NO20054620D0 - Device and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module - Google Patents
Device and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor moduleInfo
- Publication number
- NO20054620D0 NO20054620D0 NO20054620A NO20054620A NO20054620D0 NO 20054620 D0 NO20054620 D0 NO 20054620D0 NO 20054620 A NO20054620 A NO 20054620A NO 20054620 A NO20054620 A NO 20054620A NO 20054620 D0 NO20054620 D0 NO 20054620D0
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- compartment
- barrier gas
- supply
- controlling
- compressor
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 title abstract 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D25/00—Pumping installations or systems
- F04D25/02—Units comprising pumps and their driving means
- F04D25/06—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being electrically driven
- F04D25/0686—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being electrically driven specially adapted for submerged use
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
- E21B43/121—Lifting well fluids
- E21B43/122—Gas lift
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/04—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/08—Sealings
- F04D29/10—Shaft sealings
- F04D29/102—Shaft sealings especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
- F04D29/104—Shaft sealings especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps the sealing fluid being other than the working fluid or being the working fluid treated
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
- F16C32/04—Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
- F16C32/0406—Magnetic bearings
- F16C32/044—Active magnetic bearings
- F16C32/047—Details of housings; Mounting of active magnetic bearings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/72—Sealings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C39/00—Relieving load on bearings
- F16C39/06—Relieving load on bearings using magnetic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J15/00—Sealings
- F16J15/16—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces
- F16J15/40—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces by means of fluid
- F16J15/406—Sealings between relatively-moving surfaces by means of fluid by at least one pump
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
- F16C2360/44—Centrifugal pumps
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Compressor (AREA)
- Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)
- Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
An apparatus for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module includes a pressure housing containing an electric motor which via a shaft is drivably connected to a compressor. The shaft is supported by magnetic bearings and at least one axial seal around the shaft which divides the pressure housing into first and second compartments including the motor and compressor, respectively. The second compartment has fluid inlet and outlet. A line is fluid-connected to the first compartment for barrier gas from a reservoir, with a flow restriction element between the reservoir and first compartment. The apparatus facilitates a method for controlling the supply of barrier gas based on gas velocity through the seal and pressure in the second compartment. An overpressure can be set in the reservoir. A controlled supply of barrier gas to at least the first compartment is effected via flow restriction in the feed pipe.
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20054620A NO325900B1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2005-10-07 | Apparatus and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module |
US12/089,413 US20080260539A1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2005-10-07 | Apparatus and Method For Controlling Supply of Barrier Gas in a Compressor Module |
RU2008118142/03A RU2427704C2 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2006-10-04 | Procedure for control of supply of protective gas into compressor module (versions) |
BRPI0616912-0A BRPI0616912A2 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2006-10-04 | apparatus and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module |
CA002624785A CA2624785A1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2006-10-04 | Apparatus and method for controlling supply of barrier gas in a compressor module |
PCT/NO2006/000341 WO2007043889A1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2006-10-04 | Apparatus and method for controlling supply of barrier gas in a compressor module |
GB0805821A GB2444220B (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2006-10-04 | Apparatus and method for controlling supply of barrier gas in a compressor module |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20054620A NO325900B1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2005-10-07 | Apparatus and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO20054620D0 true NO20054620D0 (en) | 2005-10-07 |
NO20054620L NO20054620L (en) | 2007-04-10 |
NO325900B1 NO325900B1 (en) | 2008-08-11 |
Family
ID=35307906
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO20054620A NO325900B1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2005-10-07 | Apparatus and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080260539A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0616912A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2624785A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2444220B (en) |
NO (1) | NO325900B1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2427704C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007043889A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (50)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8075668B2 (en) | 2005-03-29 | 2011-12-13 | Dresser-Rand Company | Drainage system for compressor separators |
NO326747B1 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2009-02-09 | Aker Subsea As | Device and method for preventing the entry of seawater into a compressor module during immersion to or collection from the seabed |
EP2063978B1 (en) | 2006-09-19 | 2014-07-09 | Dresser-Rand Company | Rotary separator drum seal |
ATE515310T1 (en) | 2006-09-21 | 2011-07-15 | Dresser Rand Co | SEPARATOR DRUM AND DRIVE ARRANGEMENT FOR A COMPRESSOR |
CA2662780C (en) | 2006-09-25 | 2015-02-03 | William C. Maier | Axially moveable spool connector |
EP2066983B1 (en) | 2006-09-25 | 2013-12-11 | Dresser-Rand Company | Compressor mounting system |
WO2008039446A2 (en) | 2006-09-25 | 2008-04-03 | Dresser-Rand Company | Fluid deflector for fluid separator devices |
CA2663751C (en) | 2006-09-25 | 2015-01-27 | William C. Maier | Access cover for pressurized connector spool |
WO2008039734A2 (en) | 2006-09-25 | 2008-04-03 | Dresser-Rand Company | Coupling guard system |
CA2663868C (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2015-11-10 | William C. Maier | Improved static fluid separator device |
GB2453313B (en) * | 2007-08-04 | 2012-06-27 | Waukesha Bearings Ltd | Motor compressor |
NO327557B2 (en) * | 2007-10-09 | 2013-02-04 | Aker Subsea As | Pump protection system |
US8408879B2 (en) | 2008-03-05 | 2013-04-02 | Dresser-Rand Company | Compressor assembly including separator and ejector pump |
US8777596B2 (en) | 2008-05-06 | 2014-07-15 | Fmc Technologies, Inc. | Flushing system |
BRPI0912393A2 (en) * | 2008-05-06 | 2018-05-29 | Fmc Tech Inc | pump with magnetic bearings |
US8079805B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-12-20 | Dresser-Rand Company | Rotary separator and shaft coupler for compressors |
US8062400B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-11-22 | Dresser-Rand Company | Dual body drum for rotary separators |
US7922218B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-04-12 | Dresser-Rand Company | Shear ring casing coupler device |
CA2740649A1 (en) * | 2008-11-12 | 2010-05-20 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Vessel compressor methods and systems |
EP2206927A1 (en) * | 2009-01-13 | 2010-07-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Machine for fluid transportation |
US8087901B2 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2012-01-03 | Dresser-Rand Company | Fluid channeling device for back-to-back compressors |
US8210804B2 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2012-07-03 | Dresser-Rand Company | Slidable cover for casing access port |
US8061972B2 (en) | 2009-03-24 | 2011-11-22 | Dresser-Rand Company | High pressure casing access cover |
US8641395B2 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2014-02-04 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Compressor |
US8414692B2 (en) | 2009-09-15 | 2013-04-09 | Dresser-Rand Company | Density-based compact separator |
EP2533905B1 (en) | 2010-02-10 | 2018-07-04 | Dresser-Rand Company | Separator fluid collector and method |
NO332973B1 (en) * | 2010-06-22 | 2013-02-11 | Vetco Gray Scandinavia As | Pressure control system for motor and pump barrier fluids with differential pressure control |
NO332972B1 (en) * | 2010-06-22 | 2013-02-11 | Vetco Gray Scandinavia As | Pressure Control System for Engine and Pump Barrier Fluids in a Submarine Engine and Pump Module |
US8663483B2 (en) | 2010-07-15 | 2014-03-04 | Dresser-Rand Company | Radial vane pack for rotary separators |
US8673159B2 (en) | 2010-07-15 | 2014-03-18 | Dresser-Rand Company | Enhanced in-line rotary separator |
US8657935B2 (en) | 2010-07-20 | 2014-02-25 | Dresser-Rand Company | Combination of expansion and cooling to enhance separation |
WO2012012143A2 (en) | 2010-07-21 | 2012-01-26 | Dresser-Rand Company | Multiple modular in-line rotary separator bundle |
EP2614216B1 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2017-11-15 | Dresser-Rand Company | Flush-enabled controlled flow drain |
EP2633198A4 (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2017-01-11 | Dresser-Rand Company | System and method for rapid pressurization of a motor/bearing cooling loop for a hermetically sealed motor/compressor system |
US8994237B2 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2015-03-31 | Dresser-Rand Company | Method for on-line detection of liquid and potential for the occurrence of resistance to ground faults in active magnetic bearing systems |
US9024493B2 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2015-05-05 | Dresser-Rand Company | Method for on-line detection of resistance-to-ground faults in active magnetic bearing systems |
NO333684B1 (en) | 2011-03-07 | 2013-08-12 | Aker Subsea As | UNDERWATER PRESSURE COOKING MACHINE |
WO2012138545A2 (en) * | 2011-04-08 | 2012-10-11 | Dresser-Rand Company | Circulating dielectric oil cooling system for canned bearings and canned electronics |
WO2012166236A1 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2012-12-06 | Dresser-Rand Company | Segmented coast-down bearing for magnetic bearing systems |
EP2715141B1 (en) * | 2011-06-01 | 2018-10-10 | Dresser-Rand Company | Subsea motor-compressor cooling system |
US8851756B2 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2014-10-07 | Dresser-Rand Company | Whirl inhibiting coast-down bearing for magnetic bearing systems |
RU2472043C1 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2013-01-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт центробежных и роторных компрессоров им. В.Б. Шнеппа" | Centrifugal compressor unit |
WO2013028594A2 (en) * | 2011-08-24 | 2013-02-28 | Dresser-Rand Company | Efficient and reliable subsea compression system |
US9482345B2 (en) * | 2012-10-04 | 2016-11-01 | Sulzer Management Ag | Sealing arrangement for a rotating shaft |
NO334805B1 (en) * | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-02 | Aker Subsea As | Pressure - volume regulator |
US9664418B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2017-05-30 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Variable volume screw compressors using proportional valve control |
US11378083B2 (en) * | 2017-01-24 | 2022-07-05 | Onesubsea Ip Uk Limited | Mechanical barrier fluid pressure regulation for subsea systems |
BR102017009824B1 (en) | 2017-05-10 | 2023-12-19 | Fmc Technologies Do Brasil Ltda | SYSTEM FOR GAS CIRCULATION IN ANNULAR SPACES OF ROTARY MACHINES |
WO2021142085A1 (en) * | 2020-01-07 | 2021-07-15 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Volume ratio control system for a compressor |
US20230151818A1 (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2023-05-18 | Carrier Corporation | Compressor assembly including a flow-restricting valve |
Family Cites Families (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH423075A (en) * | 1965-05-18 | 1966-10-31 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Method of operating an enclosed blower |
US3968388A (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1976-07-06 | Kraftwerk Union Aktiengesellschaft | Electric machines, particularly turbogenerators, having liquid cooled rotors |
US4606652A (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1986-08-19 | Rotoflow, Corporation | Shaft seal for turbomachinery |
US4681559A (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-07-21 | Cordis Corporation | Plural valve three stage pressure relief system |
GB8921071D0 (en) * | 1989-09-18 | 1989-11-01 | Framo Dev Ltd | Pump or compressor unit |
GB9014237D0 (en) * | 1990-06-26 | 1990-08-15 | Framo Dev Ltd | Subsea pump system |
US5063956A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1991-11-12 | Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corporation | Fluid delivery pressure control system |
NO172075C (en) * | 1991-02-08 | 1993-06-02 | Kvaerner Rosenberg As Kvaerner | PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING A COMPRESSOR PLANT IN AN UNDERWATER STATION FOR TRANSPORTING A BROWN STREAM AND COMPRESSOR PLANT IN A UNDERWATER STATION FOR TRANSPORTING A BROWN STREAM |
CH686525A5 (en) * | 1992-07-02 | 1996-04-15 | Escher Wyss Ag | Turbomachinery. |
JP2998441B2 (en) * | 1992-08-19 | 2000-01-11 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Turbo vacuum pump |
DE19523713C2 (en) * | 1995-06-22 | 1997-04-24 | Mannesmann Ag | Method and device for ensuring the functionality of gas seals in turbocompressors |
US5769427A (en) * | 1995-09-13 | 1998-06-23 | Chesterton International Company | Dual seal with clean barrier fluid and dynamic pressure control |
US5636847A (en) * | 1995-09-13 | 1997-06-10 | Chesterton International Company | Dual face seal clean barrier fluid and dynamic pressure control system |
DE19738122A1 (en) * | 1997-09-01 | 1999-03-11 | Waeschle Maschf Gmbh | Cell wheel lock for dosing bulk goods |
GB0004239D0 (en) * | 2000-02-24 | 2000-04-12 | Crane John Uk Ltd | Seal assemblies |
DE10042962C1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-05-02 | Siemens Ag | Magnetic bearing to support a rotatable shaft using high-T¶c¶ superconductor material |
US6827974B2 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2004-12-07 | Pilkington North America, Inc. | Method and apparatus for preparing vaporized reactants for chemical vapor deposition |
US7217469B2 (en) * | 2003-05-27 | 2007-05-15 | General Motors Corporation | Fluid handling device for hydrogen-containing process fluids |
NO323324B1 (en) * | 2003-07-02 | 2007-03-19 | Kvaerner Oilfield Prod As | Procedure for regulating that pressure in an underwater compressor module |
-
2005
- 2005-10-07 NO NO20054620A patent/NO325900B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-07 US US12/089,413 patent/US20080260539A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-10-04 RU RU2008118142/03A patent/RU2427704C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-10-04 GB GB0805821A patent/GB2444220B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-10-04 WO PCT/NO2006/000341 patent/WO2007043889A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-10-04 CA CA002624785A patent/CA2624785A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-10-04 BR BRPI0616912-0A patent/BRPI0616912A2/en active Search and Examination
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2007043889A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
BRPI0616912A2 (en) | 2013-01-01 |
RU2008118142A (en) | 2009-11-20 |
RU2427704C2 (en) | 2011-08-27 |
CA2624785A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
NO325900B1 (en) | 2008-08-11 |
GB0805821D0 (en) | 2008-04-30 |
NO20054620L (en) | 2007-04-10 |
US20080260539A1 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
GB2444220A (en) | 2008-05-28 |
GB2444220B (en) | 2011-05-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
NO20054620D0 (en) | Device and method for controlling the supply of barrier gas to a compressor module | |
WO2005003512A8 (en) | Subsea compressor module and a method for controlling the pressure in such a subsea compressor module | |
DK2122166T3 (en) | Engine pump unit, especially for a high pressure cleaner | |
ATE455567T1 (en) | MEDICAL FLUID INJECTION DEVICE | |
AU2009266499A1 (en) | Subsea heat exchanger | |
GB0214273D0 (en) | Apparatus for controlling the pressure in a process chamber and method of operating same | |
BRPI0811580A2 (en) | Method for regulating the pressure of a barrier fluid and a pumping device for such a method | |
ATE510628T1 (en) | DISCHARGE DEVICE | |
WO2010091698A8 (en) | Motor pump unit | |
CN202954970U (en) | Efficient water ring vacuum pump complete device with oversized sucking rate | |
WO2008146640A1 (en) | Fluid device unit structure | |
CN201265531Y (en) | Water cooling system of multi-stage dry vacuum pump | |
WO2009046292A3 (en) | System and method for air flow control in a turbocharger | |
UA117739C2 (en) | LABOR GAS SUPPLY FOR ION REFERENCE ENGINE | |
SE0200304L (en) | Apparatus for admixing a medium in the form of gas or liquid in a material flow | |
KR101753001B1 (en) | Apparatus for removing included moisture in oil | |
MXPA05008956A (en) | Mounting arrangement for electric water pump. | |
SE0400350D0 (en) | Helical screw expander | |
ES2752762T3 (en) | Pumping procedure in a vacuum pump system and vacuum pump system | |
DE502007007033D1 (en) | rotary pump | |
DK1526282T3 (en) | Motor pump | |
MY183644A (en) | Control of subsea compressors | |
WO2009010696A8 (en) | Device for injecting an additive into a pipe | |
DE502006006042D1 (en) | SEALING SYSTEM FOR SEALING A PROCESS GAS SPACE AGAINST A SEAL | |
DE502004010413D1 (en) | Hydraulic unit with a reservoir for hydraulic fluid and with a motor-pump unit |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
CHAD | Change of the owner's name or address (par. 44 patent law, par. patentforskriften) |
Owner name: AKER SOLUTIONS AS, NO |
|
MM1K | Lapsed by not paying the annual fees |