RU2125835C1 - Stereotaxic system - Google Patents
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- RU2125835C1 RU2125835C1 RU94008031A RU94008031A RU2125835C1 RU 2125835 C1 RU2125835 C1 RU 2125835C1 RU 94008031 A RU94008031 A RU 94008031A RU 94008031 A RU94008031 A RU 94008031A RU 2125835 C1 RU2125835 C1 RU 2125835C1
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Изобретение относится к области медицины и может быть использовано для проведения томографических исследований и проведения инвазивных стереотаксических операций на мозге человека. The invention relates to medicine and can be used for tomographic studies and invasive stereotactic operations on the human brain.
Известны устройства, служащие для атравматичной иммобилизации головы пациента, локализации внутримозговых мишеней и проведения дистальных радиовоздействий, например, стереоадаптор Низковолоса В. Б. и Аничкова А.Д. (описание к заявке на авторское свидетельство N 1736438 от 01.02.1992), или устройство, описанное M.l.Hariz, A.T.Eriksson (Reproducibility od Repeated Mounings of a noninvasive CT/MRI Stereodapter, Applid Neurophysiology, 1986, p. 336 - 347), в котором атравматично, за ушные раковины и переносицу крепится голова пациента, причем все детали, расположенные в области мозга пациента, выполнены из рентгенопрозрачного материала. Known devices for atraumatic immobilization of the patient’s head, localization of intracerebral targets and distal radio effects, for example, the stereo adapter Nizkovolos V. B. and Anichkova A. D. (description of the application for copyright certificate N 1736438 dated 01.02.1992), or a device described by MlHariz, ATEriksson (Reproducibility od Repeated Mounings of a noninvasive CT / MRI Stereodapter, Applid Neurophysiology, 1986, p. 336 - 347), in which is atraumatic, the patient’s head is attached to the auricles and nose bridge, and all the parts located in the patient’s brain are made of X-ray transparent material.
Недостатком этих устройств является то, что их невозможно использовать для инвазивных стереотаксических операций на мозге. The disadvantage of these devices is that they cannot be used for invasive stereotactic operations on the brain.
Наиболее близким к предлагаемому является устройство, предназначенное для крепления головы пациента, локализации внутримозговых структур и проведения стереотаксических операций на мозге человека. (Leksel stereotactic system ELEKTA INSTRUMENT INC. рекламный проспект 20, с. S-114 52 Stockgolm, Sweden). Устройство состоит из стереотаксической координатной рамы, предназначенной для травматического крепления головы пациента за кости черепа. На раму крепится стереотаксическая дуга, на которой расположено направляющее устройство со стереотаксическим инструментом. Для локализации внутримозговых мишеней пациентов при КТ и ЯМР- исследованиях используется стереотаксический адаптор, состоящий из рентгенопрозрачных пластин с нанесенными на них Z-образными рентгеноконтрастными маркерами. Closest to the proposed one is a device designed to mount the patient’s head, localize intracerebral structures and conduct stereotactic operations on the human brain. (Leksel stereotactic system ELEKTA INSTRUMENT INC. Brochure 20, p. S-114 52 Stockgolm, Sweden). The device consists of a stereotactic coordinate frame designed for traumatic fastening of the patient's head for the bones of the skull. A stereotactic arc is attached to the frame, on which a guide device with a stereotactic instrument is located. For localization of intracerebral targets of patients with CT and NMR studies, a stereotactic adapter is used, consisting of X-ray transparent plates with Z-shaped radiopaque markers deposited on them.
Однако недостатками данного устройства являются:
травматизация головы пациента при обследовании на томографе;
наведение инструмента на мишень осуществляется путем довольно сложного стереотаксического расчета, причем за одни прием можно осуществить наведение только на одну точку мишени;
при повторных обследованиях практически невозможно повторить укладку головы пациента, что снижает возможности сравнения информации, полученной до и после лечения.However, the disadvantages of this device are:
trauma to the patient’s head during examination on a tomograph;
the instrument is pointed at the target by means of a rather complicated stereotactic calculation, and in one step, it is possible to point at only one point of the target;
with repeated examinations, it is almost impossible to repeat the patient’s head-laying, which reduces the possibility of comparing information obtained before and after treatment.
В настоящем изобретении была поставлена задача создания устройства для атравматичного крепления головы пациента неметаллическим приспособлением, обеспечения надежной повторяемости укладки головы пациента при повторных томографических исследованиях, и в котором наведение стереотаксического инструмента перед операцией осуществляется непосредственно на изображение мишени. The present invention was tasked with creating a device for atraumatically attaching the patient’s head with a non-metallic device, ensuring reliable repeatability of the patient’s head placement during repeated tomographic examinations, and in which the stereotactic instrument is directed directly to the target image before the operation.
Это достигается тем, что устройство дополнительно содержит стереотаксический фантом, включающий вертикальную раму и вторичную раму, снабженную дугой с возможностью вертикального перемещения, перемещаемую прозрачную вертикальную пластину для крепления томографического изображения и источник света, направленный к ней и расположенный за вертикальной рамой, а фиксатор головы пациента выполнен в виде рентгенопрозрачного подголовника и индивидуальной маски из термопластика. This is achieved by the fact that the device additionally contains a stereotactic phantom, including a vertical frame and a secondary frame equipped with an arc with the possibility of vertical movement, a movable transparent vertical plate for attaching a tomographic image and a light source directed towards it and located behind the vertical frame, and the patient head retainer made in the form of an x-ray headrest and an individual mask made of thermoplastic.
Устройство представлено в виде трех сборок. Первая сборка (фиг. 1) используется для проведения диагностической процедуры и локализации внутримозговой мишени. Вторая сборка (фиг. 2) служит для наведения стереотаксического инструмента на изображение внутримозговой мишени. Третья сборка (фиг. 3) предназначена для проведения стереотаксической операции. The device is presented in the form of three assemblies. The first assembly (Fig. 1) is used to conduct a diagnostic procedure and localize the intracerebral target. The second assembly (Fig. 2) serves to guide the stereotactic instrument onto the image of the intracerebral target. The third assembly (Fig. 3) is intended for stereotactic surgery.
Использование прямоугольного стереотаксического фантома с перемещаемой вертикальной прозрачной плоскостью, на которую непосредственно крепится пленка с томографическим изображением внутримозговой мишени, позволяет более детально и наглядно составить план операции, причем наведение инструмента можно осуществлять по нескольким точкам с учетом контактной геометрии мишени. The use of a rectangular stereotactic phantom with a movable vertical transparent plane, onto which a film with a tomographic image of the intracerebral target is directly attached, allows a more detailed and visual plan of the operation, moreover, the instrument can be guided at several points, taking into account the contact geometry of the target.
Первая сборка (фиг. 1) собирается для диагностики мозга пациента с целью определения координат внутримозговой мишени. Как видно из фиг. 1, первая сборка состоит из основания 1, на котором закреплены подголовник 2 из рентгенопрозрачного материала и вертикальная рама 3, на которую в свою очередь закреплен стереотаксический адаптор 4 с Z-образными маркерами 5. Во время диагностической процедуры голова пациента крепится на подголовнике с помощью индивидуальной маски из термопластика 6 пластинами 7. The first assembly (Fig. 1) is assembled for the diagnosis of the patient’s brain in order to determine the coordinates of the intracerebral target. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the first assembly consists of a base 1, on which a
Вторая сборка (фиг. 2) предназначена для наведения стереотаксического инструмента на изображение внутримозговой мишени. Она собирается из стереотаксического фантома, состоящего из горизонтальной пластины 8, вертикальной рамы 9, которая является точной копией рамы 3 (фиг. 1), и вертикальной прозрачной пластины 15, которая может перемещаться по направляющим в квадранте, образованном горизонтальной пластиной 8 и рамой 9. На пластине 15 закреплена пленка с томографическим изображением внутримозговой мишени 16 в натуральном масштабе, за рамой 9 расположена лампа подсветки 17. На вертикальной раме 9 закреплена вторичная рама 10, на которой расположена каретка вертикального перемещения 11 с дугой 12. На дуге расположено направляющее устройство 13 со стереотаксическим инструментом 14. The second assembly (Fig. 2) is designed to guide the stereotactic instrument onto the image of the intracerebral target. It is assembled from a stereotactic phantom consisting of a horizontal plate 8, a
Третья сборка (фиг. 3) предназначена для наведения стереотаксического инструмента непосредственно на внутримозговую мишень. Она состоит из основания 1 (фиг. 1) с закрепленным на нем рентгенопрозрачным подголовником 2 и зафиксированной на нем головой пациента с помощью маски 6. На вертикальную раму 3 закреплена вторичная рама 10 (фиг. 2) с дугой 12, направляющим устройством 13 и стереотаксическим инструментом 14. The third assembly (Fig. 3) is designed to direct the stereotaxic instrument directly to the intracerebral target. It consists of a base 1 (Fig. 1) with a
Стереотаксическая система используется следующим образом. The stereotactic system is used as follows.
На этапе диагностики используется первая сборка (фиг. 1). На рентгенопрозрачном подголовнике с помощью индивидуальной маски из термопластика закрепляют голову пациента, а на вертикальную раму 3 закрепляют стереотаксический адаптор 4. В таком положении больного исследуют на томографе и получают изображение внутримозговой мишени в виде одного или нескольких срезов в натуральном масштабе. С помощью томографа и адаптора определяют координаты внутримозговой мишени в системе координат первой сборки. At the diagnostic stage, the first assembly is used (Fig. 1). The patient’s head is fixed on an X-ray transparent headrest using an individual thermoplastic mask, and the stereotactic adapter 4 is attached to the vertical frame 3. In this position, the patient is examined on a tomograph and an image of the intracerebral target is obtained in the form of one or more sections in a natural scale. Using a tomograph and an adapter, the coordinates of the intracerebral target are determined in the coordinate system of the first assembly.
На втором этапе используют вторую сборку (фиг. 2). Полученные координаты внутримозговой мишени переносят на фантом, для чего в рассчитанное положение устанавливают прозрачную пластину 15 с закрепленным на ней изображением внутримозговой мишени 16, которая подсвечивается лампой 17. Перемещением дуги 12 по вертикальной каретке 11 и направляющего устройства по дуге и вокруг оси крепления находят наиболее предпочтительное положение инструмента 14, исходя из наиболее безопасной траектории его погружения и точного попадания в мишень. Глубина погружения инструмента для каждой точки мишени фиксируется упором на инструменте. С целью максимального охвата объема мишени направленным воздействием наведение осуществляют на несколько точек, исходя из радиуса действия конкретного инструмента. In the second step, a second assembly is used (FIG. 2). The obtained coordinates of the intracerebral target are transferred to a phantom, for which a
На третьем этапе используют третью сборку (фиг. 3). Для этого на первую сборку без стереотаксического адаптора 4 (фиг. 1) и с закрепленной на подголовнике с помощью маски головой пациента переносят вторичную раму 10 с дугой 12 и направляющим устройством 13, которую закрепляют на раме 3 аналогично ее положению на раме 9. С помощью инструмента на черепе пациента определяют место входа и делают трепанационное отверстие. После этого инструмент вводится по направляющему устройству в намеченные точки внутримозговой мишени, осуществляя стереотаксическое воздействие. In the third step, the third assembly is used (FIG. 3). To do this, the
Заявленное устройство позволяет быстро, просто и наглядно, исключая сложные математические расчеты, осуществить стереотаксическое наведение непосредственно на изображение внутримозговой мишени и провести стереотаксическую операцию. При этом место и время стереотаксической подготовки на томографе не зависят от времени и места проведения операции, что позволяет проводить стереотаксические вмешательства организациям, не имеющим своего томографа. Надежная повторяемость укладки головы пациента в результате применения индивидуальной маски обеспечивает возможность оценить результаты вмешательства в любое время после операции. The claimed device allows you to quickly, simply and clearly, excluding complex mathematical calculations, stereotactic guidance directly on the image of the intracerebral target and stereotactic operation. Moreover, the place and time of stereotactic preparation on the tomograph does not depend on the time and place of the operation, which allows stereotactic interventions for organizations that do not have their tomograph. Reliable repeatability of the patient’s head placement as a result of applying an individual mask provides an opportunity to evaluate the results of the intervention at any time after surgery.
Заявленная система активно эксплуатируется в 5 клинических учреждениях нашей страны и за рубежом. За время эксплуатации с помощью этой системы сделано большое количество таких стереотаксических вмешательств, как стереотаксические биопсии, вентрикулопункции, имплантации радиоактивных источников, стереотаксические эвакуации гематом и абсцессов, дренинирование кист и ряд других. The claimed system is actively operated in 5 clinical institutions of our country and abroad. During operation, a large number of stereotactic interventions such as stereotactic biopsies, ventriculopuncture, implantation of radioactive sources, stereotactic evacuation of hematomas and abscesses, drainage of cysts, and a number of others were made using this system.
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