NO811958L - CELLULOSE DIALYSIS MEMBRANE. - Google Patents
CELLULOSE DIALYSIS MEMBRANE.Info
- Publication number
- NO811958L NO811958L NO811958A NO811958A NO811958L NO 811958 L NO811958 L NO 811958L NO 811958 A NO811958 A NO 811958A NO 811958 A NO811958 A NO 811958A NO 811958 L NO811958 L NO 811958L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- cellulose
- solution
- temperatures
- spinning solution
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930003779 Vitamin B12 Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019163 vitamin B12 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011715 vitamin B12 Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- FDJOLVPMNUYSCM-WZHZPDAFSA-L cobalt(3+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+3].N#[C-].N([C@@H]([C@]1(C)[N-]\C([C@H]([C@@]1(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=C(\C)/C1=N/C([C@H]([C@@]1(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=C\C1=N\C([C@H](C1(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=C/1C)[C@@H]2CC(N)=O)=C\1[C@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](N2C3=CC(C)=C(C)C=C3N=C2)O[C@@H]1CO FDJOLVPMNUYSCM-WZHZPDAFSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 25
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].N#[C-].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylmorpholine Chemical compound CN1CCOCC1 SJRJJKPEHAURKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001631 haemodialysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000322 hemodialysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000875 Dissolving pulp Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylmorpholine N-oxide Chemical compound CN1(=O)CCOCC1 LFTLOKWAGJYHHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002110 toxicologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000027 toxicology Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VTGXVUQXDHXADV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1-oxidopiperidin-1-ium Chemical compound C[N+]1([O-])CCCCC1 VTGXVUQXDHXADV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YIZTVEDOQDZLOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-1-oxidopyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound C[N+]1([O-])CCCC1 YIZTVEDOQDZLOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DSPZBSQDLWRRBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxy-n,n-dimethylethanamine oxide Chemical compound C[N+](C)([O-])CCO DSPZBSQDLWRRBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000731 Fagus sylvatica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010099 Fagus sylvatica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000031481 Pathologic Constriction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWNIBLMWSKIRAT-VFUOTHLCSA-N levoglucosan Chemical group O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2CO[C@@H]1O2 TWNIBLMWSKIRAT-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LFMTUFVYMCDPGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethylethanamine oxide Chemical compound CC[N+]([O-])(CC)CC LFMTUFVYMCDPGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJZXIGKNPLTUOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1-phenylmethanamine oxide Chemical compound C[N+](C)([O-])CC1=CC=CC=C1 UJZXIGKNPLTUOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MMAXOAIHEPNELR-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylcyclohexanamine oxide Chemical compound C[N+](C)([O-])C1CCCCC1 MMAXOAIHEPNELR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine N-oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]1=CC=CC=C1 ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/08—Polysaccharides
- B01D71/10—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
- C08L1/06—Cellulose hydrate
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår dialysemembranerThe present invention relates to dialysis membranes
av regenerert cellulose i form av flatfolier, slangefolier eller.hultråder, hvorved disse oppnås ved ekstrudering av of regenerated cellulose in the form of flat foils, hose foils or hollow wires, whereby these are obtained by extrusion of
en spinneoppløsning som i det vesentlige består åv cellulose og et tertiært aminoksyd i et ikke-oppløsningsmiddel. a spinning solution consisting essentially of cellulose and a tertiary amine oxide in a non-solvent.
Fra CH-PS 191 822 er det kjent at cellulose lar seg oppløse i tertiært aminoksyd og at cellulosen kan regenereres ved innføring av en slik oppløsning i et vandig utfellingsbad. En annen fremgangsmåte for oppløsning av cellulose i tertiære aminoksyder beskrives i US-PS 3 447 939. From CH-PS 191 822 it is known that cellulose can be dissolved in tertiary amine oxide and that the cellulose can be regenerated by introducing such a solution into an aqueous precipitation bath. Another method for dissolving cellulose in tertiary amine oxides is described in US-PS 3,447,939.
DE-OS 28 30 683, DE-OS 28 30 684 og DE-OS 28 30 685 beskriver fremgangsmåter for oppløsning av cellulose i tertiært aminoksyd, hvorved N-metyl-morfolin er det foretrukne aminoksyd og det tertiære aminoksyd eventuelt inneholder ikke-oppløsende fortynningsmidler. DE-OS 28 30 683, DE-OS 28 30 684 and DE-OS 28 30 685 describe methods for dissolving cellulose in tertiary amine oxide, whereby N-methyl-morpholine is the preferred amine oxide and the tertiary amine oxide optionally contains non-dissolving diluents .
Det oppnådde lagringsdyktige produkt kan umiddel-bart anvendes til ekstrudering i et ikke-oppløsningsmiddel hvorved det oppstår folier eller tråder av regenerert cellulose. The obtained storable product can immediately be used for extrusion in a non-solvent, whereby foils or threads of regenerated cellulose are produced.
Dialysemembraner av regenerert cellulose i formDialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose in form
av flatfolier, slangefolier eller hultråder er kjent i lang tid, hvorved regenerering av cellulose kan skje etter Cuoxam-fremgangsmåten, etter viskose-fremgangsmåten eller ved hydro-lyse av celluloseacetat. Alt etter den anvendte fremgangsmåte og fremgangsmåtebetingelsene oppnår man membraner med forskjellige dialyseegenskaper, slik som f.eks. ultrafiltrer-ingsevne, permeabilitet for forskjellige molekylstørrelser, vannretensjonsevne og forskjellige avskygninger av disse evner i forhold til hverandre. • Generelt står den hydrodyna-miske permeabilitet i et bestemt forhold til den diffusive permeabilitet. of flat foils, hose foils or hollow wires has been known for a long time, whereby the regeneration of cellulose can take place according to the Cuoxam method, according to the viscose method or by hydrolysis of cellulose acetate. Depending on the method used and the process conditions, membranes with different dialysis properties are obtained, such as e.g. ultrafiltration ability, permeability to different molecular sizes, water retention ability and different shades of these abilities in relation to each other. • In general, the hydrodynamic permeability is in a specific relationship to the diffusive permeability.
F.eks. kreves i DE-OS 28 23 985 et cellulose-membran som er fremstilt i henhold til Cuoxam-metoden og som oppviser en større hydrodynamisk permeabilitet (ultrafiltrer-ingsevne) enn det som ellers oppnås ved denne metode. Slike membraner spiller en rolle ved behandling av pasienter som lider under høyt blodtrykk og der det er ønskelig med et mem bran med forhøyet hydrodynamisk permeabilitet ved reinfusjon av større væskemengder i blodkretsløpet og som samtidig oppviser en tilstrekkelig høy diffusiv permeabilitet, slik det oppnås ved den.regenererte cellulose som fremstilles i henhold til Cuoxam-metoden. E.g. DE-OS 28 23 985 claims a cellulose membrane which is produced according to the Cuoxam method and which exhibits a greater hydrodynamic permeability (ultrafiltration capacity) than is otherwise achieved by this method. Such membranes play a role in the treatment of patients suffering from high blood pressure and where it is desirable to have a membrane with increased hydrodynamic permeability when re-infusing larger amounts of fluid into the bloodstream and which at the same time exhibits a sufficiently high diffusive permeability, as is achieved by it. regenerated cellulose which is produced according to the Cuoxam method.
Dialysemembraner av regenerert cellulose og som regenereres i henhold til Cuoxam-metoden, mister sin dialytiske permeabilitet ved underskridelse av den ultrafiltrerings-evne på 1*10 ml/min. N i så sterk grad at de ikke lenger er brukbare som membraner for dialyse og i særdeleshet for hemodialyse. Dialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose and which are regenerated according to the Cuoxam method, lose their dialytic permeability when the ultrafiltration capacity of 1*10 ml/min is exceeded. N to such a strong extent that they are no longer usable as membranes for dialysis and in particular for hemodialysis.
I GB-PS 1 144 759 som beskriver regenerering av cellulose fra spinnoppløsninger som i det vesentlige består av cellulose og tertiære aminoksyder nevnes også anvendelses-muligheten av den således regenererte cellulose til dialysemembraner uten dog i det hele tatt å berøre de mange pro-blemer som har sammenheng med dette. In GB-PS 1 144 759 which describes the regeneration of cellulose from spinning solutions which essentially consist of cellulose and tertiary amine oxides, the possibility of using the thus regenerated cellulose for dialysis membranes is also mentioned without, however, at all touching on the many problems which is related to this.
Oppgave for foreliggende oppfinnelse var å til-veiebringe et dialysemembran av regenerert cellulose med tilstrekkelig fasthet og spesielt med til nå ukjente dialyseegenskaper. The task of the present invention was to provide a dialysis membrane of regenerated cellulose with sufficient firmness and especially with hitherto unknown dialysis properties.
Denne oppgave løses ved et membran av den innled-ningsvis nevnte type som karakteriseres ved at den i avhengighet av ultrafiltreringsytelsen innstillbare dialytiske permeabilitet for vitamin B12, målt ved 20°C, er lik eller større enn den ved hjelp av den lineære regresjonsligning This task is solved by a membrane of the type mentioned at the outset, which is characterized by the fact that the dialytic permeability for vitamin B12, which can be adjusted depending on the ultrafiltration performance, measured at 20°C, is equal to or greater than that using the linear regression equation
_3 _3
DLB12= 5,3 • (UFL) + 2,3-10- beregnede verdi, hvor-vitamin uiz . DLB12= 5.3 • (UFL) + 2.3-10- calculated value, where-vitamin uiz .
ved ultrafiltreringsytelsen utgjør fra 0 til 10-10<->ml/min. N. at the ultrafiltration performance amounts from 0 to 10-10<->ml/min. N.
Dialysemembranet ifølge oppfinnelsen oppviser altså en betydelig høyere vitamin B12-permeabilitet enn de til nu kjente dialysemembraner av regenerert cellulose. Spesielt er det en fordel at det nå står til disposisjon dialysemembraner som også oppviser en betydelig vitamin B12-permeabilitet, selv når det praktisk talt ikke måles noen ultrafiltreringsytelse mer. The dialysis membrane according to the invention thus exhibits a significantly higher vitamin B12 permeability than the hitherto known dialysis membranes made of regenerated cellulose. In particular, it is an advantage that dialysis membranes are now available which also exhibit a significant vitamin B12 permeability, even when practically no ultrafiltration performance is measured anymore.
Fremragende dialysemembraner ifølge oppfinnelsen er de som helt eller delvis består av substituert cellulose, hvorved substitusjonsgraden for den substituerte cellulose fortrinnsvis ligger mellom 0,1 og 0,7. Outstanding dialysis membranes according to the invention are those which consist wholly or partly of substituted cellulose, whereby the degree of substitution for the substituted cellulose is preferably between 0.1 and 0.7.
Substituerte celluloser, som innenfor oppfinnel-sens ramme fører til gode dialysemembraner med den høye vitamin B12-permeabilitet ved sammenligningsvis lav ultrafiltreringsytelse er karboksyalkylcellulbse, alkylert cellulose slik som metylcellulose, etylcellulose, men også blandet substituert slik som f.eks. hydroksypropyl-metyl-cellulose. Substituted celluloses, which within the framework of the invention lead to good dialysis membranes with the high vitamin B12 permeability at comparatively low ultrafiltration performance, are carboxyalkyl cellulose, alkylated cellulose such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, but also mixed substituted such as e.g. hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
Gjenstand for oppfinnelsen er også en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av de oppfinnelsesmessige dialysemembraner og som karakteriseres ved at en blanding 7-25 vekt-% cellulose, 93-50 vekt-% tertiært aminoksyd, eventuelt opp til 25 vekt-% ikke-oppløsningsmiddel og opp til 10 vekt-% vanlige tilslag, alt beregnet på vekten av spinnoppløsningen, bringes til oppløsning i en blandeinnretning i løpet av mindre enn 8 minutter og ved temperaturer mellom 80 og 150°C, at løs-ningen avgasses, ekstruderes gjennom en bredslissdyse, ringslissdyse eller hultråddyse til et utfellingsbad, vaskes og etter tilsetning av myknere under krympehindring tørkes ved temperaturer mellom 5 0 og 110°C og deretter oppvikles. The object of the invention is also a method for producing the inventive dialysis membranes and which is characterized by a mixture of 7-25% by weight cellulose, 93-50% by weight tertiary amine oxide, possibly up to 25% by weight non-solvent and up to 10% by weight of ordinary aggregates, all calculated on the weight of the spinning solution, are dissolved in a mixing device within less than 8 minutes and at temperatures between 80 and 150°C, that the solution is degassed, extruded through a wide-slot nozzle, ring-slot nozzle or hollow wire nozzle to a precipitation bath, washed and, after addition of plasticizers under shrinkage inhibition, dried at temperatures between 50 and 110°C and then wound up.
Som tertiært aminoksyd har f.eks. trietylamin-oksyd, dimetylcykloheksylaminoksyd, dimetyletanolaminoksyd, dimetylbenzylaminoksyd, metylpiperidinoksyd, metylpyrrolidin-oksyd.og pyridinoksyd vist seg egnet. Foretrukket er imidler-tid N-metyl-morfolin-N-oksyd. Eventuelt inneholder spinn-oppløsningen 10-25 vekt-% av et ikke-oppløsningsmiddel. Som ikke-oppløsningsmiddel kommer i betraktning vann, lavere en-og flerverdige alkoholer, dimetylformamid, dimetylsulfoksyd og høyerekokende aminer, spesielt det til det tertiære aminoksyd svarende amin. As a tertiary amine oxide, e.g. triethylamine oxide, dimethylcyclohexylamine oxide, dimethylethanolamine oxide, dimethylbenzylamine oxide, methyl piperidine oxide, methylpyrrolidine oxide and pyridine oxide have proven suitable. However, N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide is preferred. Optionally, the spinning solution contains 10-25% by weight of a non-solvent. As a non-solvent, water, lower mono- and polyhydric alcohols, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and higher-boiling amines, especially that of the tertiary amine oxide corresponding to amine, come into consideration.
En parameter som påvirker ultrafilteringsytelsenA parameter affecting ultrafiltration performance
i dialysesmembranet er konsentrasjonen av cellulose i spinn-oppløsningen, hvorved en lavere konsentrasjon fører til en høyere ultrafilteringsytelse. Høyere cellulosekonsentrasjoner fører til høye viskositeter, noe som igjen påvirker spinnbar-heten. in the dialysis membrane is the concentration of cellulose in the spin solution, whereby a lower concentration leads to a higher ultrafiltration performance. Higher cellulose concentrations lead to high viscosities, which in turn affects spinnability.
Eventuelt iblandes det opp til 10 vekt-% tilslag i spinneoppløsningen. Som slike skal spesielt nevnes.visko-sitetspåvirkede tilslag, stabilisatorer og/eller myknere. Optionally, up to 10% by weight of aggregates are mixed into the spinning solution. Viscosity-affected aggregates, stabilizers and/or plasticizers should be mentioned as such.
Som slike skal spesielt nevnes viskositetspåvirkende tilslag, stabilisatorer og/eller myknere. Stabilisatorer forhindrer en for høy reduksjon av polymeriseringsgraden og andre beska-digelser som f.eks. kan gi en misfarging av den regenererte cellulose. F.eks. sitronsyre og/eller glukose har her vist seg gunstige. Som tilslag kan og nevnes uorganiske og/eller organiske salter som er oppløselige i spinneoppløsningen for derved å påvirke f.eks. porestriikturen. As such, special mention must be made of aggregates affecting viscosity, stabilizers and/or plasticizers. Stabilizers prevent a too high reduction of the degree of polymerization and other damage such as e.g. can cause discolouration of the regenerated cellulose. For example citric acid and/or glucose have proven beneficial here. As aggregates, inorganic and/or organic salts can be mentioned which are soluble in the spinning solution to thereby influence e.g. the pore stricture.
Mens det i de til nå kjente dialysemembraner av cellulose alltid ble benyttet en høyverdig cellulose med høy polymeriseringsgrad, slik som f.eks. bomullslinter, er det ved dialysemembranet ifølge oppfinnelsen uten videre mulig også å anvende celluloser med en lavere polymeriseringsgrad. Av toksikologiske grunner må man kun passe på at det ikke forblir stoffer i cellulose som går over i blodet, dvs. at . man må passe på at cellulosen er fri for harpiks- og hemi-cellulose. While in the hitherto known dialysis membranes made of cellulose, a high-quality cellulose with a high degree of polymerization was always used, such as e.g. cotton linters, with the dialysis membrane according to the invention it is readily possible to also use celluloses with a lower degree of polymerization. For toxicological reasons, care must only be taken that no substances remain in the cellulose that pass into the blood, i.e. that . care must be taken that the cellulose is free of resin and hemi-cellulose.
Temperaturen i ekstruderen bør stilles så høyt som mulig, fordi man derved kan redusere oppholdstiden, videre blir på grunn av, den lavere viskositet forarbeidbarheten for-bedret, f.eks. avgassingen, høyere cellulosekonsentrasjon og derved lavere ultrafiltreringsytelse ved fremragende verdier for den dialytiske permeabilitet for vitamin B12. The temperature in the extruder should be set as high as possible, because the residence time can thereby be reduced, and, due to the lower viscosity, processability is improved, e.g. the degassing, higher cellulose concentration and thereby lower ultrafiltration performance at outstanding values for the dialytic permeability to vitamin B12.
Opp til temperaturer på 150°C kan blandingen for spinneoppløsningen bearbeides uten alvorlig beskadigelse av cellulosen, spesielt i de tilfeller der det til blandingen er tilsatt 3% sitronsyre som stabilisator. Arbeidstempera-turen må i ethvert tilfelle ligge, over smeltetemperaturen Up to temperatures of 150°C, the mixture for the spinning solution can be processed without serious damage to the cellulose, especially in cases where 3% citric acid has been added to the mixture as a stabilizer. The working temperature must in any case be above the melting temperature
for det valgte teriære aminoksyd. Ved iblanding av ikke-opp-løsningsmidler blir smeltepunktet for de fleste i betraktning kommende tertiære aminoksyder senket så langt at temperaturer på ca. 80°C allerede er tilstrekkelig til å fremstille spinne-oppløsningen . for the chosen tertiary amine oxide. By mixing in non-solvents, the melting point of most of the tertiary amine oxides under consideration is lowered so far that temperatures of approx. 80°C is already sufficient to produce the spinning solution.
Som utfellingsbad kommer i betraktning slike væsker dg oppløsninger som er blandbare med det tertiære aminoksyd. Her skal nevnes vann, lavere en- og flerverdige alkoholer, ketoner, aminer og spesielt vandige oppløsninger. De nevnte stoffer kan anvendes alene eller i blanding med hverandre. For å påvirke koaguleringen inneholder utfellingsbadet fortrinnsvis 1-25 vekt-% tertiært aminoksyd. Eventuelt kan det til utfellingsbadet tilsettes salter, slik som f.eks. natriumsulfat eller natriumacetat, dette for å begrense svellingen av den regenererte cellulose ved koaguleringen. Liquids such as solutions which are miscible with the tertiary amine oxide come into consideration as a precipitation bath. Mention should be made here of water, lower monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, ketones, amines and especially aqueous solutions. The mentioned substances can be used alone or in a mixture with each other. In order to influence the coagulation, the precipitation bath preferably contains 1-25% by weight of tertiary amine oxide. Optionally, salts can be added to the precipitation bath, such as e.g. sodium sulphate or sodium acetate, this to limit the swelling of the regenerated cellulose during coagulation.
Generelt holder utfellingsbadet romtemperatur. Høyere utfellingsbadtemperaturer bør unngås for å unngå en reduksjon av membranets dialyseegenskaper. In general, the precipitation bath maintains room temperature. Higher precipitation bath temperatures should be avoided to avoid a reduction in the dialysis properties of the membrane.
Under de nevnte betingelser er det i de fleste tilfeller tilstrekkelig med en oppholdstid på 2 minutter i utfellingsbadet. Utvaskingen av restene av tertiært aminoksyd og eventuelle tilslag skjer vanligvis i motstrøm og med vann som holder 12-40°C og krever en oppholdstid på høyst 2-4 minutter. Under the aforementioned conditions, a residence time of 2 minutes in the precipitation bath is sufficient in most cases. The washing out of the remains of tertiary amine oxide and any aggregates usually takes place in a counter current and with water that holds 12-40°C and requires a residence time of no more than 2-4 minutes.
For å motvirke en skalldannelse og forsprøding ved tørking tilsettes det til det utvåskede og ennå våte dialysemembran en mykner. Dette kan skje ved dypping i en vandig oppløsning og/eller en alkoholisk oppløsning av mykne-ren eller en påsprøyting eller påtrykking av en slik. For anvendelse ved hemodialyse kommer generelt kun slike forbin-delser i betraktning som toksikologisk sett kan anvendes uten innskrenkninger. Glyserin, polyetylenglykoler, 1,3-butandiol, glukose og blandinger av disse har vist seg egnet. To counteract the formation of a shell and brittleness during drying, a softener is added to the washed out and still wet dialysis membrane. This can happen by dipping in an aqueous solution and/or an alcoholic solution of the plasticizer or by spraying or applying such. For use in hemodialysis, in general, only such compounds are taken into consideration which, from a toxicological point of view, can be used without restrictions. Glycerin, polyethylene glycols, 1,3-butanediol, glucose and mixtures of these have proven suitable.
De oppnådde dialysemembraner ifølge oppfinnelsen tørkes ved temperaturer mellom 50 og-110°C på vanlig måte, slik det er kjent fra dialysemembraner av regenerert cellulose. Egnet til dette er valsetørkere, båndtørkere og andre typer tørkere som sikrer tørking under hindring av krymping. Med krympehindring menes at man treffer forholdsregler som i stor grad utelukker dimensjonsreduksjoner i lengde- og tverr-retning. En reduksjon av Die er tillatelig. Generelt be-gynner man tørkingen ved høyere temperatur og reduserer den mot slutten av tørkestrekningen. The dialysis membranes obtained according to the invention are dried at temperatures between 50 and -110°C in the usual way, as is known from dialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose. Roller dryers, belt dryers and other types of dryers that ensure drying while preventing shrinkage are suitable for this. Preventing shrinkage means that precautions are taken which largely exclude dimensional reductions in the longitudinal and transverse direction. A reduction of Die is permissible. In general, drying begins at a higher temperature and is reduced towards the end of the drying process.
I en spesiell utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen blir In a particular embodiment of the invention becomes
blandingen for spinneoppløsningen bragt i oppløsning i løpetthe mixture for the spinning solution dissolved in the barrel
av mindre enn 4 minutter, noe som spesielt muliggjøres ved en tilsvarende høyere temperatur i ekstruderen. of less than 4 minutes, which is especially made possible by a correspondingly higher temperature in the extruder.
Den høyere temperatur i ekstruderen er imidler-The higher temperature in the extruder is however
tid kun mulig, når spinneoppløsningen allerede inneholder en stabilisator. For spinneoppløsningsblandinger uten stabilisator foretrekkes et temperaturområde på 90-110°C. time only possible, when the spinning solution already contains a stabilizer. For spinning solution mixtures without stabilizer, a temperature range of 90-110°C is preferred.
Dialysemembranene ifølge oppfinnelsen oppviser en høy dialytisk permeabilitet i det såkalte middelmolekylære området (500-5000 dalton), noe som uttrykkes ved vitamin B12-Clearance som prøvemolekyl. Denne høye dialytiske permeabilitet bibeholdes også i de tilfeller i det alt vesentlige når den hydrauliske permeabilitet for vann (= ultrafiltreringsytelse) med en etterbehandling drastisk senkes til den for hemodialyse optimale verdi. The dialysis membranes according to the invention exhibit a high dialytic permeability in the so-called medium molecular range (500-5000 daltons), which is expressed by vitamin B12-Clearance as a test molecule. This high dialytic permeability is also maintained in those cases, essentially, when the hydraulic permeability for water (= ultrafiltration performance) is drastically lowered to the optimal value for hemodialysis with a post-treatment.
Denne etterbehandling gjennomføres på den måte åt det oppnådde dialysemembran behandles før tilsetningen av myknere i vannholdige væsker i 5-5 0 minutter og fortrinnsvis 10-20 minutter ved temperaturer på 50-105°C og fortrinnsvis 60-80°C. This post-treatment is carried out in such a way that the resulting dialysis membrane is treated before the addition of plasticizers in aqueous liquids for 5-50 minutes and preferably 10-20 minutes at temperatures of 50-105°C and preferably 60-80°C.
Som vannholdig væske foretrekkes ved siden av vann alene, én 75-85 yekt-% vandig hydrazinoppløsning eller en blanding av vann og/eller enverdige alkoholer med 1-3 C-atomer og glyserin. As an aqueous liquid, in addition to water alone, a 75-85% by weight aqueous hydrazine solution or a mixture of water and/or monohydric alcohols with 1-3 C atoms and glycerin is preferred.
Som blandeinnretning med hvilke det ble oppnådd spesielt gunstige korte oppholdstider for blanding av spinne-oppløsningen til en homogen og avgasset oppløsning har en dobbeltskrueekstruder med avgassingssone vist seg spesielt gunstig. Fortrinnsvis oppviser skruene i dobbeltskrueekstruderen den samme dreieretning. As a mixing device with which particularly favorable short residence times were achieved for mixing the spinning solution into a homogeneous and degassed solution, a twin-screw extruder with a degassing zone has proven particularly advantageous. Preferably, the screws in the twin-screw extruder show the same direction of rotation.
Oppfinnelsen skal forklares nærmere under henvis-ning til de følgende eksempler. The invention shall be explained in more detail with reference to the following examples.
Eksempel 1Example 1
Til en dobbeltskrueekstruder med avgassingssoneFor a twin-screw extruder with a degassing zone
og i samme retning løpende skruer tilføres det via en doserings-dobbeltskrue kontinuerlig i en mengde av 36 g/min. en blanding av 2 0 vekt-% bøkesulfittcellulose med en midlere polyme- and screws running in the same direction, it is supplied via a dosing double screw continuously in an amount of 36 g/min. a mixture of 20% by weight beech sulphite cellulose with a medium polymer
riseringsgrad på 795 anhydroglukoseenheter (vektmiddel) ,degree of rise of 795 anhydroglucose units (weight average),
68 vekt-% N-metylmorfolin-N-oksyd og 12% vann. Ekstruderen var oppvarmet til 100°C (bortsett fra innføringssonen). I avgassingssonen ble blandingen avgasset ved 10 mbar, hvorved luft og en del av vannet ble fjernet. Etter 4 minutters oppholdstid i ekstruderen ble den oppnådde klare oppløsning filtrert og ved hjelp av en målepumpe tilført til en spinnedyse. Dysen hadde en slissebredde på 180 mm og en spalte-innstilling på 600 ym og var oppvarmet til 130°C og anordnet i en avstand av 10 mm over utfellingsbadets overflate. Som utfellingsbad benyttet man vann av 2 0°C. Ved en avtrekkingshastighet på 4 m/min. og en oppholdstid i utfellingsbadet på 2,5 minutter, ble det felt ut et membran og dette membran ble vasket, dyppet i et myknerbad hvis sammensetning utgjorde 35 vekt-% glyserin, 45 vekt-% etanol og 20% vann<p>g deretter presset av i en duo og så tørket i en båndtørkner ved en kammertemperatur på 65°C under krympehindring, til slutt oppviklet. Det således oppnådde membran var transparent og hadde følgende dialyseegenskaper: 68% by weight N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide and 12% water. The extruder was heated to 100°C (except for the introduction zone). In the degassing zone, the mixture was degassed at 10 mbar, whereby air and part of the water were removed. After a residence time of 4 minutes in the extruder, the resulting clear solution was filtered and supplied to a spinning nozzle with the aid of a metering pump. The nozzle had a slot width of 180 mm and a gap setting of 600 ym and was heated to 130°C and arranged at a distance of 10 mm above the surface of the precipitation bath. Water of 20°C was used as the precipitation bath. At a withdrawal speed of 4 m/min. and a residence time in the precipitation bath of 2.5 minutes, a membrane was deposited and this membrane was washed, dipped in a plasticizer bath whose composition was 35% by weight glycerin, 45% by weight ethanol and 20% water<p>g then pressed off in a duo and then dried in a belt dryer at a chamber temperature of 65°C under shrinkage prevention, finally wound up. The membrane thus obtained was transparent and had the following dialysis properties:
Bruddbelastningen i henhold til DIN 53455 utgjorde i lengderetningen 1836 cN, bruddutvidelsen 25,9%. Tykkelsen av membranen i tørr tilstand utgjorde 13 ym, vanninnholdet 7,9% og glyserininnholdet 25%. The breaking load according to DIN 53455 was in the longitudinal direction 1836 cN, the breaking elongation 25.9%. The thickness of the membrane in the dry state was 13 µm, the water content 7.9% and the glycerin content 25%.
Eksempel 2Example 2
På analog måte ble en spihneoppløsning med et celluloseinnhold på 14% forarbeidet til et membran. Det tørkede membran hadde følgende verdier: In an analogous way, a spihne solution with a cellulose content of 14% was processed into a membrane. The dried membrane had the following values:
Bruddbelastning, lengderetning = 1600 cN Breaking load, longitudinal direction = 1600 cN
tverr-retning = 500 cNtransverse direction = 500 cN
Bruddutvidelse, lengderetning = 23 %Fracture expansion, longitudinal = 23%
tverr-retning = 14 0 %transverse direction = 14 0%
Vanninnhold = 8 vekt-%Water content = 8% by weight
Glyserininnhold = 22 vekt-%Glycerin content = 22% by weight
Eksempel 3Example 3
I stedet for bredslissdysen ble det anvendt en kjerne-mantelsymmetrisk oppvarmbar bikomponentdyse. Den ytre diameter av dyseforingen utgjorde 1100 ym, kjernenålens var 700 ym. Som hulromdannende væske benyttet man en paraffin-olje ("Primol" 340). Spinneoppløsningen hadde en cellulosekonsentrasjon på 22%. Ved en transportert mengde på 1,8 g/min. pr. spinnedyse og en avtrekkingshastighet på 15 m/min. ble det oppnådd ^hultråder med en ytre diameter på 3 00 ym og en veggtykkelse på 20 ym. Etter fjerning av den indre væske ved hjelp av metylenklorid og tørrblåsing ble hultråden under-søkt med henblikk på dialytiske egenskaper: Instead of the wide-slit nozzle, a core-mantle symmetrical heatable bicomponent nozzle was used. The outer diameter of the nozzle liner was 1100 ym, that of the core needle was 700 ym. A paraffin oil ("Primol" 340) was used as cavity-forming liquid. The spinning solution had a cellulose concentration of 22%. At a transported quantity of 1.8 g/min. per spinning nozzle and a withdrawal speed of 15 m/min. hollow wires with an outer diameter of 300 ym and a wall thickness of 20 ym were obtained. After removal of the internal liquid using methylene chloride and dry blowing, the hollow wire was examined for dialytic properties:
Målt ble ultrafiltreringshastigheten og denneThe ultrafiltration rate and this were measured
ble omregnet til ultrafiltreringsytelsen på grunn av den bedre sammenlignbarhet. was converted to the ultrafiltration performance due to its better comparability.
Ultrafiltreringshastigheten (målt ved 20°C) utgjordeThe ultrafiltration rate (measured at 20°C) was
dette tilsvarer en ultrafiltreringsytelse på this corresponds to an ultrafiltration performance of
Eksempel 4 Example 4
Et i henhold til eksempel 1. fremstilte membran ble før myknertilsetningen etterbehandlet med vann i 12 minutter ved 75°C og deretter på vanlig måte behandlet med mykner og tørket. Derved fastslo man en praktisk talt ikke lenger målbar verdi for ultrafiltreringsytelsen ved en samtidig verdi for DL„.. Dl _ = 2,6 x 10~3 A membrane produced according to example 1 was post-treated with water for 12 minutes at 75°C before the addition of plasticizer and then treated with plasticizer in the usual way and dried. Thereby, a practically no longer measurable value was determined for the ultrafiltration performance at a simultaneous value for DL„.. Dl _ = 2.6 x 10~3
Vit B12 L min.. J White B12 L min.. J
Claims (19)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE3021943A DE3021943A1 (en) | 1980-06-12 | 1980-06-12 | CELLULOSE DIALYSIS MEMBRANE |
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NO811958L true NO811958L (en) | 1982-03-22 |
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NO811958A NO811958L (en) | 1980-06-12 | 1981-06-10 | CELLULOSE DIALYSIS MEMBRANE. |
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AU (1) | AU7147981A (en) |
BR (1) | BR8103677A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1171615A (en) |
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DE (1) | DE3021943A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK254081A (en) |
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IL (1) | IL63068A0 (en) |
NO (1) | NO811958L (en) |
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DE3317037A1 (en) * | 1983-05-10 | 1984-11-15 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | REGENERATED CELLULOSE MEMBRANE WITH IMPROVED DIFFUSION PROPERTIES AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME |
US4496456A (en) * | 1983-06-03 | 1985-01-29 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Method for preparing thin regenerated cellulose membranes of high flux and selectivity for organic liquids separations |
SE8303413L (en) * | 1983-06-15 | 1984-12-16 | Gambro Dialysatoren | SETTLE TO TREAT A CELLULOSA FIBER |
JPS61146306A (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-04 | Terumo Corp | Preparation of hollow yarn for dialysis |
DE4038247A1 (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1992-06-04 | Akzo Gmbh | CELLULOSE HOLLOW DIALYSIS THREAD |
USH1592H (en) * | 1992-01-17 | 1996-09-03 | Viskase Corporation | Cellulosic food casing |
US5451364A (en) * | 1992-01-17 | 1995-09-19 | Viskase Corporation | Cellulose food casing manufacturing method |
US5277857A (en) * | 1992-01-17 | 1994-01-11 | Viskase Corporation | Method of making a cellulose food casing |
US5702783A (en) * | 1992-01-17 | 1997-12-30 | Viskase Corporation | Food casing of nonderivatized cellulose |
AT399519B (en) * | 1993-09-14 | 1995-05-26 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | FORM- OR SPINNING CONTAINER CONTAINING CELLULOSE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING CELLULOSIC MOLDED BODIES |
AT400581B (en) * | 1993-10-19 | 1996-01-25 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOLUTIONS OF CELLULOSE |
US5603884A (en) * | 1994-11-18 | 1997-02-18 | Viskase Corporation | Reinforced cellulosic film |
DE19515137A1 (en) * | 1995-04-25 | 1996-10-31 | Thueringisches Inst Textil | Process for the production of flat cellulose films |
EP0807460A1 (en) * | 1996-05-15 | 1997-11-19 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Cellulosic dialysis membrane |
AT404731B (en) | 1997-04-25 | 1999-02-25 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING CELLULOSIC FLAT FILMS AND THEIR USE |
US5942167A (en) | 1997-08-12 | 1999-08-24 | Viskase Corporation | Method of making a cellulose food casing including solvent recovery |
DE19750527C2 (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 1999-11-18 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Cellulosic separation membrane |
AT408656B (en) * | 1998-06-04 | 2002-02-25 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING CELLULOSIC MOLDED BODIES |
AT407156B (en) * | 1998-06-04 | 2001-01-25 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING CELLULOSIC MOLDED BODIES |
US7037096B1 (en) * | 1998-10-21 | 2006-05-02 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandteh Forschung E.V. | Cellulose extrusion |
AT406958B (en) * | 1998-10-22 | 2000-11-27 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING CELLULOSIC FLAT FILMS |
FR2815886B1 (en) | 2000-10-30 | 2002-12-06 | Hospal Ind | HOLLOW FIBER BEAM FOR AN APPARATUS FOR THE EXTRACORPORAL TREATMENT OF BLOOD AND PLASMA AND ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS |
JP2002177748A (en) * | 2000-12-08 | 2002-06-25 | Nok Corp | Method for treating porous organic hollow fiber membrane |
AT506657A1 (en) * | 2008-04-14 | 2009-10-15 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | CELLULOSE-BASED HYDROGEL AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
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GB1028461A (en) * | 1962-05-31 | 1966-05-04 | Stephen Robert Mercer Elllis | Cellulosic films for use as semi-permeable membranes in permeation processes |
US3447939A (en) * | 1966-09-02 | 1969-06-03 | Eastman Kodak Co | Compounds dissolved in cyclic amine oxides |
IL52259A (en) * | 1976-06-22 | 1981-02-27 | Akzo Nv | Dialysis membrane and its manufacture |
DE2705735C3 (en) * | 1977-02-11 | 1982-05-19 | Akzo Gmbh, 5600 Wuppertal | Dialysis membrane for hemodialysis |
US4144080A (en) * | 1977-07-26 | 1979-03-13 | Akzona Incorporated | Process for making amine oxide solution of cellulose |
US4142913A (en) * | 1977-07-26 | 1979-03-06 | Akzona Incorporated | Process for making a precursor of a solution of cellulose |
DE2736569B2 (en) * | 1977-08-13 | 1979-07-19 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Viscous membrane for hemodialysis and process for their manufacture |
US4196282A (en) * | 1977-11-25 | 1980-04-01 | Akzona Incorporated | Process for making a shapeable cellulose and shaped cellulose products |
DE2823985C2 (en) * | 1978-06-01 | 1986-01-02 | Akzo Gmbh, 5600 Wuppertal | Dialysis membrane |
-
1980
- 1980-06-12 DE DE3021943A patent/DE3021943A1/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-06-04 EP EP81104293A patent/EP0042517B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-06-04 CA CA000379026A patent/CA1171615A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-06-04 AT AT81104293T patent/ATE7206T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-06-08 GR GR65171A patent/GR74574B/el unknown
- 1981-06-09 PT PT73167A patent/PT73167B/en unknown
- 1981-06-10 AU AU71479/81A patent/AU7147981A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1981-06-10 JP JP8829781A patent/JPS5724606A/en active Granted
- 1981-06-10 DD DD81230698A patent/DD159527A5/en unknown
- 1981-06-10 IL IL63068A patent/IL63068A0/en unknown
- 1981-06-10 BR BR8103677A patent/BR8103677A/en unknown
- 1981-06-10 NO NO811958A patent/NO811958L/en unknown
- 1981-06-11 ES ES502962A patent/ES502962A0/en active Granted
- 1981-06-11 DK DK254081A patent/DK254081A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1981-06-12 ZA ZA813985A patent/ZA813985B/en unknown
- 1981-06-12 FI FI811840A patent/FI811840L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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DK254081A (en) | 1981-12-13 |
DD159527A5 (en) | 1983-03-16 |
ZA813985B (en) | 1982-06-30 |
JPH0460692B2 (en) | 1992-09-28 |
DE3021943C2 (en) | 1987-07-30 |
ES8203629A1 (en) | 1982-04-01 |
PT73167B (en) | 1982-07-16 |
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JPS5724606A (en) | 1982-02-09 |
IL63068A0 (en) | 1981-09-13 |
GR74574B (en) | 1984-06-29 |
EP0042517A1 (en) | 1981-12-30 |
CA1171615A (en) | 1984-07-31 |
EP0042517B1 (en) | 1984-04-25 |
ES502962A0 (en) | 1982-04-01 |
AU7147981A (en) | 1981-12-17 |
ATE7206T1 (en) | 1984-05-15 |
PT73167A (en) | 1981-07-01 |
BR8103677A (en) | 1982-03-02 |
FI811840L (en) | 1981-12-13 |
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