RU2236112C2 - Method for producing of fiber flax for fiber - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture and textile industry.

SUBSTANCE: method involves harvesting flax to form stubble of height below 10 cm and simultaneously combing seeds; spreading flax straw into strip on stubble to produce treated flax fibers; picking up treated flax fibers with following plowing-in of stubble remains.

EFFECT: reduced production costs owing to increased share of fiber flax in crop rotation, increased number of fiber and provision for manufacturing of high-quality thin fabric used for domestic purposes.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and textile production, namely to the processing of flax to produce high quality fiber.

Flax flax is a moisture-loving plant, it belongs to the plants of a long day. It is used mainly to obtain fiber lying in the bast of the stem. The stem is its main productive part, the technical stem length reaches 110 cm or more. At the base of the stem in the basal part are coarse, thickened, lignified fibers. A good thin and strong fiber in long flax is in the middle and apical part. Flax flax is a self-pollinating plant, but is also pollinated by insects, i.e. cross-pollination is also possible. Of great importance when growing flax is the use of proper crop rotation. To obtain high yields and improve quality during crop rotation, alternating crops and steam in time and alternating land fields in time.

When growing flax flax, usually a 5-7-field crop rotation is used, i.e. it is sown after other crops with a return to the same field no earlier than 5-7 years.

Fiber and seeds are produced from flax flax. There are various known technologies for the production of flax for seeds and fiber, one of the main technological operations is treshing.

A known method of harvesting flax flax to obtain seeds by pulling it (pulling it out of the ground with a root), combing the seed heads and spreading the stalks with a combine, drying and processing flaxseeds with the release of seed bolls and free seeds from it, and to increase the yield of seed material from the heap before drying, whole boxes are isolated, dried separately from the main heap, and seeds of sowing conditions are isolated from them. (SU No. 414975, A 01 D 91/04, 1974).

There is a known method of harvesting flax flax to obtain fiber, including pulverizing flax with knitting in sheaves, field drying of sheaves in bobbins, threshing flax with simultaneous spreading of threshed sheaves along the linen (spread straw along the linen to form a trust) and raising the trust (SU No. 149275, A 01 D 91/04, 45/00, 1960).

There is a method of increasing the efficiency of field drying of flax flax, including sowing, foaming, staging in tents and natural drying (SU No. 1531906, A 01 D 91/00, 1989).

The closest technical solution to this invention is a method of processing flax fiber for fiber, including pulverizing flax in early yellow ripeness, flattening the root part with simultaneous separation of seed bolls, spread the flax straw for grass sowing, tedding, flipping the straw flax, aging to form a trust, lifting trusts, drying (A.N. Marchenko et al. "Technology for the production of long flax in the Tver region." Practical guidance. Department of socio-economic development of the village, 1998, p. 47).

However, all of these known methods are costly, because they require a 5-7-field crop rotation, which leads to a reduction in sown area under flax and a decrease in the possibility of mechanizing field work, thereby reducing the interest of farms in this crop, especially small ones, and reducing the profitability of flax growing.

The objective of the invention is to provide a method for the production of flax flax fiber, which ensures the achievement of a technical result consisting in reducing production costs by increasing the share of flax floss in the crop rotation, improving the quality of the trust, which allows to increase the number of fiber produced from it to obtain high-quality fine household fabrics .

This technical result is achieved by the method of producing flax flax fiber, including harvesting flax with the formation of stubble with a height of not more than 10 cm with simultaneous stripping of seeds, spread the flax straw into a ribbon on the stubble until a trust for the fiber is formed, selection of the trust with subsequent plowing of crop residues. Spring sowing of flax seeds according to the proposed method is carried out for 2-3 years in the same field or use a 2-3-field crop rotation.

The yield and quality of flax fiber is reduced if it is re-sown next year in the same field. Therefore, for flax flax accepted 5-7-field crop rotation. This leads to a reduction in sown areas under flax in areas where, due to soil and climatic conditions, large yields of high quality flax fiber can be obtained.

A small proportion of flax fields in farms reduces the possibility of mechanization of field work, reduces the profitability of flax cultivation, flax becomes an unprofitable crop and therefore reduces the interest of the farm in this crop.

The need to sow other crops in this field after flax harvesting for 5-6 years is determined by the fact that after flax harvesting the soil remains infected - infected with some flax diseases, especially fusarium infection. Since flax is teasing, i.e. pulled out with the root, the soil remains without many organic and other substances necessary for the plant.

For its effective growth and acquisition of properties that are very important for human health, in addition to the basic elements of PNK mineral fertilizers, micronutrients, including salts of heavy metals B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, etc., which flax intensively extracts from the soil, and for their new accumulation needs planting over a number of years of other cultures.

When studying the sizes, physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of flax fibers in various parts of the stem, it was revealed that fibers close to the root have very poor characteristics, i.e. lignified and poorly partitioned are in the area of 5-7 cm from the cotyledon.

To produce fine, high-quality linen yarn, these basal fibers must be removed and there is a special mechanism for cutting them on new linen machines.

To fight with Fusarium flax, the treatment of crops with "fundamentam" is very effective and the treatment of the soil with this drug significantly disinfects it and protects the crops from diseases.

Flax harvesting by pulling leaves the ground “bare” and spreading the flax along the “flax” leads to an uneven density layer. It is necessary to specially subject flax to flattening.

According to the proposed method, stubble up to 10 cm high, preferably 5-7 cm, is left, while organic substances and trace elements that are very necessary for the plant remain on the field. All the fibers remaining in the stem are of good quality (thin, non-lignified, crushed) and there is no need to cut butt fibers during scratching. The stubble remaining on the field creates good conditions for spreading and mechanized raising of the trust, while ensuring the necessary soil structure during plowing. After the harvest, the stem is obtained from below open and the process of trust formation is accelerated and efficiently, moreover, the stage of flattening of the lower part of the stem is excluded.

The proposed method allows 2-3 times to sow flax flax in the same field and only after that carry out a crop change. The share of flax fields in crop rotation increases by 2 or more times.

It is proposed to press at a height of up to 10 cm (5-10 cm) from the soil surface, rather than 15-20 cm, as when harvesting grain, even flaxseed fields where the seeding should not exceed 3 cm, this allows. The removal of coarse fibers during harvesting results in lower losses than when cutting the fibers, where coarse fibers are caught at a greater distance from the root due to stretching of the layer.

Coarse basal fibers are not used in textile production, especially in household fabrics, since when mixed with good ones they significantly reduce the number of yarn produced, and hence the number of square meters. m of fabric from 1 kg of fiber.

Keeping a low harvest (up to 10 cm, and not 5-7 cm from the root) instead of pulling does not reduce the profitability of Lviv breeding, as receive a trust of higher quality (number higher by 0.5-1.0), which fully compensates for the quantitative loss of basal fibers.

Spreading compressed straw over the stubble solves all these problems. Basal short, thick, rounded, most lignified fibers (and the lignin content in them is almost 2 times higher than that of the other fibers) are the "fly in the ointment" that spoils the "barrel of honey" - good fibers along the entire length of the stalk of flax . Now, when there is an acute question of the production of thin linen fabrics and for this we need flax, which does not have coarse basal fibers, we began to think about how to remove them from the obtained fiber.

The proposed production method is carried out according to the following technology.

In spring, the main tillage for flax flax is loosening, compaction and leveling with VPM-5.6 machines; VP-8; RVU-6 or combined units.

Flax flax is very responsive to fertilizers, with fertilizer high and stable yields are achieved. Fertilizers close up 10 cm and deeper. Sowing is carried out in late April to mid-May in a short time - preferably within 10 days, for example, with the SZL-3.6 grain seeder. The sowing depth is the same - 3-5 cm.

Harvest lead in August. Leave the stubble 5-10 cm while stripping the seeds, the formed flaxseed is spread into a ribbon on the stubble until a trust is formed to produce fiber, then the trust is picked up, and the crop residues along with fertilizer are smelled, and the spring sowing of flax flax is carried out for 2-3 years in the same field or alternate crops, use a 2-3-field crop rotation, leaving the share of arable land under flax at least 30%.

The proposed method according to the invention allows to obtain a high quality trust, coarse lignified short basal fibers are removed in a straight fiber. The method significantly simplifies harvesting - spread on the stubble provides uniform aging, makes it easier to lift the trusts when turning and picking, allows you to increase the yield of long fiber in beating and scratching and to reduce crop rotation to 2-3 years instead of 5-7 years or switching to monoculture, thereby increasing the share of flax in crop rotation from 12.5 to 30% or more.

A new understanding of the positive value of microelements not only in the process of growing flax, but also for creating unique biomedical and hygienic properties of its fiber, combined with the development of new agricultural technology, reaping with stubble up to 10 cm instead of pulling, allows not only to significantly increase sown areas in Russia flax, step forward in the yield and quality of fiber, but also provide the necessary high biomedical and hygienic properties of flax products. If, as a result of improving the processes of modifying flax fiber for spinning it in a mixture with chemical and natural fibers on cotton and woolen equipment, it becomes profitable to modify all the flax and to clean and modify it as of the same type, harvesting such flax instead of felling will lead to a significant increase the quality of the modified fiber (there will be no short and coarse fibers) will facilitate and fully mechanize all cleaning work.

It has been established that 72.6% of the stems obtained by the known technology using the pulling operation, when pulled from waste, go from the top and 27.4% from the top, 75.7% of fibers come from the butt, and from the top - 24.3%. Of the stems obtained by the proposed method using the harvest, when scrubbing, the percentage of departure from the top is maintained, and from the butt, it is reduced by 1.5-2 times. Thus, more long fiber is obtained from the same field (therefore, the trust is rated not by number 1, but by number 2) and the yield of combed fiber is increased to 2 times and higher number and therefore the profitability of using the proposed method increases, for example, instead of one ton receive trusts cf. No. 1 - 900 kg trusts cf. No. 2, which is equivalent to 1 ton of trust No. 1.75.

This method allows to increase the yield of long fibers and to obtain fiber No. 13 instead of No. 10.5 and thereby allows to increase the yield of combed fiber, suitable for the production of thin yarns, and therefore, thin fabrics.

The revival of Russian flax growing and useful, beautiful and convenient to use (flaxen fabrics are less dirty, easier to wash, sterilize well during hot washing, drying in the sun and hot ironing, wear longer) clothes made from flax-containing fabrics and knitwear, improves and heals the living conditions of the population, provides additional income and jobs, provides economic, medical and defense independence and the independence of our country.

New needs and solvent demand dictate a sharp change in the structure of the range of linen products, its thinning, and this makes demands on raw materials. Only by combined efforts along the entire technological chain can the tasks of reviving Russian flax be solved.

Claims (1)

A method of producing flax flax fiber, including harvesting flax with the formation of stubble with a height of not more than 10 cm and simultaneously stripping seeds, spread the flax straw into a ribbon on the stubble until a trust for the fiber is formed, selection of the trust followed by plowing of crop residues.