RU2121046C1 - Structural member - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: prefabricated structural members made, preferably, from concrete. SUBSTANCE: structural member has reinforcement which consists of flange and one or a few walls. Each wall is made of rod, wire or strip material bent to form of zigzag section along flange longitudinal axis. Bends on one side of zigzag section are secured to flange, and bends on the other side are embedded in plate, or vice versa, and turned to provide for reliable embedding and taking up force loads. EFFECT: higher strength of prefabricated members in transportation and cut down cost. 10 cl, 23 dwg

Description

 The present invention relates to a prefabricated building element, preferably made of concrete, and more particularly relates to a new design of a lattice wall for constructive use as amplifiers and a new type of wire for prefabricated amplifiers having, in addition, a wall consisting of wire, rods or strip curved in a zigzag or similar fashion.

 The invention is aimed at reducing the cost of the frame and providing the possibility of obtaining large spans with convenience, better distribution of air during heating, which, in turn, allows you to save energy due to warm floors, which reduces the required temperature in the room and ensures a favorable mode of operation of the heat pump, which are part of heating system.

 The present invention allows to produce building elements with the desired initial positive arrow of the deflection of the element without any additional costs.

 Prefabricated building elements, such as reinforced concrete, are made in most cases for economic and other practical reasons in the factory. After manufacturing, prefabricated prefabricated building elements are transported to the working construction site. To simplify cargo operations, they are preferred to be transported horizontally stacked on top of each other.

 Currently used similar building elements having amplifiers, or require additional support in only one direction to absorb the design load. For the perception of transverse forces during transportation, such a building element must have transverse reinforcement, which leads to an increase in cost and complicates the installation of communications in transverse ceilings.

 Curved beam beams are sensitive to such lateral forces.

 As an example of the currently used construction technology, one can bring an openwork element with a shelf of a beam of reinforcing bars. In order to avoid destruction of the weak rod of the shelf during loading, this building element is equipped with two flat curved walls attached in pairs to the rod and located at an angle to each other. In a cross section, these two walls form a truss for perceiving a transverse force in a section. It is important to place the bent sections next to each other, since the shelf core is not able to bear the load from bending forces. The openwork element is used as a concrete formwork when concreting powerful concrete panels. (GB, Application, 1424755, CL E 04 C 5/06, 1975).

 It is also important to ensure reliable adhesion between the walls of the building element and the shelf or plate. A freshly formed slab is especially sensitive when lifting from a mold. The design of the element with flat walls allows lifting by amplifiers, namely by bent sections of the wall at the junction with the shelf. In this case, the bent sections of the wall of the plate are loaded and provide a load perception due to the support of the rod on the bent sections. This rod is located across the span of the building element and is not involved in the perception of load.

 In the manufacture of a building element, it is also desirable to give it some initial positive deflection to compensate for the deflection from its own weight and load. A predominantly positive deflection lies in the fact that it is possible to calculate the cross-section of the element by strength, and not by deformation.

 Positive deflection is desirable when using the upper surface as a floor, especially at walls where increased deformation occurs under the influence of furniture. When the surface of the element forms a ceiling, limited deflection can be tolerated, and when used in the lowest floor of the building, downward deflection is not significant. When the building element is rotated with the slab down and the amplifier up, to give the element a positive deflection, it is enough to bend the amplifier. The amplifier is given a positive deflection during manufacture so that it straightens under the influence of the design load. The same thing happens when using a building element as a fence, for example, retaining wall. The presence of a slight deflection on the invisible side does not matter, while it is important to have a flat outer surface.

 If the wall building element faces the slab outward and the amplifier inward, then it is enough to set the amplifier the appropriate deflection to obtain the desired deformation. This is ensured by giving the wall element such a shape to the amplifier during which it straightens under the action of the load.

 If you can give the shelf the necessary deflection, regardless of the plate, you can use flat forms for the manufacture of building elements, which gives significant economic benefits.

 With the known technology, it is possible to give deflection to the amplifier and the shelf, but at a constant height of the amplifier, the bent sections will be embedded in the plate at different depths. Due to atmospheric factors and to prevent corrosion, it is necessary to have a protective layer on the side of the plate opposite the amplifier.

 Bent sections of the wall should also be embedded in the slab to a certain minimum depth to provide the required strength. To fulfill this requirement with the existing technology and in the presence of an initial deflection of the walls, the plate during molding must be made thicker than a plane-parallel element.

 In some cases, there is no need to use shelves in the form of fasteners for cladding. An example is inter-apartment partitions. In this case, the overlap is used only as a support for the floor, laid on vibration dampers on top of the shelves. Therefore, amplifier shelves can be made of hard sheet material, such as concrete or reinforced concrete.

 One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide the building element with the strength necessary to absorb the transverse forces arising during transportation.

This goal is achieved by using one wall in the form of a longitudinal angle, for example, when bent sections are alternately bent to opposite sides and when bent sections are located in different planes. These two planes intersect in a shelf in cross section and form an angle with each other. Bent sections located at the intersection of the planes are curved or twisted and fixed in a shelf. Opposite bent sections are also twisted and embedded in the slab. In this way, a truss designed to absorb shear forces is obtained. In this case, the reinforcement of the plate is maintained due to the fact that the wall forms the diagonal connections of the truss in the longitudinal section of the amplifier. When installing communications inside the element, for example, sewer pipes, they can be easily passed through amplifiers even at an angle of 45 ^o .

 With one of the possible structural solutions with respect to plane-parallel building elements (that is, to building elements without positive deflection), the amplifier is performed with several walls. For example, it can have two zigzag curved walls. These walls are located at an angle to each other in cross section and are attached to the shelf. Unlike other designs, bent sections should not be located next to each other and can be placed along the shelf and secured separately, which allows to increase strength.

 The amplifier shelf has (or is attached to it) the rigidity necessary for the perception of the bending and possibly torsional forces acting in the plane of the plate arising during termination. The additional forces that can arise in a shelf are very small compared to the forces arising under normal load. If necessary, the cross-sectional area of the shelf can be redistributed without increasing the cross-sectional area.

 Another objective of the present invention is to make the bent sections of the embedded amplifiers in such a form that, when lifting operations using anchor rods, the redistribution of forces is ensured.

 Anchor rods should be positioned parallel to the span of the building element to absorb forces from normal load.

 The aim of the present invention is also to give the amplifiers a positive deflection in the manufacture of a building element without reducing the strength of the sealing of bent sections. In other words, this reduces the embedment depth, the thickness of the protective layer and the like without increasing the thickness of the plate compared to the parallelepiped.

 This goal can be achieved by twisting the bending plane and then bending the wall elements so that the angle between them gradually changes. While maintaining the embedment depth in the plate, the shelf in this case automatically receives a positive deflection, which is ensured simultaneously with the formation of the plate in a flat form.

 Another objective of the present invention is to obtain an amplifier shelf in a more rational and economical way.

 In addition, a more rational manufacture of the wall and saving space during storage.

 High reliability of the seal is provided in the combination of the wall, longitudinal reinforcement and the moldable mixture.

 This can be achieved with a different wall bending scheme.

 As a material for the manufacture of the wall, you can use a straightened bar or wire wound into a roll of large diameter. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the rectilinear sections of the wall, working as the diagonal connections of the form, are not bent.

 In the manufacturing process, the wall is wound in a spiral on a template in the form of a metal sheet with rounded corners or on two parallel rods to obtain a helicoid.

 In the latter case, the entire wall is flattened with the formation of loops on the rods.

 To obtain various bending schemes, for example, in the form of a triangle, several templates or rods can be used.

 At this stage of manufacture, it is possible to conveniently store and transport the walls.

 When forming at the factory, the spiral walls are stretched in the longitudinal direction to obtain a zigzag shape and with the formation of diagonal ties of the truss with the shelf and plate. To stretch the spiral, it is enough to grab both ends of the bar and then stretch the spiral in opposite directions. The tensile force is distributed evenly along the entire length of the bar, while the maximum stresses occur in bent sections. The wall bends and twists only in these places. The straight sections of the diagonal connections remain straightforward, while the bar itself automatically acquires a symmetrical shape with equal distances between the bent sections.

 When a building element is exposed to stresses, every second diagonal bond will stretch or contract, or vice versa. The deforming forces acting in the wall elements, if the latter are in different planes, will create local torsional stresses in the shelf.

 To obtain a form in which these diagonal bonds terminate in the same plane with the formation of these loops, the following method is proposed.

 The wall elements wound into a spiral are stretched into a zigzag blank on long rods until the bent sections close together to form loops. These long rods can serve as longitudinal reinforcement for precast shelves.

 Wall hinges provide a reliable seal of the wall and reinforcement in the material of the shelf.

 Reinforcing bars can also be attached to the bent sections of the welded wall from the outside.

 Another way to reduce torsion forces arising in a shelf is as follows.

 The wall is formed of two spirals with right and left coiling. The walls are stretched, positioned at the necessary angle to each other for alignment when approaching, similar to folding hands with straightened fingers. To fix the position of the walls relative to each other, one or more longitudinal rods are inserted into the bent sections. These rods are hereinafter used as longitudinal reinforcement. Then the concrete mixture is poured into the mold for the manufacture of the shelf together with the spatial frame of the wall introduced into it, and thus an amplifier is made. The fixed walls, in turn, are poured into the building element.

 The walls of the building element function as the diagonal ties of the farm. The wires, through one (that is, every second wire) are stretched, and each next, is compressed. In a cross section, compressed diagonal bonds are located on one side, and stretched diagonal bonds are on the other (opposite) side. This arrangement of diagonal ties has a twisting effect on the shelves. For a beam with an I-beam cross-sectional shape (that is, for a beam with two shelves) with such a reinforcement scheme, such a twisting phenomenon leads to a significant decrease in strength.

 It is here that one of the most important advantages of the present invention is concluded. If the amplifiers are equipped with double walls with opposite winding directions, as indicated above, and repaired in a shelf with high torsional stiffness, two torques will be balanced with each other.

 The above technical solution also provides other important advantages.

 The span of a building element is increased by using a precast reinforced element with higher strength and stiffness, for example reinforced concrete.

 Bending only the shelves in order to obtain the necessary initial positive deflection can be obtained without increasing the thickness of the plate and without increasing or decreasing the height of the wall. This is achieved by gradually changing the angle between the planes of the wall elements.

 When forming shelves in order to give the building element the necessary initial deflection, the shapes for molding the shelves specify the necessary curvature, and the bent sections of the wall embedded in the plate are fixed with a direct stop so as to form a right angle between the walls.

 Both wall elements also form a truss in cross section for the perception of transverse forces.

 When performing the walls in accordance with the present invention, the longitudinal reinforcement of the plate performs two functions, namely, terminating wall elements and simultaneously absorbing the load on the plate.

 Longitudinal reinforcement and wall elements should not be joined by welding or in any other way, since wall elements cover longitudinal reinforcement, and the molded material (for example concrete mix) of the shelf acts as a connecting material.

 To provide a more reliable grip between the shelf and the longitudinal bar reinforcement and / or wall elements of the shelf, if necessary, may have a continuous rod in the form of a spiral. This spiral can be wound very tightly, but with a clearance sufficient for the entry of swirling wall elements with bent sections.

 The material of the shelf during its manufacture may also have reinforcement.

 The wall elements and the longitudinal reinforcement of the amplifiers can also be fastened to each other by welding, especially in those areas where the longitudinal reinforcement can be placed inside or outside the bent sections of the wall elements.

 Bent sections can have double loops for better fit and for easier wall stretching due to less deformations.

 Other bending schemes in accordance with the present invention, which give the same effect as described above, are discussed below.

 In addition, a description will be given of the construction of the building element with a bending truss scheme with a "running figure eight" in the cross section of the shelf. The frame elements bent into such a figure eight in the cross section of the shelf form a truss with two parallel rods and diagonal connections in two directions, to the right and left, as shown in FIG. 21. This design, even if it is made with one rod located perpendicular to the plate, is particularly suitable for the perception of transverse forces during transportation of a building element.

It should be noted that the inclined walls do not create any obstacles for laying insulating materials on the building element, since currently incoherent insulating materials are widely used. Such insulating materials may be applied by supercharging or spraying. The essence of the invention explaining when considering the attached drawings, on which,
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a wall structure 10 for a proposed building element in manufacture;
FIG. 2 is a spatial image of the wall 10 for the proposed building element in the manufacture;
FIG. 3 is a spatial image of a building element with an amplifier and a flat wall 10;
FIG. 4 is a spatial image of a building element with an amplifier and an inclined wall 10;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a structure of a wall 10 with a shelf;
FIG. 6 is a view in captivity of a design variant of bent sections 23 of wall 10 with a shelf;
FIG. 7 - wall 11 of a rod wound in a flat helicoid counterclockwise;
FIG. 8 - wall of FIG. 7 with longitudinal stretching;
FIG. 9 (a, b, c) is a cross section of the wall of a building element made of a single bar, wound clockwise and having bent sections of various shapes;
FIG. 10 is a front view of the wall of the building element of FIG. 7;
FIG. 11a is a cross-section of a finished prefabricated building element with a finished shelf and a single wall 11 in the form of a flat helicoid;
FIG. 11b is a cross section of a finished prefabricated building element with a single wall 11 in the form of a flat helicoid with the formation of loops;
FIG. 11c is a cross section of a finished prefabricated building element with a single wall 11 in the form of a flat helicoid, further flattened with the formation of loops;
FIG. 12 is a cross section of a finished prefabricated building element with a single corner wall and with longitudinal rods welded on the outside;
FIG. 13 (a, b) is a cross-section of a building element with a wall of wound paired rods with bent sections in the form of loops;
FIG. 14 is a wall scan of the building element of FIG. 16;
FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a circuit of reinforcing rods of a finished building element shown in FIG. 16;
FIG. 16 is a cross section of a finished prefabricated building element with several walls located at an angle to each other;
FIG. 17 is a front view of a wall 14 in the form of a figure eight;
FIG. 18 is a front view of a wall 14 in the form of a figure eight;
FIG. 19 is a spatial image of a wall 13 wound clockwise in a helicoid and folded;
FIG. 20 - spatial invention of the wall 15 wound in the form of a figure eight and folded;
FIG. 21 (a, b, c, d) is a cross section of the wall 16 in the form of a "running half-eight";
FIG. 22 is a front view of the wall 16 in the form of a "running half-eight";
FIG. 23a is a spatial image of the wall 10 with a paired shelf (from the corners) embedded in a thick plate;
FIG. 23b is a spatial image of the wall 10 with a paired shelf (from the corners) embedded in a thin plate;
FIG. 23c is a spatial image of a wall 10 together with a T-profile shelf embedded in a thin plate.

 In FIG. 1, 2 depict one of the options for the structural implementation of the proposed building element. The wall element 10 is flatly bent into a zigzag shape as shown in FIG. 1 with the formation of such angles in the places of the bends 23 that the finished wall 10 should have. The step of the opposite bends 23 should be approximately two times larger than the step in the finished wall 10. Then, the wall 10 is folded in half, as shown in FIG. 3, and is flattened to form transverse bends 24 and 25, while the height of the wall 10 becomes equal to that required for the manufacture of the building element shown in FIG. 3.

 The bends 23, 24 and 25 are in the same plane, so that the rod 5, passed through the places of the bends 24 and 25, provides a reliable seal of the wall 10 in the plate 1 to absorb the forces created in the plate 1 of the building element shown in FIG. one.

 The wall 10 can also be made in another way, in which the bends 23 are in line with the shelf 2 of the beam, and the bends 24 and 25 are bent in opposite directions, while the bends 24 are bent through one to one side and are located in the same plane, and the bends 25 bent through one to the other side and located in another plane, and these planes intersect with the formation in cross section of an angle with the apex in the shelf 21 of the beam. The rods of the longitudinal reinforcement can be passed through the places of bends 24, 25 (as shown by the dotted line in Fig. 4).

 With this method, the wall forms the shape of the amplifier and perceives transverse forces, for example, when transporting a building element.

 As shown in FIG. 4, in this embodiment, the wall, in which the wall 10 in cross section has the form of a corner due to the bending of the bending sections through one in one plane to the bending of the other sections of the bending wire in another plane, intersecting in the zone of the shelf 2 and forming an angle in the cross section of the wall, the wall is obtained as follows. The wall 10 is formed by a flat bend to form a zigzag blank. Bends 23 on one side of the workpiece are fixed, and bends 23 on the other side of the zigzag workpiece are bent each in the opposite direction, that is, through one, left and right relative to the longitudinal axis of the wall 10. The sections of the bend located on the line of intersection of two planes and subjected to torsion are attached to the shelf 2. Plane-bent bends are embedded in the plate 1. When bending is fixed on one side of the workpiece without the possibility of turning and bending the bends of the side of the workpiece in opposite directions, as described above, the resulting st NCA provides accommodation shelf embedded bends in one line with each other (FIG. 6).

 Shown in FIG. 7-11, the walls (11 and / or 12) can also be made of a bar, which is first given the shape of a spiral tightly wound counterclockwise, see, for example, element 11 (Fig. 7), or in the clockwise direction, see, for example, element 12 (FIG. 8), and then flattened, stretched and then flattened again, as shown in FIG. 7-9 and 11. Such blanks can be combined to obtain a single (composite) wall, forming in the cross section of the beam flange angle (β) between the branches. In this case, the wall can also absorb forces acting in the direction of the cross section of the shelf 13 without twisting it, as shown in FIG. 14-16.

 Another embodiment of wall 13 shown in FIG. 19, by analogy with element 11 or 12, so that the pitch of the opposite bends 24 and 25 is approximately two times the distance between the same bends in the finished wall 13. Then the wall is folded in half and flattened to form transverse bends 21. The height of the wall 13 It turns out required by calculation for the building element. Bends 21 and 24 form one plane, and bends 21 and 25 form another plane. These planes form between themselves an angle in the cross section of the shelf 3.

 Depicted in FIG. 17 and 18, wall 14 can be made of a rod wound in the form of eights, flattened into a tightly laid zigzag blank, which is then stretched, resulting in the formation of transverse bends. This workpiece can be flattened again.

 The wall can be made of one or more walls 14, which in the cross section of the shelf form an angle for the perception of transverse forces in the cross section of the shelf 3 without twisting.

 Depicted in FIG. 20, wall 15 is similar to wall 14 with the difference that the pitch of opposite bends 24 and 25 is approximately two times the distance between the same bends in the finished wall 15. The wall 15 is then folded in half and flattened to form transverse bends 21, while the height of the wall 13 equal to the required for this building element. Bends 21 and 24 form one plane, and bends 21 and 25 form another plane. These planes form an angle, due to which the wall is able to perceive the forces acting in the direction of the cross section of the shelf 3, while preventing its torsion.

 Shown in FIG. 21 and 22, wall 16 can be made of a bar wound around two centers of winding, alternating half-turn clockwise, half-eight, half-turn counterclockwise, half-eight, half-turn clockwise and so on. This preform is flattened into a tightly wound zigzag profile, which is then stretched with the simultaneous formation of transverse bends. The workpiece can be flattened again if desired. Such a construction forms a truss in the cross section of a shelf with two parallel rods and with diagonal ties running in two directions, namely, with one tie tilted to the right and with one tilted to the left.

 This design is called the "running half-eight" above.

 The wall can be made of one or more walls 16, which, as shown schematically in FIG. 16 may form an angle between themselves in the cross section of the shelf.

 Bends in all variants of the structural embodiment of the beam wall have the distinguishing feature that they allow you to perceive the forces arising or acting in the cross section of the beam flange 3, while avoiding torsion of the shelf.

 The proposed building element can be made in two stages. First, walls or amplifiers are mass-produced.

 Plate 1 of the building element should be made (cast) in flat forms or in forms with one-sided curvature. The concrete mixture is poured into the mold with the necessary reinforcement laid in it. Fixed amplifiers can be installed in advance or during molding. The concrete mixture is subjected to vibration compaction to ensure reliable adhesion of concrete to reinforcement. Shelves 2 and 3 can be given the desired shape to create the necessary positive deflection through the corresponding bending of the amplifiers.

 By adjusting the angle of the wall in the cross section, it is possible to obtain a shape in which bending sections are placed in the slab at a predetermined level with a given thickness of the concrete layer to obtain the required strength and create the necessary protective layer to provide reliable protection against corrosion of the reinforcement of the building element. There is no need to increase the thickness of the plate 1 itself.

Claims (10)

 1. A building element with amplifiers embedded in the plate (1), each of which has a longitudinal shelf (2, 3), spaced from the plate (10) and connected to it through the wall in the form of at least one element (10 - 16), containing material in the form of a rod, wire or strip, bent to form a zigzag shape in the longitudinal direction of the shelf (2 and 3) with straight sections and bends located between them, characterized in that the bends form two rows of opposite bends: respectively bends (21 - 23 ) attached to the shelf, and bends (23 - 25), while bends (21, 22, 24, 25) of one row are bent in the bending plane, located at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the shelf, and formed into half loops or one and a half loops (9) with a transverse arrangement of the bent part of the wall relative to the shelf (2, 3) or plate (1) at the place of embedding.  2. An element according to claim 1, characterized in that each of the amplifiers (11, 12) is made in the form of a helicoid wound counterclockwise (11) or clockwise (12).  3. An element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the wall is densely wound, flattened and stretched, followed by flattening, if necessary, with the formation of loops in bends (24, 25).  4. An element according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the wall (14) is formed in the form of eights with the formation of an extended zigzag profile with transverse bends.  5. An element according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the wall (13, 15) is made with a pitch of opposite bends (24, 25) approximately two times the distance between the corresponding bends in the finished wall (13, 15) and the fact that the wall (13, 15) is folded in half with the formation of transverse bends (21) and obtaining the wall height (13, 15) required for this building element, while the bends (21) or (24) are located in the same plane, and bends (21 and 25) in another plane with the formation of an angle between these planes in the cross section of the shelf (3).  6. An element according to claims 1 and 3, characterized in that the wall (16) is wound around two winding centers in the form of an alternating half-turn or turn clockwise, half-eight, half-turn or turn counterclockwise, half-eight, half-turn or turn clockwise and so on with the formation of a zigzag profile with transverse bends.  7. An element according to claims 2, 4 and 6, characterized in that the wall consists of several walls (11, 12, 14, 16), forming an angle between themselves in the cross section of the shelf.  8. An element according to claims 1 and 3, characterized in that the wall (10) is flat curved with the formation of a zigzag profile with angles at the apex of bend (23) equal to the corresponding angles in the finished wall (10), with a distance between opposite bends (23 ) is approximately two times the distance between the corresponding bends in the finished wall (10), while the wall (10) is doubled to form transverse bends (24 and 25) and to obtain the estimated wall height (10).  9. A building element according to claims 1 and 3, characterized in that the wall (10) is bent to form a zigzag profile with angles at the apex of bend (23) equal to the corresponding angles in the finished wall (10), with a distance between opposite bends (23) ) is approximately two times the distance between the corresponding bends on the finished wall (10), while the wall (10) is folded twice with the formation of transverse bends (24 and 25) and with the estimated height of the wall (10), while the wall (10) made either with bends (23 - 25) located in the same plane, or with one bend (23), located on the same axis with the shelf (2), and with other bends (24 and 25), bent in opposite directions in two planes located at an angle to each other in the cross section of the shelf (2).  10. An element according to claim 1, characterized in that the wall (10), embedded in the shelf (2) and in the plate (1) and made in the form of a zigzag profile, is made with one bend (21-23) located on one axis with a shelf (2), and opposite bends (23) located on the lower side, bent in opposite directions in two planes intersecting in the cross section of the shelf (2) at an angle with the apex in the zone of the shelf (2).

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