the Leningrad Region. Forms of corn are grown under natural conditions against a long and short day, and forms that bloom under natural conditions of a long day (Leningrad region) at an equal or lower amount of effective temperatures than on a short day (Krasnodar Territory) are used for crossing, and they are crossed from hybrid populations select lines with a shortened sprout-flowering period. Common signs for the prototype and the proposed method is the selection of precocious forms against the background of natural contrasting photoperiodic and hydrothermal environmental conditions, as well as other signs.

The disadvantage of this method is the comparative cultivation of the source material of corn in various geographical locations, which requires a significant investment of time, material resources for environmental variety testing, precise coordination of the work of breeding institutions, a large amount of experimental data and the exact implementation of all methods of sowing, accounting, evaluation and selection of plants to obtain reliable data. The prototype also proposes to create the source material and variety at the place of their intended cultivation. In the known method does not consider the possibility of cultivating varieties in areas far from the breeding institution - the originator of the variety.

The problem solved by the claimed invention: improving the efficiency of the method by reducing the time and material costs, as well as accelerating and increasing the accuracy of identification of early maturing highly adaptive sunflower genotypes for various climatic zones of cultivation.

The purpose of the invention is to provide natural contrast photoperiodic and hydrothermal conditions in one climatic zone as a differentiating background for the selection of genotypes for precocity and other characters in one year.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of creating source material in breeding for early maturity, including sowing the parent form in two different periods for one year, growing plants in natural conditions against a long and short day, selecting plants with a shortened period of "seedlings - flowering ", as well as crossing, according to the invention, the sowing of the parent form in two different periods during the year is carried out in one geographical location:

the first - at an early date by the seeds of the initial generation, the second - at a late date by seeds selected from those grown at the first sowing period, plants with a shortened "seedling-flowering" period are selected at each sowing date by registering early-flowering plants and removing the rest (late-flowering), Crossed plants are exposed at each sowing period to mature plants by group pollination at free flowering with observance of spatial isolation, from which plants are then selected with a shortened period "color tenie-maturing "and high performance complex of economically valuable traits. Moreover, the early sowing of the parent line is carried out, for example, in the conditions of the Krasnodar region on March 1, and late sowing on August 1. At the same time, plants that bloom in the first three days of flowering of sunflower are referred to as early-growing plants.

A comparative analysis of the proposed technical solution with the prototype allows us to conclude that the claimed method differs from the known conditions for the implementation of actions (both sowing of the parent forms is carried out in one geographical location), in particular, the mode of execution of the actions (the first sowing is carried out at an early date, and the second at a late in comparison with the optimal sowing period for a given cultivation zone) and the substances used: in the second (later) sowing season in the same year, seeds are used, selected nye grown from the first (very early) term sowing seed parent, the parent form. Thus, the claimed technical solution meets the patentability criterion of NOVELTY.

Exploring the prior art in the process of conducting a patent search for all types of information generally available in the press, we did not identify technical solutions having a combination of features of the proposed method that are distinct from the prototype. The claimed technical solution for a specialist with the so-called normal average knowledge in the field of selection does not explicitly follow from the prior art. To the claimed combination of features of the proposed method, we came after a series of scientific experiments in the same geographical location for several years, identifying the possibility of using contrast photoperiodic and hydrothermal conditions in the same geographical location for the same year as a differentiating background for accelerated creation of source material in the selection of sunflower. Therefore, the set of distinctive features from the prototype of the features is new, and the claimed technical solution meets the criteria of patentability. INVENTIVE LEVEL. The claimed technical solution meets the patentability criterion INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY, as it can be used in agriculture, and, in addition, the description of the invention provides means and methods by which the technical solution can be implemented in the form described in the independent clause claims

The method is as follows. They take the seeds of the original parental form of sunflower and sow them in a selected geographical location at a very early (compared to the optimum for a given crop in a given region) period, grow plants under natural conditions determined by this sowing period, i.e. Against the background of a long day, plants with shortened “seedling-flowering” periods are selected from the plants by registering the early-flowering plants and removing the remaining (late-flowering) plants, early-flowering plants are crossbred by group pollination in free flowering with spatial isolation (from “random” sunflower plants) flowering during this period and not participating in the experiment), then plants with a shortened flowering-ripening period and high indices of the farm complex are then selected from them venno valuable traits. From their offspring, the seeds are sown late (compared to the optimum for a given crop in a given region) in the same geographical location, plants are grown under the natural conditions determined by this sowing period, i.e. against the background of a short day, plants with a shortened "seedling-flowering" period are selected from the plants by registering early-flowered plants and removing the remaining (late-flowering) plants, early-flowering plants are crossed by group pollination in free flowering with spatial isolation (from "random" sunflower plants flowering during this period and not participating in the experiment), then plants with a shortened flowering-ripening period and high indices of the farm complex are then selected from them Twain valuable traits. Seeds selected after the second (late) sowing are used as early ripening source material for the selection of sunflower. Moreover, the early sowing of the original parent form is carried out, for example, in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory on March 1, and the late sowing of seeds taken from those grown from the first sowing is carried out on August 1, and those that have bloomed are considered to be early-flowering plants grown from both sowing dates in the first three days of flowering sunflower.

An example implementation of the method. Families of large-fruited early ripe varieties of sunflower Lakomka, selected after evaluating their economically valuable traits in nurseries of the 1st and 2nd year of study, were taken as the initial parental form. Extra-early sowing was carried out in the Krasnodar region on March 1 (the optimal sowing date: the last decade of April - the first decade of May). The plant standing density was taken equal to 20 thousand / ha. For each plant, the date of flowering was marked with a plastic label on the stalk of a sunflower. Wan-flowering plants were left for further use, and the rest: late-flowering, diseased and ugly sunflower plants were removed. The left plants were provided with conditions for their group pollination with their free flowering in compliance with spatial isolation from accidental pollination with extraneous sunflower plants. Plants with a shortened flowering-ripening period and high productivity indicators (yield, oil content, weight of 1000 seeds) were selected from the grown plants for subsequent sowing, cultivation, and selection at a late sowing period. Late sowing with selected seeds was carried out on August 1 (10 days after harvesting the plants grown during early sowing). The method of assessment and selection of precocious biotypes in the second generation (F ₂ ) at a late sowing period was carried out similarly to the same as when growing the first generation of this sunflower variety (F ₁ ) at an early sowing date. Seeds selected after the second (late) term of sowing were used as early ripening source material for obtaining new early ripening varieties s-679 and s-680.

Table 1
Comparative characteristics of environmental conditions at different sowing dates
Krasnodar, VNIIMK, 2003 Sowing date Interphase period Sum of effective temperatures, ° С The average daily temperature, ° C The amount of precipitation, mm Average day, hours: min. March 1 Sprouts flowering 847 18.2 30.3 14:50 Flowering ripening 470 22.4 25.9 15:30 August 1 Sprouts flowering 826 20.3 112.8 13:05 Flowering ripening 259 13.6 113.6 10:57

A significant shift of the sowing time in time creates contrasting hydrothermal and photoperiodic conditions for the vegetation of sunflower plants for one year, which allows more efficient and faster differentiation of a sunflower population that is homogeneous under optimal conditions into early-ripening and late-ripening forms.

The development of sunflower plants during early sowing before mass flowering begins at a low average daily temperature (18.2 ° C), and when grown late in the season, heat shortage (13.6 ° C) is observed during the flowering-ripening period (Table. one). Significantly different for different periods of sowing and moisture conditions. The amount of rainfall during the growing season when sowing on March 1 is 56.2 mm, and when sowing on August 1 - 226.4 mm. The duration of the daylight hours at a late date is reduced by an average of 2 hours. Thus, sowing at an early and late date can significantly change the photoperiodic and hydrothermal conditions of vegetation at one geographical point, as well as get two generations of sunflower in one year.

To obtain patterns of changes in the duration of the growing season against the background of contrasting photoperiodic and hydrothermal conditions of different sowing periods, it is important to determine the contribution of the seedling-flowering and flowering-ripening interphase periods (see drawing).

The duration of the seedling-flowering period with a late sowing period decreased by 10 days with an increase in the average daily air temperature and a decrease in the light period of the day. When the sowing period is too early, the reverse pattern of change in the flowering-ripening period is observed. The cultivation of two generations of sunflower on the background of contrasting photoperiodic and hydrothermal conditions of early and late sowing allows plants to be selected to reduce the period of "seedling-flowering" and "seedling-ripening", as well as resistance to environmental stress factors.

After two selection cycles when sowing at an early and late date against the background of various environmental conditions, we studied the obtained variety samples with the optimal growing time in the nursery of the preliminary variety test (Table 2).

Comparative characteristics of the obtained new varieties No. 679 and No. 680 with the initial early ripe variety Lakomka shows that the seedling-flowering period was reduced by two days, and the growing season of variety No. 680 after two selection cycles decreased by 3 days. For mass physiological ripening, variety No. 680 requires 2 days more than control - a very early variety P 453 (Rodnik). Productivity indicators (yield, oil content, oil collection) of breeding variety No. 680 is higher than that of the parent form - the early ripening variety Lakomka. Thus, the variety No. 680 after the second selection cycle within one year in maturity approaches a group of very early sunflower varieties, and surpasses the control in yield and oil collection per unit area.

table 2
Comparative characteristics of early ripening sunflower varieties s-679 and s-680 obtained by the claimed method, with the parent form and control.
Krasnodar, VNIIMK, PSI, 2004 Grade Shoots-Flowering days Growing season, days Plant height, cm Diameter of the basket, cm Productivity, t / ha Oil content,% Collection
oil, t / ha s-679 62 92 190 22 3.91 45.0 1,58 s-680 62 91 191 23 3.69 46.7 1,56 cr-453 61 89 172 23 3.09 50,4 1.40 Gourmet 64 94 208 23 3.60 46.0 1.49

Sowing the parent form of sunflower in two different periods for one year in one geographical location provides a reduction in time and material costs when creating precocious source material for the selection of sunflower. The implementation of two crops of the parent form in one geographical location at different times provides contrasting natural photoperiodic and hydrothermal conditions in one climatic zone, as a differentiating background for selection for precocity and resistance to adverse environmental factors. The implementation of one sowing at an early date with seeds of the parental form of the initial generation, and the second sowing at a later date with seeds selected for early maturity and other economically valuable traits from those grown from the initial generation at the first sowing season, provides a more accurate identification of sunflower phenotypes that differ in terms of flowering , ripening and other economically valuable traits, that is, it increases the accuracy of identification of early ripening highly adaptive sunflower genotypes for various climatic cultivation zones. The selection of plants with a shortened sprouting-flowering period by registering early-flowering plants and removing the remaining (late-flowering) plants, crossing the early-flowering plants by their group pollination with observance of spatial isolation at each sowing period ensures the accuracy of the selection of the desired phenotypes.

Thus, the claimed combination of features allows you to get early ripe sunflower varieties with minimal expenditure of time and material resources, capable of producing high oil collection in a wide cultivation area in a short growing season, that is, to achieve the goal and solve the problem.

Claims (3)

1. A method of creating a precocious source material for the selection of sunflower, including sowing the parent form in two different periods during the year, growing plants in natural conditions against a long and short day, selecting plants with a shortened sprout-flowering period, and also crossing, characterized in that the sowing of the parent form in two different periods during the year is carried out in one geographical location: the first - at an early date by the seeds of the initial generation, the second - at a later date by seeds selected from vyra sown at the first sowing season, the selection of plants with a shortened “sprouting-flowering” period is carried out at each sowing season by registering early-flowering plants and removing the remaining (late-flowering) plants; , from which plants are then selected with a shortened flowering-ripening period and high indicators of a complex of economically valuable traits. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the early-sowing of the parent form is carried out, for example, in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory on March 1, and the late sowing - on August 1, with seeds selected at the first sowing date. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the early-flowering plants grown at both sowing dates include plants that bloomed in the first three days of flowering of sunflower.