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NO123212B - - Google Patents

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Publication number
NO123212B
NO123212B NO155817A NO15581764A NO123212B NO 123212 B NO123212 B NO 123212B NO 155817 A NO155817 A NO 155817A NO 15581764 A NO15581764 A NO 15581764A NO 123212 B NO123212 B NO 123212B
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Norway
Prior art keywords
amplifier
connection
impedance
winding
bridge connection
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Application number
NO155817A
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Norwegian (no)
Inventor
G Chadbourne
Original Assignee
Keyes Fibre Co
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Publication of NO123212B publication Critical patent/NO123212B/no

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D71/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans or pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D71/06Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers
    • B65D71/12Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers the packaging elements, e.g. wrappers being formed by folding a single blank
    • B65D71/14Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers the packaging elements, e.g. wrappers being formed by folding a single blank having the shape of a tube, without, or not being characterised by, end walls
    • B65D71/24Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers the packaging elements, e.g. wrappers being formed by folding a single blank having the shape of a tube, without, or not being characterised by, end walls with partitions
    • B65D71/246Inserted partitions
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D71/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans or pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D71/06Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers
    • B65D71/08Wrappers shrunk by heat or under tension, e.g. stretch films or films tensioned by compressed articles
    • B65D71/10Wrappers shrunk by heat or under tension, e.g. stretch films or films tensioned by compressed articles and provided with inserts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2571/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D2571/00006Palletisable loads, i.e. loads intended to be transported by means of a fork-lift truck
    • B65D2571/00012Bundles surrounded by a film
    • B65D2571/00018Bundles surrounded by a film under tension
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2571/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D2571/00006Palletisable loads, i.e. loads intended to be transported by means of a fork-lift truck
    • B65D2571/00111Arrangements of flexible binders
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2571/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D2571/00123Bundling wrappers or trays
    • B65D2571/00333Partitions, i.e. elements contacting a major part of each aarticle or extending across the whole length of the wrapper
    • B65D2571/00401Partitions, i.e. elements contacting a major part of each aarticle or extending across the whole length of the wrapper inserted the wrapper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2571/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D2571/00123Bundling wrappers or trays
    • B65D2571/00648Elements used to form the wrapper
    • B65D2571/00672Films
    • B65D2571/00679Shrink films
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2571/00Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
    • B65D2571/00123Bundling wrappers or trays
    • B65D2571/00981External accessories
    • B65D2571/00987Straps, strings, or similar elements

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Description

Tilbakekoplingsnettverk for forsterker. Amplifier feedback network.

Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en The present invention relates to a

forsterker, særlig elektronrør — eller transistorforsterker, som er utstyrt med positiv amplifier, especially electron tube — or transistor amplifier, which is equipped with positive

eller negativ tilbakekopling og som er tilknyttet belastningen gjennom en spesiell or negative feedback and which is associated with the load through a special

firepol med differensialtransformator four-pole with differential transformer

(gaffeltransformator) en såkalt balansert (fork transformer) a so-called balanced

brokopling. bridging.

Anvendelsen av den balanserte brokopling, hvis prinsipp fremgår av fig. 1 The application of the balanced bridge connection, the principle of which appears in fig. 1

og fig. 2, er forøvrig vel kjent bl. a. fra and fig. 2, is by the way well known, among others a. from

telefonapparater med antisidetonekopling telephone sets with anti-side tone coupling

og fra totråds linjeforsterkere. and from two-wire line amplifiers.

I foreliggende patentbeskrivelse kalles In the present patent description is called

viklingen med vindingstall Nx (kfr. fig. 1 the winding with number of turns Nx (cf. fig. 1

og 2) for brokoplingens linjevikling, and 2) for the line winding of the bridge connection,

viklingen med vindingstall N2 kalles balan-seviklingen, mens viklingen med vindingstall N3 kalles sekundærviklingen. Klemmene h1 og L2 kalles brokoplingens linje-klemmer og Rh balansemotstanden (den the winding with a number of turns N2 is called the balance winding, while the winding with a number of turns N3 is called the secondary winding. The terminals h1 and L2 are called the line terminals of the bridge connection and Rh the balance resistor (the

behøver forøvrig i almindelighet ikke være generally does not need to be

en ohmsk motstand). Impedansen ZH sies an ohmic resistance). The impedance ZH is said

å utgjøre brokoplingens midtgren. to form the middle branch of the bridging connection.

Fig. 1 og fig. 2 illustrerer de to drifts-tilstandene som er av praktisk betydning. Fig. 1 and fig. 2 illustrates the two operating conditions which are of practical importance.

På fig. 1 er det til sekundærklemmene In fig. 1 is for the secondary terminals

og Ss koplet en generator med E.M.K. Ef and Ss connected a generator with E.M.K. Eph

og med indre impedans Zf, mens det over and with internal impedance Zf, while that above

klemmene 1^ og L2 er koplet en impedans terminals 1^ and L2 are connected by an impedance

ZL, som i beskrivelsen kalles linjeimpedans ZL, which in the description is called line impedance

og som betraktes som den egentlige forbruker av den effekt generatoren leverer and which is considered the actual consumer of the power the generator delivers

via brokoplingen. Denne tilstand vil bli via the bridge connection. This condition will be

karakterisert som sending. Betegnelsen characterized as consignment. The designation

balansert brokopling refererer til det balanced bridging refers to it

forhold at strømmen i midtgrenen er 0 eller condition that the current in the middle branch is 0 or

tilnærmet 0 ved sending. Forutsetningen approximately 0 when sent. The premise

for dette er igjen at i for this again is that i

Her betyr u2 forholdet N2 : Nx . Forholdet N3 : N1 betegnes på liknende måte med ux. Som eksempel kan en tenke seg en telefon-apparatkopling som antydet i fig. 3, hvor generatoren på gaffeltransformatorens sekundærside utgjøres av en kullkorn-mikrofon i serie med et lokalbatteri for matestrøm, mens midtgren utgjøres av en høretelefon i serie med en kondensator. Impedansen Z, er i dette tilfelle impedansen av telefonlinjen som er tilknyttet klemmene 1^ , L2. Here u2 means the ratio N2 : Nx. The ratio N3 : N1 is denoted in a similar way by ux. As an example, one can think of a telephone device connection as indicated in fig. 3, where the generator on the fork transformer's secondary side is made up of a carbon grain microphone in series with a local battery for supply current, while the middle branch is made up of an earphone in series with a capacitor. The impedance Z, in this case, is the impedance of the telephone line connected to terminals 1^, L2.

På fig. 2 virker en E.M.K. Er i serie med impedansen ZL, mens sekundærsiden av transformatoren er belastet med impedans Zf. Denne tilstand karakteriseres i In fig. 2 works an E.M.K. Is in series with impedance ZL, while the secondary side of the transformer is loaded with impedance Zf. This condition is characterized in

patentbeskrivelsen som mottaking. I the patent description as receipt. IN

det ovenfor nevnte eksempel, kfr. fig. 3, svarer tilstanden til at apparatkoplingen mottar et signal fra linjen. Ved mottaking the above-mentioned example, see fig. 3, the condition corresponds to the device connection receiving a signal from the line. Upon receipt

regnes impedansen Z1T i midtgrenen som the impedance Z1T in the middle branch is considered as

den egentlige forbruker av den mottatte effekt. the actual consumer of the received effect.

Som kjent er den balanserte brokoplingen videre karakterisert ved at strømmen i midtgrenen ZH ved mottaking ikke avhenger av impedansen r ,Zf~ på transformatorens sekundærside. Størrelsen av Zf influerer bare på effektfordelingen mellom Zf og R,,, og hvis spesielt As is known, the balanced bridge connection is further characterized by the fact that the current in the middle branch ZH during reception does not depend on the impedance r ,Zf ~ on the secondary side of the transformer. The size of Zf only influences the power distribution between Zf and R,,, and if in particular

vil Rb være strømløs ved mottaking. I det ovenfor nevnte eksempel vil Zf være Rb will be de-energized on reception. In the above-mentioned example, Zf will be

en ohmsk motstand mens ZH, undtatt for en bestemt frekvens, vil være en kompleks impedans. Betingelsen (2) vil derfor i dette tilfelle i almindelighet ikke være oppfylt, og balansemotstanden vil absorbere effekt ved mottaking. an ohmic resistance while ZH, except for a certain frequency, will be a complex impedance. Condition (2) will therefore generally not be fulfilled in this case, and the balance resistor will absorb the effect when receiving.

I patentbeskrivelsen forstås videre ved apparatimpedansen ZA den impedans man måler over klemmene Lt og L2 når linje-impedansen ZL er frakoplet krf. fig. 12 og fig. 13. I det tidligere nevnte eksempel blir apparatimpedansen identisk med telefon-apparatets impedans i talestilling. In the patent description, the device impedance ZA also means the impedance measured across the terminals Lt and L2 when the line impedance ZL is disconnected krf. fig. 12 and fig. 13. In the previously mentioned example, the device impedance becomes identical to the impedance of the telephone device in speaking mode.

Foreliggende oppfinnelse tar sikte på å oppnå en bestemt egenskap hos den nevnte apparatimpedans ZA i det tilfelle at generatoren på transformatorens sekundærside er tilkoplet gjennom en forsterker, F , utstyrt med positiv eller negativ tilbakekopling gjennom et nettverk N slik dette er antydet på fig. 4. Det er videre forutsatt at anbringelsen av nettverket N ikke endrer koplingens karakter av balansert brokopling. The present invention aims to achieve a specific characteristic of the aforementioned device impedance ZA in the event that the generator on the secondary side of the transformer is connected through an amplifier, F, equipped with positive or negative feedback through a network N as indicated in fig. 4. It is further assumed that the placement of the network N does not change the nature of the connection as a balanced bridge connection.

Den egenskap ved ZA, som det her er tale om, består i at ZA, uansett frekvensen og uansett karakteren av impe-dansfunksjonen ZH, er den samme med tilbakekopling, som antydet på fig. 4 og fig 12, som uten, slik som antydet på fig. 6 og fig. 13. At ZA er den samme i de to tilfelle er ensbetydende med at den effekt, som ved mottaking tilføres forsterkerens inngang via tilbakekoplingsveien er 0. Utformingen av den nevnte tilbakekopling kan selvsagt varieres på mange måter. The property of ZA, which we are talking about here, consists in that ZA, regardless of the frequency and regardless of the character of the impedance function ZH, is the same with feedback, as indicated in fig. 4 and fig. 12, as without, as indicated in fig. 6 and fig. 13. The fact that ZA is the same in the two cases means that the power which, when receiving, is supplied to the amplifier's input via the feedback path is 0. The design of the aforementioned feedback can of course be varied in many ways.

Fig. 5, fig. 7, fig. 8, fig. 9, fig. 10 og fig. 14 viser en del eksempler på tilbakekopling. På fig. 9 og fig. 10 er P en vilkårlig aktiv eller passiv firepol som man kan tenke seg innskutt i tilbakekoplingsveien for å oppnå en ønsket tilbakekopling ved sending. Fig. 5 og fig. 7 er ellers å betrakte som spesialtilfelle av fig. 8. Som før nevnt forutsettes det at de motstandene r1 , r2 , Rj og R2 som er innført av hensyn til tilbakekoplingen ikke endrer koplingens karakter av balansert brokopling. Denne forutsetningen vil være oppfylt når rj og r2 er små og R1 og R3 store i forhold til Fig. 5, fig. 7, fig. 8, fig. 9, fig. 10 and fig. 14 shows some examples of feedback. In fig. 9 and fig. 10, P is an arbitrarily active or passive four-pole which one can imagine inserted into the feedback path to achieve a desired feedback during transmission. Fig. 5 and fig. 7 is otherwise to be regarded as a special case of fig. 8. As previously mentioned, it is assumed that the resistances r1 , r2 , Rj and R2 which are introduced for the sake of feedback do not change the nature of the connection as a balanced bridge connection. This assumption will be fulfilled when rj and r2 are small and R1 and R3 large in relation to

brokoplingens impedanser the impedances of the bridge connection

I det tilfelle at forsterkerens inngang ved mottaking tilføres effekt via tilbakekoplingsveien, vil ZA kunne variere meget sterkt både i amplitude og fase med frekvensen og herunder også anta negative verdier. Dette vil i praksis kunne være meget uheldig, således i det tidligere nevnte tilfelle at det foreligger en antisidetone telefonapparatkopling.der forsterkeren gjør tjeneste som mikrofonforsterker og hvor man ønsker en rent ohmsk apparatimpedans på 600 Ci over det bredest mulige frekvensbånd. In the event that the amplifier's input during reception is supplied with power via the feedback path, ZA will be able to vary very strongly both in amplitude and phase with the frequency and thereby also assume negative values. In practice, this could be very unfortunate, thus in the previously mentioned case where there is an anti-side tone telephone device connection, where the amplifier serves as a microphone amplifier and where a purely ohmic device impedance of 600 Ci is desired over the widest possible frequency band.

Med en slik apparatimpedans vil man nemlig ha tilpassing mellom telefon-apparatet og linjen hvis impedans i almindelighet vil ligge på ca 600 Cl . With such a device impedance, you will have a match between the telephone device and the line, whose impedance will generally be around 600 Cl.

Ved et vanlig telefonapparat med kull-mikrofon vil det i almindelighet ikke by på særlige vanskeligheter å gjøre apparatimpedansen tilnærmet rent ohmsk og ca. 600 Cl for de frekvenser som kommer i betraktning og heller ikke ved et telefonapparat med mikrofonforsterker, forutsatt at denne er utført uten tilbakekopling. Det kan imidlertid tenkes at f. eks. positiv tilbakekopling er ønskelig eller nødvendig for å oppnå tilstrekkelig avgitt effekt fra apparat til linje. I henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse er det mulig å etablere en slik tilbakekopling uten at denne får noen nevneverdig innvirkning på apparatimpedansen som fortsatt vil kunne holdes tilnærmet rent ohmsk og med en størrelse på ca. 600 Cl for de frekvenser som kommer i betraktning. In the case of a normal telephone set with a charcoal microphone, it will generally not pose any particular difficulties to make the set impedance almost purely ohmic and approx. 600 Cl for the frequencies that come into consideration and also not in the case of a telephone set with a microphone amplifier, provided that this is done without feedback. However, it is conceivable that e.g. positive feedback is desirable or necessary to achieve sufficient output power from device to line. According to the present invention, it is possible to establish such feedback without this having any significant impact on the device impedance, which will still be able to be kept almost purely ohmic and with a size of approx. 600 Cl for the frequencies that come into consideration.

For. å kunne undersøke muligheten for å hindre at forsterkerinngangen tilføres effekt ved mottaking, er det av betydning å komme frem til et uttrykk for ZA i det generelle tilfelle som er illustrert på fig. 4. For. to be able to investigate the possibility of preventing power being added to the amplifier input during reception, it is important to arrive at an expression for ZA in the general case illustrated in fig. 4.

Ved hjelp av Kirchhoffs likninger finner man at skjemaet på fig. 4 kan erstattes med det på fig. 11, hvor størrelsen k3 er forsterkerens spenningsforsterkning i tomgang, og hvor leddene kx i, og k2 i2 representerer tilbakekoplingen. i1 og i2 er maskestrømmen i henholdsvis brokoplingens linjevikling og balanse vikling. Istedenfor konstantene k, og k2 , som har dimensjon som impedans, kan det være hensikts-messig å innføre to nye parametre, m og k, definert ved formlene Using Kirchhoff's equations, it is found that the diagram in fig. 4 can be replaced with that in fig. 11, where the quantity k3 is the amplifier's voltage gain at idle, and where the terms kx i and k2 i2 represent the feedback. i1 and i2 are the mesh current in the bridge connection's line winding and balance winding, respectively. Instead of the constants k, and k2, which have dimension as impedance, it may be appropriate to introduce two new parameters, m and k, defined by the formulas

For koplingen på fig. 5 har en : For the connection in fig. 5 has a :

For koplingen på fig. 7 har en : For the connection in fig. 7 has a :

For koplingen på fig. 14 har en : og for koplingen på fig. 8, 9 og 10 har en : For the connection in fig. 14 has a : and for the connection in fig. 8, 9 and 10 have a :

Generelt finner en for koplingen på fig. 4 og 12 følgende uttrykk for ZA: hvor: In general, one finds for the connection in fig. 4 and 12 the following expression for ZA: where:

Has ingen tilbakekopling, dvs. er k1 = k2 = k = 0, blir ifølge (10) Z(; = Zf, hvilkét innsatt i (9) gir det kjente uttrykket: If there is no feedback, i.e. if k1 = k2 = k = 0, according to (10) Z(; = Zf, which inserted in (9) gives the known expression:

for apparatimpedansen ved 0 tilbakekopling kfr. fig. 13. Den generelle betingelsen for at ZA = ZA0 er at Z(. = Zf og betingelsen for dette er igjen ifølge (10) og (11) at: for the device impedance at 0 feedback, see fig. 13. The general condition for ZA = ZA0 is that Z(. = Zf and the condition for this is again according to (10) and (11) that:

Vi forutsetter at Z, og R,, tilnærmet kan betraktes som ohmske motstander, mens Zn kan være en vilkårlig impedansfunk-sjon. Antar vi i første omgang ZH rent ohmsk, blir m reell og: We assume that Z, and R,, can be considered approximately as ohmic resistors, while Zn can be an arbitrary impedance function. If we initially assume ZH purely ohmic, m becomes real and:

I tilfelle —= — , er m = 0, og problemet u,2 u2 In the case —= — , m = 0, and the problem u,2 u2

Za = Zao kan ifølge (5) løses med en kopling som på fig. 5. Dette er naturlig, da som før nevnt balansemotstanden i dette tilfelle er strømløs ved mottaking. Za = Zao can, according to (5), be solved with a connection as in fig. 5. This is natural, since as previously mentioned the balance resistor in this case is de-energized when receiving.

I tilfelle ^i, er m > 0, og problemet In case ^i, m > 0, and the problem

ZA = ZA0 kan da ifølge (6) løses med en kopling som på fig. 7. ZA = ZA0 can then be solved according to (6) with a connection as in fig. 7.

I tilfelle -^1/— , er m / O , og problemet ZA<Z>A0 kan ifølge (7) løses med en kopling som på fig. 14. In the case -^1/— , m / O , and the problem ZA<Z>A0 can be solved according to (7) with a connection as in fig. 14.

Ved innsetning av (10) i (9), får man et uttrykk av formen: By inserting (10) into (9), you get an expression of the form:

der a, p og y, hvis ZH er en ohmsk motstand, alle er reelle størrelser. Den reelle variable ZA som funksjon av den reelle variable m vil følgelig anta alle reelle verdier, dvs. at man ved å anvende en form for tilbakekopling som vist på fig. 7 og fig. 14 kan gi ZA enhver positiv eller negativ verdi. Dette kan skje ved i skjemaet på where a, p and y, if ZH is an ohmic resistance, are all real quantities. The real variable ZA as a function of the real variable m will consequently assume all real values, i.e. by applying a form of feedback as shown in fig. 7 and fig. 14 can give ZA any positive or negative value. This can be done in the form on

fig. 7 å variere forholdet mellom r3 og r2 mens deres sum er uforandret og på fig. 14 fig. 7 to vary the ratio between r3 and r2 while their sum is unchanged and in fig. 14

ved å variere r1', mens r2 er uforandret, by varying r1', while r2 is unchanged,

altså i begge tilfelle uten å foreta noen forandring som influerer på koplingens forhold ved sending i.e. in both cases without making any changes that influence the connection's conditions during transmission

I praksis vil summen r = r1 + r2 samt motstanden R1 bli å betrakte som gitt ut fra ønsket om en bestemt tilbakekopling ved sending. For å oppnå at ZA er identisk med ZA0, uavhengig av frekvensen, må da de tre ukjente r1; r2 og R2 bestemmes ut fra likningene (16) og (17) og likningen: In practice, the sum r = r1 + r2 as well as the resistance R1 will be regarded as given based on the desire for a specific feedback during transmission. In order to achieve that ZA is identical to ZA0, regardless of the frequency, the three unknowns r1; r2 and R2 are determined from equations (16) and (17) and the equation:

Ved løsning av dette likningssystemet When solving this system of equations

fåes can be obtained

Nu var rx og r2 ,og dermed r , forut- Now rx and r2, and thus r, were pre-

satt små i forhold til P og Q. Formlene (19), (20) og (21) kan derfor med tilstrek- set small in relation to P and Q. The formulas (19), (20) and (21) can therefore be

kelig tilnærmelse forenkles til: approximation simplifies to:

I det tilfelle at ZH er en frekvens-avhengig impedans kan man ifølge form- In the case that ZH is a frequency-dependent impedance, one can according to form-

lene (8) og (12) gjøre ZA identisk med ZA0lene (8) and (12) make ZA identical to ZA0

ved å velge rx, r2 , R2 og Rx slik at: by choosing rx, r2 , R2 and Rx such that:

Claims (1)

Forsterker, f. eks. elektronrør-Amplifier, e.g. electron tube eller transistorforsterker, hvis utgang er tilknyttet sekundærviklingen av differen-sialtransformatoren i en balansert brokopling i hvilken balansemotstanden Rb ikke direkte, men gjennom to små seriekoplede ohmske motstander r1 og r2 er forbundet med brokoplingens nedre linjeklem-me Li, hvor impedansen ZH i brokoplingens midtgren er tilkoplet forbindelsespunktet mellom r1 og r2, hvor nevnte klemme h1 er forbundet med sammenkoplingspunktet av transformatorens linje- og balansevikling gjennom to seriekoplede ohmske motstander RL og R2 av hvilke den første er direkte tilknyttet 1^ og hvor endelig den spenning, som, når forsterkeren avgir effekt til brokoplingen, oppstår mellom forbindelsespunktet av RL og R2 og forbindelsespunktet av r2 og Rb, enten direkte eller via en vilkårlig firepol koples tilbake til forsterkeren på en slik måte at en ønsket grad av positiv eller negativ tilbakekopling oppnås, karakterisert ved at forholdet mellom de nevnte ohmske motstander r1 og r2 og forholdet mellom de nevnte ohmske motstander Rx og R2, velges i sam-svar med formlene: hvor u2 er oversetningsforholdet mellom transformatorens balansevikling og linjevikling, u, oversetningsforholdet mellom sekundærviklingen og linjeviklingen, Zr er forsterkerens utgangsimpedans, som i likhet med balansemotstanden Rh antas å være tilnærmet ohmsk, og r er summen ri + rj - som forutsettes liten i forhold til brokoplingens øvrige impedanser, og i likhet med Ri, antas valgt ut fra ønsket om en bestemt tilbakekopling ved sending.or transistor amplifier, the output of which is connected to the secondary winding of the differential transformer in a balanced bridge connection in which the balance resistor Rb is not connected directly, but through two small series-connected ohmic resistors r1 and r2, to the lower line terminal Li of the bridge connection, where the impedance ZH in the middle branch of the bridge connection is connected to the connection point between r1 and r2, where said terminal h1 is connected to the connection point of the transformer's line and balance winding through two series-connected ohmic resistors RL and R2 of which the first is directly connected to 1^ and where finally the voltage which, when the amplifier emits power to the bridge connection, occurs between the connection point of RL and R2 and the connection point of r2 and Rb, either directly or via an arbitrary four-pole is connected back to the amplifier in such a way that a desired degree of positive or negative feedback is achieved, characterized by the relationship between the aforementioned ohmic resistances r1 and r2 and the ratio me between the mentioned ohmic resistors Rx and R2, are chosen in accordance with the formulas: where u2 is the translation ratio between the transformer's balance winding and line winding, u, the translation ratio between the secondary winding and the line winding, Zr is the output impedance of the amplifier, which, like the balance resistance Rh, is assumed to be approximately ohmic, and r is the sum ri + rj - which is assumed to be small compared to the bridge connection other impedances, and like Ri, are assumed to be chosen based on the desire for a specific feedback during transmission.
NO155817A 1963-12-02 1964-12-01 NO123212B (en)

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US327269A US3286833A (en) 1963-12-02 1963-12-02 Molded pulp packaging unit

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US4596330A (en) * 1981-08-10 1986-06-24 Benno Edward L Multipackages, the packaging elements, and the method for making the multipackages
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DE4126212C2 (en) * 1991-08-08 1995-03-16 Packmaster System Entwicklung Multiple packaging and method for packaging a plurality of containers
US5335770A (en) * 1992-08-06 1994-08-09 Moulded Fibre Technology, Inc. Molded pulp fiber interior package cushioning structures
US5656135A (en) * 1993-02-16 1997-08-12 Moulded Fibre Technology, Inc. Molded product manufacturing apparatus and methods
CA2198661A1 (en) * 1996-02-27 1997-08-27 Richard B. Hurley Shipping protector for bottles or the like
US6290057B1 (en) 1999-09-10 2001-09-18 Western Pulp Products Co. Bottle shipper
US7237675B2 (en) * 2002-04-09 2007-07-03 O'malley Joseph Bottle cradle stacking support

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US3135445A (en) * 1962-07-18 1964-06-02 Diamond National Corp Article carrier

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FI43156B (en) 1970-10-01
DE1486452A1 (en) 1969-04-30
US3286833A (en) 1966-11-22
NL6413645A (en) 1965-06-03
GB1049909A (en) 1966-11-30

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