NO332270B1 - A pharmaceutical composition comprising 1,3-dioxo-2- (2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) -4-aminoisoindoline and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to 2,6-dioxopiperidine or R and S isomers thereof and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. The compounds of the invention find use in pharmaceutical compositions to reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and to treat mammalian inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by administering these and pharmaceutical compositions of such derivatives.

Description

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline. The active ingredient finds application in pharmaceutical preparations to reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor a and to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in mammals by administering them.

Tumor necrosis factor a, or TNFα, is a cytokine that is released primarily by mononuclear phagocytes in response to a number of immunostimulators. When administered to animals or humans, it causes inflammation, fever, cardiovascular effects, bleeding, coagulation and acute phase responses similar to those observed during acute infections and shock states. Unusually large or uncontrolled TNFα production is thus implicated in a number of disease states. These include endotoxemia and/or toxic syndrome {Tracey et al., Nature 330, 662-664 (1987) and Hinshaw et al., Circ. Shock 30. 279-292 (1990)}; cachexia {Dezube et al, Lancet, 335 (8690), 662 (1990)} and "Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome" when TNFα concentration is in excess of 12,000 pg/ml have been detected in pulmonary aspirate material from ARDS patients {Millar et al ., Lancet 2(8665), 712-714 (1989)}. Systemic infusion of recombinant TNFα results in changes typically seen in ARDS {Ferrai-Baliviera et al., Arch. Sorrow. 124(12), 1400-1405 (1989)}.

TNFα appears to be involved in bone resorption diseases, including arteritis. Activated, leukocytes will produce skeletal resorption, an activity to which scientific material suggests that TNFα contributes. {Bertolini et al., Nature 319, 516-518 (1986) and Johnson et al., Endocrinology 124(3), 1424-1427 (1989).} TNFα has also been shown to stimulate bone resorption and inhibit bone formation in vitro and in vivo by stimulation of osteoclast formation and activation combined with inhibition of osteoclast function. Although TNFα may be involved in several bone resorption diseases, including arteritis, the most obvious link to disease is the association between production of TNFα by tumor or host tissue and malignancy associated with hypercalcemia {Calci. Tissue Int. (US) 46 (Suppl.). pp. 3-10

(1990)}. In graft versus host reaction, increased serum TNFα levels have been associated with significant complication following acute allogeneic bone marrow transplants {Holler et al, Blood, 75(4), 1011-1016 (1990)}. Cerebral malaria is a fatal hyperacute neurological syndrome associated with high blood levels of TNFα and is the most serious complication occurring in malaria patients. Levels of serum TNFα directly correlated with disease severity and prognosis in patients with acute malaria attack { Grau et al, N. Engl. J. Med 320(24), 1586-1591 (1989)}.

Macrophage-induced angiogenesis is known to be mediated by TNFα. Leibovich et al. (Nature, 329, 630-632 (1987)} showed that TNFα causes in vivo capillary blood vessel formation in the rat cornea and the development of chicken chorioallantoic membranes at very low doses and suggests that TNFα causes angiogenesis in inflammation, wound healing and tumor growth. TNFα production has also been associated with cancer-like conditions, particularly induced tumors {Ching et al, Brit J. Cancer, (1955) 72, 339-343, and Koch, Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, 22, 166-242 (1985)}.

TNFα also plays a role in the area of chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases. The deposition of silica particles leads to silicosis, a disease with gradually increasing respiratory failure caused by a fibrotic reaction. Antibody to TNFα completely blocked silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice {Pignet et al, Nature, 344:245-247 (1990)}. High levels of TNFα production (in the serum and isolated macrophages) have been shown in animal studies of silica- and asbestos-induced fibrosis {Bissonnette et al. Inflammation 13(3), 329-339 (1989)}. Alveolar macrophages from pulmonary sarcomatous patients have also been found to spontaneously release large amounts of TNFα compared to macrophages from normal donors {Baughman et al, J. Lab. Clin. With. 115(1), 36-42 (1990)}.

TNFα is also implicated in the inflammatory reaction that follows reperfusion, called reperfusion injury, and is a major cause of tissue damage after blood loss {Vedder et al, PNAS 87, 2643-2646 (1990)}. TNFα also alters the values of endothelial cells and has various procoagulant activities, such as producing an increase in tissue factor procoagulant activity and suppression of the anticoagulant protein C action as well as downregulation of thrombomodulin expression (Sherry et al, J. Cell Biol 107, 1269-1277

(1988)}. TNFα has proinflammatory activities which together with earlier production (during the initial stages of an inflammatory course) make it a likely producer of tissue damage in several serious diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke and circulatory shock. Of particular importance may be TNFα-induced expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) or endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM) on endothelial cells {Munro et al., Am. J. Path. 135(1), 121-132(1989)}.

TNFα blockade with monoclonal anti-TNFα antibodies has been shown to be beneficial in rheumatic arteritis (Elliot et al, Int. J. Pharmac. 1995 17(2), 141-145} and Crohn's disease {von Dullemen et al, Gastroenterology, 1995 109(1), 129-135}.

Furthermore, TNFα has been known to be a potent activator of retrovirus replication including activation of HIV-1. {Duh et al, Proe. Nat. Acad. pp. 86, 5974-5978 (1989); Poll et al., Proe. Nat. Acad. pp. 87,782-785 (1990); Monto et al, Blood 79, 2670 (1990); Clouse et al, J. Immunol. 142, 431-438 (1989); Poll et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 191-197 (1992)}. AIDS is caused by infection of T-lymphocytes with the "Human Immunodeficiency Virus" (HIV). At least three types or strains of HIV have been identified, ie, HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-3. As a consequence of HIV infection, T cell-mediated immunity is impaired, and infected individuals manifest severe opportunistic infections and/or unusual neoplasms. HIV entry into the lymphocytes requires T-lymphocyte activation. Other viruses, such as HIV-1, HIV-2 infect T-lymphocytes after T-cell activation and such virus protein expression and/or replication is mediated or maintained by such T-cell activation. If an activated T-lymphocyte becomes infected with HIV, the T-lymphocyte must be continuously maintained in an activated state to allow HIV gene expression and/or HIV replication. Cytokines, particularly TNFα, have been implicated in activated T-cell-mediated HIV protein expression and/or virus replication by playing a role in maintaining T-lymphocyte activation. Therefore, interference with cytokine activity, such as by preventing or inhibiting cytokine production, particularly TNFα, in an HIV-infected individual, helps to limit T-lymphocyte maintenance caused by HIV infection.

Monocytes, macrophages and related cells, such as Kupffer and glial cells, have also been implicated in maintaining the HIV infection. These cells, like T cells, are targets of viral replication, and the level of viral replication is dependent on the activation state of the cells. (Rosenberg et al, The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-Infection, Advances in Immunology, 57 (1989)). Cytokines, such as TNFα, have been shown to activate HIV replication in monocytes and/or macrophages {Poli et al., Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei., 87, 782-784 (1990)}, therefore, preventing or inhibiting cytokine production or activity helps in limiting HIV progression for T cells.

Additional studies have identified TNFα as a common factor in the activation of HIV in vitro and have provided a clear mechanism for activation via a nuclear regulatory protein found in the cytoplasm of cells (Osborn, et al., PNAS 86 2336-2340). This indication suggests that a reduction of TNFa synthesis can have an antiviral effect in HIV infections, by reducing transcription and thus virus production.

AIDS virus replication of latent HIV in T-cell and macrophage lines can be affected by TNFα {Folks et al, PNAS 86,2365-2368 (1989)}. A molecular mechanism for virus-inducing activity is hypothesized to be TNFα's ability to activate a gene regulatory protein ( NFkB) found in the cytoplasm of cells that activates HIV replication by binding to viral regulatory gene sequences (LTR) {Osborn et al, PNAS 86, 2336-2340 (1989)). TNFα in AIDS-associated cachexia is elicited by elevated serum TNFα and high levels of spontaneous TNFα production in peripheral blood monocytes from patients (Wright et al, J. Immunol. 141(1), 99-104 (1988)). TNFα has been implicated in various roles with other viral infections, such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV), the influenza virus, the adenoid virus, and the herpes viruses for reasons similar to those listed.

Nuclear factor kB (NFkB) is a pleiotropic transcriptional activator (Lenardo, et al, Cell 1989, 58. 227-29). NFkB has been implicated as a transcriptional activator in a number of diseases and inflammatory conditions and is thought to regulate cytokine levels including TNFα and may also be an activator of HIV transcription (Dbaibo, et al, J Biol. Chem. 1993,17762- 66; Duh et al, Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei. 1989, 86, 5974-78; Bachelerie et al, Nature 1991, 350, 709-12; Boswas et al, J. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1993, 6, 778 -786; Suzuki et al, Biochem. And Biophys. Res. Comm. 1993, 193, 277-83; Suzuki et al, Biochem. And Biophys. Res Comm. 1992, 189, 1709-15; Suzuki et al, Biochem. . Mol. Bio. Int. 1993, 31(4), 693-700; Shakhov et al, Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei. USA 1990, 171, 35-47; and Staal et al, Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei. USA 1990, 87, 9943-47). Inhibition of NFkB binding can thus regulate transcription of cytokine(s) gene(s) and through this modulation and other mechanisms be useful in inhibiting many morbid conditions. The compounds described herein can inhibit the action of NFkB in the nucleus and are thus useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases including rheumatoid arteritis, rheumatic spondylitis, osteo-arteritis, other arteritic conditions, septic shock, septic, endotoxic shock, transplant host disease, rejection ("wasting"), Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ENL in leprosy, HIV, AIDS and opportunistic infections in AIDS. TNFa and NFkB levels are influenced by a mutual feedback. As stated above, the compounds of the present invention affect the levels of both TNFa and NFkB.

Many cell functions are mediated by levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Such cell functions may contribute to inflammatory conditions and diseases including asthma, inflammation and other conditions (Lowe and Cheng, Drugs of the Future, 17(9), 799-807, 1992). It has been shown that the increase of cAMP in inflammatory leukocytes inhibits their activation and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators, including TNFα and NFkB. Increased levels of cAMP also lead to relaxation of airway smooth muscle.

Reduction of TNFα levels and/or increase of cAMP levels thus constitute a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many inflammatory, infectious, immunological or malignant diseases. These include septic shock, sepsis, endotoxic shock, hemodynamic shock and sepsis syndrome, postischemic reperfusion injury, malaria, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic disease, cachexia, transplant rejection, cancer, autoimmune disease, opportunistic infections of AIDS, rheumatic arteritis , rheumatic spondylitis, osteoarthritis, other arthritic conditions, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, ENL in leprosy, radiation damage and hyperoxic alveolar damage. Previous efforts have been directed toward the suppression of the effects of TNFα and have ranged from the use of steroids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone, to the use of both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies {Beutler et al., Science 234, 470-474 (1985); WO 92/1 1383}.

The present invention is based on the discovery that 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline reduces the levels of TNFα.

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier and 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline given by the following formula:

there

X is C=0;

Y is C=0;

R<2>, R<3> and R<4> are hydrogen;

R 1 is -NHR 5 ;

R<5> is hydrogen; and

R<6> is hydrogen.

The present invention accordingly provides a pharmaceutical composition, characterized in that it comprises 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.

The compound is used, under the supervision of qualified personnel, to inhibit the unwanted effects of TNFa. The compound can be administered orally, rectally or parenterally, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents including antibiotics, steroids, etc., to a mammal in need of treatment.

The compound contained in the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention can also be used topically in the treatment or prophylaxis of topical disease states mediated or aggravated by excessive TNFα production, respectively, such as viral infections, such as those caused by herpes viruses, or viruses conjunctivitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, etc.

The compounds can also be used in the veterinary treatment of mammals in addition to humans if there is a need to prevent or inhibit TNFα production. TNFα-mediated diseases for treatment, therapeutically or prophylactically, in mammals include disease states of the kind described above, but especially viral infections. Examples include feline immunodeficiency virus, equine infectious anemia virus, caprine arteritis virus, visnavirus, and maedi virus, as well as other lentiviruses.

The compounds can be prepared by the method described in US 5,635,517.

The compound has a chiral center and can exist as optical isomers. Both the racemates of these isomers and the individual isomers are within the scope of the present invention. The racemates can be used as such or can be mechanically separated into their individual isomers such as by chromatography using a chiral absorbent. Alternatively, the individual isomers can be prepared in chiral form or a mixture can be separated by forming salts with a chiral acid, such as the individual enantiomers of 10-camphorsulfonic acid, camphoric acid, α-bromocamphoric acid, methoxyacetic acid, tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, maleic acid (malic acid), pyrrolidone -5-carboxylic acid and the like and then release one or both of the dissolved bases, possibly repeating the process, to achieve either one or both substantially free from the other, that is, with an optical purity of >95%.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising the physiologically acceptable non-toxic acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I. Such salts include those derived from organic and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid , succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, sorbic acid, aconitic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, embonic acid, oenant acid and the like.

Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, dragees, and similarly shaped, compressed pharmaceutical formulations containing from 1 to 100 mg of the drug per unit dose. Isotonic saline solutions containing from 20 to 100 mg/ml can be used for parenteral administration including intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous and intra-arterial routes of administration. Rectal administration can be accomplished using suppositories formulated from conventional carriers such as cocoa butter.

Pharmaceutical composition thus comprises the compound of formula I mixed with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. When preparing such compositions, the active ingredients are usually mixed with, or diluted with, an excipient or enclosed in such a carrier, which may be in the form of a capsule or scent bag. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semisolid, or liquid material that acts as a solution, carrier, or medium for the active ingredient. The composition can thus be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, soft and hard gelatin pills, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions and sterile packaged powders. Examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, gum acacia, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, cellulose, water, syrup and methylcellulose. The compositions may also contain lubricants such as talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preservatives such as methyl and propyl hydroxybenzoates, sweeteners or flavourings.

The composition is preferably formulated in unit dosage form, meaning physically discrete units suitable as a unit dosage, or a predetermined portion of a unit dose that can be administered in a single or multiple dosage course to human subjects and other mammals. Each unit contains a predetermined amount of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in admixture with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. The composition can be formulated to provide an immediate, sustained or delayed release of active ingredient after administration to the patient using procedures well known to those skilled in the art.

The following reference examples illustrate the preparation of similar compounds as well as pharmaceutical compositions of similar composition.

Reference example 1

N-benzy 1 oxocarbonyl-a-methyl-glutamic acid

To a stirred solution of α-methyl-D,L-glutamic acid (10 g, 62 mmol) in 2 N sodium hydroxide (62 ml) at 0-5 °C was added benzyl chloroformate (12.7 g, 74.4 mmol) under 30 min. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. During this time the pH was maintained at 11 by the addition of 2 N sodium hydroxide (33 mL). The reaction mixture was then extracted with ether (60 mL). The aqueous layer was cooled in an ice bath and then acidified with 4 N hydrochloric acid (34 ml) to pH=1. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with brine (60 mL) and dried (MgSO 4 ). The solvent was removed in vacuo to give 15.2 g (83%) of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-methylglutamic acid as an oil: <]>H NMR (CDCl 3 ) d 8.73 (m, 5H). 5.77(b, 1H), 5.09(s, 2H), 2.45-2.27(m, 4H), 2.0(s, 3H).

In the same way, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-ethylglutamic acid and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-propylglutamic acid were obtained from α-ethyl-D,L-glutamic acid and α-propyl-D,L-glutamic acid, respectively.

Reference example 2

N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-α-methyl-glutamic anhydride

A stirred mixture of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-methyl-glutamic acid (15 g, 51 mmol) and acetic anhydride (65 mL) was heated under reflux under nitrogen for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then concentrated in vacuo to give N-benzylcarbonyl-α-methylglutamine anhydride as an oil (15.7 g) which can be used in the next reaction step without further purification: <]>H NMR (CDCl3)d 7, 44-7.26 (m, 5H), 5.32-5.30 (m, 2H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 2.69-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.40- 2.30 (m, 2H), 1.68 (s, 3H).

In a similar way, from N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-ethylglutamic acid and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-propylglutamic acid, respectively, N-benzylcarbonyl-α-ethylglutamic anhydride and N-benzylcarbonyl-α-propylglutamic anhydride were obtained.

Reference example 3

N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-a-methylisoglutamine

A stirred solution of N-benzylcarbonyl-α-methylglutamic anhydride (14.2 g, 51.5 mmol) in methylene chloride (100 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. Gaseous ammonia was bubbled into the cooled solution for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 hours and then extracted with water (2 x 50ml). The combined aqueous extracts were cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 4 N hydrochloric acid (32 mL) to pH 1. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 80 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with brine (60 mL) and then dried (MgSO 4 ). The solvent was removed in vacuo to give 11.5 g of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-methylisoglutamine: <]>H NMR (CDCl 3 /DMSO) d 7.35 (m, 5H), 7.01 (s, 1H ), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 2.24-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.53 (s, 3H) .

In a similar way, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amino-α-ethylisoglutamine and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-propylisoglutamine were obtained, respectively, from N-benzylcarbonyl-α-ethylglutamine anhydride and N-benzylcarbonyl-α-propylglutamine anhydride.

Reference example 4

N- Benzyloxycarbonvla- a- amine- q- methylglutarimide

A stirred mixture of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-methylisoglutamine (4.60 g, 15.6 mmol), 1,1' carbonyldiimidazole (2.80 g, 17.1 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.05 g) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) was heated under reflux under nitrogen for 17 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to an oil. The oil was slurried in water (50 ml) for 1 hour. The resulting suspension was filtered and the solids were washed with water and air dried to give 3.8 g of crude product as a white solid. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (methylene chloride:ethyl acetate 8:2) to give 2.3 g (50%) of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-methylglutarimide as a white solid: m.p. 150.5-152.5°C; <]>H NMR (CDCl 3 ) d 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 5H), 5.59 (s, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H) , 2.74-2.57 (m, 3H), 2.28-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.54 (s, 3H); <13>C NMR (CDCl3 ) d 174.06, 171 .56, 154.68, 135.88, 128.06, 127.69, 127.65, 66.15, 54.79, 29.14,28,70,21.98; HPLC: Waters Nova-Pak C18 column, 4 micron, 3.9x150 mm, 1 ml/min, 240nm, 20/80 CH3CN/0.1% H3PO4(aq), 7.56 min (100%);

Anal. calcd for C14H16N2O4: C, 60.86; H, 5.84; N, 10,14. Found: C, 60.88; H, 5.72; N, 10.07.

In a similar way, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amino-α-ethylisoglutamine and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-propylisoglutamine were obtained, respectively, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-ethylglutarimide and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α- amine-α-propyl-glutarimide.

Reference example 5

N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amino-α-methylglutarimide

N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-methylglutarimide (2.3 g, 8.3 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (200 mL) with gentle heating and the resulting solution allowed to cool to room temperature. To this solution was added 4 N hydrochloric acid (3 ml) followed by 10% Pd/C (0.4 g). The mixture was hydrated in a Parr apparatus under 344.7 kPa (50 psi) of hydrogen for 3 hours. To the mixture was added water (50 ml) to dissolve the product. This mixture was filtered through a "Celite" filter which was washed with water (50 ml). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a solid residue. The solid was suspended in ethanol (20 mL) for 30 min. The slurry was filtered to give 1.38 g (93%) of α-amine-α-methylglutarimide hydrochloride as a white solid:<]>H NMR (DMSO-d6) d 11.25 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 3H), 2.84-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.53 (s, 3H); HPLC, Waters Nova-Pak Ci8 column, 4 micron, 1 mL/min, 240 nm, 20/80 CH3CN/0.1% H3PO4(aq), 1.03 mm (94.6%).

From N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-ethylglutarimide and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-amine-α-propylglutarimide, respectively, α-amine-α-ethylglutarimide hydrochloride and α-amine-α-propylglutarimide hydrochloride were obtained in a similar manner.

Reference example 6

3-(3-nitrophthalimide)-3-methylpiperidine-2,6-dione

A stirred mixture of α-amino-α-methylglutarimide hydrochloride (1.2 g, 6.7 mmol), 3-nitropthalic anhydride (1.3 g, 6.7 mmol) and sodium acetate (0.6 g, 7.4 mmol) in acetic acid (30 mL) was heated to reflux under nitrogen for 6 h. The mixture was then cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was suspended in water (30 mL) and methylene chloride (30 mL) for 30 min. The suspension was filtered, the solid was washed with methylene chloride and dried in vacuo (60 °C, <1 mm) to give 1.44 g (68%) of 3-(3-nitropthalimide)-3-methylpiperidine-2,6-dione as an off-white solid: m.p. 265-266.5 °C; <]>H NMR (DMSO-d6) d 11.05 (s, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=1,1 and 7.9 Hz, 1H), 8, 16-8.03 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.49 (m, 3H), 2.08-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H);<13>NMR (DMSO-d6) d 172.20, 171.71, 165.89, 163.30, 144.19, 136.43, 133.4, 128.49, 126.77, 122.25, 59.22 , 28.87, 28.49, 21.04; HPLC, Water Nova-Pak/C]8 column, 4 micron, 1 ml/min, 240nm, 20/80 CH3CN/0.1% H3PO4(aq), 7.38 min(98%).

Anal. calcd for C 14 H 2 N 3 O 6 : C, 53.00; H, 3.49; N, 13,24. Found: C, 52.77; H, 32.9; N, 13.00.

3-(3-nitrophthalimide)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione and 3-(3-nitrophthalimide)-3 -propylpiperidine-2,6-dione.

Reference example 7

3-(3-Aminophthalimide)-3-methyl-piperidine-2,6-dione

3-(3-Nitrophthalimide)-3-methylpiperidine-2,6-dione (0.5 g, 1.57 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (250 mL) with gentle heating and then allowed to cool to room temperature. To this solution was added 10% Pd/C (0.1 g) under nitrogen. The mixture was hydrogenated in a Parr apparatus at 344.7 kPa (50 psi) with hydrogen for 4 hours. The mixture was then filtered through Celite and the filter was washed with acetone (50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a yellow solid. The solid was suspended in ethyl acetate (10 mL) for 30 minutes. The slurry was then filtered and dried (60 °C, < 1 mm) to give 0.37 g (82%) of 3-(3-aminophthalimido)-3-methylpiperidine-2,6-dione as a yellow solid: m.p. .268-269 °C; <]>H NMR (DMSO-d6) d 10.98 (s, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.1 and 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (s, 2H), 2.71-2.47 (m, 3H), 2 .08-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.87 (s, 3H); 51,110,56,108,30, 58,29,29,25,28,63,21,00; HPLC, Water Nova-Pak/Ci8 column, 4 micron, 1 ml/min, 240 nm, 20/80 CH3CN/0.1% H3PO4(aq), 5.62 min (99.18%).

Anal. calcd for C 14 H 13 N 3 O 4 : C, 58.53; H, 4.56; N, 14.63. Found: C, 58.60; H, 4.41; N, 14.36.

3-(3-amino -phthalimido)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione and 3-(3-aminophthalimido)-3-propylpiperidine-2,6-dione.

Reference example 8

Methyl- 2- bromomethyl- 3- nitrobenzoate

A stirred mixture of methyl 2-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoate (17.6 g, 87.1 mmol) and n-bromoravinimide (18.9 g, 105 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (243 mL) was heated under gentle reflux with a 100 W light bulb placed at a distance of 2 cm and shining on the reaction mixture overnight. After 18 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was washed with water (2 x 120 mL), brine (120 mL) and dried (MgSO4 ). The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a yellow solid. The product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate 8:2) to give 22 g (93%) of methyl 2-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoate as a yellow solid: m.p. 69-72 °C; <]>H NMR (CDCL3) d 8.13-8.09 (dd, J=1.36 and 7.86 Hz,1H), 7.98-7.93 (dd, J =1.32 and 8.13 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.51 (t, J=7.97Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 4.0 (s, 3H); <13>C NMR (CDCl3 ) d 65.84, 150.56, 134.68, 132.64, 132.36, 129.09, 53.05, 22.70; HPLC : Waters Nova-Pak C]8 column, 4 micron, 1 mL/min, 240 nm, 40/60 CH 3 CN/0.L % H 3 PO 4 (aq), 8.2 min 99%.

Analyte. calcd for C9H8N04Br: C, 39.44; H, 2.94; N, 5.11, Br, 29.15. Found: C, 39.51; H, 2.79; N, 5.02; Br, 29,32.

Reference example 9

3-(1-oxo-4-nitroisoindolin-1-yl)-3-methylpiperidin-2,6-dione

To a stirred mixture of α-amine-α-methylglutarimide hydrochloride (2.5 g, 14.0 mmol) and methyl 2-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoate (3.87 g, 14.0 mmol in dimethylformamide (40 mL) was added added triethylamine (3.14g, 30.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen for 6 h. The mixture was cooled and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was suspended in water (50 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 in 30 min The slurry was filtered, the solid washed with methylene chloride and dried in vacuo (60 °C, <1 mm) to give 2.68 g (63%) of 3-(1-oxo-4-nitroisoindoline-1-yl) -3-Methylpiperidine-2,6-dione as an off-white solid: mp 233-235 °C; <]>H NMR (DMSO-d6) d 10.95 (s, 1H), 8.49-8.46 (d, J=8.15 Hz, 1H), 8, 13-8.09 (d, J=7.43 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.79 (t, J= 7.83 Hz, 1H), 5.22-5.0 (dd, J=19.35 and 34.6 Hz, 2H), 2.77-2.49 (m, 3H), 2.0-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.74 (S, 3H); <13>C NMR (DMSO-d*) d 173.07, 172.27, 164.95, 143.15, 137.36, 135.19, 130, 11, 129.32, 126.93, 57.57, 48.69, 28.9, 27.66, 20.6; HPLC. Waters N ova-Pak C]8 column, 4 micron, 1 mL/min, 240 nm, 20/80 CH3CN/0.1% H3PO4(aq), 4.54 min 99.6%.

Anal. calcd for C 14 H 3 N 3 O 5 : C, 55.45; H, 4.32; N, 13.86. Found: C, 52.16; H, 4.59; N, 12.47.

By substituting equivalent amounts of α-amino-α-ethylglutarimide hydrochloride and α-amino-α-propylglutarimide hydrochloride for α-amino-α-methylglutarimide hydrochloride, 3-(l-oxo-4-nitroisoindoline-l- yl)-3-ethylpiperidin-2,6-dione and 3-(1-oxo-4-nitroisoindolin-1-yl)-3-propylpiperidin-2,6-dione.

Reference example 10

3-(1-Oxo-4-aminoisoindolin-1-yl)-3-methylpiperidin-2,6-dione

3(1-oxo-4-nitroisoindolin-1-yl)-3-methylpiperidin-2,6-dione (1.0 g, 3.3 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (500 mL) with gentle heating and allowed to cool to room temperature. To this solution was added 10% Pd/C (0.3 g) under nitrogen. The mixture was hydrogenated in a Parr apparatus at 344.7 kPa (50 psi) hydrogen for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered through celite, and the celite was washed with methanol (50 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a white solid. The solid was suspended in methylene chloride (20 mL) for 30 min. The slurry was then filtered and the solid dried (60 °C, <1 mm) to give 0.54 g (60%) of 3-(1-oxo-4-aminoisoindolin-1-yl)-3-methylpiperidin-2 ,6-dione as a white solid,

m.p. 268-270 °C; <]>H NMR (DMSO-d6) d 10.85 (s, 1H), 7.19-7.13 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 1H), 6.83- 6.76 (m, 2H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H). 2.71-2.49 (m,3H), 1.9-1.8 (m,1H), 1.67 (s,3H); 13CNMR (DMSO-d6) d 173.7, 172.49, 168.0, 143.5, 132.88, 128.78, 125.62, 116.12, 109.92, 56.98, 46.22, 29.04 , 27.77, 20.82; 1HPLC, Waters Nova-Pak/C 18 column, 4 micron, 1 ml/min, 240 nm, 20/80 CH 3 CN/0.1% H 3 PO 4 (aq), 1.5 min. (99.6%);

Anal. calcd for C] 4 H 15 N 3 O 3 : C, 61.53; H.5.53; N, 15.38. Found: C, 58.99; H, 5.48; N, 14.29.

In a similar manner, from 3-(1-oxo-4-nitroisoindolin-1-yl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione and 3-(1-oxo-4-nitroisoindolin-1-yl)-3- propylpiperidin-2,6-dione obtained respectively 3-(1-oxo-4-aminoisoindolin-1-yl)-3-ethylpiperidin-2,6-dione and 3-(1-oxo-4-aminoisoindolin-1-yl) -3-propylpiperidine-2,6-dione.

Reference example 11

Tablets, each containing 50 mg of 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline, may be prepared as follows:

Composition (for 1000 tablets)

The solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.6 mm. The active ingredient, lactose, talc, magnesium stearate and half of the starch are then mixed. The other half of the starch is suspended in 40 ml of water, and this suspension is added to a boiling solution of polyethylene glycol in 100 ml of water. The resulting paste is added to the powdered substances, and the mixture is granulated, if necessary by adding water. The granulate is dried overnight at 35°C, forced through a 1.2 mm mesh screen and pressed into tablets of approximately 6 mm diameter, which tablets are concave on both sides.

Reference example 12

Tablets, each containing 100 mg of 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline, can be prepared as follows:

Composition (for 1000 tablets)

All solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.6 mm. The active ingredient, lactose, magnesium stearate and half of the starch are then mixed. The other half of the starch is suspended in 40 ml of water, and this suspension is added to 100 ml of boiling water. The resulting paste is added to the powdered substances, and the mixture is granulated, if necessary with the addition of water. The granules are dried overnight at 35°C, forced through a 1.2 mm mesh sieve and pressed into tablets of approximately 6 mm diameter, which tablets are concave on both sides.

Reference example 13

Chewable tablets, each containing 75 mg of 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminophthalimide, may be prepared as follows:

Composition (for 1000 tablets)

All solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.25 mm.

The mannitol and lactose are mixed, granulated with the addition of gelatin solution, forced through a 2 mm mesh sieve, dried at 50°C and again forced through a 1.7 mm mesh sieve. The 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminophthalimide, the glycine and the saccharin are carefully mixed, the mannitol, the lactose granules, the stearic acid and the talc are added, and the whole is thoroughly mixed and pressed into tablets with diameter of approximately 10 mm, which tablets are concave on both sides and have a break groove on the upper side.

Reference example 14

Tablets, each containing 10 mg of 2-(2,6-dioxoethylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminophthalimide, can be prepared as follows:

Composition (for 1000 tablets)

The solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.6 mm. Then the active imidine ingredient, lactose, talc, magnesium stearate and half of the starch are immediately mixed. The other half of the starch is suspended in 65 ml of water, and this suspension is added to a boiling solution of the polyethylene glycol in 260 ml of water. The resulting paste is added to the powdered substances, and the whole is mixed and granulated, if necessary with the addition of water. The granulate is dried overnight at 35°C, forced through a 1.2 mm mesh screen and pressed into tablets of approximately 10 mm diameter, which tablets are concave on both sides and have a break slit on the upper side.

Reference example 15

Gelatin dry-filled capsules, each containing 100 mg of 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline can be prepared as follows:

Composition (for 1000 capsules)

The sodium lauryl sulfate is sieved into 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.2 mm, and the two components is immediately mixed for 10 minutes. The microcrystalline cellulose is then added through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.9 mm, and the whole is again immediately mixed intensively for 10 minutes. Finally, the magnesium stearate is added through a 0.8 mm mesh sieve and after mixing for a further 3 minutes, the mixture is divided into n portions of 140 mg each into size 0 (extended) gelatin dry-filled capsules.

Reference example 16

A 0.2% injection or infusion solution can be prepared, for example in the following way: 1-oxo-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroisoindoline becomes dissolved in 1000 ml of water and filtered through a microfilter. The buffer solution is added, and the whole is filled up with water to 2500 ml. To prepare dosage unit forms, aliquots of 1.0 or 2.5 ml each are introduced into glass ampoules (each containing 2.0 or 5.0 mg of imide, respectively).

Claims (8)

1. Pharmaceutical composition, characterized in that it comprises 1,3-dioxo-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-aminoisoindoline and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier. 2. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it is formulated for oral, parenteral, topical or rectal administration. 3. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a powder, an elixir, a suspension, an emulsion, a solution, a syrup, soft and hard gelatin pills, a suppository, sterile injectable solutions and sterile packed powders. 4. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it is in the form of a capsule. 5. Pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains from 1-100 mg of the drug per unit dose. 6. Pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1-5, for the treatment of inflammatory, infectious, immunological or cancer disease in a mammal. 7. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1-6, for the treatment of cancer in a mammal. 8. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1-6, for the treatment of septic shock, sepsis, endotoxic shock, hemodynamic shock and sepsis syndrome, postischemic reperfusion injury, malaria, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic disease, cachexia, transplant rejection , cancer, autoimmune disease, opportunistic infections of AIDS, rheumatic arteritis, rheumatic spondylitis, osteoarthritis, other arthritic conditions, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, ENL in leprosy, radiation damage and hyperoxic alveolar damage.