RU2147390C1 - System of power transmission lines - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering. SUBSTANCE: system of lines with at least two conductors for power transmission has all conductors except for one split to compensate at least partially for magnetic fields in space approximately parallel to line system; single strands of each of split conductors are arranged at certain angular symmetry to surface determined by longitudinal spread of non-split conductor and point lying in compensation area of space or else single strands of separate split conductors are arranged at approximately, or better full, circular symmetry around non- split conductor. EFFECT: reduced residual field harmful for living beings. 30 cl, 34 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to a system of power lines with at least two conductors for transmitting low-frequency electrical energy. Low frequency refers to frequencies common for traction power supply (16 2/3 Hz) and general power supply (50 or 60 Hz). However, the invention is applicable to a DC transmission system, which finds application, for example, in the so-called 700-kilovolt network. This is, so to speak, the limiting case of the concept of "low frequency", because the effects of magnetic fields arising in such energy transfer systems can also be interfering. The invention is also of interest for such transmission line systems in which, for example, due to the smaller size of the transmitters, the operating frequency is 40 kHz and higher.

 As shown by numerous literary references in the book "Elektrisches Strom als Umweltfaktor" by Konig / Folkerts, Pflaum-Verlag, Munich, 1992, today it is assumed that magnetic, but also to a certain extent, electric fields of power supply to living organisms partly adverse effect.

 First of all, power lines in a high voltage network and in a medium voltage network and house power supply are considered, if they are made in the form of overhead lines. But in the domestic sphere, a situation comparable with respect to magnetic and electric fields is also possible, although in this area the tripping currents are for the most part substantially less. This is due to the fact that in the home sphere the distances between people and live lines are much smaller.

 A transmission line system is known from US Pat. No. 5,068,543, in which, in addition to at least two conductors for transmitting electrical energy in the form of direct current or low-frequency current, at least one more conductor is provided at least parallel to the conductors of the system, through which current flows in phase with the other conductors and which, in cooperation with the other conductors of the power line system, reduces the magnetic field emanating from it in the spatial region passing at lizitelno parallel system of power lines. The underlying idea in this case is to reduce the electromagnetic radiation surrounding the power line system. This is achieved, in particular, due to the fact that, for example, in a single-phase system of power lines, one of the conductors is split into two conductors and the three conductors thus formed, symmetrically distributed - relative to the plane of the cross section - lie on one horizontal to the ground. One option for a single-phase transmission case is that with one single conductor serving as a direct wire, three or four conductors are provided as a return wire, which symmetrically - relative to the already mentioned cross-sectional plane - cover a straight wire, preferably like a diamond or square. As described below, this embodiment of the power line system allows to reduce the residual magnetic field under the system to a value of approximately 20% of the initial value.

 The basis of the invention is the task of at least almost completely compensating for the value of the residual field and to do this in freely selectable spatial areas that run parallel to the system of power lines.

 According to the invention, in a system of power lines, in which in addition to at least two conductors for transmitting electrical energy in the form of direct current or low-frequency current, at least one more conductor is provided at least parallel to the conductors of the system, through which the current flows in phase with the rest conductors and which, in combination with other conductors of the power line system, reduces the magnetic field emanating from it in the spatial region passing approximately exactly parallel to the system of power lines, it is achieved due to the fact that the currents in the individual conductors and the distance from them to the point lying in the specified spatial region, the effect on which is calculated, and the spatial distribution of the conductors with respect to this point in the spatial region are selected so that the vector sum of the magnetic field components emanating from the conductors through which the current flows at this point practically becomes zero. Due to this, a decrease in the residual field in the above-mentioned region of space to a practically negligible value in comparison with the solution known from the US patent is achieved, and it is possible to freely select the region of space in a wide range.

 In this case, the invention can be made such that, if an additional power line is connected to the power transmission system, the power transmission system has one common conductor in such a way that there is one, split into at least two single conductors, a conductor and one non-split conductor and that the single conductors of each of the split conductors are located relative to their geometric position depending on the currents flowing in the conductors so that the magnetic field creates transmitted by the transmitted energy of the current in the un split conductor is at least almost compensated by the magnetic fields of the currents in the single conductors in the region passing approximately parallel to the system of power lines. A conductor can be split into more than two single conductors. This provides additional freedom in the overall geometry of the transmission lines, which may be preferable in some cases.

 When the currents are in phase in single conductors, it is advisable to place the latter on the opposite sides of the surface, determined by the longitudinal extension of the undigested conductor and a point located in the compensation region. It is also preferable if in this case the single conductors of a separate split conductor are short-circuited at the ends with each other.

 It is also preferable that the single conductors have at least almost equal electrical resistance and are located with angular symmetry to the surface, determined by the longitudinal extension of the unsplit conductor and a point located in the compensation region.

 With the out-of-phase currents in single conductors, it is advisable to place the latter on the same side of the surface, determined by the longitudinal extension of the undigested conductor and a point located in the compensation region.

 Between the single conductors of the split conductor, a common-mode current source of electrical energy transmitted in a system of power lines can be included. It is advisable that the latter work with the input current, that is, with a high internal resistance in comparison with the electric circuit formed by single conductors.

 In the case of several parallel (primary) power lines that act with their magnetic fields on a given area of space, it is advisable to provide for the compensation of magnetic fields for only part of the power line systems, and for these power line systems made for compensation, provide such a spatial the displacement of the conductors so that at least partial compensation of the magnetic fields of other (primary) systems of power lines takes place.

 In certain cases, it is preferable to arrange the individual conductors one above the other and / or one after the other with respect to a plane defined by the indicated area of space and the system of power lines. In addition, it is advisable to arrange the individual conductors so spatially and to distribute the currents flowing in them so that the magnetic field compensation occurs in at least two separated regions of space.

 It is also desirable that the single conductors of the individual split conductors are arranged at least in almost circular symmetry around the undigested conductor.

 In this case, when the system is implemented in the form of a single-phase cable with sheath insulation, it is advisable to perform one of the two conductors provided for conducting current as a split conductor, the single conductors of which as well as the non-split conductor are each isolated separately and arranged so that the single conductors of the split conductor surround the un split conductor symmetrically from all sides.

 In a cable for multiphase current with a sheath insulation, it is advisable to make each of the conductors belonging to the corresponding phase of the current in the form of a split conductor with single conductors, each insulated separately, and arrange single conductors of split conductors with at least almost circular symmetry, and in the presence of an additionally provided neutral conductor (neutral wire) - preferably with circular symmetry around the neutral conductor.

 Further, it is preferable that the neutral conductor be made in the form of a split conductor and its single conductors surround the circularly arranged single conductors of the conductors, each belonging to the corresponding phase of the current, as a shield against the formation of an external electric field, and in a system with a protective wire, preferably so, that the latter is centrally located and is surrounded by single conductors.

 The protective conductor can also be implemented as a split conductor, and its single conductors can surround other cable conductors as a shield against the formation of an external electric field, and in a system with a neutral wire, it is preferable that the latter is centrally located and surrounded by single conductors.

 The cable may in a known manner be provided at the ends with connecting devices, in particular plugs. In this case, in the connecting device of each cable end, an electrical connection of the single conductors of each of the split conductors is provided. The connecting device may be, for example, a connecting strip of an electrical device. The connecting device may be a plug at least at one cable end. If the cable is equipped at one end with a plug and at the other end with a sleeve, it can be used in a known manner as a so-called extension cable. This is a particular advantage if, for example, the electrical wiring for supplying a table night light in the bedroom wall is at the head of the beds. Then a desktop night light can be connected through such an extension cable to an electrical outlet, the current lead to which does not pass at the head. In this case, the extension cable substantially frees the head of the beds from magnetic fields and can even free, with the corresponding implementation according to one embodiment of the invention, of electric fields. In this case, it is desirable that the separate plug and its mating part be made in a known manner so that the plug can enter the mating part only in a position in which the connecting element of the neutral wire of the plug is in contact with the socket for the neutral wire in the mating part. Thus, it is ensured that not only magnetic fields, but also electric fields can be appropriately reduced in a space in which compensation is required to a negligible amount.

 The invention is preferably applicable to a cable made in the form of a flat wire with a dividing base, while single conductors are slightly offset in height compared to an undivided conductor relative to a plane defined by a flat wire with a dividing base. It is advisable to arrange the single conductors in at least two planes extending at least approximately parallel to each other, and in the case of a multiphase system, split all the conductors into single conductors. These embodiments of the invention are also applicable to current supply lines of current paths and for current paths in consumers that pass at least in the same way in one or more planes.

 For an embodiment of a power line system in the form of an underground cable, preferably for high voltage transmission, single conductors are provided as separate conductors.

 Of particular importance is the invention also for traction current systems. In these systems, as you know, rails are usually used as a single conductor, and an aerial contact wire (railway) or a side contact wire (metro) as a second conductor of a two-wire system, which, as a rule, operate with an operating voltage of 15 kilovolts at operating currents from 100 amperes and above. Moreover, in accordance with the invention, one of the two said conductors is supplemented to a split conductor. It is advisable to supplement the track rails with a single conductor to a split conductor and choose the spatial location of the single conductor depending on the current flowing in it so that compensation occurs in the spatial region mentioned. In this case, one of the single conductors formed as a result of splitting can be laid in the ground and parallel to the route of the electrified railway line.

 In one embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the single conductors are connected at one end to each other, and their other ends are connected to a transformer providing compensation current.

 In another embodiment of the invention, at both ends of the single conductors, a single transformer is connected between the single conductors, providing a compensation current. In the traction current system according to the invention, it is advisable to break a single conductor, supplementing one conductor from a split conductor, into short segments and provide a sensor device that determines which of the line segments formed by the air contact wire or the side contact wire and the rail is loaded with current. In places of transition from one segment of a single conductor to the next, it is necessary to provide in this case switching devices that supply compensation current, respectively, only those segments of single conductors in which current flows in the air or in the side contact wire. Thus, it is possible to take into account the situation when the external magnetic field is compensated only in the segments of the contact network of the electrified railway lying between the power input point in the traction current circuit and the electric locomotive, and the magnetic field load is absent due to the compensation field in other segments of the traction current lines. To establish the aforementioned state, it is advisable to provide a magnetic sensor as a sensor device, for example, a coil operating on traction alternating current with a frequency of 16 2/3 Hz. When working on direct current, for example, you can use a Hall probe of known design, which, when a constant magnetic field appears, changes its electrical resistance, which in this case can be used as a switching criterion.

 It should also be mentioned that several single conductors may be provided, laid at least almost parallel to the external power supply line of the electrified railways.

 In many applications of the invention, it is a great advantage that the single conductors can preferably have a substantially smaller cross-sectional area than the un split conductor, in particular so small that the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the single conductors is at least approximately equal to the cross-sectional area of the corresponding un split conductor . This allows, firstly, to avoid unnecessarily increasing the consumption of material on the wires and increasing the cross section of the cable. On the other hand, thereby satisfying the requirement for elasticity in cables with respect to their flexibility.

 In order to ensure the correct connection of single conductors to corresponding contacts, such as a connecting device, for connecting to the rest of the circuit, it is advisable to provide the single conductors forming the corresponding split conductor with the same marking, in particular with the same color of their insulation. Shape differentiation such as different corrugation of connecting cables in stereo speakers can also be used.

 Below the invention is explained in more detail by examples of its implementation, shown in the drawing.

The drawings show:
in FIG. 1 - in a spatial image, a system of power lines, with the help of which the principle of the invention is explained in more detail,
in FIG. 2 is a vector representation of the system of FIG. 1.

in FIG. 3 - in the context of a single-phase high-voltage system for supplying traction current with a voltage of, for example, 115 kV,
in FIG. 4 - a three-phase alternating current system, conventional in the range of 115 kV and above, modified according to the invention,
in FIG. 5 is a diagram of a transforming device for providing current splitting for single conductors,
in FIG. 6 is a fully symmetric single-phase system according to the invention,
in FIG. 7 is a vectorial representation of the magnetic field in the system of FIG. 4,
in FIG. 8 - two single-phase fully symmetric systems according to the invention,
in FIG. 9 is a vectorial representation of the magnetic field in the system of FIG. eight,
in FIG. 10 - according to FIG. 3 with the addition to compensate for the electric field,
in FIG. 11 is a sectional view of a cable for transmitting a three-phase alternating current when connected to a star, therefore with a neutral wire, without a protective wire (also referred to as PE in a standardized professional language),
in FIG. 12 - cable according to FIG. 11 s PE
in FIG. 13 - single-phase cable, used, for example, as an extension cable in a low voltage network (230 V),
in FIG. 14 is a single-phase cable, for example, according to FIG. 11, with compensation of the magnetic field due to the twisting of single conductors, usual for cables for reasons of flexibility,
in FIG. 15 - cable according to FIG. 14 s PE
in FIG. 16 - cable for three-phase AC transmission when included in a triangle, with the opposite direction of twisting of single conductors for additional compensation of the magnetic field,
in FIG. 17 - cable for three-phase transmission of alternating current when included in the star, therefore, with a neutral wire, and with PE, and a special twist for additional compensation of the magnetic field,
in FIG. 18 - the so-called jumper wire (flat wire in a plastic sheath) in the embodiment according to the invention with single-phase conductivity and two PE conductors,
in FIG. 19 is a flat wire for transmitting a three-phase alternating current with a neutral wire and PE,
in FIG. 20 is a modified flat wire according to FIG. 17,
in FIG. 21 is a flat wire similar to the wire of FIG. 18, with particularly far-reaching magnetic field compensation,
in FIG. 22 is a diagram explaining the effect of an embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 3
in FIG. 23 - current electric traction system with a contact wire and a rail track as a conductor of the primary system of transmission lines and a single wire located above the ground,
in FIG. 24 is a current electric traction system with a contact wire and a rail track as a conductor of the primary transmission line system according to FIG. 23 and a single wire located in the ground,
in FIG. 25 - current traction system according to FIG. 23, in which the additional single conductor is divided into segments connected via switching devices.

in FIG. 26 - connecting the cable with its single conductors to the screw terminals of a conventional plug with a protective contact,
in FIG. 27 is a preferred embodiment of the plug of FIG. 26, simplifying the clamping of single conductors,
in FIG. 28 - the implementation of the male part of the plug and the female part of the plug, which provides connection only in a predetermined position,
in FIG. 29 are two parts for converting a conventional plug connection with a protective contact into the connection of FIG. 28,
in FIG. 30 is an arrangement of conductors,
in FIG. 31 is an explanation of an embodiment of the conductors of FIG. 30 for a single phase system,
in FIG. 32 is an explanation of an embodiment of the conductors of FIG. 30 for a three-phase system,
in FIG. 33 is a combination of various types of arrangement for a three-phase current system and
in FIG. 34 is an exemplary embodiment for compensation in several areas of space.

 In FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a power line system with which compensation is explained in more detail.

 Conductors L1 and L2 are a direct and, respectively, return wire of a single-phase double line for transmitting electrical energy of 11.5 kW with a frequency of 50 Hz at a voltage of 230 V. In each of the two wires, therefore, a current of approximately 50 A flows. Let the distance between both wires is approximately 0.5 meters. Such a case, for example, takes place when the house is supplied with electricity using a line laid on a rack on the roof of the house. At a remote point P, the effect on which is calculated, as a result of this, two components of the magnetic field H1 and H2 arise, the cause of which is the current in the forward and reverse wires. Both components of the magnetic field are out of phase, but due to the distance between the wires they have a different direction. Their absolute value depends on the distance (a1, a2) between the measuring point P and the corresponding wire (L1 or L2) in the plane of the cross section. In a known manner, the total component Hs is formed, which is non-zero.

 If added as shown in FIG. 1, another two-wire system with wires L3 or L4 and pass the current Ik in phase with the system of wires L1 and L2, then components of the magnetic field H3 and H4 will also appear, the orientation of which depends on the position of the wires L3, L4 in the plane of the cross section and the magnitude which depends on the current flowing in them and on the distance a3, a4 from each of them to point P. If the phases are selected correctly (for example, H2 and H4, as well as H3 and H1, respectively, in antiphase), the vector image shown in FIG. 2.

 Phase synchronism is understood to mean that the currents in the conductors under consideration are not only equally frequency and have the same temporal amplitude characteristic, but also have a phase lock relative to each other, namely, in each individual case they can be in phase or out of phase.

 By locally moving L3, L4 and selecting the current Ik in L3, L4, we can reduce the total component of the four components of the magnetic field H1, H2, H3 and H4 at the measurement point P to zero.

 In practice, in most cases, you can combine the wire L2 with the wire L4 in one wire.

 The current in the second system of power lines can be obtained in various ways. One option is that the initial wire L2 is divided into two wires by splitting and both single wires at the ends of the transmission line system are short-circuited. The current in each of the single wires is determined in this case practically by the ratio of the resistances of these two single wires, which can be realized by different sections of the wires.

 Another way is that either in an additional system of power lines, or in the case of the splitting already mentioned between both single wires, a current source is switched on, which preferably works with the applied current and in phase with the current flowing in the original system of transmission lines. If the phase of the current flowing in the wire L2 due to this current source is opposite to the phase of the current initially flowing in L2, then the current in L2 will be less than the initial current. Otherwise, it also has a side effect; because thanks to this, losses in the L2 wire to the primary transmission line system can be reduced. If, on the contrary, there is common mode, then the current in L2 increases in comparison with the initial current.

 The electric energy spent on compensating the magnetic field in the system of power transmission lines according to the invention is vanishingly small in comparison with the energy transmitted in the primary system of transmission lines (L1, L2), since the applied voltage of the source is very small in comparison with the operating voltage between the wires L1 and L2.

 A high voltage line made according to the invention as a two-wire system with wires L1, L2 is shown in FIG. 3. In this case, the wire L2 is split into wires L21 and L22. By the position of the wire L1 and the compensation point PK defined near the path of the power line or correspondingly passing through the compensation point PK in parallel to the wire L1, a reference plane extends along the path, which is shown in FIG. 3 in cross section as a line SL of symmetry touching points L1 and PK. Both wires L21 and L22, resulting from the splitting of the wire L2, are located with angular symmetry relative to the direct SL symmetry and are so far from the compensation point PK that the vector sum H2S of both single magnetic fields H21 and H22 in the compensation point PK has the magnitude of the vector H1 of the magnetic field related to the wire L1 at the compensation point. In FIG. 3, both single magnetic fields H21 and H22 are, for example, completely symmetrical to the axis of symmetry SL. If half wire current L2 flows in each wire L21 and L22, then due to the same distance d between the wires L21 and L22 from the compensation point PK there, the absolute values of the corresponding magnetic fields H21 and H22 will also be the same. Due to the arrangement of wires L21 and L22 with angular symmetry relative to the axis of symmetry SL for the total magnetic field vector H2S of H21 and H22, a magnetic field vector H2S is obtained that is oriented and directed along the axis identical to the axis of the magnetic field vector H1. The forward and reverse currents of a single-phase system create oppositely oriented magnetic fields H1 and H2 (antiphase) at the compensation point PK. Thus, at the compensation point PK, the magnetic fields are completely compensated.

 In FIG. 4 shows the possible compensation of the magnetic field generated by a three-phase AC system with wires DL1, DL2 and DL3. In the cross-sectional image defined by points DL1 and DPK, the straight line forms, like FIG. 3, the reference value for the location of the wires with angular symmetry. In this case, the single wires DL21 and DL22 resulting from the splitting of the DL2 wire, similarly to FIG. 3 are arranged with complete symmetry. The total vector DH2 related to these wires, with corresponding elongation from the compensation point DPK in absolute value, with a comparable phase position, has the value DH1 and the same orientation of the direction axis as DH1. The current D12 in both single wires DL21 and DL22 is taken equal to the force. The DL3 wire is split into separate DL31 and DL32 wires. The distance Dd31 and Dd32 of these two single wires from the compensation point DPK and the partial currents D131 and D132 current in them are received with different strengths. The currents D131 and D132 are so large that their corresponding magnetic field vectors DH31 and DH32 at the compensation point DPK are equal, with a comparable phase position, and their total vector DH3 corresponds in absolute value to the vector DH1. Thus, when instantly considering, for example, at the maximum amplitude of the electric current, with a completely symmetrical mode of operation on a three-phase current, the absolute values of the three magnetic fields DH1, DH2 and DH3 are the same. Due to the angular symmetric system, all three magnetic field vectors DH1, DH2 and DH3 have the same orientation, namely the orientation of DH1. Since, as you know, for a three-phase current system, the sum of the currents D11, D12, and D13 at each moment of time is zero, this is also true for the sum of single magnetic fields at the compensation point DPK. In the example of FIG. 4 this is depicted in vector form for a point in time for which it is valid that D11 = D12 / 2 and D11 = D13 / 2. Since currents determine magnetic fields, this is also true for the magnetic fields related to them.

 The uniform division of the currents of single wires into equal parts when splitting the wire into several current-carrying single wires should be taken as sufficiently guaranteed that the parallel-connected single wires have the same resistance value. The possibility of targeted external current separation is shown in FIG. 5 circuit. Through the ratios of the transformation ratios of the four transformers 31, 32, 33 and 34, it is possible to control the distribution of current 1 over two single wires 35 and 36. In the example, the current is divided so that in each of the wires 35, 36 half of the current 1 flows, which flows in an un split wire 37, in other words, is due to the supply voltage of each of the two single wires.

 Compensation of the magnetic field in the arrangement of FIG. 3 effective only one-sided, counting from the route of the high-voltage transmission line, can also be implemented for two parties. Figure 6 shows a variant of the invention, allowing to implement compensation symmetrically with respect to the track with a single-phase system. The wire 401 is located on the axis of symmetry 402 of the route, the second wire is split into four single wires 403, 404, 405 and 406, located symmetrically with an equal distance of 407 from the axis of symmetry 402. Coming out of both compensation points 408 and 409 lying on opposite sides of the path, two side symmetry axes 410 and 411 are crossed at a point 412 on the symmetry axis 402. Four single wires 403, 404, 405 and 406 form, with compensation points 408 and 409, one pair 414, 415 and 416, 417 of straight lines, which together form an equal angle 413 with both side axes of symmetry 410 and 411. In this case, the earth's surface is indicated by the number 420. In order to achieve optimal compensation of the magnetic field symmetrically with respect to the path at the compensation points 408 and 409 with this arrangement of the individual wires, the unsplit wire 401 must lie slightly below the point of symmetry 412, and the currents in the four single wires 403, 404, 405 and 406 should be the same in pairs 403, 405 and 404, 406. The distribution of the total current corresponding to a current of 401 over both pairs of 403/405 and 404/406 single wires is different. In the example, it is 2: 1. The required separation depends on how far the unbroken wire lies below the point of symmetry 412 and what other geometric conditions are. It can be defined, as in other examples of execution, through a vector representation.

 Shown in FIG. 6, the arrangement gives, for example, for compensation point 408, a picture of magnetic field vectors above the earth surface 420, shown for a certain current strength in a wire for a single-phase system in FIG. 7. Wire 401, streamlined by a common current, creates a magnetic field described by vector 501 with respect to its absolute value (length) and its spatial orientation (shown in antiphase in the example), due to the current strength in wire 401, its distance 419 from compensation point 409 and its spatial orientation (at right angles to 419). Accordingly, the vectors 502 and 503 of the magnetic field generated by the wires 403 and 405 are determined. The vector addition of these vectors gives the total vector 504. For the wires 404 and 406, these are the vectors 505 and 506 or the total vector 507. The vectors 504 and 507 belong to single wires 403, 404, 405 and 406; they are thereby equal to phase. Their vector sum is the full vector 501 of the magnetic field of the total current of single wires. This vector of the magnetic field in the phase that underlies the image is almost equal in absolute value to the out-of-phase vector of the magnetic field of the current in wire 401. Since the direction axes coincide, both magnetic fields are compensated. The vector representation, as noted above, allows us to derive exact quantities depending on the general geometry.

 An example of the arrangement of wires with magnetic field compensation completely symmetrical with respect to the path is shown in FIG. 8 for two biphasic systems 601, 602, 603 and 604, 605, 606 with respectively one split into two parts 602, 603 and 605, 606 wires above the ground surface 624. The wires 602/605, 601/604, 603/606 of the entire system are in this example pairwise symmetrical to the main axis of symmetry 607. Straight lines drawn through both compensation points 608, 609, and wires 602, 601, 603, and 605, 604, 606 form equal pairs of angles 622, 623 on both sides.

 The intersection points of straight lines 610-620, defined by pairs of angles 622, 623, coincide with the position of the wires. 610 and 617 are crossed at 602, 611 and 616 are crossed at 605. 612 and 619 are crossed at 601. 613 and 618 are crossed at 604. 614 and 621 are crossed at 603. 615 and 620 are crossed at 606.

 The fully symmetrical arrangement of the wires gives, for example, for the compensation point 608 and, accordingly, also for the compensation point 609 for the magnetic field, the vector situation according to FIG. 9. The currents in both unsplit wires 601, 604 include vectors 701 and 702, as well as their total vector 703 (these three vectors are shown in antiphase in Fig. 9). The currents in the split wires 602 and 605 include vectors 704 and 705 with a total vector of 706, the currents in wires 603 and 606 of the vectors 707 and 708 with a total vector of 709. As a result, they give the full magnetic field vector 703 for the total current that flows in split wires 602, 603, 605, 606 and which, as the reverse current, is identical to the current in un split wires 601, 604. Both total currents thus have the same absolute value and the same direction axis at the compensation point. Due to the out-of-phase state of both currents or magnetic fields, a state of complete compensation takes place.

 The ability to compensate for the compensation of the magnetic field additionally an electric field is shown in FIG. 10. In addition to that described in FIG. 3 for a two-phase current system L1, L2 with split magnetic field compensation wires L21 and L22 at point PK, another electrical wire E is introduced here, which has the same potential as wire L1 but does not carry current. Moreover, this measure does not violate the compensation of the magnetic field. In FIG. 10 therefore, only vectors describing the electric field are plotted. The graphic determination of these vectors is carried out in a known manner by specular reflection on the earth's surface 801 of wires under potential relative to the earth. This gives points L1 ', L2', L22 'and another E', each of which should be associated with antiphase. The individual electric field vectors are determined from the height of the potential, the distance between the wires and the compensation point PK and the orientation direction described by the connecting lines between the wires L1, L22, E, L1 ', L21', L22 ', E' and the compensation point PK.

 Wire L1 creates an electric field described by vector 802, which can be derived from the vector sum of vectors 803 and 804 (out of phase) caused by wires L1 and L1 '. Accordingly, a vector 805, defined by the sum of vectors 806 (L21) and 807 (L21 '), as well as a wire L22, vector 808, consisting of vectors 809 (L22) and 810 (L22') must be assigned to wire L21. The sum of the vectors 805 (L21) and 808 (L22) gives the vector 811 (L21 and L22), already partially compensating the vector 802 (L1). The residual electric field is described by vector 812. By introducing a currentless wire E, the potential of which corresponds to the potential of wire L1, an electric field vector is obtained that approximately corresponds to L1 dependent vector 802. The resulting total vector 813 corresponds to the absolute value of vector 811 for opposite direction orientation, which means very good compensation of the electric field at the compensation point PK. In this example, in an improved embodiment of the invention, the wire E can be involved in the current load of the conductor L1 in order, for example, to reduce ohmic losses if desired.

 The embodiment of the power transmission system system according to the invention in the form of a cable for multiphase transmission of electrical energy is shown in FIG. 11 in cross section. In a three-phase alternating current system, three phase conductors 91, 92, 93, for example, each split into three single conductors 911, 912, 913; 921, 922, 923; 931, 932, 933, are arranged with circular symmetry and alternating around a central neutral conductor 9N. Moreover, the formation of an interfering magnetic field outside the cable is weaker, and its suppression is more uniform, the more split single conductors the system contains.

 Since the system of power lines carries all the forward and reverse current, the sum of all currents is zero, and since all the passing currents due to the splitting of the phase conductors and the presence of a centrally located neutral conductor are distributed in cross section with far-reaching circular symmetry, the magnetic field outside the cable optimally compensated. It makes sense to determine the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the single conductors of a split conductor based on the required value of the un split.

 An embodiment of a power line system in accordance with the invention, shown, for example, in FIG. 11 can be used with the system shown in FIG. 12 in cross section, also for suppressing electric fields arising outside the cable. Three phase conductors for a three-phase current system 101, 102, 103, each split into two single conductors 1011, 1012; 1021, 1022; 1031, 1032, are arranged with circular symmetry (circle 105) and with uniform distribution. On a correspondingly larger circle 106 are eight split single conductors 10N1-10N8 of the neutral conductor 10N. One 10PE protective conductor is centrally located if necessary.

 Another embodiment of a cable system in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 13 in cross section. In a two-wire system with both conductors 111 and 112, conductor 112 is split into eight single conductors 1121-1128, symmetrically surrounding a centrally located conductor 111 (circle 114). Due to the large number of single conductors 1121-1128, virtually no fields occur outside the cable. Therefore, regardless of the polarity of, for example, the plug in the socket, good compensation of the magnetic field is provided. In order to prevent the appearance of an electric field outside the cable, it is advisable to use, for example, a protective conductor 11PE split into four single conductors 11PE1-11PE4 as an outer ring layer (circle 115) simultaneously and as a shield.

 For optimal compensation of the magnetic field existing outside the cable, it is not only necessary that the oppositely directed fields created by the forward and reverse currents, with the most uniform distribution at each point in the surrounding space, have the same absolute value and the same phases, which is ensured with an identical forward and reverse currents, but for almost complete compensation it is also necessary that the spatial orientation of the compensated fields coincide. This is only ensured by parallel laying of all current-carrying conductors. If this is impossible due to technical reasons for the manufacture of the cable, for example, due to different twisting of the conductors, then this is achieved according to the invention with the oppositely directed twisting of the split conductors, due to which the resulting magnetic field vector in the form as it should be related to each individual current path turns out to be located in the right corner to the cable axis and the condition for the same absolute values of the magnetic field vectors is fulfilled. In order to achieve a current distribution symmetrical in a circle and as even as possible in the cable cross-section according to the invention, it is advisable to twist the split conductors in pairs in opposite directions.

 In FIG. 14 shows a cable for two current paths (forward and reverse currents), in which one conductor 121 is centrally located, surrounded by a second conductor, which is split into two insulated single conductors 122, 123. The conductor 122 is twisted to the right, the conductor 123 is twisted to the left, respectively. The current in conductor 121 creates a magnetic field described by vector 124; vector 125 relates to conductor 122; vector 126 to the conductor 123. Vectors 125 and 126 give the total vector 127, which, due to symmetry, is oriented at right angles to the cable axis, therefore, like vector 124. Due to the antiphase, both magnetic fields are therefore compensated regardless of direction, except for differences in absolute value.

 A system with one centrally located PE or, respectively, protective conductor 131 and two split conductors 132, 133 and 134, 135 is shown in FIG. 15. The conductors 132, 135 have a right twist in the outer circumference 136 of the cross section, the conductors on the inner circumference of the 137 cross section have left twist. Due to the opposite directions of the twist of both current-carrying conductors 132 and 133, 134 and 135, the absolute values and orientations of the directions of the magnetic fields align better accordingly. The corresponding system for three-phase current (delta mode) is shown in FIG. 16. The system contains in the center a protective conductor (PE) 141 and for each phase one conductor 1411, 1412 split into two single conductors; 1421, 1422; 1431, 1432 symmetrically and evenly distributed around the inner circle (defined by points 1412, 1421, 1432) and the outer circle (defined by points 1411, 1431, 1422). The single conductors on the inner circle 144 all have a left twist, and the conductors on the outer circle 145 have a right twist.

 In FIG. 17 shows a system for arranging conductors in a cable for transmitting a three-phase current, with a neutral wire (star switching) and with a centrally located protective wire 14PE, which meets particularly high requirements for magnetic field compensation. Three phase conductors 151, 152, 153 are each split into four single conductors 1511-1514; 1521-1524; 1531-1534. One half of each of the four split conductors is evenly distributed on the outer circumference 155 of the cross section, for example, with the right twist (1511, 1512; 1521, 1522; 1531, 1532) and, accordingly, the other half with the opposite twist (left twist) is evenly distributed around the inner circle 154 (1513, 1514; 1523, 1524; 1533, 1534). Since the neutral wire 15N is also flowed around under the asymmetric mode of three-phase current, it must be included in the distribution system, i.e., on the outer circle 155, respectively, arrange single conductors 15N1, 15N2 and on the inner circle 154, respectively, arrange the single conductors conductors 15N3, 15N4. For shielding the electric field, it is also possible to position a protective wire in the form of quite often split single conductors outside the outer right-twisted conductors or to solve this problem, provide additional shielding known from the prior art.

 An embodiment of a power line system in the form of a flat wire in a plastic sheath (i.e. with a separation base) according to the invention is shown in FIG. 18 for a two-phase system with a conductor 161 and split into two parts conductors 162, 163 located symmetrically on both sides of the conductor 161. Outside, a protective grounded conductor 16PE1 is possible, which can be supplemented to better shield the electric field with a symmetrically located second protective grounding conductor 16PE2.

Electrical wiring in the form of flat wires, as a rule, are embedded in plaster in the surface area of masonry. A significant radiation hazard is therefore located on the side of the masonry in which the flat wire is embedded in the plaster, because on the other hand it is only suitable for a distance of the thickness of the masonry. As studies have shown, the radiation pattern of a flat wire according to FIG. 18 in the drawing plane is such that in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the conductor, there is a minimum of radiation counting on the conductor 161, and that in the directions passing at an angle of 45 ^° to it, the magnetic field, although also reduced, is much less. But if you move the single conductors 162 and 163, as shown by both dashed circles, slightly out of the plane of the indicated flat wire and lay the flat wire in the masonry so that the displaced single conductors lie in the masonry less deeply than the conductor 161, then it turns out that the magnetic the field of the flat conductor on the plastered side of the stone wall as a whole is significantly reduced and the mentioned side maxima, previously appearing at an angle of 45 ^o , now practically disappear. Vector analysis in this regard shows that with a distance between the conductors 161 and 162 or 161 and 163 respectively of about 10 millimeters, a depth offset of about 10% of the distance between the conductors, i.e., 1 millimeter, already has this effect, namely approximately 100 millimeters from the flat wire.

 The system of power lines in the form of a flat wire for three-phase current is shown in Fig.19. Symmetrically on both sides of the phase conductor 171 are both other, split into two parts of the conductor 172, 173 and 174, 175. Since it is necessary to reckon with the known currents in the neutral wire, this wire, also split into two parts 176, 177, is also located symmetrically. Another wire 178 serves as a protective grounding conductor. Eight separate conductors can also be realized by means of two flat wires adjacent to one another. The same system as in FIG. 19 is implemented in FIG. 20, for example, thanks to two planes of flat wires located one above the other. Here, for optimal compensation of the magnetic field, both other phase single conductors are spatially more closely related to each single phase conductor, to the conductor 1821, conductors 1812 and 1832, to the conductor 1811, conductor 1822 and 1831, to conductor 1812, conductors 1821 and 1832, to conductor 1832 conductors 1821 and 1812, to conductor 1822, conductors 1811 and 1832, to conductor 1831, conductors 1811 and 1822. To reduce the radiation of the electric field, neutral conductor 184 and PE or, respectively, protective ground conductor 185 are located on the side us space.

 An even greater concentration of three phase conductors, counting on the cable cross section, is shown in FIG. 21. PE (protective conductor) 194 and neutral conductor 195 are attached with a two-layer arrangement of flat wires on the side.

 It is advisable that the flat wires shown in the previous figures, one above the other, be combined using a common sheath into one combined wire. The common sheath of the joint wire may be the same outer coating of soft elastic material that is known for conventional flat wires.

 To insulate the cables mentioned, options are recommended that are, for example, explained in the book "Buch Haustechnik" by Holger / Laasch, BG Teubner, Stuttgart 1982, on pages 353 and 354, for example, types NYIF, NYM, and NYY . Concerning the mentioned extension cables, attention should be paid to the usual flexible design, especially single conductors.

 In FIG. 22 shows the results obtained in a power line system made, for example, according to FIG. 3. Therefore, we are talking about a single-phase system. The abscissa is the distance from the outermost conductor in meters. The ordinate is marked with the magnetic flux density in microtesla at the corresponding distance value.

Curve 201 corresponds to the case of no compensation at the same current. The remaining curves characterize the following cases:
2021, the compensation point PK, which is the basis of the calculation, lies at a distance of about 18 meters from the perpendicular dropped from the outermost conductor to the ground (ordinate),
2022 said removal is approximately 24 meters,
2023, the mentioned distance is approximately 30 meters, with a height PK corresponding to the height of the center of the power line system underlying the calculation. The indicated values in Tesla are obtained from the current assumed by the current in the system and the geometry of the system.

 The possibility of decreasing the magnetic field generated in the closer region of the rail track by traction current AIB from electric tractors, for example, the German Federal Railway, is shown in FIG. 23.

 The single-phase current flows in this case, firstly, in the airspace 21L1 and, secondly, as the reverse current in the rails 21S1 and 21S2. This system has a vertical axis of symmetry 21S10.

 The magnetic field is minimized at the compensation point 21PK, lying from the axis of symmetry of the rail gauge 21S10 at a distance of 21rk. In height, the compensation point 21PK is fixed by the horizontal axis of symmetry 21S11. The compensation point is removed 21d1 from the rails 21S1 and 21S2, and also has the same distance 21d2 from the overhead wire 21L1.

 To compensate for the magnetic field at point 21PK, a single-phase current is used in the forward and return wires (21L21, 21L22), which pass symmetrically to the axis 21A2 at a distance of 21d1 or 21d3 respectively from the compensation point 21PK.

The magnetic field at the compensation point 21PK, due to the current in the wires 21L1, 21L2 and their distance to the compensation point 21PK, is characterized by vectors 211 and 212 in FIG. 23. Above and below the axis of symmetry 21S11, the currents in the wires 21L, 21L22 are respectively opposite signs. Accordingly, the compensation current in the wires 21L21, 21L22 and 21L1 creates a mirror magnetic field at the compensation point 21PK. Partial components 214 and 215 (traction and compensation currents are taken at the same value) give a value of 216 when added. Thus, this is only a question of the geometry of the location and strength of the compensation current to create a vector 219 that corresponds in absolute value to vector 213 and has the same axis orientation directions. They are mutually fully compensated due to the difference of 180 ^o and their directions (antiphase). A prerequisite for complete time-independent compensation of the magnetic field is the identical time response of the currents in both systems. Preferably, for the compensation of the magnetic field, only the current strength in wires 21L21 and 21L22 matters as the forward and reverse currents. The current circuit can work just with such a high voltage, which is required to create the current necessary to compensate. Thus, the compensation system consumes almost negligible power.

 The second single wire of a compensating transmission line system in which + 22 Ik current flows can also, in contrast to FIG. 23, to be laid in the ground. This case is shown in FIG. 24, on which, in order to further simplify the compensation, a single wire 21L22 with a current of 211K is shown. The latter can also be discarded, while the vector representation changes accordingly. This solution, moreover, has the advantage that the usual picture of the contact network of an electrified railway does not differ from the previous one. A significant advantage shown in FIG. 24 options with a single wire laid in the ground, with a current of + 22IK, and a single wire of 21L22, with a current of 21IK, consists in the fact that there are no spatial limitations of the area in which single wires can be located effectively.

 If we take into account the known limitations with respect to the place where a single wire laid in the ground can be effectively provided according to the invention, then another single wire 21L22 can be discarded. In this case, the compensation current originally transmitted through it - 22IK is carried out along rails 21L21.

 Along with taking into account the time-dependent characteristics of the current or the magnetic field generated by it, it is also necessary to take into account the time-dependent loading of the parts of the power supply system, for example, between the gap 2511 for current supply and the gap 2541 in the contact wire in FIG. 25. In practice, compensation may not be implemented exactly to the place where the passing train is currently located. With large lengths between gaps in the contact wire, one section of the common system in this case would temporarily give off unwanted radiation, instead of being in a state of compensation. This difficulty is overcome in yet another improved embodiment of the invention due to the fact that, for example, a separate power supply section 2511-2541 does not include a compensation region of the same length, but due to the fact that the compensation region is divided into several substantially shorter segments 2517, 2527 and 2537, for example, of equal length. In places 2521, 2531 of the transition of individual sections lying between the end points 2511 and 2541, sensor devices 2523 and 2533 on rail tracks are provided, which, when current passes through the rails, give an electrical signal through the consumer coil, which serves to actuate the communication device 2522 or 2533 related to the corresponding sensor. These switching devices are respectively equipped with only those separate zones with compensating current in which the operating current for the train flows in the traction current circuit. For this purpose, a separate switching device preferably comprises a pair of working contacts and a pair of resting contacts. Details of the circuit are shown in FIG. 25. Relay contacts are shown at rest. With this arrangement, the compensation system of the conductors is periodically supplied with the necessary compensation current 25IK from the transmitter 25T1, depending on the corresponding traction current 25IB. Transmitter 25T2 supplies the adjacent power supply area starting from 2511. Both sections, starting from 2518, and 2508 power supply are electrically disconnected on connector 2511. If the train crosses connector 2541 in the power supply line in the direction of travel 2538 => 2548, then there is more current between 2511 and 2541 not flowing. All transverse connections of the compensation system of conductors in switching devices 2522 or 2532, respectively, are restored. If the train goes in the opposite direction 2548 => 2538, then the traction current 25IB affects all sensor devices 2523 or 2533 through their coil receivers, so that the entire region is supplied with compensation current. After passing the sensor devices 2533 or 2523, the corresponding pairs of the working inoperative contact release the corresponding partial sections from the compensation current.

 The following embodiments of the invention relate to the details and advantages of connecting cable devices and so-called extension wires, such as, for example, used in the household for electrical appliances.

 In FIG. 26 shows the extension cable connection in a conventional plug 260 with a protective contact. Instead of a conventional cable with three conductors, a cable 264 with five conductors is provided, connected to the screw terminals of the plug so that the protective wire 2611 is connected to the screw terminal 2614 provided for it, and of the remaining four single conductors (of which two form a neutral or, respectively, neutral wire, and two phase wires) the single conductors of the neutral wire 2621, 2622 are connected to the screw terminal of one pin 2624, and the single conductors of the phase wire 2631, 2632 to the screw terminal of the other pin 2634. Both single conductors of the neutral conductor and both single conductors of the phase conductor are marked with the same marking to ensure that the connections are correctly connected to both cable ends (two-point characters 2633 for phase wire 2634 and single characters 2623 for neutral wire 2624).

 When using low-emitting electric wires, such as, for example, used as extension wires or connecting wires to devices, it is especially advisable to shield the plugs against the electric field and protect them from tangling of the connecting contacts.

 A small protrusion 265 serves this purpose, to which the corresponding recess in the mating part of the plug, i.e. in a socket with a protective contact or in a coupling with a protective contact. The protrusion may be in the form of a parallelepiped, as shown in the drawing, or a truncated pyramid, or a pin, or a truncated cone.

 Due to the larger number of conductors that must be secured in the clamping screw device of FIG. 26, a shape other than normal is recommended.

 The best embodiment of the clamping device for plugs, sockets, couplings or device connections is shown in FIG. 27. On it are compared with each other various options for implementation.

 A typical embodiment 271 includes a clamping part 2711 with a screw clamp 2712, which goes into the contact pin 2713. An opening 2711 is provided for attaching a wire or wire.

 For the purposes of the invention, a hole with a large diameter is provided, as shown in the depicted clamping part 272 with a screw clamp 2722, a contact pin 2723 and a hole 2721. In a typical embodiment, the diameter of the hole is about 2 millimeters. For the purposes of the invention, this diameter should be at least 4 millimeters to allow easy entry of wires.

 Another possibility is that the clamping part, shown at 273, is made like an elongated hole 2731. 2732 is a screw clamp, and 2733 is a contact pin.

 With more single conductors, the use of part 274 is recommended, consisting of two clamping parts 273 that are held together by screw connection 2743. Both clamping parts are indicated by the numbers 2741 and 2742.

 These embodiments of the invention are of particular interest for cables and their installation according to the circuit in accordance with FIG. 11, 12 and 13.

 As already mentioned, there are cases in which it is desirable to be protected from entanglement of the connecting contacts when plugs are inserted into the mating part, for example, in order to make the aforementioned electrical shielding effective. In the device of FIG. 26 this requires a special implementation of the plug and its associated parts. This difficulty is overcome by what is envisioned as indicated in FIG. 28, at least one nozzle washer for the plug, preferably also one corresponding insert washer for the mating part, for example for a socket with a protective contact.

 The washer 281 contains recesses common for connections with a protective contact. These recesses are indicated by the number 2813. The receiving holes 2811 and 2812 for the contact pins, however, do not have protrusions 2814 in the form of spouts that fit into the cross section of the hole. In a separate contact pin not shown in FIG. 28 of the plug there is a grooved recess corresponding to the indicated protrusions in the form of spouts. Thus, the plug can also be used in conventional sockets with protective contact, and in the couplings, and ordinary sockets with protective contact and couplings can also be used for the purposes of the present invention.

 If it is desired to leave the contact pins unchanged with respect to the normal shape, then for the embedded washer, the execution indicated by 282 or 283 in FIG. 28. To perform 282, a recess 2824 is provided in the insert washer for receiving a pin corresponding to a plug, similar to the protrusion 265 in FIG. 26. The recess is not located in the center, outside the imaginary line 2835 defined by the contact pins. The numbers 2821 and 2822 indicate the holes for the insertion of contact pins. The number 2823 denotes the known recesses of compounds with a protective contact. To execute 283, although the recess lies on this line 2835, however, it is asymmetric. To perform 283, the number 2833 denotes the usual notches of the protective contact, and the numbers 8231 and 2832 indicate the holes for inserting the contact pins.

 In FIG. 29 for yet another embodiment according to FIG. 26 shows the corresponding insert washer 2911 and the corresponding insert washer 2921. A protrusion of the same kind as 265 is indicated by the number 2917, and the corresponding socket or recess in the embedded washer 2911 by the number 2926. In addition, another engagement of this type with mutually complementary protrusion and socket is provided . This engagement consists of a protrusion 2927 in the embedded washer 2921 and a corresponding socket 2916 in the nozzle washer 2911. The position of the individual parts in the docked state is visible on two transverse sections 293 and 294 through this connection. This embodiment has the additional advantage that when the two connecting parts are incorrectly brought together, the protrusions are opposed to each other and thus the combination is especially difficult, if not impossible at all.

 Embedded washers for receptacles with protective contact are known per se as so-called child protection. These inserts are known to cover openings into which contact pins are inserted when using a power outlet. The embedded washers according to an embodiment of the present invention, on the contrary, serve to unambiguously match the neutral conductor pin of the plug with the neutral conductor socket in the receptacle or in the mating part of the coupling. The washers can, like well-known inserts, be held with a clamping seat. In the plug, the attachment washer, made as a mating part, is simply pushed back and held either by means of a commonly available central screw or glued under certain conditions. Further, it is an advantage that a socket outlet provided with a washer according to an improved embodiment of the invention or an associated coupling part for known double-pole euro-plugs (flat plug) can be further used. At the same time, they may include a suitably mounted nozzle washer.

 The description of the invention is based on the fact that the system as a whole should be considered as a quasistatic system, because the distance between the conductors, as well as the distance to the compensation region from the transmission line system, is so small in comparison with the wavelength determined by the operating frequency of the transmission line system that the compensation region can be considered lying in the nearest field.

 If we consider the distribution of the magnetic field in the transverse plane of the system of power lines, we can see that the magnetic field in the plane of the cross section has zones of maxima and minima, the angular position of which and the interval between them with respect to the system of transmission lines depends on the geometric position of single conductors and current in them currents.

 In the above exemplary embodiments, for this purpose, the arrangement of the single conductors is chosen such that they lie one above the other with respect to the compensation region. However, according to one embodiment of the invention, single conductors can also be arranged one after another in relation to the compensation region. According to this option, it is also possible to provide for the location of single conductors, one above the other, and one after the other. These cases are explained in more detail in the exemplary embodiments shown in FIG. 30-34. As a result, this means an expanded application of the above split-conductor principle.

 In FIG. 30 shows a single phase transmission line system with forward and reverse wires. Let a direct current flow in a straight wire 303, while a reverse current divided into two equal parts flows in a return wire divided into single conductors 301 and 302. The cross-sectional plane formed by the individual wires of the straight-line system of power lines lies in the plane drawing. With a symmetrical arrangement of the wires, all three wires lie on the same axis 30A and the distances between the wires 30d1 and 30d2 are the same. At a certain distance 30r along the axis 30A from the wire 303 located in the middle, the magnetic field of the currents passing through the wires is determined depending on the distance as inversely proportional to the distance 30r. If we consider the magnetic field at a point 30KP lying on the common axis 30A of the three wires, then the magnitude of the magnetic field 303H related to the wire 303 is determined by the distance 30r. The magnetic fields 301H and 302 H created at the point 30KP by reverse currents in both wires have the same orientation direction as the magnetic field 303H created by the current passing through the wire 303, but of the opposite sign (antiphase). In addition, in the example, in each of the wires 301 and 302, respectively, a current of only half the current flows in the wire 303. With respect to the removal, it is valid, therefore, that 301H is a function of 1 / (30r-30d1) and 302 is a function of 1 / (30r + 30d2). The magnetic field 301H, therefore, is slightly larger than half the value 303H, the magnetic field 302H is slightly less than the half value 303H.

Although by origin the currents in wires 301 and 302 in their absolute value are exactly the same, namely equal to half the current in wire 303, the sum of the magnetic fields 301H and 303H at 30KP is thereby not identical to the magnitude of the magnetic field 303H created by the current flowing in the wire 303. As, for example, it can be shown by row expansion, the currents in both external wires create at point 30KP a total always somewhat larger magnetic field than the field that creates the current flowing in wire 303, that is
(301H + 302H) ≈ 303H (1+ (30d / 30r ² )),
if the arrangement of the wires is symmetrical, that is, if the distances 30d1 and 30d2 from the middle wire are identical (30d1 = 30d2 = 30d).

 However, zero compensation of the magnetic field is possible if the distance from the wire 301 and / or the distance from the wire 302 to the point 30KP increases so that the total magnetic field related to these two wires decreases to a value corresponding to the magnetic field created by the current that flows through wire 303. Therefore, this asymmetrical arrangement of wires results in a known decrease in magnetic field compensation on the opposite side (30r <0) of the power line system from the 30KP point.

Thus, in accordance with the technical solution proposed by the present invention, due to the splitting of the conductors (into single conductors) in the system of power lines, the following is obtained:
For a system of power lines with initially n current paths, at least 2n-1 conductors are required for the system according to the invention when passing wires parallel to the power line path, i.e., for example, three conductors are required in a single-phase system, five conductors in a three-phase system. If the current paths are not parallel to the axis of the path, as, for example, due to twisting of the current cable, it is advisable to split all the conductors at least once. Thus, for example, in a two-phase system, at least four conductors are required, in a three-phase system, at least six conductors are required.

 The principal possibilities of arranging the conductors, allowing, in principle, to have zero compensation at 30KP, are shown in FIG. 31-33.

 In FIG. 31 shows a single phase system with conductors 3011-3023. In FIG. 32 and 33 show a three-phase system with conductors 3031-3055.

 For a better understanding of FIG. 31 and 32 also show the corresponding distributions of single conductors for the one-over-one arrangement discussed above. In this case, the split conductors 3011, 3012 and 3031-3034 and 3051, 3052 are located symmetrically with respect to the axial angle to achieve magnetic field compensation in the corresponding single conductors with the same partial currents. Locations that are asymmetric with respect to the axial angle result in different distances between the single conductors and the compensation point and / or different current distributions between the single conductors. On the contrary, the split conductors 3021, 3022 and 3041-3044 and 3053, 3054 each lie on a common axis. In both cases, therefore, the field vectors related to all the original ones, i.e. unsplit conductors, have the same spatial orientation, required for complete compensation of the magnetic field.

 For zero compensation of the magnetic field, therefore, only more absolute values of the vectors must be matched so that the sum of all vector amplitudes, taking into account their orientation or corresponding sign, is at least almost equal to zero. This is possible either by selecting the distance from the split conductors to the compensation point 30KP and / or, for example, for a magnetic field by appropriately distributing the current of the current path over the (split) conductors representing it.

 A combination of both of these types of compensation systems is shown in FIG. 33 for conductors 3051-3055 three-phase current system. With respect to the compensation point 30KP, both single (split) conductors that make up the whole are located symmetrically with respect to their axial angle, while both single (split) conductors 3053, 3054 are on the same axis as the un split wires 3055 and compensation point 30KP5. All summary vectors thus have the same orientation with respect to the axis 30A5 with an appropriate current distribution.

 Both types of compensation provide another preferred opportunity, namely, simultaneous compensation in several compensation areas. In FIG. 30, it can be seen that, at right angles to the interval axis 30A defined by the conductors 301, 302, 303, a situation is obtained for the interval axis 30V, which corresponds to that described in the example of FIG. 3.

 If in an improved embodiment of the invention, for example in the arrangement according to FIG. 30, the unsplit conductor 303 is slightly shifted backward, namely to the region 30v <0, then one more compensation region is obtained around 30PV, if the points are distributed respectively on the individual conductors. In this case, a system arises which is described in detail in FIG. 3. Although the zero compensation of the magnetic field in the 30r direction is somewhat reduced, the effect is only of the second order, and therefore, as a rule, it can be neglected. The zero value for 30v, as well as for 30r, is the intersection of the axes 30V and 30A. The negative values of 30V and 30r lie, therefore, on the other side of the zero point, respectively.

 This results in the conductor system shown in FIG. 34, where by appropriate arrangement of conductors 311, 312, 313 it is possible instead of 31PV and instead of 31P to compensate the magnetic field to almost zero. The dimensions shown in the drawing refer to a specific current value used as the basis for the calculations, and the data are given in meters. Using the appropriate computing program, both compensation points 31PV and 31PR of the magnetic field can be placed in any situation on a large area of the surface of the cross-sectional area and the magnetic field values can be minimized. Moreover, for a particular case, the position of the three conductors 311, 312, 313 can be determined so that the compensation of the magnetic field will optimally meet the requirements. Shown in FIG. 34 as an example, an arrangement for a high-voltage wire with a single-phase mode of operation can preferably be used in those cases in which the first compensation point 31PV, approximately at the height of the human head, lies directly below the high-voltage wire, and the second compensation point 31PR should lie on its side, for example, centrally in a house located away from the high-voltage line. There are also cases in practice when, for example, a pedestrian path passes under a high-voltage line that feeds the traction current circuit and leads through the village.

Claims (30)

 1. A system of power lines, in which in addition to at least two conductors for transmitting electric energy in the form of direct current or low-frequency current, at least one more conductor is provided, essentially parallel to the conductors of the system, through which during operation the current flows in phase with the other conductors and which, in cooperation with the other conductors of the power line system, reduces the magnetic field emanating from it in a spatial region that runs approximately parallel to the systems e power lines, characterized in that the currents in the individual conductors and the distance from them to the point lying in the specified spatial region, the impact on which is calculated, and the spatial distribution of the conductors with respect to this point in the spatial region are selected so that the vector sum of the magnetic components the field emanating from the conductors through which the current flows at this point practically becomes zero.  2. The system of power lines according to claim 1, characterized in that the individual conductors are located one above the other and / or one after another relative to the plane defined by the specified region of space and the system of power lines.  3. The system of power lines according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the spatial arrangement of the individual conductors and the distribution of currents flowing therein are selected so that magnetic field compensation occurs in at least two separated regions of space.  4. The system of power lines according to claim 1, characterized in that in the traction current system in which the air contact wire, respectively the side contact wire forms one conductor, and the track rails form the other conductor, one of both conductors is supplemented to a split conductor.  5. The system of power lines according to claim 4, characterized in that the track rails are supplemented with a single conductor to a split conductor and that the spatial arrangement of the single conductor is selected depending on the current flowing in it so that compensation occurs in the specified spatial region.  6. The system of power lines according to any one of claim 4 or 5, characterized in that one of the single conductors formed as a result of splitting is laid in the ground and parallel to the route of the electrified railway line.  7. The system of power lines according to any one of claim 4 or 6, characterized in that the single conductors are connected to each other at one end, and their other ends are connected to a transformer that gives compensation current.  8. The system of power lines according to any one of paragraphs.4 to 7, characterized in that at the ends of the single conductors is connected to one transformer giving compensating current between the single conductors.  9. The system of power lines according to any one of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that the single conductor complementary to one conductor of the split conductor is divided into short segments, which provides a sensor device that determines which of the formed by the air contact wire, respectively the side contact wire and rail, the length of the conductor is loaded with current, and that switching devices are provided at the points of transition from one length of a single conductor to the next, which provide compensating current v those segments of single conductors, in which air, respectively, a lateral contact wire current flows.  10. The system of power lines according to claim 9, characterized in that a magnetic sensor is provided as a sensor device.  11. The system of power lines according to any one of paragraphs.4 to 10, characterized in that there are several single conductors laid at least almost parallel to the external power lines of electrified railways.  12. The system of power lines according to any one of claims 4 to 11, characterized in that the single conductors respectively have preferably a substantially smaller cross-sectional area as compared to an un-split conductor, in particular such that the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the single conductors is at least approximately corresponds to the cross-sectional area of the unsplit conductor.  13. The system of power lines according to any one of claims 4 to 12, characterized in that the single conductors forming the respectively split conductor are provided with the same marking, in particular, the color of their insulation.  14. The device of power lines, containing several essentially parallel systems of power lines that create magnetic fields in one space, characterized in that some of the systems of power lines are systems of power lines according to any one of claims 1 to 13, and that in systems power lines that are made according to any one of claims 1 to 13, such a spatial displacement of the conductors is provided that at least partial compensation of the magnetic fields of the systems of power lines is provided that are not vlyayutsya systems of transmission lines according to one of claims 1 - 13.  15. A device having two power line systems according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the power line systems have one common conductor so that there is one conductor split into at least two single conductors and one non-split conductor, and that the single conductors of each of the split conductors are located relative to their geometrical position depending on the currents flowing in the conductors so that the magnetic field generated by the transmitted current energy in the undigested wire arrestor at least almost compensated currents in the magnetic fields of individual conductors in a region extending approximately parallel to the device power lines.  16. The device according to p. 15, characterized in that when the currents are in phase in single conductors, the latter are located on opposite sides of the surface, determined by the longitudinal extension of the undisclosed conductor and a point lying in the compensation region.  17. The device according to clause 16, characterized in that the single conductors of a separate split conductor at the ends are short-circuited with each other.  18. The device according to any one of p. 16 or 17, characterized in that the single conductors have at least almost equal electrical resistance and are preferably located with angular symmetry to the surface, determined by the longitudinal extension of the unsplit conductor and a point lying in the compensation region.  19. The device according to any one of paragraphs.15 to 18, characterized in that when the currents are antiphase in single conductors, the latter are located on the same side of the surface, determined by the longitudinal extension of the undisclosed conductor and a point lying in the compensation region.  20. The device according to claim 19, characterized in that between the single conductors of the split conductor a current source is included, in-phase with the electric energy transmitted in the device of the power lines.  21. The device according to p. 15, characterized in that the single conductors of the individual split conductors are located with at least almost circular symmetry around the undigested conductor.  22. The device according to item 21, characterized in that when made in the form of a single-phase cable with a sheath insulation, one of both conductors provided for conducting current is made as a split conductor, single conductors of which, as well as non-split conductor, are isolated separately, and that the single conductors of the split conductor surround the non-split conductor symmetrically on all sides.  23. The device according to item 21, characterized in that when made in the form of a cable for multiphase current with sheath insulation, each of the conductors belonging to the corresponding phase of the current is made in the form of a split conductor with single conductors, each insulated separately, and that the single conductors of split conductors located at least with almost circular symmetry, and in the presence of an additionally provided neutral wire (neutral wire), preferably with circular symmetry around the neutral wire Yes.  24. The device according to item 21, characterized in that the neutral wire is also made in the form of a split conductor, and that its single conductors surround the circularly arranged single conductors of the conductors, each relating to the corresponding phase of the current, as a screen against the formation of an external electric field, and in a system with a protective conductor, it is preferred that the latter is centrally located and surrounded by single conductors.  25. The device according to item 21 with a protective wire, characterized in that the protective wire is also made in the form of a split conductor, and that its single conductors surround other cable conductors as a shield against the formation of an external electric field, and in a system with a neutral wire, preferably that the latter is located centrally and is surrounded by single conductors.  26. The device according to any one of paragraphs.22, 23, 25, characterized in that the cable is in a known manner provided at the ends with connecting devices, in particular plugs, and that electrical connection of the single conductors of each of the split conductors in the connecting device of each cable end is provided.  27. The device according to p. 26, characterized in that the separate plug and its mating part are made in a known manner so that the plug can be inserted into its mating part only in the position in which the connecting element of the neutral wire of the plug is in contact with the socket for the neutral wire in mating part.  28. The device according to any one of paragraphs.21 to 27, characterized in that the cable is made in the form of a flat wire with a separation base, preferably so that the single conductors are slightly offset in height compared with an undivided conductor relative to a plane defined by a flat wire with a separation base .  29. The device according to p. 28, wherein the single conductors are located in at least two planes extending at least approximately parallel to each other, and in a multiphase system, all conductors are split into single conductors.  30. The device according to any one of paragraphs.15 to 29, characterized in the form of an underground cable, preferably for high voltage transmission so that single conductors are provided in the form of separate conductors. Priority on points:
01/29/93 according to claims 1 - 8, 12 - 20, 22 - 30;
05/04/93 according to paragraphs 9 - 11 and 21.

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