RU2236521C1 - Fast erected building - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: house building, particularly fast-erected buildings.

SUBSTANCE: building includes frontons having triangular parts. Base of each triangular part face smaller base of trapezoid fronton part. Each roof slope is made of two pivotally connected panels. Panels adjoining building roof ridge are connected one to another by hinges. Inclination angles of panels adjoining roof ridge to horizontal planes exceed that of panels connected to these panels and arranged under them.

EFFECT: increased efficiency.

11 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the construction, more specifically to the construction of buildings, mainly a type of cottage, made from prefabricated elements, for example, panel type.

Famous buildings containing walls with gables in the form of a triangle, and gable roofs with flat slopes, consisting of load-bearing structures and roofs [1, Fig.2b]. The disadvantage of this design is the small ratio of the height of the living room to the total height of the building. When you try to reduce the height of the roof by reducing the angle of inclination of the slopes to the horizontal, the conditions for the removal of rainwater are worsened and more durable supporting structures supporting the roof are required in order to withstand snow load.

A variety of buildings with gable roofs is also known, each slope of which has a kink directed across the ramp (parallel to the ridge), and the angle between the outer surfaces of the ramp-forming planes exceeds 180 ° (attic). The pediment of such buildings has the form of a triangle, coinciding with the base of the smaller base of the trapezoid, and the angles at the base of the triangle are smaller than the angles with a larger base of the trapezoid [1, Fig.2c]. These roofs also consist of load-bearing structures and roofs. The ratio of the total height of residential premises to the total height of the building here is higher than that of buildings of the first type, but the area of the living space located under the roof is smaller than the area located below the floor. A common drawback for both types of buildings described above, due to the construction of their roofs from the supporting structure and the roof, is that the construction of such roofs requires a lot of labor and time, during which the erected walls remain exposed to atmospheric precipitation.

Known pre-fabricated folding cover for buildings and structures, consisting of rigid load-bearing roofing panels connected by hinges so that in the mounted position, the fan-open panels overlap with edges like tiles [2]. The disadvantages of this coating are the practical impossibility of sealing joints between the panels and the small ratio of the height of the living room to the total height of the building.

Also known is a pre-fabricated coating design containing four bearing inclined elements (panels), combined in the upper part of the honey with two pairs of cylindrical joints, the axes of which lie in different planes and are oriented differently [3]. The disadvantages of the known design are that it is almost impossible to assemble on the walls, especially walls with gables, and, in addition, it requires laborious subsequent work at a height to seal joints from the outside.

A prefabricated building cover is also known, including two symmetrically mounted side load-bearing elements made in the form of panels, each of which consists of two rectilinear parts connected by a cylindrical hinge at an obtuse angle, one of which is located horizontally. The angle is determined by the length of the cable connecting the ends of the supporting elements. Between the inclined cantilever parts of the side load-bearing elements, a central horizontal load-bearing element [4] is installed. The design of the known device is irrational in terms of resistance to snow loads, and horizontal panels do not provide effective removal of rainwater from the roof. In addition, the weight of the central element is applied to the cantilever ends of the side elements, which creates an undesirable tipping moment. In addition, the required constancy of the opening angle of all side elements can be achieved only after a laborious adjustment of the length of the cable ties.

The closest to the proposed technical essence and the achieved result is a mobile building with a gable roof and end facades, the pediments of which are shaped like an isosceles trapezoid, and the roof slopes are made in the form of load-bearing panels and are inclined at the same angle to the horizontal and attached to the horizontal panel connecting them on top using hinges [5]. A disadvantage of the known building is the presence of a horizontal section of the roof, which requires reinforcement from snow load and does not exclude the possibility of stagnation of water. The second disadvantage of the known building is that the joints of the horizontal and inclined roof panels are turned open side out and require the execution of operations to seal them from the outside, at a height.

The purpose of this proposal is to address these shortcomings. Another objective of this proposal is to reduce the time and labor required to erect a building.

These goals are achieved by the fact that in a well-known building containing pediments, having a section made in the form of a trapezoid adjacent to the lower rectangular part of the wall with a large base and a roof. the slopes of which are made in the form of load-bearing panels having hinges and resting on the pediments, the pediments additionally have a section made in the form of a triangle, set by a base on the smaller base of the section of the pediment, made in the form of a trapezoid, each roof slope is made of two panels connected by hinges adjacent to skate panels of the building are connected by hinges to the ridge of the building, and the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels adjacent to the ridge are greater than the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels located downstream of the slope connected to them.

In addition, the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels located along the slope are 10-30 °.

In addition, the angle between the panels adjacent to the ridge is 85-95 °, and the joint of the panels adjacent to the ridge is carried down the slope to the thickness of the panel.

In addition, the pediment is made symmetrical with respect to the vertical plane passing through the ridge of the building.

In addition, the sides of the pediment, directed at different angles to the horizon, are equal in length.

In addition, at least three panels have the same slope size.

In addition, the hinges between the panels are installed with the possibility of folding the panels of each of the slopes with the outer surfaces to each other, and the panels adjacent to the ridge, internal.

In addition, at least one sealing gasket is installed at the junction of at least the panels adjacent to the ridge.

In addition, at least the joints along the slopes between the panels are hermetically sealed from the outside by a flexible film of polymer material.

In addition, as a flexible film of a polymeric material, a film of a heat-shrinkable polymer, for example, is used.

In addition, the edge of the panel, which is the ridge of the building, has additional equipment, such as a decorative element or a conductor of a lightning rod.

The technical result of supplementing the pediments of the building with a section made in the form of a triangle, placed with the base on the smaller base of the section of the pediment, made in the form of a trapezoid, allows to increase the rigidity of the roof resting on the pediments and, thus, its resistance to snow loads.

The technical result from the implementation of each roof slope from two panels connected by hinges is that the panels forming the slope can, due to the presence of a hinge, rotate relative to each other, occupying a position coinciding with the position of the lateral sides of the triangular and trapezoidal sections of the pediment. This makes it possible to support the panels on the gables. In addition, the presence of hinges allows many times to accelerate the installation of the roof and reduce the cost of its transportation.

The technical result from joining the slope panels adjacent to the building ridge with hinges also consists in making it possible to support the panels of both slopes on the pediments, regardless of whether the pediments are symmetrical with respect to the vertical plane passing through the ridge or not.

The technical result from the fact that the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels adjacent to the ridge are larger than the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels located downstream of the slope connected to them, consists in reducing the total height of the roof, and also in that the outer ribs of the end parts facing each other the panels of one slope are closed, which simplifies the sealing and sealing of the joint between them, allowing it to be carried out from below, from the attic.

The technical result from the fact that the angle between the panels adjacent to the ridge is 85-95 °, and the joint of the panels adjacent to the ridge is carried down the slope to the thickness of the panel, this simplifies the manufacturing technology of panels having, in this case rectangular edges, provides a minimum amount of space between the edges of the panels to be sealed, and it becomes possible to strengthen the coating of the upper edge of the panel, which becomes a ridge, even at the stage of manufacture of the panel.

The technical result from the fact that the pediment is made symmetrical with respect to the vertical plane passing through the ridge of the building consists in reducing the required number of sizes of roof panels.

The technical result from the fact that the sides of the pediment, directed at different angles to the horizon, are equal in length, is that this provides the optimal combination of height and load-bearing capacity of the roof with respect to snow load.

The technical result from the fact that at least three panels have the same size along the slope also consists in reducing the required number of sizes of roof panels.

The technical result from the fact that the hinges between the panels are installed with the possibility of folding the panels of each of the slopes with the outer surfaces to each other, and the panels adjacent to the ridge, the internal ones, is that all the panels connected in the factory with hinges can be folded into accordion in a compact package, transport in this form to the installation site and lay it directly on the building.

The technical result from the fact that at least one sealing gasket is installed at the junction of at least the panels adjacent to the ridge consists in the fact that this eliminates the need to perform sealing operations of the joints of the installed roof at a height.

The technical result from the fact that the joints along the slopes lower on the slopes are sealed off from the outside by a flexible film of polymer material, this eliminates the need to perform the sealing of the joints at a height.

The technical result from the fact that a film of heat-shrinkable polymer, for example polyethylene, is used as a flexible film of a polymeric material, consists in the fact that after installation of the roof it is possible to eliminate a possible fold at the bend of the film by heating and, thereby, increase the reliability of sealing.

The technical result from the fact that the edge of the panel, which is the ridge of the building, has additional equipment, such as a decorative element or a lightning conductor, allows you to place this equipment on the edge even during the manufacture of the panel.

The essence of the proposal is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows a front view of the upper part of the proposed building.

In Fig.2 shows an embodiment of the junction of the upper slope of the roof panels.

Figure 3 shows the lower slope of the joint of the roof panels with a sealing film having a fold.

Figure 4 shows the lower slope of the joint of the roof panels, after removing the folds of the sealing film by heating.

Figure 5 shows the roof of the proposed building in a folded state for transportation and installation.

The proposed prefabricated building (figure 1) consists of walls 1, mainly of panel type. The walls 1 of the front facades of the building have pediments 2 in the upper part, which can be performed as a continuation of the wall panel, or build on the wall as an independent element. The building has a roof, consisting of four load-bearing panels 2, 3, 4 and 5, based on the pediments 2. Therefore, the pediments 2 are made as an element bearing the weight of the roof and have the corresponding strength and rigidity. The strength and rigidity of the panels corresponds to the value of the design snow and wind load. The construction of the building does not exclude the use of additional reinforcements under the roof, as, in particular, the use of interior partitions is possible. All panels are interconnected by cylindrical hinges 6, 7 and 8 with the possibility of rotation relative to each other.

The front surface of the pediments of the building is conditionally divided into two sections. The lower section 9 has the shape of a trapezoid, the larger base of which is adjacent to the rectangle of the wall. The upper section 10 has the shape of a triangle, set with the base on the smaller (upper) base of the trapezoid 6. The angle α formed with the horizon by the lateral side of the trapezoid 9 in the proposed building is always smaller than the angle β formed with the horizon located above the lateral side of triangle 10. Similarly, the angle γ formed with the horizon by the second lateral side of the trapezoid 10 is always smaller than the angle δ formed by the horizon located above the second lateral side of the triangle 10, although such a configuration of the pediment when the angle α is larger older than angle 5. Roof panels 2, 3, 4 and 5 form the same angles with the horizon as the sides of the trapezoid 9 and the triangle 10 of the pediments on which they rest.

Most appropriate when the angles α and β are 10-30 °. At angles less than 10 °, a sufficient drain of rainwater is not provided, and at angles greater than 30 °, the height of the roof increases excessively. A special case when the angles α = β and γ = δ is most advantageous from the point of view of unification of roof panels, since at the same time panels of the same level (2 and 3, 4 and 5) have the same ramp width. In the extreme case, when α = γ and β = δ, the proposed roof turns into an ordinary gable roof, with flat slopes and with the above disadvantages. The presence of a break in the roof along the junction line between the upper and lower panels (for example, panels 5 and 3) gives additional rigidity to the lower panel, since its middle is suspended by the hinge to a steeper upstream panel.

Additional benefits are the special case of building with an angle between the panels 4 and 5 adjacent to the ridge equal to 85-95 °. In this case, panels 4 and 5 can be joined not along the ridge, but along a line parallel to the ridge and passing lower by the thickness of the panel (Fig. 2). The plane of the ends of the panels 4 and 5 are almost perpendicular to the plane of the front surfaces of the panels, which greatly simplifies the manufacture of panels. The indicated range of possible changes in the angle 8 corresponds to the tolerances for the manufacture of panels and does not complicate the sealing of the joint between them, if a sealing gasket 11 of an elastic, for example, material is used for its sealing.

The use of such gaskets further reduces the installation time of the building. But it requires a more accurate manufacture of panels and, moreover, the plane of the ends of the panels are not at right angles to the plane of the front surfaces of the panels, which complicates their manufacture. Therefore, if it is more important to reduce construction time, gaskets are used, and if it is more important to simplify the manufacture of panels, then all the ends of the panels are made at right angles to their front parts. In the second case, in the joints of the panels above and below the slope, for example, 4 and 2, wedge-shaped gaps are formed. The advantage of the proposed solution lies in the fact that these gaps turn out to be turned open part inside the building, which greatly simplifies their closure, allowing it to be carried out from the inside.

In order for the roof to be airtight from the moment it was installed on the walls with gables, the joints between the panels connected by hinges can be covered by a flexible film 12 of polymeric material (Fig. 3), strong enough to withstand operational loads, and flexible enough to so that the panels can be folded together for transportation and laid out during installation.

When unfolding the panels, the sealing film 12 is with a crease 13 facing up or down. The presence of such a fold is undesirable. Therefore, the film 12 is preferably made of heat-shrinkable material, for example, light-resistant heat-shrinkable polyethylene, and after mounting the roof, warm up the film until it shrinks and completely removes the crease (Fig. 4).

In the embodiment, providing for the location of the junction of the upper panels below the ridge of the building (figure 2), the ridge turns out to be an edge of one of the upper panels (panel 4 in figure 2). Therefore, additional equipment can be installed on this rib in advance, even during the manufacture of the panel. Such equipment can be a bar or corner 14 for supporting the stairs, an additional layer of waterproofing 15, architectural elements of the building’s decoration, or a conductor for lightning protection can be laid along the edge. As the latter, corner 14 can also be used, which in this case is made of metal and is grounded after installation of the building.

Mounted the proposed building as follows.

After installing, aligning and securing the walls 1 with gables 2. The finished roof is transported to the construction site when folded, consisting of four panels 3, 4, 5 and 6 connected by hinges 6, 7 and 8 (Fig. 5). Thanks to the hinges, the roof is folded into a flat bag having a relatively small dimension in the transverse direction. The free ends of the panels are fastened to each other at the ends by temporary ties 16, 17 and 18. With the panel laying indicated in FIG. 5, the elements (loops) 19 for slinging the package turn out to be on that surface of the panel 2, which after installation will face the inside of the building, and can be easily removed from below.

A package of panels in a vertical position is hung on a crane above the building. First, the temporary ties 17 are released, and the panels 4 and 5, when opened, are laid on the upper parts of the gables 2. After the panels 4 and 5 are aligned and fixed, the temporary ties 16 and 18 are released one by one and the corresponding panels are laid on the lower, flatter parts of the gables and also fixed . The directions for unfolding the panels from the package are shown by arrows in FIG. 5.

After the package of panels is unfolded on the building, it immediately turns out to be protected from water if the joints are provided with gaskets 11 and a flexible film 12. This advantage, which is especially valuable in the climate of central Russia, allows, in addition, to supply wall panels in finished form, without fear that they will be damaged by rain. Further, roof fastening and sealing of open joints is carried out from the inside, already under the protection of the roof. If necessary, the flexible film 12 is heated to eliminate the crease 13.

The proposed solution allows to increase the ratio of the height of residential premises to the total height of the building, since the proposed roof is lower than other known gable roofs that span a passage of the same width. Due to this, if necessary, it is easier to increase the height of the building by one floor full of area than to build an attic, the area of which will be less than the lower floors, with almost the same total height of the building.

Application of the proposed solution significantly reduces the construction time of low-rise buildings. The process of installing the roof on a two-three-story building measuring 6 × 7 m ² described above takes 20 minutes, counting from the moment of slinging the package of panels to fixing them on the building. The proposed design can be used in conditions of mass development.

Sources of information

1. S.K. Islamkulova. Roofing materials for the construction and repair of individual houses. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1992.

2. V.A. High. Folding coating for buildings and structures. RF patent No. 2000405, cl. E 04 B 7/16, publ. 09/07/93.

3. B. G. Mukhin and others. Prefabricated coating design, and.with. USSR No. 1686085 class. E 01 B 1/343, publ. 10/23/91.

4. M.E.Saluashvili and others. Coverage of the building, a.s. USSR No. 1281649 cells E 04 B 7/00, publ. 01/07/87.

5. A.A. Denisenko. Mobile building, RF patent No. 2059051 cl. E 04 B 1/343, publ. 04/27/96.

Claims (11)

1. Prefabricated building containing pediments, having a section made in the form of a trapezoid adjacent a large base to the lower rectangular part of the wall, and a roof, the slopes of which are made in the form of load-bearing panels having hinges and resting on the pediments, characterized in that the pediments additionally have a section made in the form of a triangle, placed with the base on the smaller base of the section of the pediment, made in the form of a trapezoid, each roof slope is made of two panels connected by hinges adjacent to skate panels of the building are connected by hinges to the ridge of the building, and the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels adjacent to the ridge are greater than the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels located downstream of the slope connected to them. 2. Prefabricated building according to claim 1, characterized in that the angles of inclination to the horizontal of the panels located along the slope are 10-30 °. 3. The prefabricated building according to claim 1, characterized in that the angle between the panels adjacent to the ridge is 85-95 °, and the joint between them is carried down the slope to the thickness of the panel. 4. Prefabricated building according to claim 1, characterized in that the pediment is made symmetrical with respect to the vertical plane passing through the ridge of the building. 5. Prefabricated building according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the sides of the pediment directed at different angles to the horizon are equal in length. 6. Prefabricated building according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that at least three panels have the same size along the slope. 7. The prefabricated building according to claim 1, characterized in that the hinges between the panels are installed with the possibility of folding the panels of each of the slopes with the outer surfaces to each other, and the panels adjacent to the ridge, internal. 8. The prefabricated building according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one sealing gasket is installed at the junction of at least the panels adjacent to the ridge. 9. The prefabricated building according to claim 1, characterized in that at least the joints along the slopes between the panels are hermetically sealed from the outside with a flexible film of a polymeric material, for example, polyethylene. 10. The prefabricated building according to claim 1 or 9, characterized in that as a flexible film, a film of heat-shrinkable polymeric material is used. 11. Prefabricated building according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the edge of the panel, which is the ridge of the building, has additional equipment, for example a decorative element or conductor of a lightning rod.

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