RU2116410C1 - Universal dry method for making external walls of heated buildings and structures warm-conserving - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction engineering. SUBSTANCE: universal dry method is applicable to all kinds of heated buildings and structures and it can be used in repair and reconstruction operations and also in erection of new buildings. According to method, warm-conserving facing tiles for external walls of buildings and structures are produced in factory conditions and are installed at construction site by dry method. Tiles are laterally reinforced with wire. Loops are formed of this wire in lower row and upper row of reinforcement. Mechanical fastening of facing tiles is carried out in following succession: at beginning, first row of fastening members is gun-fixed by expansion bolts to wall, then lower horizontal row of facing tiles is installed with clearance so that free ends or hooks of fastening members are inserted into loops of lower row of tiles, and loops of upper row are brought from underneath into fastening members. Clearance between wall and rows of facing tiles is filled with any suitable and effective warm-keeping material including that of local origin. Filler is applied after placing polymeric screen atop lower row of fastening members. Applied atop aforesaid screen is layer of cement slurry up to 2 cm thick. Subsequent rows of facing tiles are attached over entire height of building in bond style. Corner facing tiles are installed with formation of bossages. Casing tiles are fastened by stainless expansion bolts as required to bevels of windows and balcony doors. Operations are performed in any weather conditions and at low temperatures as well. Application of aforesaid method ensures higher resistance to heat-transfer of external walls. It allows for carrying out operations without moving-out of tenants from building, and also it allows for using warm-conserving material of any kind and thickness. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 5 cl, 6 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the construction industry and can be used in repair, reconstruction, as well as in the construction of new buildings of increased heat efficiency.

A known design of a ventilated building facade, containing a supporting or enclosing structure, to which the base for anchoring is attached. A thermal insulation layer is attached to the latter with a metal frame. The external wall cladding is attached to the metal frame with a gap with thermal insulation by fasteners (Report "Ventilated Exterior Wall Structures" by Dr. E. Chisilsky, M. Minnauk, May 20, 1996)
The disadvantages of this design are the use of dense plate insulation, not subject to destruction during the entire period of operation. Large metal consumption due to the use of a metal frame throughout the facade.

 There is also a method of attaching a fiberglass insulation made in the form of profiled plates to structures bearing or enclosing with fasteners (plastic buttons attached with caps to the surface of the structure (see USSR author's certificate N 149203, class E 04 B 1/78, 1961).

Known structures for protecting walls of buildings and structures are the closest technical solutions to the invention, however, they have several disadvantages:
high material costs, because protective boards have a high cost due to the expensive material from which they are made;
low heat transfer resistance of the exterior walls of the building;
special means of large-scale mechanization are required for the construction of known structures;
high material and metal consumption for the protection and insulation of walls;
low architectural and aesthetic qualities of insulation.

These disadvantages are eliminated in the present invention, the purpose of which is to
increase the heat transfer resistance of the external walls of buildings by any given value depending on the type and thickness of the insulation;
to carry out works on the insulation of operating residential buildings without resettlement of residents;
all elements of the insulation design are small-sized and do not require special means of large-scale mechanization;
achieve a reduction in comparison with analogues of the material consumption of insulation structures;
use heaters of various kinds (filling, filling, plate, in the form of mats), including local production;
use a different thickness of the insulation layer;
significantly increase the architectural and aesthetic qualities of the exterior decoration of facades of buildings and structures.

 The goal is achieved by the fact that the cladding plates are made in the factory or on the construction site with the lower and upper rows of loops, the tiles are mechanically fastened in the following sequence, first the first row of fasteners are shot with stainless dowels against the wall, then the lower horizontal row of tiles is installed with a gap so so that the free ends of the hooks of the fasteners are included in the hinges of the lower row of tiles, and the hinges of the upper row are brought down from the bottom of the fasteners, simultaneously serving as fixers and fastenings of the lower part of the second row of tiles, and fix the latter by shooting with dowels to the wall, then the gap between the wall and the lower rows of tiles is filled with insulation, after laying a polymer mesh on top of the lower row of fasteners, on which a layer of cement mortar is applied, up to 2 cm thick then install with a half offset the second row of tiles, the loops of the lower part of which include the free ends-hooks of the upper fixed fasteners of the first row of tiles, the subsequent rows of plates ok are mounted throughout the entire height of the building in the “dressing”, corner tiles are installed with the formation of rustics, and platbands are attached with stainless dowels in place to the slopes of windows and balcony doors.

In the design of insulation of external walls, cladding plates are made of different profiles up to 20 mm thick with imitation of the front surface for masonry, marble and natural stone and with embedded reinforcement made of wire with a diameter of 4 mm extending across the tiles and forming the upper and lower rows when they exit loops, 40 mm wide, fasteners are made of metal strips of bent C-, S- and U-shaped profiles, and the thickness δ of the insulation is determined depending on the thermal characteristics of it and the wall, on the climatic nature Istik district according to the formula:
δ _insulated ≥ λ _insulates. (ΔR-K),
Where
ΔR is the reduced heat transfer resistance of the wall,
K = 0.156 - empirical coefficient.

 In addition, the tiles are made of rectangular, angular L-shaped, trim plates for windows and balcony doors and socle-corner profiles, the last two tiles additionally reinforced with metal mesh or dispersed fiberglass or steel reinforcement, and fasteners can be made of white metal or slightly corrosive and stainless metals or from ferrous metal with anti-corrosion treatment. Moreover, the outer surface of the facing tile has high decorative qualities due to the use of special aggregates and additives in their manufacture or due to the relief processing of the front surface of the tile.

 In FIG. 1 shows a fragment of laying insulation on an existing wall; in FIG. 2 is a section along AA in FIG. one; in FIG. 3 is a section along BB in FIG. 2; in FIG. 4 - a variant of wall insulation with a base plate; in FIG. 5 is an embodiment of wall insulation with a platband; in FIG. 6 - option of wall insulation with different plates.

The structure for wall insulation of the building includes facing tiles 1 with imitation of the front surface for masonry, marble and natural stone, of various sizes and types with a thickness of 20 mm (including ordinary-flat rectangular, angular L-shaped, platbands for windows and balcony G-shaped door, base tile corner profile). Cladding tiles are attached to the wall 2 using fasteners 3 made of bent C-, S - and U-shaped profiles of metal strips, 4 mm thick and 15 mm wide. These fasteners are targeted by stainless dowels 4 in place. The magnitude of the offset shelves of fasteners δ can be different and is selected depending on the type of insulation. Fasteners can be made of ferrous metal with special anti-corrosion treatment (coating with special compounds, primer, paint, etc.). When substantiated, they can also be made of slightly corroding and stainless, including white metals. All types of tiles have embedded reinforcement made of wire with a diameter of 4 mm, extending across the tiles and forming loops 5 with a width of 40 mm when leaving them (for ordinary tiles - two loops in the upper and lower rows). The number of reinforcing loops depends on the type of tile, namely:
Ordinary facing tile - 4 armature. hinges
Corner - 6
Platband - 3 or 2
Basement - 3
Platbands and basement tiles also have additional reinforcement with a metal mesh with a diameter of 3 mm or dispersed reinforcement with fiberglass or steel reinforcement (not shown). Fasteners have loose ends in the form of hooks. The outer surface of the facing tiles has high decorative qualities. In their manufacture, special fillers and additives are used, which allow to achieve various textures, colors, imitations of natural stone, etc., or by embossed processing to obtain a relief of various patterns and depth. The gap between the existing structure (wall) and the facing tile is filled with insulation 6, the material and thickness of which is selected when linking the project to specific conditions.

 Work on the universal dry method of warming the outer walls of heated buildings and structures is carried out as follows: the first row of fasteners from the bottom is shot with dowels to the outer wall of the building. The lower horizontal row of tiles is set so that the free ends-hooks of the fasteners fit into the loops located at the bottom of the tiles. Fasteners are introduced into the loops located in the upper row, which simultaneously serve as fixators and fasteners of the lower part of the second row of tiles, and are fixed by shooting to the wall. The space formed between the wall and the bottom row of tiles is filled with insulation, after laying a polymer mesh (not shown) on top of the bottom row of fasteners. Depending on the type of insulation, a layer of cement mortar up to 2 cm thick should be applied to the polymer mesh. After that, the second row of tiles is installed on the first so that the free ends of the upper fixed fasteners of the first row of tiles fit into loops located in the lower row of tiles of the second row . The fastening of the upper part of the tiles of the second row is carried out by analogy with the fastening of the upper part of the first row of tiles. Subsequent rows of tiles are mounted in the same way as tiles of the second row. Installation of tiles is carried out "in dressing" so that the vertical seams of the tiles of the underlying row fall in the middle of the tiles of the next row.

 Similar operations in the same sequence are performed before the construction of the structure along the entire height of the building. Corner tiles are installed so that their ends are superimposed on the ends of ordinary facing tiles in such a way that rusts form, and between corner tiles and the wall of the building it is taken 20 mm more than for ordinary tiles. Fixing corner tiles to the wall is similar to fixing ordinary tiles. Platbands are installed in the junction of windows and balcony doors after hanging ordinary tiles and filling the gap with insulation. Platbands are attached to the slopes of windows and doors with the help of a special S-shaped profile of fasteners, which are shot by dowels in place. The joints in the slopes of windows, balconies, doors after fixing the platbands are filled with cement mortar.

 The choice of the thickness of the insulation layer depends on the thermal characteristics of the insulation, on the thermal characteristics of the material of the insulated wall, as well as on the climatic characteristics of the area.

Below is the algorithm for choosing the thickness of the insulation layer: the value of the degree-day of the heating period (GSOP) depends on the climatic conditions of the area and is determined by the formula
GSOP = (t _in - t from _per. ) Z from _per. , (one)
Where
t _in - the estimated temperature of the internal air = 18 ^o C according to SNiP with the estimated winter temperature of the outdoor air up to -30 ^o C;
t from _per. - the average temperature of the period with an average daily air temperature of ≤ 8 ^o C (see SNiP 02.01.01.-82 "Building Climatology". Table 1, top column 23);
Z from _per. - the duration of the period (in days) with an average daily air temperature of ≤ 8 ^o C (ibid., column 22).

The required heat transfer resistance of the wall of a residential building R $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{tr}}{\text{0}}$ is dependent on the magnitude of the GSOP:
GSOP - R $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{tr}}{\text{0}}$ , m ² C / W (norms since 1995)
2000 - 1.2
4000 - 1.6
6000 - 2.0
8000 - 2.4
10000 - 2.8
12000 - 3.2
Intermediate values should be determined by interpolation.

где
δ - толщина стены, м;
λ - коэффициент теплопроводности материала стены.Reduced wall heat transfer resistance R $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{tr}}{\text{0}}$ is taken in accordance with the design assignment, but not less than the value of the required heat transfer resistance P, determined from the energy-saving condition and depending on the GSOP in this way:
R ₀ ≥ R $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{tr}}{\text{0}}$ (2)
The values of R ₀ before wall insulation is determined by the formula

Where
δ is the wall thickness, m;
λ is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the wall material.

Пользуясь значениям R₀ из формулы 4, определяем необходимую толщину слоя δ утеплителя, в м:
δ_утепл.≥ λ_утепл.(ΔR-0,156) (5)
где
δ_утепл. - коэффициент теплопроводности материала утеплителя.The difference between the new and old values of the reduced thermal resistance of the wall will be
ΔR ₀ = R _{0 (new)} = R _{0 (s.ter)} (4)
or

Using the values of R ₀ from formula 4, we determine the required thickness of the layer δ of insulation, in m:
δ _insulated ≥ λ _thermal (ΔR-0.156) (5)
Where
δ _insulated - coefficient of thermal conductivity of the insulation material.

 The developed method of warming the outer walls of warming the outer walls can be especially effectively used for the modernization of 5-story and lower-floor residential buildings carried out in the years 60-70 on the territory of the Russian Federation according to standard designs of houses and a total of about 250 million square meters. m. of the total area of housing, due to the extremely low operational, heat engineering and architectural and aesthetic qualities requiring immediate immediate reconstruction.

Claims (5)

 1. A universal dry method of insulation of external walls for all types of heated buildings and structures for all climatic regions during repair or reconstruction work, as well as during the construction of new buildings of increased heat efficiency, including mechanical fastening of tiles to existing external walls using fasteners, characterized the fact that the facing tiles are made in the factory or on the construction site with the lower and upper rows of loops, the mechanical fastening of the tiles is carried out They are shown in the following sequence, first, the first row of fasteners is shot with stainless dowels against the wall, then the lower horizontal row of tiles is installed with a gap so that the free ends-hooks of the fasteners fit into the loops of the lower rows of tiles, and the fasteners are inserted into the loops of the upper row, at the same time serving as retainers and fasteners of the lower part of the second row of tiles, and fix the latter by shooting with dowels to the wall, then the gap between the wall and the lower rows of tiles is filled with insulation by pre-laying a polymer mesh on top of the bottom row of fasteners, on which a cement mortar layer up to 2 cm thick is applied, and then install the second row of tiles halfway, the loops of the lower part of which include free ends-hooks of the upper fixed fasteners of the first a number of tiles, subsequent rows of tiles are mounted throughout the building in a “dressing”, corner tiles are installed with the formation of rustics, and platbands are attached with stainless dowels in place to the slopes of approx n and balcony doors.  2. The design of insulation of external walls for all types of heated buildings and structures, containing cladding tiles attached to the wall using fasteners, characterized in that the cladding tiles are made of different profiles up to 20 mm thick with imitation of the front surface for masonry, marble and natural stone and with embedded reinforcement made of wire with a diameter of 4 mm extending across the tiles and forming, when they exit, the upper and lower rows of loops 40 mm wide, and the fasteners are made of metal strips soft C-, S- and U-shaped profiles.  3. The construction according to claim 2, characterized in that the tiles are made of rectangular, angular L-shaped, trim plates for windows and balcony doors and socle - corner profiles, the last two tiles additionally reinforced with metal mesh or dispersed fiberglass or steel reinforcement, and the outer surface of the facing tile has high decorative qualities due to the use of special aggregates and additives in their manufacture or due to the relief processing of the front surface of the tile. 4. The design according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the thickness δ of the insulation is determined depending on the thermal characteristics of it and the wall and on the climatic characteristics of the area according to the formula
δ _insulation ≥ λ _insulation (ΔR - K),
where λ is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the insulation;
ΔR is the difference between the new and old values of the reduced thermal resistance of the wall;
K = 0.156 is an empirical coefficient.  5. Design according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the fastening elements can be made of white metal or slightly corrosive and stainless metals or of ferrous metal with anti-corrosion treatment.

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