RU2148938C1 - Mixed fodder for herbivorous animals and method of preparation thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: feed production. SUBSTANCE: invention, in particular, relates to feeding rabbits and marmots raised in cage conditions. Mixed fodder is composed of, wt.%: grass flour, 26.5-40.0; wheat bran, 9.0-15.0; sunflower oil cake, 13.0-16.0; meat flour, 1.0-4.0; fish flour, 2.0-5.0; feed yeast, 1.0-2.0; molasses and/or sapropel, 2.0-3.0; food salt, 0.3-0.5; premix of protein-vitamin-mineral additive, 0.5-1.0; wheat-based grain mixture with 2.0-3.2% of barley, the balance. Fodder mixture is prepared as follows. Grass flour is combined with grain mixture and resulting mixture is extruded at 115-140 C and pressure 1.4- 3.0 MPa. To cooled and broken down porous extruded mixture are added sunflower oil cake, meat and fish flours, food yeast, salt, bran, and premix or above-mentioned additive at stirring to form fodder mixture, which is then granulated with molasses and/or sapropel added at pressure 0.28-0.33 MPa until 4.7-mm grains are formed to feed rabbits and marmots. Cooled 7.7-mm grains are broken down into 2-4.5-mm particles for rabbits. EFFECT: increased nutritive value and assimilability. 3 cl, 1 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to the production of animal feed, in particular to compound feed for herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots in cellular conditions.

 Known animal feed containing (in wt.%): Corn - 25; barley - 25; peas - 12; wheat bran - 15; sunflower meal - 8; fishmeal - 2; meat and bone meal - 3; feed yeast - 3; herbal flour - 5; chalk - 1.5; salt - 0.5 (RU 2063145, A 23 K 1/00, 07/10/96).

 The disadvantage of this compound feed is the low content of the coarse, fiber-rich component of the feed necessary for feeding herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots.

 A known method of producing bulk powder feed, including grinding a starchy product (corn and grain), moistening it to 16 - 18%, extruding at 1.0 - 1.4 MPa, cooling, re-grinding and cooling of the finished product (SU 686714, A 23 K 1/00, 09/25/79).

 The disadvantage of this method is the inability to obtain granular feed and in the form of grains for herbivores - rabbits and marmots.

There is also known a method of producing feed, including the extrusion of a protein-powdery mixture containing at least 40% powdery component and having the necessary humidity, at elevated pressure and temperature of at least 100 ^o C in order to impart porosity, fluidity and thermoplasticity to the mass, cooling to 37.8 - 82.2 ^o C and subsequent granulation with the formation of a dense, elastic structure (EP, 0071331, A 23 K 1/00, 1/18, 09.02.83).

 The disadvantage of this method is to obtain strong and flexible granules of feed, for example, for dogs, which is unacceptable in feed for herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots.

 Known feed for rabbits, containing (in wt.%): Grass meal - 20-30; straw flour - 10-20; ground oats (wheat) - 14-16; barley - 14-16; wheat bran - 9; oilcake, meal (sunflower, soybean) - 14-18; fish meal (meat meal) - 2; hydrolysis yeast - 1; bone meal - 0.5%, table salt - 0.5; premix - 1 (Kalugin Yu.A., Feeding rabbits. M: Agropromizdat, 1985, p. 71 - 77, tab. 27).

 The disadvantage of this feed is a complex component composition, a high content of straw flour, which is a roughage, negatively affects the digestibility of feed. Straw flour has an increased fungal and bacterial contamination, which also negatively affects the sanitary and hygienic condition of the feed, its environmental cleanliness.

 The introduction of wheat and barley separately into the compound feed adversely affects the organism of herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots.

 The closest is the known feed based on granular and crushed to a grain mixture containing, wt.%: Grass flour - 4; grain mixture of wheat - 30 with corn - 25.3; sunflower meal - 13; fishmeal - 5; yeast - 3; bone meal - 0.6; chalk - 3; shell, limestone - 4.7; salt - 0.4; premix - 1 or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement (SU 1674769 A1, A 23 K 1/00, 09/07/91).

 A method of obtaining a known compound feed composition includes granulating a feed mixture containing grass meal, wheat-based grain mixture, sunflower meal, meat, fish meal, fodder yeast, table salt and premix or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement, cooling, grinding and fractionation of crushed feed into coarse, medium and fine fractions with the subsequent withdrawal of grains as a finished product (SU 1674769, A1, A 23 K 1/00, 09/07/91).

 A disadvantage of the known compound feed and the method of its production is the low content of the coarse, fiber-rich component necessary for herbivorous animals - rabbits and groundhogs, which reduces the nutrition and digestibility of compound feed for these animals.

 The objective of the invention is the creation of environmentally friendly feed for rabbits and marmots in the cellular conditions of their maintenance with increased nutrition and digestibility, as well as improving the sanitary condition of the feed.

The problem is achieved in that feed for herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots based on granular and crushed to a grain mixture contains components, wt.%:
Herbal flour - 26.5 - 40.0
Wheat bran - 9.0 - 15.0
Sunflower meal - 13.0 - 16.0
Meat flour - 1.0 - 4.0
Fishmeal - 2.0 - 5.0
Fodder yeast - 1.0 - 2.0
Molasses and / or sapropel - 2.0 - 3.0
Salt - 0.3 - 0.5
Premix or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement - 0.5 - 1.0
Wheat-based cereal mixture containing 2.0 - 3.2 wt.% Barley - Rest
The task is also achieved by the fact that the method of obtaining compound feed for herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots includes mixing grass meal with a granular mixture, extruding the mixture at 115 - 140 ^o C at the exit of the press extruder and the pressure in its working area is 1.4 - 3.0 MPa, adding to the chilled and crushed porous extruded mixture meal of sunflower, meat and fish flour, fodder yeast, salt, wheat bran and premix or protein-vitamin-mineral additives with stirring, granulation the feed mixture with the addition of molasses and / or sapropel at a pressure of 0.28 - 0.30 MPa to granules of 4.7 mm for marmots and rabbits and grinding chilled granules of 7.7 mm to grits of 2 - 4.5 mm for rabbits in the following ratio of components in the feed, wt.%:
Herbal flour - 26.5 - 40.0
Wheat bran - 9.0 - 15.0
Sunflower meal - 13.0 - 16.0
Meat flour - 1.0 - 4.0
Fishmeal - 2.0 - 5.0
Fodder yeast - 1.0 - 2.0
Molasses and / or sapropel - 2.0 - 3.0
Salt - 0.3 - 0.5
Premix or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement - 0.5 - 1.0
Wheat-based cereal mixture containing 2.0 - 3.2 wt.% Barley - Rest
Additionally, the feed contains premix P90-2, a premix on a sapropel basis or protein-vitamin-mineral additive "Fluff".

 To obtain feed use the following source materials.

 Grass flour (GOST 18691-88) is obtained as a result of artificial drying of the green mass of various herbs (legumes, seeded grasses, natural hayfields, green mass of fodder beans, peas and other crops) on high-temperature drying units; best for rabbits and marmots is grass meal made from legumes or legumes and cereals.

 100 kg of herbal flour contains 12 - 16% of crude protein, 27.4% of fiber, 2.7% of crude fat. Herbal flour contains 150 - 350 mg of provitamin A - carotene in 1 kg. 100 g of flour contains 167 kcal of metabolic energy.

 For rabbits and marmots, it is advisable to use herbal flour in granular form, since carotene (provitamin A) and other mineral substances and vitamins are better stored in it, and less storage space is required for storage.

 Wheat bran - by-products of flour and cereal production are the outer shells of grains with an admixture of embryos.

 Bran is rich in protein (11–15.5%), minerals, in particular phosphorus (almost 2 times more than in wheat grains), complex B vitamins, vitamin E, as well as manganese and zinc, but there is a lot of fiber in wheat bran , therefore, their content in the diet of rabbits and marmots usually does not exceed 15%.

 Sunflower meal (GOST 11246-96) - a by-product of oil extraction and oil production - it is the main source of vegetable protein for rabbits and marmots, its content in the diet is up to 16%.

 The best for rabbits and marmots are considered to be protein-rich (38 - 40%) sunflower and soybean meal. Meal is also rich in phosphorus and iron.

 Meat and fish meal (GOST 17681-82) - animal feed, which contains from 20 to 60% protein (depending on their ash content) and fat from 1.9 - 2.5% (fish meal) to 10 - 14% (meat meal). These foods are rich in calcium and phosphorus.

Fodder yeast (GOST 28178-89) - products of the microbiological industry and are a valuable protein and vitamin feed. They are rich in protein (45 - 54%), have a high biological value and contain almost all the vitamins of complex B (with the exception of B ₁₂ ), so the yeast serves as a complex B-vitamin supplement.

 Edible salt (GOST 13830-91E) refers to mineral feed and is an essential component of each diet, include it in the diet for rabbits and marmots to enrich it with sodium, which should be in a certain ratio with potassium. In the diets of rabbits and marmots it is introduced 0.3 - 0.5% of the total mass of feed.

 Beet molasses (OST 18-385-82) is a by-product of sugar beet processing for sugar. Molasses contains up to 50% carbohydrates in the form of sucrose, which gives molasses good taste and serves as an additional energy source in animal feed. The nutritional value of 100 kg of molasses is 75 feed units, molasses is also a binder in the granulation of animal feed.

Sapropel feed (TU 9291-001-27897610-94) is a unique natural organo-mineral complex in which the biologically active substances necessary for the animal body are concentrated. They contain macroelements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium), as well as trace elements (manganese, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, iodine, bromine, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel), amino acids, carbohydrates, humic acids, vitamins (carotene, B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ , B ₆ , B ₉ , B ₁₂ , C, D, E, P), sterols (hormone-like substances) and other biostimulants.

 The presence of carbohydrates, protein, humic substances and bitumen in the composition of sapropel determines its high adhesive properties, due to which it has found application as a binding agent (plasticizer) for granulation of compound feeds.

 Studies of sapropel on radioactivity and the concentration of heavy metals showed that they are within acceptable limits and there are no contraindications for feeding animals.

Premix (P90-2) is used for rabbits of all age groups, 1 ton of premix includes vitamins: A (dry stable) - 500 million ME; D ₃ - 150 million ME; E - 4 million ME; B ₁₂ - 0.006 kg; iron - 20 kg; zinc - 5 kg; copper - 2 kg; Manganese - 3 kg; cobalt - 0.004 kg; iodine - 0.2 kg; filler (wheat bran), kg - up to 1 ton. (Compound feed, feed additives and 3CM for animals. Reference. Edited by V.A. Krokhina - M .: Agropromizdat, 1990 - p. 264 - 265).

 Protein-vitamin-mineral supplement "Fluff" is an environmentally friendly preparation, does not contain growth stimulants, antibiotics, non-toxic.

"Fluff" is a joint development of specialists of the Hygiene-BIO firm and scientists of the All-Russian Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition of Farm Animals. The composition of the "Cannon" includes: micro and macro elements: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iodine, selenium; vitamins: A, D ₂ , E, K, B ₁ , B ₂ , B ₃ , B ₄ , B ₅ , B ₆ , B ₁₂ , B _c , H, C, nutrients: crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber , lysine, methionine + cystine, tryptophan.

 The composition "Cannon" includes natural zeolite as a filler.

 "Fluff" improves the digestibility of nutrients in diets, and thereby reduces feed consumption, removes toxic digestion products from animals and increases the overall resistance of the body, increases the reproductive functions of animals, as well as the growth and development of young animals, improves the quality of pubescence.

 Example 1

 To obtain feed for rabbits and marmots, grass is taken from artificially dried legumes (alfalfa, clover, etc.), dried in an ABM-0.65 drying unit, then the grass is ground to flour and granulated to a size of ⌀ 10 mm on a press granulator OGM-08A.

Chilled granulated grass flour with a moisture content of 11.5% is ground to particles ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.7 mm, mixed with a wheat-based grain mixture containing 2 kg of barley in a batch mixer A9-DSG-1.5 for 4 min, until smooth; then the mixture is extruded in a press extruder KMZ-2M at a pressure in its working zone of 2.0 MPa and a temperature of 120 ^o C at the exit of the press extruder to obtain a expanded porous product in the form of a bundle with a diameter of 20-30 mm, humidity 8.7% ; after 50 - 70 seconds, the product (extrudate) becomes brittle and is sent for cooling to a plate-type horizontal cooler B6-DOB; the temperature of the product after cooling should not exceed the ambient temperature by more than 18 ^o C. Next, the cooled extrudate is crushed in an A1-DDP hammer mill using a sieve with openings of ⌀ 3 mm.

 Then, in a chilled and crushed porous extruded mixture consisting of 26.5 kg of grass flour and 32.3 kg of a wheat-based grain mixture containing 2 kg of barley, 15 kg of sunflower meal, 3.2 kg of meat flour, 2 fish meal are added. 0 kg, fodder yeast 1.5 kg, table salt 0.5 kg, wheat bran 16 kg and premix (P90-2) 1 kg with stirring. Then the feed mixture is granulated in a press granulator DG-1 with the addition of 3 kg of sapropel at a pressure of 0.3 MPa to a grain size of 4.7 mm for marmots and rabbits, and chilled granules of 7.7 mm in size are crushed to grits 2 to 4.5 mm for rabbits (grits are obtained by passing a sieve with a hole diameter of 4.5 mm and a sieve of 2 mm in diameter).

The result is feed in the following ratio of components, wt.%:
Herbal flour - 26.5
Wheat bran - 15.0
Sunflower meal - 15.0
Meat flour - 3.2
Fishmeal - 2.0
Feed Yeast - 1.5
Sapropel - 3.0
Salt - 0.5
Premix P90-2 - 1,0
Grain mix - 32.3
Table 1 shows other examples of the composition of the feed, the parameters of the method for its production and quality indicators of granules and grits.

 The obtained feed with the specified composition according to example 1 was tested in scientific and economic experiments when feeding one-year-old marmots (females and males) and fattening young rabbits under cellular conditions. Accordingly, in the breeding farm "Pushkinsky" and the farm "Rodniki" of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region.

 Scientific and economic experiments on marmots continued for 6.5 months, on rabbits - for 1 month.

 As a result of experiments in which the effect of batches of compound feed on live weight and the quality of the groundhog pellet productivity was studied, it was found that the obtained feed showed high efficiency in their cultivation, the best quality of pubescence and indicators in terms of weight and body length (compared to the control).

 Based on the experience on rabbits, we can conclude that for their cultivation for slaughter for meat and skin with the indicated feed, it was possible to obtain a live weight of 2.92 kg and skins of grades 1 and 2 (at least 62%) at 145 days of age. The obtained feed in the form of granules and grains does not give significant differences in eatability, growth, payment of feed, the safety of the livestock of rabbits, which proves the equivalence of their effect on the body of growing rabbits. However, suckling young animals between the 20th and the 45th day eat well grains. Its average daily growth was 8% higher than that of animals fed with pellets, and the safety of suckling rabbits increased by 5% with a rather significant reduction in feed costs per 1 kg of growth (9%). Loss of cereals from the feeders was also insignificant and amounted to 2.2%.

 The resulting feed was less affected by fungi and bacteria compared to feed produced by existing technology.

 Thus, the obtained feed (according to examples 1 to 3) for rabbits and marmots in the form of pellets and grains is environmentally friendly due to the use of the specified composition of raw materials and the improvement of their quality due to such methods of moisture thermal treatment (WTO) as granulation and extrusion.

 The specified compound feed was tested by the Independent Center for Testing of Food and Feed Products (NTSIPiP) for the content of heavy metals and gave positive results on toxicological-biological and chemical-toxicological studies.

 The resulting feed is characterized by increased nutrition, digestibility and improved sanitary condition.

Claims (2)

1. Compound feed for herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots based on granulated and crushed to a grain mixture of grass flour, grain mixture based on wheat, sunflower meal, meat, fish meal, fodder yeast, salt and premix, or protein-vitamin-mineral supplements , characterized in that it further comprises wheat bran and molasses and / or sapropel in the following ratio of components, wt.%:
Herbal flour - 26.5 - 40.0
Wheat bran - 9.0 - 15.0
Sunflower meal - 13.0 - 16.0
Meat flour - 1.0 - 4.0
Fishmeal - 2.0 - 5.0
Fodder yeast - 1.0 - 2.0
Molasses and / or sapropel - 2.0 - 3.0
Salt - 0.3 - 0.5
Premix or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement - 0.5 - 1.0
Wheat-based cereal mixture containing 2.0 - 3.2 wt.% Barley - Rest
2. Compound feed according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a premix P90-2, protein-vitamin-mineral supplement "Fluff" or premix on a sapropel basis. 3. A method of producing compound feed for herbivorous animals - rabbits and marmots, including granulating a feed mixture containing grass meal, a wheat-based cereal mixture, sunflower meal, meat, fish meal, fodder yeast, table salt and premix, cooling and grinding the granules to the ground , characterized in that the pre-herbal flour is mixed with the grain mixture and subjected to extrusion at 115-140 ^o C at the exit of the press extruder and the pressure in its working area of 1.4-3.0 MPa, add to the cooled and ground porosity extruded mixture of sunflower meal, meat and fish meal, fodder yeast, common salt, wheat bran and premix or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement with stirring, granulate the feed mixture with molasses and / or sapropel at 0.28-0.33 MPa to granules of 4.7 mm for marmots and rabbits, chilled granules of 7.7 mm are crushed to grits of 2-4.5 mm for rabbits in the following ratio of components in the feed, wt.%:
Herbal flour - 26.5 - 40.0
Wheat bran - 9.0 - 15.0
Sunflower meal - 13.0 - 16.0
Meat flour - 1.0 - 4.0
Fishmeal - 2.0 - 5.0
Fodder yeast - 1.0 - 2.0
Molasses and / or sapropel - 2.0 - 3.0
Salt - 0.3 - 0.5
Premix or protein-vitamin-mineral supplement - 0.5 - 1.0
Wheat-based cereal mixture containing 2.0 - 3.2 wt.% Barley - Rest

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