RU2274694C2 - Upper railway and motor road structure (variants) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction, particularly pavings made of prefabricated single units.

SUBSTANCE: structure comprises rail brace having rod connector head with downwardly directed extension arranged from outer side of extension made on upper chair end along orifice for connector receiving. Pad is resilient and has different resiliency in vertical direction. Pad may cooperate with head, connector rod and lining. Pad upper, lower and side faces arranged under connector head are provided with irregularities mating irregularities created on connector head and upper edge of rail chair. Wooden rail support has transversal depressions on upper bed plate located under the chair. The wooden rail support is provided with heat insulation coating formed on upper support bead. Wooden bar for sleeper production comprises transversal holes and is subjected to vacuum treatment and/or dried after hole forming. Method for impregnating wooden bars with electrolyte solutions by direct electric current application involves arranging electrodes linked to direct current source in the holes filled with electrolyte. Before wooden bar filling with electrolyte the wooden bar is vacuum treated, preferably with forced drying thereof. Road paving comprises panels connected one to another by joint and mounting means. Each panel is provided with rib extending in longitudinal direction and directed downwards. The rib preferably has a number of transversal through cuts. Rail brace comprises rail installed in depression of the base through pad and groove made in the base near depression and opened towards rail. Clip is installed in the groove. One clip end is located under rail bottom, another end thereof rests upon support face of the base. Medium clip part rests upon upper support face of the groove. The support face and upper support face of the groove are inclined along rail with respect to each other.

EFFECT: increased reliability, extended service railroad and motor road life.

31 cl, 53 dwg, 23 ex

Description

The group of inventions relates to the design of the upper structure of the railway track and road.

The technical result of the group of inventions: increased reliability, extended service life of the upper structure of the track and road.

The technical essence of the group of inventions is set forth in the description and drawings: FIGS. 1, 2 show a crutch bond with protrusions up the perimeter of the holes for the fasteners and protrusions down the perimeter of the head of the attachment; figure 3 is the same with an elastic gasket under the head of the attachment; figure 4-6 - rod attachment with an elastic gasket under the head with irregularities on the upper and lower faces; 7-8 - crutch bonding with a sleeve in the lining around the perimeter of the crutch; in figures 9-11, 13 - screw fastening with a sleeve; on Fig, 13 - screw fastening with a multilayer gasket between the head of the fastener and the lining; on Fig.19-19 - wooden rail support with transverse recesses on the upper bed; in Fig.20, 25, 28, 29 - wooden rail support with a number of transverse holes directed from the bottom up; on Fig.21 - 24 - wooden rail support with options for thermal insulation coatings; on Fig.26, 27 - wooden rail support with through holes for the rod fasteners; on Fig- 32 - rail fastening with a plate terminal in the groove of the base, open on the side of the rail and on the back side of the rail; on Fig, 33 - the same for the bar terminal; on Fig-36 - fastening with a plate C-shaped terminal in the groove of the base, open on the side of the rail and two lateral sides; on Fig 37-39 - the same for the bar terminal; on Fig - plate pavement with a downward directed longitudinal rib; on Fig 42-45 - a plate of a railway track with a downward directed longitudinal rib under each rail track platform; on Figs. 56-53 are variants of mounting devices for connecting adjacent plates.

According to the first invention, the standard design of a crutch rail fastening with a wedge-shaped double-edged five-hole lining is known ("Album of drawings of the upper structure of the railway track". M: Transport, 1995, pp. 74-85).

The disadvantage of this design is the lack of an upwardly directed protrusion on the upper face of the lining around the perimeter of the hole for the fastener, preventing moisture from entering the holes for the fastener. The head of the rod attachment does not prevent moisture from entering the crutch hole.

The closest solution is a rail fastener containing a rail gasket and rod fasteners, and an upward projection is made on the upper edge of the lining along the perimeter of each hole for the fastener (US 4216905 A, 08/12/1980, IPC 7 E 01 B 9/30, 9/48 )

The disadvantage of this fastening is the absence of moisture that does not allow moisture to penetrate into the hole under the fastener, which is directed down the protrusion along the perimeter of the head of the fastener.

The technical essence of the first invention consists in the fact that in the rail fastening containing the rail liner and the rod fasteners, moreover, on the upper edge of the lining along the perimeter of each hole for the fastener, an upwardly directed protrusion is made, a downwardly directed protrusion located on the perimeter of the head of the rod fastener, located mainly in the plan on the outside of the protrusion on the upper edge of the lining around the perimeter of the hole for the fastener.

The technical essence of the first invention is described in the description of example 1, in figures 1-13 and claim 1 of the formula.

Example 1. Figure 1, 2

The upper structure of the railway track on wooden supports for mixed bonding contains a wooden support 1, mounted on the upper bed 2 supports 1 lining 3 with flanges 4, between which a rail is installed on the elastic gasket 5 with the sole 6. The lining 3 is provided with holes 7 for the rods 8 of the rod attachments 9 for this example of crutches. Each rod 8 through the hole 7 with the possibility of interaction of their side faces is installed in the hole 10 of the support 1. The lining 3 on the upper edge 11 along the perimeter of each hole 7 is provided with an upward projection 12. A protrusion 12 is made near the hole 7 for the rail fastener 9 on three sides of the hole 7. On the fourth side, the hole 7 is bounded by a flange 4. The head 13 of the fastener 9 is provided around the perimeter with a downward protrusion 14, the lower face 15 of which is located below the upper face 16 of the protrusion 12. In the plan, the protrusion 14 of the head 13 is located wives from the outer side of the protrusion 12 of the lining 3. Similarly made a bond with a rod attachment in the form of a screw. During operation, the protrusion 12 of the lining 3 prevents water from entering the hole 10 of the support 1, and the protrusion 14 provides a drain of water from the head 13 from the outside of the protrusion 12, thereby protecting the wood of the support 1 from decay.

Performing a perpendicular protrusion on the perimeter of the head of the rod attachment, located in the plan mainly from the outside of the protrusion on the upper edge of the lining along the perimeter of the hole for the fastener, protects the wood of the support from decay, prolongs the life of the wooden support and thereby increases the reliability of the upper track structure.

According to the second invention, the closest solution is a rail fastener containing a rail liner and rod fasteners, and a gasket is installed along the perimeter of the fastener rod between the liner and the head of the fastener (GB 345865, 04/02/1931, IPC 7 E 01 B 9/40).

The disadvantage of this fastening is the gasket between the head of the fastener and the lining of the same elasticity in the vertical direction, which does not provide a sufficient decrease in the dynamic impact on the support, and the absence of irregularities in the interface between the gasket and the head of the fastener and the lining to prevent the dismantling of the fastener from dynamic impact.

The technical essence of the second invention lies in the fact that in a rail fastener containing a rail liner and rod fasteners, as well as a gasket installed along the perimeter of the fastener rod between the liner and the head of the fastener, the gasket is made elastic mainly with different elasticity in the vertical direction with the possibility of interaction with the head, the rod of the attachment and the lining, in addition, the upper, lower and side, located under the head of the attachment, the edges of the gasket are provided with By means of bumps, in response to which irregularities are made on the head of the fastener and the upper edge of the rail liner, the gasket is multilayer, for example, two-layer with the upper inelastic and lower elastic layers, mainly integral between each other, the gasket is multilayer, for example, three-layer with the upper elastic layer installed under the head, the middle inelastic layer and the lower lining mounted on the elastic layer, while the middle and lower layers are made predominantly integrally with each other, an elastic gasket under the head it is installed for each fastener, a two-layer gasket with upper inelastic and lower elastic layers is installed for each fastener or several, mainly two, fasteners, along the perimeter of the fastener rod on the upper face of the rail liner and on the upper face of the inelastic layer, upwardly directed protrusions are made, mainly of the same size , the upper, lower and lateral faces of the elastic gasket installed under the head of the fastener are provided with irregularities, irregularities in the head are made in response rikrepitelya under-rail and the upper face of the inelastic liner or gasket layer.

The technical essence of the second invention is described in the description of examples 2, 3, in FIGS. 3-13 and in claims 2-7.

Example 2. Figure 3.

The rail fastening comprises a lining attached to the wooden support 1 by rod fasteners 9 with heads 13 through the holes 7 under the rod 8. The lining 3 on the upper edge 11 along the perimeter of each hole 7 is provided with an upwardly extending protrusion 12. The head 13 of the fastener 9 is provided with a downwardly extending protrusion 14. In plan, the protrusion 14 of the head 13 is located on the outside of the lining protrusion 12. Between the lower face 17 of the head 13, the inner face 18 of the protrusion 14, the face of the rod 8 and the upper face 16 of the protrusion 12, an elastic gasket 19 is installed with the possibility of interaction with them.

During operation, the protrusion 12 prevents the ingress of water, and the gasket 19, being in an elastic-compressed state, additionally prevents atmospheric moisture from entering the hole 10 of the support 1, which provides reliable protection of the wood of the support from rotting, extending its service life.

Example 3. Figure 4, 5, 6.

The separate fastening comprises a wooden rail support 1, on the upper bed 2 of which an elastic gasket 20 is laid. On the gasket 20, a lining 3 with an opening 7 is laid under the rod fastener 8, in this example, a screw. The rail sole is attached to the lining 3, for example, with terminals. Under the head 13 of the fastener 8 of Example 2, an elastic gasket 19 is installed. The gasket 19 is made of the same or different elasticity single-layer or multi-layer, for example, two-layer, in the vertical direction. In the two-layer gasket 19, the lower layer is made more elastic than the upper layer to better seal the holes 7 in the lining 3. On the lower edge 17 of the head 13, irregularities are made, for example, in the form of downwardly directed radial protrusions 21 of a predominantly sinusoidal cross-sectional dimension proportional to the distance from the axis screw. Similar bumps 22 are made on the upper face 16 of the protrusion 12 or the upper face 11 of the lining 3 (Fig. 6). The elastic gasket 19 is provided with bumps in response to the bumps 21 and 22. A turnkey protrusion 23 is made on top of the head 13.

When screwing the fastener 9, the resistance of the interaction of the irregularities of the elastically compressed gasket 19 with the irregularities 21 and 22 is overcome. With a dynamic load, the interaction of the irregularities of the elastically compressed gasket 19 to the desired size of the gasket 19 with the irregularities 21 and 22 prevents the screw from unscrewing loosely. In this case, the lining 3 performs vertical oscillations between the gaskets 19 and 20, providing the necessary elasticity of the bond and reducing the impact of the rod 8 on the support 1. This increases the reliability of the bond and the service life of the upper structure.

The execution of the gasket elastic mainly with different elasticity in the vertical direction with the possibility of interaction with the head, the rod of the attachment and the lining, in addition, the supply of the upper, lower and lateral located under the head of the attachment, the faces of the strip, irregularities, the implementation of the response irregularities on the head of the attachment and the upper face under-rail linings, the implementation of multilayer laying, for example, two-layer with the upper inelastic and lower elastic layers, mainly integrally with each other, execution a multilayer gasket, for example, a three-layer gasket with an upper elastic layer installed under the head, a middle inelastic layer and a lower elastic layer installed on the lining, the middle and lower layers being predominantly integral with each other, installing an elastic gasket under the head for each attachment, installation of a two-layer gasket with upper inelastic and lower elastic layers for each fastener or several, mainly two, fasteners, perimeter of the fastener rod on the upper the edges of the under-rail liner and on the upper edge of the inelastic layer of the upwardly projecting protrusions, mainly of the same size, supplying the upper, lower, and lateral edges to the irregularities installed under the head of the attachment head; impact on the base, thereby increasing the service life and reliability of the upper track structure.

According to the third invention, the closest solution adopted for the prototype is a rail fastener containing a rail liner and rod fasteners, a sleeve symmetrical in plan along the outer side faces relative to its vertical axis (RU 2158794, 10.11. 2000, IPC 7 E 01 B 9/38, 9/48).

The disadvantage of this fastening is the impossibility of the sleeve regulating the rail position in the plan, i.e. track gauge.

The technical essence of the third invention consists in the fact that in the rail fastening containing the rail liner and the rod fasteners, a sleeve is installed symmetrically in plan along the outer side faces relative to its vertical axis along the perimeter of the rod of the fastener, the vertical axis of symmetry of the hole for the fastener rod offset in plan relative to the vertical axis of symmetry of the sleeve along the outer side faces, around the perimeter of the hole for the sleeve on the upper face of the linings formed upwardly directed projection, the outer side faces of sleeves formed with the broadening in the upper part of said inclined faces outward or upward in steps, performed responsively lateral faces bushing hole in the lining.

The technical essence of the third invention is described in the description of examples 4-8, Figs. 7-13 and p. 8-10 of the formula.

Example 4. Fig.7, 8.

. Верхняя грань 29 втулки 25 выполнена в одном уровне с верхней гранью 16 выступа 12 или с верхней гранью 11 подкладки 3 при отсутствии выступа 12. Головка 13 прикрепителя 9 снабжена направленным вниз выступом 14, расположенным в плане с наружной стороны выступа 12 по примерам 1-3. В верхней части головки 13 выполнены два боковых выступа 34 для демонтажа прикрепителя 9. Под головкой 13 прикрепителя 9 установлена упругая прокладка 19 с одинаковой или разновеликой упругостью с возможностью взаимодействия с нижней гранью 17 головки 13, внутренней гранью 18 выступа 14, гранью стержня 8, верхней гранью 29 втулки 25 и верхней гранью 16 выступа 12 и/или верхней гранью 11 подкладки 3.In the rail fastening, mainly separate, with crutch rod fasteners 9 of the lining 3 to the support 1 along the perimeter of each rod 8 in the lining 3 there is a protrusion 12 and a hole 24 in which an inelastic electrical insulating, mainly synthetic, sleeve 25 is installed. The sleeve 25 is symmetrical in plan along the outer side faces 26 relative to its vertical axis 27 with the possibility of installing the sleeve in two or four positions with rotation in plan 180 or 90 degrees, for example in the form of an ellipse or square. The outer side faces 26 of the sleeve 25 are made with broadening in the upper part with the inclination of these faces 26 upward (Fig. 7) or in steps. The lateral faces 28 of the hole 24 are responsive. The vertical hole 30 in the sleeve 25 under the rod 8 is made square in plan with the possibility of interaction of the side faces 31 with the side faces 32 of the rod 8 and the vertical movement of the sleeve 25 relative to the rod 8. The side faces 31 of the hole 30 are made parallel in plan the outer side faces 26 of the sleeve 25. The vertical axis 33 of symmetry of the hole 30 of the sleeve 25 under the rod 8 of the fastener 9 is shifted in plan relative to the vertical axis 27 of symmetry of the sleeve 25 along the outer faces 26 one or two m (Fig. 8) to mutually perpendicular directions parallel to the faces 31 and 26 by different sizes of "a" and "b", mainly

. The upper face 29 of the sleeve 25 is made flush with the upper face 16 of the protrusion 12 or with the upper face 11 of the lining 3 in the absence of the protrusion 12. The head 13 of the fastener 9 is provided with a downward facing protrusion 14 located in plan from the outer side of the protrusion 12 according to examples 1-3 . In the upper part of the head 13 there are two lateral protrusions 34 for dismantling the fastener 9. Under the head 13 of the fastener 9, an elastic gasket 19 is installed with the same or different elasticity with the possibility of interaction with the lower face 17 of the head 13, the inner face 18 of the protrusion 14, the edge of the rod 8, the upper face 29 of the sleeve 25 and the upper face 16 of the protrusion 12 and / or the upper face 11 of the lining 3.

During installation, each sleeve 25 is installed on a predetermined track in the hole 24 of the liner 3. The rod fastener 9 with the gasket 19 is driven into the support 1 through the hole 30 of the sleeve 25, mainly into the drilled hole 10, until the state of the gasket 19 is elastically compressed to the required value. Under dynamic load the lining 3 with each sleeve 25 perform vertical vibrations between the gaskets 19 and 20. To adjust the track, each fastener 9 for the protrusion 34 is removed from the holes 10, 30. Each sleeve 25 is removed from the hole 24 by turning They are 90 or 180 ° in the plan and set on the desired track. Then each crutch is driven into the previous hole 10. Thus, each rail of the gauge can be installed in two or four positions, which ensures the regulation of the gauge within the required limits.

Example 5. FIG. 9

In a separate rail fastening, the rod fastener 9 is made in the form of a screw with a turnkey protrusion 23. The rod 8 and the hole 30 in the sleeve 25 are made round in plan. The sleeve 25 is made symmetrical in plan along the outer side faces 26 relative to its vertical axis 27 with the possibility of installing the sleeve at 12 positions with a 360 / n degree rotation in the plan, for example, in the form of an ellipse, square, hexagon, octagon or other axisymmetric figure. In this example, the axis 33 is offset relative to the axis 27 by the values "a" and "b" in example 4. The upper face 29 of the sleeve 25 is made flush with the upper face 11 of the lining 3. The face 11 under the head 13 is made mainly with an inclination upward to the hole 24 and provided with irregularities 22. The head 13 and the elastic gasket 19 under the head are made in accordance with Example 3. Operation and adjustment of the track in Examples 3, 4.

Example 6. Figure 10, 11.

In the fastening according to example 5, an additional upward projection 12 of example 4 is additionally arranged on the upper face 11 along the perimeter of the hole 24 for the sleeve 25 in plan. The upper face 29 of the sleeve 25 is made flush with the upper face 16 of the protrusion 12. Side faces 26 of the sleeve 25 and the lateral faces 28 of the hole 24 for the sleeve 25 are symmetrical about the vertical axis of symmetry 27, for example, round in plan with the projections 36, mainly with four, for the possibility of installing the sleeve 25 at four fixed positions. The upper face 11 of the lining 3 under the head is provided with radial irregularities 22 (Fig.6, Fig.9). The head 13 and the gasket 19 under the head are made according to examples 3, 5. In addition, irregularities 22 are made on the inner face 18 of the protrusion 14. Irregularities on the gasket 19 are made in response.

Work and gauge control according to examples 3-5. According to example 6, the required elasticity of bonding is provided, the holes 10 of the support 1 are protected from atmospheric moisture and the gauge is regulated within the required limits.

Example 7. Fig.13.

Separate rail fastening is made with a three-layer gasket between the lining 3 and the head 13 of the screw 9. A sleeve 25 is installed along the perimeter of each rod 8 of the screw 9 according to Example 6. A gasket 37 is installed on the lining 3 and the sleeve 25 with the lower elastic 38 integrally made together, mainly with different elasticity in the vertical direction, and inelastic 39 layers. Along the perimeter of the rod 8 on the upper face 40 of the gasket 37, an upwardly directed protrusion 42 is made of predominantly the same size with the upwardly directed protrusion 12 of the lining 3. On the upper faces 11, 16 and 29 of the lining 3, the protrusion 12 and the sleeve 25 and the upper faces 40 and 45 of the gasket 37 and bumps 42 are made of irregularities 22. On the inner faces 17 and 18 of the head 13, bumps are made 21. Between the head 13 and the gasket 37, an elastic gasket 19 is installed according to Example 3 with irregularities corresponding to the bumps 21 and 22. The gasket 37 is made for two screws 9 according to the example 7.

The gasket 19 and the gasket 37 of a larger area extend the elastic range, reduce the dynamic effect on the screw 9 and prevent moisture from entering the wooden support 1. The sleeve 25 provides adjustment of the track within the required limits.

Example 8. Fig.12.

Separate rail fastening on a wooden support 1 contains an elastic gasket 20 with a lining 3 installed on it, through which the rod 8 of the screw 9 is passed. A ledge 12 is made along the perimeter of each hole 7 for the rod 8 on the upper face 11 of the lining 3. The perimeter of the rod 8 between the lining 3 and the head of the fastener is installed a multilayer, namely two-layer, gasket 37 with a lower elastic 38 and upper inelastic 39 layers. The lower elastic layer 38 is predominantly made different in the vertical direction of elasticity in Example 3. Layers 38 and 39 are predominantly integrally formed. On the upper edge 40 of the gasket 37 along the perimeter of the screw hole 41, an upward projection 42 is made, the outer side face 43 of which is conical with an extension downward. A cone-shaped inner side face 18 of the downward protrusion 14 of the head 13 is formed. A gap 44 is provided between the lower face 15 of the protrusion 14 of the head 13 and the upper face 40 of the layer 39, and a gap 46 is provided between the inner face 17 of the head 13 and the upper face 45 of the protrusion 42 to jam. faces 18 and 43. According to another type, faces 18 and 43 are made with a threaded connection, cylindrical or predominantly conical, with a thread pitch equal to or less than the thread pitch of the shaft 8 of the screw 9. The gasket 37 is made mainly for two 9 repeaters on each side of the rail.

After installation, the screw 9 screwed into the support 1 with stuck or screwed edges 18 and 43 is securely connected to the layer 38 of the gasket 37. Under dynamic loading, the lining 3 vibrates vertically between the elastic layers 20 and 38. The gasket 37 extends the larger gasket 19 according to examples 2, 3 the range of elasticity and reduces the dynamic effect on the fastener 9.

Performing a vertical axis of symmetry of the hole for the attachment rod offset in plan relative to the vertical axis of symmetry of the sleeve along the outer side faces, making along the perimeter of the hole for the sleeve on the upper face of the lining of the upward protrusion, making the outer side faces of the sleeve with broadening in the upper part with the inclination of these faces outward up or stepwise, the execution of the lateral sides of the hole for the sleeve in the lining in response provides the ability to adjust the track within the required limits and thereby The maximum increase in the service life and reliability of the track’s upper structure.

According to the fourth invention, apertures (SU 146810 A1) are made transversely longitudinally between the supporting platforms.

These openings in a reinforced concrete bed are designed to install a jack and do not provide water drainage from reference sites.

The closest solution is known made outside the sub-lining upper bed of a wooden rail support transverse recesses with a slope of the bottom of the recesses to the side faces (RU 2123081 C1).

The disadvantage of this solution is that reliable drainage of water from the entire sub-bed, especially the middle part, is not ensured, but only from sections of the sub-bed adjacent to the recesses.

The technical essence of the fourth invention consists in the fact that in a wooden rail support with transverse recesses on the upper bed, the transverse recesses are made on the sub-lining area of the upper bed, the lower edge of each recess is made with an inclination downward to the side face of the wooden support, in each recess, mainly on the sub-lining area , made a series of top-down holes.

The technical essence of the fourth invention is set forth in examples 9 and 10, FIGS. 14-20 and claims 11-13 of the formula.

Example 9. Fig.14-19.

The wooden rail support 1 comprises an upper bed 2 and side faces 47. On the upper bed 2 in the lining zone 3 there are three types of recesses 48 oriented transverse to the support 1. According to the first type, near each side face 47, a series of recesses 48 is made with a length across the support 1 that is less than half the width of the support 1 with an inclination of the lower side 49 to the proximal side face 47 (Figs. 14, 15) or a length equal to half the width of the support 1 with zero depth of in the middle of the support 1. According to the second type of recess 48, each row is made through the entire width of the support 1 with a given depth in the middle of the support with a slope of the face 49 from the middle down to each side face 47 (Fig. 16, 17). According to the third type, each recess 48 of the row is made longer than the support 1 by more than half the width of the support with a slope of the face 49 to one side face 47. Similar recesses 48 of the other row are made with a slope of the face 49 to the other opposite face 47 with an offset in the longitudinal direction (Fig. 18 , 19).

The recesses 48 are performed in the manufacture of a wooden support 1 and impregnated with an antiseptic together with the support or before installation with local antiseptic. During operation, recesses 48 remove atmospheric water from the upper bed 2 from under the lining, provide ventilation and drainage of wood in the area of the sub-lining area, which reduces the formation of a closed depression on the upper bed 2 and rotting of the wood and thereby extends the life of the support 1.

Example 10. FIG. 20

On the upper bed 2, recesses 48 oriented transverse to the support 1 are made. Each recess 48 is provided with a series of top-down openings 50, made mainly through. The distances between the recesses 48 and the holes 50 in the recess are taken depending on the depth of penetration of the antiseptic to ensure antiseptics of the entire volume of wood of the support 1. Outside the linings 3 on the upper bed 2, a coating is made to prevent atmospheric moisture from entering the holes 50. The coating is made, for example, of oriented across the support 1 of the wooden plates 51, secured by wooden rod fasteners 52.

In the manufacture of support 1, holes 50 provide intensive uniform drying without cracking of drying and impregnation of wood with an antiseptic throughout the volume of support 1. During operation, holes 50 and recesses 48 provide natural ventilation and maintain optimal humidity inside the wood, which prevents decay of wood of support 1.

The implementation of the transverse recesses on the sub-lining area of the upper bed, the lower edge of each recess with a downward inclination towards the lateral edge of the wooden support, the execution in each recess, mainly on the sub-lining area, of a series of top-down openings protects the wood of the underlining area from decay and thereby extends the life wooden rail support services and increasing the reliability of the track's upper structure.

According to the fifth invention, a railway track on longitudinal rods with a heat-insulating gasket between the rods and the base of the track is known (A.s 21200 from 03.20.1930).

The disadvantage of this solution is the lack of thermal insulation coating on the upper edges of the rail support adjacent to the atmosphere.

The closest solution is the upper structure, containing a ballast layer and sleepers, each of which on the lower bed is equipped with a layer of material with a bulk mass of 10-800 kg / m ³ (No. 1542424 A3, IPC 5 E 01 B 2/00).

The disadvantage of this solution is the absence of a thermal insulation coating on the upper edges of the wooden rail support adjacent to the atmosphere, which entails the formation of drying cracks, the penetration of moisture through the cracks inside, and the decay of the support.

The technical essence of the fifth invention consists in the fact that in the upper structure of a railway track containing a wooden rail support with a heat-insulating coating, the heat-insulating coating is made on the upper bed of the support, the heat-insulating coating is made of an annealed surface layer of wood support, the heat-insulating coating is made of waterproofing material or the support is provided additional waterproofing coating, thermal insulation coating is made of ballast material, such as crushed stone I, on top of a coating adjacent to the atmosphere, the support is provided with a heat-reflecting coating, for example a layer of light paint, mainly lime.

The technical essence of the fifth invention is set forth in examples 11-13, in Fig.21-25 and p.14-18 of the formula.

Example 11. Fig.21-24.

The upper structure of the railway track contains a wooden rail support 1. The support 1 is provided with a heat-insulating coating 53. The heat-insulating coating 53 is made on the upper bed 2 of each support 1 mainly outside the sub-pad. Additionally, a coating 53 is provided with the upper part of each side 47 and end face of the wooden sleepers and each side 47 and end face of the wooden bridge cross member. The thermal insulation coating 53 is made with a waterproofing property, or the support 1 is additionally provided with a waterproofing coating 55 below or above the coating 53. The thermal insulation coating 53 is made of synthetic, for example polyurethane, or several types of non-synthetic material. According to the first type, the upper bed 2 and each side 47 and end face are provided with a waterproofing coating 55. On the upper bed 2 across the sleepers and the bridge cross on top of the waterproofing coating 55 are attached, mainly wooden rod fasteners 52, wooden antiseptic plates 51. In the area of the sub-lining area, plates are attached 51 mainly from hardwood. On each side 47 and end face across the bridge cross member, wooden plates 51 or longitudinal plates 51 are attached at the top of the faces. On the sleepers in the upper part of the faces are attached longitudinal plates. According to the second type for wooden sleepers, the upper bed 2 and mainly the upper part of the faces are provided with a waterproofing coating 55. On top of the cover 55, the support 1 outside the sub-lining area is covered with a ballast layer 56, for example, gravel that protects the support 1 from overheating by direct sunlight. According to the third type, the thermal insulation coating is made of a burnt surface layer 57 of the wood of the support 1, which performs the functions of hydro and thermal insulation. Additionally, a coating 58, for example, of wooden plates 51 or other material is applied on top of layer 57 to protect layer 56 from destruction and labor protection. The uppermost of the coatings is coated with a heat-reflecting coating 59, for example, with light paint, mainly calcareous, to protect the support 1 from overheating by direct sunlight.

During operation, the heat-insulating coating 50, mainly together with other coatings, prevents overheating, a sharp change in natural humidity, the formation of cracks in the drying of the support 1 and thereby the ingress of moisture into the support and rotting of the wood, which ensures the extension of the life of the support 1. Use of the ballast layer 56 bed 2 provides a reduction in the cost of thermal insulation coating 53.

Example 12. Fig.25.

The wooden support 1 is provided with a number of openings 50 directed downward from the upper bed. The holes 50 are interconnected by a series of longitudinal 60 or transverse 48 or transverse 48 near the sub-bed and longitudinal grooves 60 made on the upper bed and connected to the atmosphere to provide natural ventilation. The support 1 is provided with a heat-insulating coating 53, mainly of wood plates 51 of the first type of Example 11, to prevent atmospheric moisture from entering the openings 50 and insulating it. Holes 50 are located and antiseptic according to example 10. During operation, holes 50 and recesses 60 and 48 provide natural ventilation antiseptic throughout the volume of wood, which prevents decay of the wood support 1 and prolong the service life.

Example 13

The upper structure of the railway track contains wooden rail supports 1 arranged in a ballast, for example, sleepers or transverse beams. Before laying the upper bed 2 of each support 1 is covered with a heat-reflecting coating of light material, mainly light paint, such as white. According to another option, mainly in the exploited way, the upper bed 2 of each support 1 and the ballast prism are covered with light paint, for example lime. According to the third option, the upper bed 2, the side 47 and the end face 54 of the wooden bridge cross member are covered with light paint.

During operation, the heat-reflecting coating of light paint of a wooden rail support 1 provides a reflection of the thermal effects of direct solar radiation and prevents overheating and the formation of cracks of drying of the support 1 and rotting of the wood. During operation, the coating of supports 1 and prisms with light paint, such as lime, is carried out by a watering train. Coating the ballast with light paint prevents the prism from overheating and reduces the heating of the support 1 from the side 47 and end faces.

Performing a heat-insulating coating on the upper bed of a support, making a heat-insulating coating of a burnt surface layer of a wood of a support, making a heat-insulating coating of a waterproofing material, or supplying the support with an additional waterproofing coating, making a heat-insulating coating of ballast material, such as crushed stone, supplying a top of a cover adjacent to the atmosphere, supports heat-reflecting coating, for example a layer of light paint, mainly lime, prevents the formation of drying cracks and the ingress of moisture into the wooden rail support and rotting of the wood, thereby ensuring reliability and extending the service life of the track's upper structure.

According to the sixth invention, a wooden sleeper is known, which on the upper bed in the under-rail zone is provided with patch plates with pins that are pressed into the holes drilled in the upper bed (SU 599004, 03/25/1978, E 01 B 3/04).

The disadvantage of this sleepers is the lack of ventilation and / or vacuum and drying during the manufacture of sleepers and operation.

The technical essence of the sixth invention lies in the fact that in a timber blank for sleepers containing transverse holes, the holes or the blank after holes are subjected to evacuation and / or drying.

The technical essence of the sixth invention is set forth in examples 14, 15, FIGS. 26-29 and claim 19 of the formula.

Example 14. Fig.26, 27

The wooden rail support 1 comprises an opening 10 for each rod-shaped fastener 9. To ensure the release of atmospheric moisture, the opening 10 is made through. For this, in the lower part of the support 1 an additional hole 61 is made, mainly of a smaller cross section, connected to the hole 10. In the sleeper, the hole 61 is made vertical, coaxial with the hole 10 (Fig. 26). In the bridge cross member above the longitudinal beam 62, the hole 61 is made inclined with an exit to the side face 47 (Fig. 27).

In operation, the antiseptic additional through hole 61 provides moisture removal from the hole 10, thereby preventing rotting of the wood in the hole 10.

Example 15. Fig.28, 29

The wood blank 1 of significant cross-sectional size, for example for a railroad tie or pile, is provided with a plurality of holes 50, mainly drilled and parallel to each other. The holes 50 are made at a distance between them, ensuring the penetration into the vessels and pores of the wood of the desired substance, for example an antiseptic. After drilling holes 50, the wood preform 1 is subjected to natural or forced drying or evacuation, mainly with forced drying, to remove moisture and air from the vessels and pores of the wood. After drying, the preform 1 is placed in a container with the desired substance and treated, for example, with an antiseptic or stabilizer, mainly with a solution of urea-formaldehyde resin. To preserve the antiseptic in the openings 50 for the entire time of operation, the openings 50 with the antiseptic are sealed with plugs. In another embodiment, to restore the original bearing capacity of the workpiece 1, a sealant is placed in the holes 50. To intensify the process and improve the quality of impregnation throughout the entire volume of the wood preform 1 with electrolyte solutions by applying a constant electric current to the holes 50, after filling them with an electrolyte solution, electrodes connected to a constant current source, mainly cylindrical, are placed. Positive and negative electrodes are placed in holes 50 with alternation between themselves, mainly in rows.

Drilled many holes 50 provides intensive and high-quality without cracking drying and impregnation of wood throughout the volume. Impregnation of a wood billet with an electrolyte solution by means of electrodes placed in holes 50 provides an intensification of the process and an increase in quality. Filling the holes 50 with a sealant restores the initial load bearing capacity of the workpiece.

Performing the evacuation and / or drying of the holes or the workpiece after making the holes ensures uniform drying of the wood workpiece for the sleepers throughout the volume, which ensures the protection of the sleepers from rotting, increase reliability and extend the life of the track.

According to the seventh invention, a method is known for impregnating wood preforms with electrolyte solutions by the action of direct electric current, which means that the electrodes connected to the direct current source are placed in wood openings filled with electrolyte (SU 149552, 01/01/1962, IPC 7, 27 K 3 / 02).

The disadvantage of this method is the insufficient quality of the impregnation, namely the insufficient depth of penetration of the electrolyte solution into the pores of the wood due to the presence of moisture in them, due to the lack of vacuum and / or drying of the workpiece before filling the openings of the preform.

The technical essence of the seventh invention lies in the fact that in the method of impregnation of wood blanks with electrolyte solutions by the action of direct electric current, consisting in the fact that the electrodes connected to the direct current source are placed in wood openings filled with an electrolyte, vacuum is made before filling the openings of the wood blank with electrolyte blanks, mainly with forced drying.

The technical essence of the seventh invention is set forth in example 15, Fig 28, 29 and claim 20 of the formula.

Performing evacuation of the workpiece, mainly with forced drying, before filling the holes of the wood blank with electrolyte provides an improvement in the quality of impregnation, an increase in the service life of the wooden rail support and the reliability of the upper track structure.

According to the eighth invention, a rail fastening is known, comprising a rail installed in the recess of the base on an elastic gasket, a groove made in the base near the recess, in which a groove is installed in the groove, in which a terminal is installed, one end located above the rail sole, the other end supported on the base support side and supported in the middle part on the upper supporting face of the groove (SU 1401095, 06/07/1988).

The disadvantage of this fastening is the impossibility of regulating, within the necessary limits, the pressing of the sole and the height of the rail.

The technical essence of the eighth invention is that in a rail fastener comprising a rail installed in the recess of the base on an elastic gasket, a groove is made in the base near the recess and has a groove in which the terminal is installed, one end located above the rail sole and supported on the supporting end with the other end the base face and the middle part supported on the upper support face of the groove, the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove are made with mutual inclination along the rail, the groove is made according to the first type open terminal on the rail side and on the rear side, or on the second type open on the rail side and on both sides, or on the third type open on the side of the rail and one side, or on the fourth type open on the side of the rail, the terminal is made of four types: according to the first type, the terminal is made lamellar in plan with elevation relative to the ends of the middle portion supported on the upper support face of the groove, according to the second type the terminal is made rod-shaped, O-shaped in plan, with the middle side elevated to the upper supporting face of the groove parts relative to the end sections, according to the third type, the terminal is made of plate C-shaped cross-section across the rail with the free ends facing the rail with the upper free end resting on the upper supporting face in the middle of the terminal; the terminal is made of B type V-shaped in plan located in the middle part with an elevation above the side sections of the free ends supported on the upper support face of the groove, the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove are made in the form of an oriented along the rail of the outwardly expanding recess, in which the end of the terminal is placed with a gap between the lower edge of the recess and the end of the terminal, or the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove are provided with irregularities, mainly in the form of protrusions and depressions oriented across the rail, terminal irregularities are made, elastic under-rail the laying on each side of the rail is made with the coverage of the upper edge of the sole and is provided with a C-shaped in cross section solid layer with a gap between the specified layer and the side edge of the sole elsa to engage the upper on the sole faces the solid layer with a top surface and a bottom sole on the sole faces the solid layer with a lower face of a rail foot, covering an upper face of the sole side portions under-rail pads made raznovelikie width on each side of the rail.

The technical essence of the eighth invention is set forth in examples 16-21, FIGS. 30-40 and claims 21-26 of the formula.

Example 16. Fig.30-32

Rail fastening contains a recess 63 of the base 64. In the recess 63 on the elastic gasket 5, the sole 6 has a rail. Near the recess 63 in the base 64, a groove 65 is made, open from the front to the rail and the rear. In the groove 65 is installed an elastic terminal 66, made plate in the plan. Terminal 66 with the front end 67 is located above the sole 6 with the support on the upper edge 68 of the sole or on the gasket. The rear end 69 of the terminal 66 is supported on the support face 70 of the base 64. The terminal 66 is made curved upward with the middle part raised relative to the ends 67, 69. The middle part of the terminal 66 is supported on the upper support face 71 of the groove 65. The face 71 of the groove 65 is provided with oriented irregularities across the rail of the protrusions 72 and the depressions between them of the same size and cross section, mainly sinusoidal. The irregularities of the terminal 66 are made in response. The support face 70 of the base 64 is made in the form of a recess 73 extending outwardly oriented along the recess 63 of the base 64. The rear end 69 of the terminal 66 is placed in the recess 73 with a gap 74 between the lower face 75 of the recess and resting on the side faces 76 of the recess 73 The upper abutment face 71 of the groove 65 is made along the rail parallel to the recess 63 of the base 64. The recess 73 of the abutment face 70 is made with an inclination along the rail relative to the edge 71 of the groove 65. In response, with the inclination along the rail, the rear end 69 terminals 66.

When mounting, terminal 66 in the direction across the rail from the rear side is inserted into the groove 65. The front end 67 of the terminal 66 is supported on the rail, the rear end 69 is installed in the recess 73 of the support face 70 of the base 64, where the end 69 is wedged between the side faces 76 of the recess 73. Overcoming jamming resistance of the end 69 and the resistance of the protrusions 72, the terminal 66 is moved in the direction of raising the recess 73 until the required pressing of the front end 67 of the terminal to the sole 6. The specified resistance prevents the spontaneous dismantling of terminal 66. Dismantling harass in the reverse order.

Example 17. Fig. 33

Terminal 66 is made according to the second type of bar O-shaped in plan with the elevation of the lateral branches 77 of the middle section over the end sections 67 and 69. The rear section 69 is bent down and placed in the recess 73. Each branch of the middle section is placed between the protrusions 72 of irregularities of the upper support face 71. The recess 73 and the upper support face 71 are made with mutual inclination along the rail.

Installation-dismantling according to example 15.

Example 18. Fig. 34-35

The groove 65 is made of the second type, open on the side of the rail and on two sides. Terminal 66 is made of the third type of lamellar C-shaped in cross section across the rail with the front lower 67 and upper 78 ends facing the rail. The front end 67 is supported on the sole 6 of Example 15. The upper end 78 is supported on the upper support face 71 of the groove 65. The rear 69 of the terminal 66 is supported by the lower face 79 on the support face 70 of the base 64 and the rear face 80 is supported on the rear face 81 of the groove 65. The support face 70 of the base 64 in the longitudinal direction is parallel to the recess 63 of the base 64. The upper support face 71 of the groove 65 is made with an inclination along the recess 63 of the base 64 relative to the face 70 of the base 64. The protrusions 72 are made on the faces 71 and 70 of the example 15, the protrusions are made in response at terminal 66. Upper to the end 78 of the C-shaped terminal for lateral fixation is abutted in a downward oriented, along the recess 63, protrusion 82 on the upper supporting face 71.

When mounting the terminal 66 along the rail, they are inserted into the groove 65 from the side of the high part and by pressing, overcoming the resistance of the protrusions 72, they are moved into the groove until the desired pressing. In operation, the longitudinal fixation of terminal 66 is provided by the protrusions 72, the transverse fixation is provided by the protrusions 82 and the rear face 81 of the groove. Dismantling is performed in the reverse order.

Example 19. Fig. 36

In example 17, the upper supporting face 71 of the groove 65 is made in the form oriented along the recess 63 of the base of the recess 73 of example 16.

Mounting-dismantling is performed according to example 18. Longitudinal and transverse fixation is provided according to examples 16, 18.

Example 20. Fig. 37-39

The groove 65 is made open on three sides in Example 18. Terminal 66 is made of the fourth type of bar, B-shaped in plan. The free ends 83 are located in the middle part with an elevation above the lateral branches 77, are supported on the upper support face 71 between the protrusions 72 and the longitudinal protrusion 82 of the face 71 in example 17. The lateral branches 77 of the rear end 69 are supported on the support face 70 between the protrusions 72. The rear closed the branches 69 of the terminal are supported on the rear face 81 of the groove 65. The upper support face 71 of the groove 65 is inclined along the recess 63 of Example 17. The elastic rail underlay 5 on each side of the rail is made covering the upper face 68 of the sole 6 and is equipped with a C-shaped cross section solidloy 84. Layer 84 is made with the possibility of interaction between the upper face 6 facing the sole 6 and the upper face 68 and the lower face 86 facing the sole with the lower face 87 of the sole 6. A gap 89 is made between the inelastic layer 84 and the side face 88 of the sole 6 to jam. layer 84 and the sole 6. The gap 89 is mainly filled with elastic material to isolate the edge 88 of the sole 6 from the atmosphere. A hard layer 91 is made on top of the lateral section 90 of the gasket 5 for transmitting pressure from the terminal 66 to the hard layer 84 and the sole 6. To fix the gasket 5 in the longitudinal direction, transverse protrusions 92 are made. The lateral section 90 of the gasket 5 is made of a different width “C” on each side rail for adjusting the track. The total width between the side faces 93 of the under-rail gasket 5 mounted on the sole 6 outside the recess 63 of the base 64 is made larger than the recess 63 to provide pressure on the C-shaped solid layer 84, jamming it on the sole 6 and thereby the longitudinal fixation of the rail.

The specified rail track 5 with a C-shaped solid layer 84 can be performed for examples 15-18.

During installation, the gasket 5 is put on the bottom of the sole 6 and placed in the recess 63 of the base 64. In this case, the side sections 90 press the hard layer 84 against the sole 6 and provide longitudinal fixation of the rail. Mounting, longitudinal and lateral fixing of terminal 66 of Example 18. Under dynamic loading, the sole 6 along with the hard layers 84 oscillate in the elastic gasket 5 between the recess 63 and the solid layer 91 on each side of the rail.

Example 21. Fig.40, 39.

The groove 65 is made open on the side of the rail and on the back side from the rail. Terminal 66 is made of the fourth type of bar, B-shaped in plan. The free ends 83 of the terminal 66 are supported on the upper support face 71 between the protrusions 72. The rear branches 69 are supported on the rear lower face 70 of the groove 65 between the protrusions oriented across the rail. The support face 71 of the groove 65 is inclined along the rail relative to the face 70 and down to the rail, with the front end 67 of the terminal 66 on the gasket 5 made with the sole of the sole 6 covered in accordance with Example 20.

When mounting, terminal 66 is inserted into the groove 65 from the back to a predetermined position. When moving along the inclined face down to the rail of the edge 71, the free ends 83 bring the terminal 66 into an elastically compressed state, which ensures that the sole 6 is pressed by the end 67. To change the pressing on the sole or when changing the height of the rail, the terminal is dismantled and set to a different position along the rail.

Execution of the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove with a mutual inclination along the rail, the groove in the first type open on the side of the rail and on the back side, or on the second type open on the side of the rail and on both sides, or on the third type open from the side rail and one lateral side, or in the fourth type open from the rail side, the terminal is made according to the first plate type in plan with elevation relative to the ends of the middle section supported on the upper supporting face of the groove, or by the second type of bar new, C-shaped in plan, with the elevation of the middle lateral sections supported on the upper support face of the groove relative to the end sections, or along the third type of lamellar C-shaped in cross section across the rail with the free ends facing the rail with the location in the middle of the supported on the upper supporting the groove face of the upper free end, or according to the fourth type of bar, B-shaped in plan, with the central part located in the middle part with an elevation above the side sections of the free ends supported on the upper support face, the execution of the support the base and upper support face of the groove in the form of a recess oriented along the rail, expanding outward, in which the end of the terminal is placed with a gap between the lower face of the recess and the end of the terminal, or providing the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove with irregularities mainly in the form of protrusions oriented across the rail and depressions, making reciprocal irregularities of the terminal, making an elastic rail track on each side of the rail with coverage of the upper edge of the sole and supplying a C-shaped cross section and a solid layer with a gap between the specified layer and the side face of the rail sole with the possibility of interaction of the upper face of the solid layer facing the sole with the upper face of the sole and the lower face of the solid layer facing the sole with the lower edge of the rail sole, making lateral sections of the rail covering the upper face of the sole of different widths on each side of the rail simplifies the design of rail fastening and thereby increases the reliability of the upper track structure.

According to the ninth invention, a pavement is known that comprises slabs rigidly connected by butt and mounting devices.

The disadvantage of this coating is the insufficient bearing capacity of the plates due to the lack of a longitudinal, downward-directed rib under each track of the road or each rail of the track of the railway track.

The technical essence of the ninth invention lies in the fact that in a pavement containing plates connected by butt and mounting devices, each plate is provided with a longitudinally oriented, downward directed rib, preferably with a longitudinal row of transverse through cuts, for a railway track, each longitudinal downward the plate edge is made in one longitudinal vertical plane with a supporting platform under each rail, in each end joint of two adjacent plates there is a reference wedge-shaped clamp along the joint, expanding in the cross section from the bottom up at an angle of self-braking of the interacting materials, the end faces of adjacent plates are responded in response, in each end joint of two adjacent plates in the lower part of each rib there is a mounting device in the form of a hook with an upward-pointing end inclined from ribs upward at an angle of self-braking of interacting materials with inner faces of hook ends of adjacent ribs facing the rib with a gap between the outer end faces of the ends to ryuk of adjacent ribs and a latch mounted on top of the indicated ends of the hooks of adjacent ribs, mainly O-shaped in plan, with the possibility of interaction of the internal end faces with the inclined faces of the hook ends of the adjacent ribs facing the rib or in the form of a hook with the upward end according to the first type and two similar hooks of the adjacent edge of the other plate located on each side of the specified hook with a longitudinally widening upward gap between the internal faces facing the edge, in which A laterally oriented retainer with laterally expanding lateral faces is mounted with the possibility of interaction of the lateral faces with the inclined, facing the rib edges of the hook ends of adjacent ribs, or in the form of a protrusion with a hole directed downward, for example, a horizontal plate or anchored with ends in a C-shaped rib in plan of the rod, with a gap between the protrusions of adjacent ribs and equipped with a U-shaped bracket with expanding downward at an angle of self-braking of interacting materials with internal end wounds of downward facing ends, mounted from above with downward pointing ends into said holes of protrusions with the possibility of interaction of the inner end faces of the downward facing ends of the bracket with the inner end faces of the openings of the protrusions of adjacent ribs, or in the form of a protrusion with a top-down opening in the third type and two located above and from the bottom of said protrusion of similar protrusions of an adjacent rib with a gap in plan between the inner end faces of the holes in which the wedges are mounted on top th, for example, a cone-shaped, upwardly expanding retainer with the possibility of interaction of the lateral faces of the retainer with the inner end faces of the holes, or in the form of a bolted connection with a longitudinal bolt and a tension nut, the longitudinal bearing pads under each track rail are made parallel to each other in the longitudinal direction or with a mutual longitudinal tilt.

The technical essence of the ninth invention is set forth in examples 20, 21, FIGS. 41-53 and claims 27-31 of the formula.

Example 22. Fig. 41.

The road surface contains a slab 94 with a length of mainly 6-12 times the width. From the bottom in the middle, the plate is equipped with a longitudinally oriented downwardly oriented rib 95 with a height mainly 1.5-3 times the width of the plate. The rib 95 is provided with a series of transverse through-cuts 96. The top of each cut-out 96 mainly coincides with the bottom face 97 of the slab 94. The rib 95 is placed in the longitudinal slot 98 of the base 99 of the road on a leveled compacted underlying layer 100 of ballast, such as sand or gravel. The plates in the longitudinal direction are rigidly connected by butt and mounting devices or by welding the protrusions of the reinforcement. The slot 98 is made wider than the width of the rib 95 with gaps 101 on each side of the rib. The slot 98 is made so that between the lower edge 97 of the plate 94 and the base 99 of the road, a gap 102 is formed. The gaps 101, 102 and the cutouts 96 are filled, for example, with sand, sealed with water. On the side of each plate 94, ballast 103, such as crushed stone, is laid and sealed on compacted sand. On top of the slab 94 and ballast 103, a leveling coating is laid, for example, asphalt or from monolithic or precast concrete. The described T-shaped construction of plates 94 can be applied to airfield cover and railway track.

During construction, in the base 99, longitudinal slots 98 are made under each T-plate 94. At the bottom of the slots, the underlying layer 100 of ballast, for example sand, is laid and aligned in the longitudinal direction, and compacted with, for example, water. Plates 94 are placed in slot 98 by rib 95 and are rigidly connected to each other in the longitudinal direction. The entire space under the bottom of the slab is filled with sand and compacted with water. On the side of the plate 94, ballast 103, for example crushed stone, is laid and compacted, and asphalt is laid on top. The T-shaped cross-section of the road surface compared to a flat plate provides the necessary moment of resistance with less material.

Example 23. Fig. 42-53.

For the railway track, each downward longitudinal rib 95 of the plate 94 is made in one longitudinal vertical plane with a supporting platform 105 of the necessary transverse profile for each rail 106. The plates 94 for each rail 106 of the track are connected in the transverse direction with a fixed distance between the rails of the mounting devices or mainly made completely between themselves. Longitudinal bearing pads 105 under each track rail 106 are made in the longitudinal direction in the first type parallel to each other for a straight section of the track and a circular curve and in the second type with a mutual longitudinal inclination for transition curves. A longitudinal protrusion 107 between the platforms 105 and a longitudinal protrusion 108 near each lateral edge 109 of the plate 94 are made on the upper face of the plate 104 to guide the wheels that have come off the rails. For transverse rigidity between the transverse transverse cutouts 96 of the ribs 95, transverse ribs 110 are made from the bottom of the plate. At each end joint of two adjacent plates 94, one of five types of mounting devices is made in the lower part of each rib.

According to the first type (Figs. 46-47), the mounting device is made in the form of a hook 111 with an upward end 112. Between the outer end faces 113 of the ends 112 of the hooks 111 of the adjacent ribs 95, a gap 114 is made. The inner faces facing the rib 95 of the edge 115 of the ends of 112 hooks of adjacent the ribs are made inclined from the rib upward at an angle of self-braking of the interacting materials. On top of the ends 112 of the hooks 111 of the adjacent ribs 95, a latch 116 is mounted, mainly O-shaped in plan, with the possibility of interaction of the inner end faces 117 with the edges 115 of the ends 112 of the hooks 111 of the adjacent ribs 95.

According to the second type (Figs. 48-49), the mounting device is made in the form of a hook 111 with an upward-directed end 112 of the first type on one plate 94 and two similar hooks located on each side of the specified hook of the adjacent edge of the other plate with a longitudinally widening upward gap 118 between inner faces of the first type inclined towards the edge 115, in which a laterally oriented retainer 119 is mounted on top with laterally expanding upward lateral faces with the possibility of interaction of the lateral faces with inclined, facing the rib 95 faces 115 ends 112 hooks 111 adjacent ribs 95.

According to the third type (Fig. 50-51), the mounting device is made in the form of a protrusion 120 with a hole 121 directed from top to bottom, for example a horizontal plate or anchored with ends in a rib 95 of a C-shaped rod in the plan, with a gap 122 between the protrusions 120 of adjacent ribs 95 and equipped with a U-shaped bracket 123 with inner end faces 124 extending downward at an angle of self-braking of interacting materials 124 downwardly directed ends 125, mounted from above downwardly directed ends 125 into openings 121 of protrusions 120 with the possibility of interaction faces 124 ends 125 with inner end faces 126 holes 121 protrusions 120 adjacent ribs 95.

According to the fourth type (Figs. 52-53), the mounting device is made in the form of a protrusion 120 with a top-down opening 121 of the third type and two similar protrusions 120 of the adjacent rib 95 located above and below said protrusion 120 with a clearance of 127 in plan between the inner end faces 126 openings 121, in which a wedge-shaped, for example cone-shaped, extending upward upward at an angle of self-braking of interacting materials retainer 128 is mounted with the possibility of interaction of side faces 129 with internal end faces and 126 holes 121 protrusions 120 adjacent ribs 95.

According to the fifth type, the mounting device is made in the form of a bolted connection with a longitudinal bolt and a tension nut.

In each end joint 110 of two adjacent plates 94, a wedge-shaped clamp 130 oriented oriented along the joint, expanding in cross section from bottom to top at an angle of self-braking of the interacting materials, is installed. End faces 131 of adjacent plates 94 are reciprocally executed. In the end part of the ribs 95, stationary or attachment shields 132 are installed to protect the mounting device from clogging.

When mounting the plate 94, the ribs 95 are installed on the aligned sealed platform of the base 99, interconnected by mounting devices, and wedge-shaped clamps 130 are installed at the joints. Rails 104 are mounted on the plates 106 on the plates 94. The ballast 103 is unloaded on the plates 94 from the plates 94 through the cutouts 96 of the ribs 95 direct under the plate 94 and seal the ballast 103 under the plate. During operation, the latch 130 and mounting devices wedge and straighten the position of the slab with ballast seal 103. A large moment of resistance of the cross section of the slab 94 with ribs 95, rigid fastening of the slabs at the joints, a large bearing area of the slabs and ballast 103 and the base 99 protected from clogging and atmospheric moisture provide a reduction in the load on the ballast 103 and the base 99 and thereby the stable position of the slabs 94, increasing the reliability and service life of the upper structure of the road and, in particular, the railway track.

The implementation of each plate with a longitudinally oriented downward directed rib, mainly with a longitudinal row of transverse through cuts, the execution for the railway track of each longitudinal, downward directed rib of the plate in one longitudinal vertical plane with a supporting platform under each rail, the installation of two adjacent in each end joint plates oriented along the joint, expanding in cross section from bottom to top at an angle of self-braking of the interacting materials of the wedge-shaped retainer, making reciprocal end faces of adjacent plates, making at each end joint of two adjacent plates in the lower part of each edge of the mounting device in the form of a hook with an upward-pointing end with upward facing angles of self-braking of the interacting materials with inner edges of the ends of the hooks of adjacent ribs with a gap between the outer end faces of the ends of the hooks of the adjacent ribs and the installation on top of the indicated ends of the hooks of the adjacent ribs of the latch, mainly O-shaped in plan, with possibly interaction between the internal end faces with the inclined edges of the hooks of adjacent ribs facing the rib or in the form of a hook with an upward-directed end of the first type and two similar hooks of the adjacent rib of the other plate located on each side of the specified hook with a longitudinally widening upward gap between the inner edge to the edges, in which a transverse oriented retainer is mounted on top with lateral edges expanding upwards with the possibility of interaction of lateral groups an eye with inclined faces of the hook ends of adjacent ribs facing the rib, or in the form of a protrusion with an aperture directed from top to bottom, for example, a horizontal plate or anchored with ends in a C-shaped rib in plan view, with a gap between the protrusions of adjacent ribs and providing a U-shaped bracket with the inner end faces of the downward-facing ends expanding downward at an angle of self-braking of interacting materials; the action of the inner end faces of the downward-facing ends of the bracket with the inner end faces of the holes of the protrusions of adjacent ribs, or in the form of a protrusion with a top-down hole of the third type and two similar protrusions of the adjacent rib located above and below the specified protrusion with a gap in plan between the inner end faces of the holes in which a wedge-shaped, for example, cone-shaped, expanding upwardly extending upward retainer is mounted with the possibility of interaction of the lateral faces of the retainer with internal end ones by the faces of the holes, or in the form of a bolted connection with a longitudinal bolt and a tension nut, the implementation of longitudinal bearing pads for each rail track parallel to each other in the longitudinal direction or with mutual longitudinal inclination provides an increase in the bearing capacity of the plate and thereby the reliability and service life of the upper structure of the railway track and roads.

Claims (30)

1. A rail fastener comprising a rail liner and rod fasteners, wherein an upward protrusion is made on the upper edge of the liner along the perimeter of each hole for the fastener, characterized in that a downward protrusion is made along the perimeter of the head of the rod attachment, located in plan mainly from the outside of said protrusions on the upper edge of the lining around the perimeter of the hole for the fastener. 2. A rail fastener comprising a rail liner and rod fasteners, as well as a gasket installed along the perimeter of the attachment rod between the liner and the head of the fastener, characterized in that the gasket is made predominantly elastic with different elasticity in the vertical direction with the possibility of interaction with the head, the rod of the fastener and the lining in addition, the upper, lower and side faces of the gasket located under the head of the fastener are provided with irregularities, in response to which Irregularities on the head of the attachment and the upper edge of the rail lining. 3. The bond according to claim 2, characterized in that the gasket is made multilayer, for example, two-layer with the upper inelastic and lower elastic layers, mainly integral between themselves. 4. The fastening according to claim 2, characterized in that the gasket is multilayer, for example three-layer, with an upper, installed under the head, an elastic layer, a middle inelastic layer and a lower, lining, elastic layer, while the middle and lower layers are predominantly integral between themselves. 5. The bond according to claim 2, characterized in that the elastic gasket under the head is installed for each fastener, a two-layer gasket with upper inelastic and lower elastic layers is installed for each fastener or several, mainly two, fasteners. 6. The fastening according to claim 2, characterized in that along the perimeter of the rod of the fastener on the upper edge of the rail lining and on the upper edge of the inelastic layer, upwardly directed protrusions are made, mainly of the same size. 7. A fastener according to any one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the upper, lower and side faces of the elastic gasket installed under the head of the attachment head are provided with irregularities, unevenness is made on the head of the attachment and the upper face of the rail liner or inelastic layer of the gasket. 8. A rail fastener containing a rail liner and rod fasteners is provided with a sleeve symmetrical in plan along the outer side faces relative to its vertical axis along the perimeter of the fastener rod between the specified rod and the lining, characterized in that the vertical axis of symmetry of the hole for the fastener rod is offset relative to the plane vertical axis of symmetry of the sleeve along the outer side faces. 9. The fastening according to claim 8, characterized in that an upward projection is made along the perimeter of the bore of the sleeve on the upper edge of the lining. 10. The fastening according to claim 8, characterized in that the outer side faces of the sleeve are broadened in the upper part with the inclination of these faces outward or in steps, the side faces of the hole for the sleeve in the lining are reciprocal. 11. Wooden rail support with transverse recesses on the upper bed, characterized in that the transverse recesses are made on a sub-lining area of the upper bed. 12. The support according to claim 11, characterized in that the lower face of each recess is made with an inclination downward to the side face of the wooden support. 13 The support according to claim 11, characterized in that in each recess mainly on the sub-lining pad, a series of holes directed from top to bottom are made. 14. The upper structure of the railway track containing a wooden rail support with a heat-insulating coating, characterized in that the heat-insulating coating is made on the upper bed of the support. 15. The building according to p. 14, characterized in that the thermal insulation coating is made of annealed surface layer of support wood. 16. The building according to p. 14, characterized in that the thermal insulation coating is made of waterproofing material or the support is provided with an additional waterproofing coating. 17. The structure according to 14, characterized in that the thermal insulation coating is made of ballast material, such as crushed stone. 18. The building according to 14, characterized in that on top of the coating adjacent to the atmosphere, the support is provided with a heat-reflecting coating, for example, a layer of light paint, mainly lime. 19. A wooden blank for sleepers, containing transverse openings, characterized in that the workpiece, after making openings, is subjected to evacuation and / or drying. 20. The method of impregnation of wood blanks with electrolyte solutions by the action of direct electric current, which consists in the fact that the electrodes connected to the DC source are placed in wood-filled electrolyte holes, characterized in that the blank is evacuated before filling the wood blank holes with electrolyte, mainly with forced drying. 21. Rail fastening, comprising a rail installed in the recess of the base on an elastic gasket, a groove made in the base near the recess, and a groove in which a terminal is installed, one end located above the rail sole, the other end resting on the support face of the base and supported on the upper part with the middle part a support face of the groove, characterized in that the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove are made with mutual inclination along the rail. 22. The fastening according to item 21, wherein the groove is made according to the first type open from the side of the rail and from the rear side, or according to the second type open from the side of the rail and from two side sides, or according to the third type open from the side of the rail and one lateral side, or the fourth type open from the side of the rail. 23. The fastening according to claim 21, characterized in that the terminal is made of four types: according to the first type, the terminal is lamellar in plan with elevation relative to the ends of the middle portion of the groove supported on the upper supporting face, and according to the second type, the terminal is made of an O-bar in plan with by raising the middle lateral sections supported on the upper support face of the groove relative to the end sections, according to the third type, the terminal is made of plate C-shaped in cross section across the rail with the free ends facing the rail with the location in the middle parts simply supported on the upper support face of the free end of the upper groove, the fourth type of terminal is formed in hot bar-shaped in plan with disposed in the middle portion with an elevation above the side portions simply supported on the upper support face of the free ends of the groove. 24. The fastening according to item 21, wherein the support face of the base and the upper support face of the groove are made in the form of a recess oriented outward along the rail, in which the end of the terminal is placed with a gap between the lower face of the recess and the end of the terminal, or the support face of the base and the upper supporting face of the groove is provided with irregularities, mainly in the form of protrusions and depressions oriented across the rail, terminal irregularities are made in response. 25. The fastening according to item 21, wherein the elastic under-rail gasket on each side of the rail is made to cover the upper face of the sole and is provided with a C-shaped cross section of a solid layer with a gap between the specified layer and the side face of the rail sole with the possibility of interaction of the upper facing to the sole of the face of the solid layer with the upper face of the sole and the bottom facing the sole of the face of the solid layer with the lower face of the rail sole. 26. The bond according to claim 25, characterized in that the lateral sections of the rail strip covering the upper face of the sole are made of a different width on each side of the rail. 27. A pavement containing plates connected by butt and mounting devices, characterized in that each plate is provided with a longitudinally oriented downward directed rib, preferably with a longitudinal row of transverse through-cuts. 28. The coating according to claim 27, characterized in that for the railway track, each longitudinal downward edge of the slab is made in one longitudinal vertical plane with a supporting platform under each rail. 29. The coating according to claim 27, characterized in that in each end joint of two adjacent plates there is a wedge-shaped clamp oriented along the joint, expanding in cross section from the bottom up at an angle of self-braking of the interacting materials, end faces of adjacent plates are made in response. 30. The coating according to claim 27, characterized in that in each end joint of two adjacent plates in the lower part of each rib, a mounting device is made in the form of a hook with an upward-pointing end with upward facing sides of the interacting materials with internal edges facing the rib hooks of adjacent ribs with a gap between the outer end faces of the ends of the hooks of adjacent ribs and a latch mounted on top of the indicated ends of the hooks of adjacent ribs, mainly O-shaped in plan, with the possibility of mutual actions of internal end faces with inclined edges of hooks of adjacent ribs facing the rib or in the form of a hook with an upward-directed end of the first type and two similar hooks of the adjacent rib of the other plate located on each side of the specified hook with a longitudinally extending upward longitudinal gap between the inner facing the rib faces, in which a transverse oriented retainer is mounted on top with lateral sides expanding upwards with the possibility of interaction of the side faces with the edges of the hooks of adjacent ribs facing the rib or in the form of a protrusion with an aperture directed from top to bottom, for example a horizontal plate or anchored by the ends in a C-shaped rod in plan view, with a gap between the protrusions of adjacent ribs and provided with a U-shaped bracket with expanding downwards the angle of self-braking of interacting materials by the internal end faces of the downward directed ends, mounted from above by the downward directed ends into the indicated openings of the protrusions with the possibility of interaction inside of the end faces of the downward-facing ends of the bracket with the inner end faces of the holes of the protrusions of adjacent ribs or in the form of a protrusion with a top-down hole of the third type and two similar protrusions of the adjacent rib located above and below the protrusion with a gap in plan between the inner end faces of the holes in which is mounted on top of a wedge-shaped, for example, cone-shaped, upwardly expanding retainer with the possibility of interaction of the lateral faces of the retainer with the internal end faces of sty or a bolted connection with a longitudinal bolt and the clamping nut. 31. The coating according to item 27 or 28, characterized in that the longitudinal bearing pads for each track rail are made parallel to each other in the longitudinal direction or with mutual longitudinal inclination.

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