NO315090B1 - Anordninger for å före ström til eller fra elektrodene i elektrolyseceller,fremgangsmåter for fremstilling derav, samt elektrolysecelle forfremstilling av aluminium ved elektrolyse av alumina löst i en smeltetelektrolytt - Google Patents
Anordninger for å före ström til eller fra elektrodene i elektrolyseceller,fremgangsmåter for fremstilling derav, samt elektrolysecelle forfremstilling av aluminium ved elektrolyse av alumina löst i en smeltetelektrolytt Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO315090B1 NO315090B1 NO20005984A NO20005984A NO315090B1 NO 315090 B1 NO315090 B1 NO 315090B1 NO 20005984 A NO20005984 A NO 20005984A NO 20005984 A NO20005984 A NO 20005984A NO 315090 B1 NO315090 B1 NO 315090B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- steel
- core
- pure aluminum
- induction
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 118
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 118
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 15
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 153
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 153
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 115
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 100
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 100
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 claims description 83
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinuclear copper ion Chemical compound [Cu].[Cu] ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012998 induction bending Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum copper Chemical compound [Al].[Cu] WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009626 Hall-Héroult process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide;molecular oxygen Chemical compound O=O.O=C=O UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- QUQFTIVBFKLPCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;2-amino-3-[(2-amino-2-carboxylatoethyl)disulfanyl]propanoate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)C(N)CSSCC(N)C([O-])=O QUQFTIVBFKLPCL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/16—Electric current supply devices, e.g. bus bars
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
- C25C7/025—Electrodes; Connections thereof used in cells for the electrolysis of melts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
- Y10T29/532—Conductor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
- Y10T29/532—Conductor
- Y10T29/53204—Electrode
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
- Y10T29/532—Conductor
- Y10T29/53209—Terminal or connector
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Priority Applications (9)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20005984A NO315090B1 (no) | 2000-11-27 | 2000-11-27 | Anordninger for å före ström til eller fra elektrodene i elektrolyseceller,fremgangsmåter for fremstilling derav, samt elektrolysecelle forfremstilling av aluminium ved elektrolyse av alumina löst i en smeltetelektrolytt |
| DE10196967T DE10196967T1 (de) | 2000-11-27 | 2001-11-23 | Geräte zur Leitung von Strom zu oder von den Elektroden in Elektroysezellen, Verfahren zur Bereitstellung derselben, und eine Elektrolysezelle und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aluminium durch Elektrolyse von in einem geschmolzenen Elektrolyt gelösten Aluminiumoxiden |
| US10/433,044 US7192508B2 (en) | 2000-11-27 | 2001-11-23 | Devices to conduct current to or from the electrodes in electrolysis cells, methods for preparation thereof, and an electrolysis cell and a method for production of aluminum by electrolysis of alumina solved in a melted electrolyte |
| AU2316002A AU2316002A (en) | 2000-11-27 | 2001-11-23 | Devices to conduct current to or from the electrodes in electrolysis cells, methods for preparation thereof, and an electrolysis cell and a method for production of aluminium by electrolysis of alumina solved in a melted electrolyte |
| PCT/NO2001/000464 WO2002042525A1 (en) | 2000-11-27 | 2001-11-23 | Devices to conduct current to or from the electrodes in electrolysis cells, methods for preparation thereof, and an electrolysis cell and a method for production of aluminium by electrolysis of alumina solved in a melted electrolyte |
| AU2002223160A AU2002223160B2 (en) | 2000-11-27 | 2001-11-23 | Devices to conduct current to or from the electrodes in electrolysis cells, methods for preparation thereof, and an electrolysis cell and a method for production of aluminium by electrolysis of alumina solved in a melted electrolyte |
| CA002429696A CA2429696C (en) | 2000-11-27 | 2001-11-23 | Devices to conduct current to or from the electrodes in electrolysis cells, methods for preparation thereof, and an electrolysis cell and a method for production of aluminium by electrolysis of alumina solved in a melted electrolyte |
| IS6827A IS6827A (is) | 2000-11-27 | 2003-05-26 | Búnaðir til að leiða straum að eða frá rafskautunum í rafgreiningarkerum, aðferðir við að framleiðaþá, og rafgreiningarker og aðferð við að framleiða ál með rafgreiningu á súráli leystu upp í bráðinni raflausn |
| NO20032351A NO20032351L (no) | 2000-11-27 | 2003-05-26 | Anordninger for a fore strom til eller fra elektrodene i elektrolyseceller, fremgangsmater for fremstilling derav, samt en elektrolysecelle og en fremgangsmate for fremstilling av aluminium ved elektrolyse av alumina lost i en smeltet elektrolytt |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20005984A NO315090B1 (no) | 2000-11-27 | 2000-11-27 | Anordninger for å före ström til eller fra elektrodene i elektrolyseceller,fremgangsmåter for fremstilling derav, samt elektrolysecelle forfremstilling av aluminium ved elektrolyse av alumina löst i en smeltetelektrolytt |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO20005984D0 NO20005984D0 (no) | 2000-11-27 |
| NO20005984L NO20005984L (no) | 2002-05-28 |
| NO315090B1 true NO315090B1 (no) | 2003-07-07 |
Family
ID=19911843
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20005984A NO315090B1 (no) | 2000-11-27 | 2000-11-27 | Anordninger for å före ström til eller fra elektrodene i elektrolyseceller,fremgangsmåter for fremstilling derav, samt elektrolysecelle forfremstilling av aluminium ved elektrolyse av alumina löst i en smeltetelektrolytt |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7192508B2 (is) |
| AU (2) | AU2002223160B2 (is) |
| CA (1) | CA2429696C (is) |
| DE (1) | DE10196967T1 (is) |
| IS (1) | IS6827A (is) |
| NO (1) | NO315090B1 (is) |
| WO (1) | WO2002042525A1 (is) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10261745B3 (de) * | 2002-12-30 | 2004-07-22 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Kathodensystem zur elektrolytischen Aluminiumgewinnung |
| FR2868435B1 (fr) * | 2004-04-02 | 2006-05-26 | Aluminium Pechiney Soc Par Act | Element cathodique pour l'equipement d'une cellule d'electrolyse destinee a la production d'aluminium |
| NO345057B1 (no) * | 2005-02-16 | 2020-09-07 | Norsk Hydro As | Framgangsmåte og anordning for varmeutvinning |
| EP1927679B1 (en) | 2006-11-22 | 2017-01-11 | Rio Tinto Alcan International Limited | Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium comprising means to reduce the voltage drop |
| TW200925328A (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2009-06-16 | Bhp Billiton Aluminium Technologies Ltd | Composite collector bar |
| CN101481805B (zh) * | 2009-01-06 | 2011-07-20 | 韦力 | 摩擦焊接的阳极铝导杆组及其摩擦焊机 |
| WO2011148347A1 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-12-01 | Kan-Nak S.A. | Hall-heroult cell cathode design |
| DE102010041082A1 (de) * | 2010-09-20 | 2012-03-22 | Sgl Carbon Se | Kathode für Eletrolysezellen |
| CN104005053A (zh) * | 2014-04-29 | 2014-08-27 | 中国铝业股份有限公司 | 一种铝电解槽焙烧时阳极电流分流的装置 |
| JP6737797B2 (ja) | 2014-11-18 | 2020-08-12 | ノヴァラム エス． アー． | ホールエルーセルのためのカソード集電体 |
| NO341533B1 (no) * | 2014-12-30 | 2017-12-04 | Storvik As | Anodeåk |
| US9620764B2 (en) | 2015-01-05 | 2017-04-11 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Battery module cooling fins and footings system and method |
| EP3154107B1 (en) * | 2015-10-06 | 2018-09-12 | Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. | Busbar |
| GB2548830A (en) * | 2016-03-29 | 2017-10-04 | Dubai Aluminium Pjsc | Cathode block with copper-aluminium insert for electrolytic cell suitable for the Hall-Héroult process |
| WO2018019888A1 (en) | 2016-07-26 | 2018-02-01 | Sgl Cfl Ce Gmbh | Cathode current collector/connector for a hall-heroult cell |
| GB2554702A (en) * | 2016-10-05 | 2018-04-11 | Dubai Aluminium Pjsc | Cathode assembly for electrolytic cell suitable for the Hall-Héroult process |
| CN108103530A (zh) * | 2018-01-04 | 2018-06-01 | 上海锢维智能设备有限公司 | 一种电解铝用高导电阳极钢爪 |
| NO345111B1 (en) * | 2018-06-22 | 2020-10-05 | Storvik As | A method of producing an anode hanger, and an anode hanger obtainable by the method |
| CN110846683A (zh) * | 2018-08-20 | 2020-02-28 | 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 | 铝电解槽阴极钢棒与槽周围阴极母线的连接结构 |
| CN109396632A (zh) * | 2018-10-29 | 2019-03-01 | 甘肃酒钢集团科力耐火材料股份有限公司 | 一种铝电解槽阴极软带维修工艺 |
| NO20201415A1 (en) * | 2020-12-21 | 2022-06-22 | Storvik As | Method for producing a cathode steel bar with copper insert, and method for removing a copper insert from a used cathode bar |
| DE102022129669A1 (de) | 2022-11-09 | 2024-05-16 | Novalum Sa | Kathodenstromkollektor und -verbinderanordnung für eine Aluminium-Elektrolysezelle |
| DE102022129668A1 (de) | 2022-11-09 | 2024-05-16 | Novalum Sa | Kathodenstromkollektor und -verbinderanordnung für eine Aluminium-Elektrolysezelle |
| DE102022129667A1 (de) | 2022-11-09 | 2024-05-16 | Novalum Sa | Kathodenstromkollektoranordnung für eine Aluminium-Elektrolysezelle |
| WO2024252210A1 (en) * | 2023-06-06 | 2024-12-12 | Die & Form Engineering S.R.L. | Support assembly for an anode for a reduction cell for producing primary aluminum |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU666212A2 (ru) * | 1977-11-28 | 1979-06-05 | Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский и проектный институт алюминиевой, магниевой и электродной промышленности | Способ изготовлени устройства дл подвода тока к обожженному аноду |
| SU717155A1 (ru) * | 1978-04-17 | 1980-02-25 | Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский и проектный институт алюминиевой, магниевой и электродной промышленности | Анододержатель обоженного анода |
| SU740868A1 (ru) * | 1978-10-09 | 1980-06-15 | Государственный Специализированный Трест" "Уралцветметремонт" | Контактное соединение медно-алюминиевых элементов ошиновки |
| US4417097A (en) * | 1981-06-04 | 1983-11-22 | Aluminum Company Of America | High temperature, corrosion resistant coating and lead for electrical current |
| FR2560613B2 (fr) * | 1983-05-16 | 1987-03-27 | Pechiney Aluminium | Perfectionnement aux barres cathodiques comportant une semelle metallique, pour cuves d'electrolyse hall-heroult |
| FR2565258B1 (fr) * | 1984-05-29 | 1986-08-29 | Pechiney Aluminium | Anode carbonee a rondins partiellement retrecis destinee aux cuves pour la production d'aluminium par electrolyse |
| US5154813A (en) * | 1991-06-10 | 1992-10-13 | Dill Raymond J | Protective coating of stub ends in anode assemblies |
| RU2085624C1 (ru) | 1993-11-12 | 1997-07-27 | Волгоградский государственный технический университет | Контактное соединение узла токоподвода к катодной секции электролизера |
| US5380416A (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1995-01-10 | Reynolds Metals Company | Aluminum reduction cell carbon anode power connector |
| US5538607A (en) * | 1995-04-12 | 1996-07-23 | Pate; Ray H. | Anode assembly comprising an anode bar for the production of molten metal by electrolysis |
| AUPO053496A0 (en) * | 1996-06-18 | 1996-07-11 | Comalco Aluminium Limited | Cathode construction |
| AUPQ218899A0 (en) * | 1999-08-13 | 1999-09-02 | Jakovac, Vjekoslav | Anode assembly comprising separation of electrical and mechanical functions of the assembly |
| US6419813B1 (en) * | 2000-11-25 | 2002-07-16 | Northwest Aluminum Technologies | Cathode connector for aluminum low temperature smelting cell |
-
2000
- 2000-11-27 NO NO20005984A patent/NO315090B1/no unknown
-
2001
- 2001-11-23 CA CA002429696A patent/CA2429696C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-23 DE DE10196967T patent/DE10196967T1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-11-23 AU AU2002223160A patent/AU2002223160B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-11-23 US US10/433,044 patent/US7192508B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-23 WO PCT/NO2001/000464 patent/WO2002042525A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-23 AU AU2316002A patent/AU2316002A/xx active Pending
-
2003
- 2003-05-26 IS IS6827A patent/IS6827A/is unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2002223160B2 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
| AU2316002A (en) | 2002-06-03 |
| US20040050714A1 (en) | 2004-03-18 |
| NO20005984D0 (no) | 2000-11-27 |
| WO2002042525A1 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
| IS6827A (is) | 2003-05-26 |
| CA2429696A1 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
| CA2429696C (en) | 2010-02-02 |
| NO20005984L (no) | 2002-05-28 |
| DE10196967T1 (de) | 2003-11-13 |
| US7192508B2 (en) | 2007-03-20 |
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