NO123212B - - Google Patents
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- NO123212B NO123212B NO155817A NO15581764A NO123212B NO 123212 B NO123212 B NO 123212B NO 155817 A NO155817 A NO 155817A NO 15581764 A NO15581764 A NO 15581764A NO 123212 B NO123212 B NO 123212B
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Description
Tilbakekoplingsnettverk for forsterker. Amplifier feedback network.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en The present invention relates to a
forsterker, særlig elektronrør — eller transistorforsterker, som er utstyrt med positiv amplifier, especially electron tube — or transistor amplifier, which is equipped with positive
eller negativ tilbakekopling og som er tilknyttet belastningen gjennom en spesiell or negative feedback and which is associated with the load through a special
firepol med differensialtransformator four-pole with differential transformer
(gaffeltransformator) en såkalt balansert (fork transformer) a so-called balanced
brokopling. bridging.
Anvendelsen av den balanserte brokopling, hvis prinsipp fremgår av fig. 1 The application of the balanced bridge connection, the principle of which appears in fig. 1
og fig. 2, er forøvrig vel kjent bl. a. fra and fig. 2, is by the way well known, among others a. from
telefonapparater med antisidetonekopling telephone sets with anti-side tone coupling
og fra totråds linjeforsterkere. and from two-wire line amplifiers.
I foreliggende patentbeskrivelse kalles In the present patent description is called
viklingen med vindingstall Nx (kfr. fig. 1 the winding with number of turns Nx (cf. fig. 1
og 2) for brokoplingens linjevikling, and 2) for the line winding of the bridge connection,
viklingen med vindingstall N2 kalles balan-seviklingen, mens viklingen med vindingstall N3 kalles sekundærviklingen. Klemmene h1 og L2 kalles brokoplingens linje-klemmer og Rh balansemotstanden (den the winding with a number of turns N2 is called the balance winding, while the winding with a number of turns N3 is called the secondary winding. The terminals h1 and L2 are called the line terminals of the bridge connection and Rh the balance resistor (the
behøver forøvrig i almindelighet ikke være generally does not need to be
en ohmsk motstand). Impedansen ZH sies an ohmic resistance). The impedance ZH is said
å utgjøre brokoplingens midtgren. to form the middle branch of the bridging connection.
Fig. 1 og fig. 2 illustrerer de to drifts-tilstandene som er av praktisk betydning. Fig. 1 and fig. 2 illustrates the two operating conditions which are of practical importance.
På fig. 1 er det til sekundærklemmene In fig. 1 is for the secondary terminals
og Ss koplet en generator med E.M.K. Ef and Ss connected a generator with E.M.K. Eph
og med indre impedans Zf, mens det over and with internal impedance Zf, while that above
klemmene 1^ og L2 er koplet en impedans terminals 1^ and L2 are connected by an impedance
ZL, som i beskrivelsen kalles linjeimpedans ZL, which in the description is called line impedance
og som betraktes som den egentlige forbruker av den effekt generatoren leverer and which is considered the actual consumer of the power the generator delivers
via brokoplingen. Denne tilstand vil bli via the bridge connection. This condition will be
karakterisert som sending. Betegnelsen characterized as consignment. The designation
balansert brokopling refererer til det balanced bridging refers to it
forhold at strømmen i midtgrenen er 0 eller condition that the current in the middle branch is 0 or
tilnærmet 0 ved sending. Forutsetningen approximately 0 when sent. The premise
for dette er igjen at i for this again is that i
Her betyr u2 forholdet N2 : Nx . Forholdet N3 : N1 betegnes på liknende måte med ux. Som eksempel kan en tenke seg en telefon-apparatkopling som antydet i fig. 3, hvor generatoren på gaffeltransformatorens sekundærside utgjøres av en kullkorn-mikrofon i serie med et lokalbatteri for matestrøm, mens midtgren utgjøres av en høretelefon i serie med en kondensator. Impedansen Z, er i dette tilfelle impedansen av telefonlinjen som er tilknyttet klemmene 1^ , L2. Here u2 means the ratio N2 : Nx. The ratio N3 : N1 is denoted in a similar way by ux. As an example, one can think of a telephone device connection as indicated in fig. 3, where the generator on the fork transformer's secondary side is made up of a carbon grain microphone in series with a local battery for supply current, while the middle branch is made up of an earphone in series with a capacitor. The impedance Z, in this case, is the impedance of the telephone line connected to terminals 1^, L2.
På fig. 2 virker en E.M.K. Er i serie med impedansen ZL, mens sekundærsiden av transformatoren er belastet med impedans Zf. Denne tilstand karakteriseres i In fig. 2 works an E.M.K. Is in series with impedance ZL, while the secondary side of the transformer is loaded with impedance Zf. This condition is characterized in
patentbeskrivelsen som mottaking. I the patent description as receipt. IN
det ovenfor nevnte eksempel, kfr. fig. 3, svarer tilstanden til at apparatkoplingen mottar et signal fra linjen. Ved mottaking the above-mentioned example, see fig. 3, the condition corresponds to the device connection receiving a signal from the line. Upon receipt
regnes impedansen Z1T i midtgrenen som the impedance Z1T in the middle branch is considered as
den egentlige forbruker av den mottatte effekt. the actual consumer of the received effect.
Som kjent er den balanserte brokoplingen videre karakterisert ved at strømmen i midtgrenen ZH ved mottaking ikke avhenger av impedansen r ,Zf~ på transformatorens sekundærside. Størrelsen av Zf influerer bare på effektfordelingen mellom Zf og R,,, og hvis spesielt As is known, the balanced bridge connection is further characterized by the fact that the current in the middle branch ZH during reception does not depend on the impedance r ,Zf ~ on the secondary side of the transformer. The size of Zf only influences the power distribution between Zf and R,,, and if in particular
vil Rb være strømløs ved mottaking. I det ovenfor nevnte eksempel vil Zf være Rb will be de-energized on reception. In the above-mentioned example, Zf will be
en ohmsk motstand mens ZH, undtatt for en bestemt frekvens, vil være en kompleks impedans. Betingelsen (2) vil derfor i dette tilfelle i almindelighet ikke være oppfylt, og balansemotstanden vil absorbere effekt ved mottaking. an ohmic resistance while ZH, except for a certain frequency, will be a complex impedance. Condition (2) will therefore generally not be fulfilled in this case, and the balance resistor will absorb the effect when receiving.
I patentbeskrivelsen forstås videre ved apparatimpedansen ZA den impedans man måler over klemmene Lt og L2 når linje-impedansen ZL er frakoplet krf. fig. 12 og fig. 13. I det tidligere nevnte eksempel blir apparatimpedansen identisk med telefon-apparatets impedans i talestilling. In the patent description, the device impedance ZA also means the impedance measured across the terminals Lt and L2 when the line impedance ZL is disconnected krf. fig. 12 and fig. 13. In the previously mentioned example, the device impedance becomes identical to the impedance of the telephone device in speaking mode.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse tar sikte på å oppnå en bestemt egenskap hos den nevnte apparatimpedans ZA i det tilfelle at generatoren på transformatorens sekundærside er tilkoplet gjennom en forsterker, F , utstyrt med positiv eller negativ tilbakekopling gjennom et nettverk N slik dette er antydet på fig. 4. Det er videre forutsatt at anbringelsen av nettverket N ikke endrer koplingens karakter av balansert brokopling. The present invention aims to achieve a specific characteristic of the aforementioned device impedance ZA in the event that the generator on the secondary side of the transformer is connected through an amplifier, F, equipped with positive or negative feedback through a network N as indicated in fig. 4. It is further assumed that the placement of the network N does not change the nature of the connection as a balanced bridge connection.
Den egenskap ved ZA, som det her er tale om, består i at ZA, uansett frekvensen og uansett karakteren av impe-dansfunksjonen ZH, er den samme med tilbakekopling, som antydet på fig. 4 og fig 12, som uten, slik som antydet på fig. 6 og fig. 13. At ZA er den samme i de to tilfelle er ensbetydende med at den effekt, som ved mottaking tilføres forsterkerens inngang via tilbakekoplingsveien er 0. Utformingen av den nevnte tilbakekopling kan selvsagt varieres på mange måter. The property of ZA, which we are talking about here, consists in that ZA, regardless of the frequency and regardless of the character of the impedance function ZH, is the same with feedback, as indicated in fig. 4 and fig. 12, as without, as indicated in fig. 6 and fig. 13. The fact that ZA is the same in the two cases means that the power which, when receiving, is supplied to the amplifier's input via the feedback path is 0. The design of the aforementioned feedback can of course be varied in many ways.
Fig. 5, fig. 7, fig. 8, fig. 9, fig. 10 og fig. 14 viser en del eksempler på tilbakekopling. På fig. 9 og fig. 10 er P en vilkårlig aktiv eller passiv firepol som man kan tenke seg innskutt i tilbakekoplingsveien for å oppnå en ønsket tilbakekopling ved sending. Fig. 5 og fig. 7 er ellers å betrakte som spesialtilfelle av fig. 8. Som før nevnt forutsettes det at de motstandene r1 , r2 , Rj og R2 som er innført av hensyn til tilbakekoplingen ikke endrer koplingens karakter av balansert brokopling. Denne forutsetningen vil være oppfylt når rj og r2 er små og R1 og R3 store i forhold til Fig. 5, fig. 7, fig. 8, fig. 9, fig. 10 and fig. 14 shows some examples of feedback. In fig. 9 and fig. 10, P is an arbitrarily active or passive four-pole which one can imagine inserted into the feedback path to achieve a desired feedback during transmission. Fig. 5 and fig. 7 is otherwise to be regarded as a special case of fig. 8. As previously mentioned, it is assumed that the resistances r1 , r2 , Rj and R2 which are introduced for the sake of feedback do not change the nature of the connection as a balanced bridge connection. This assumption will be fulfilled when rj and r2 are small and R1 and R3 large in relation to
brokoplingens impedanser the impedances of the bridge connection
I det tilfelle at forsterkerens inngang ved mottaking tilføres effekt via tilbakekoplingsveien, vil ZA kunne variere meget sterkt både i amplitude og fase med frekvensen og herunder også anta negative verdier. Dette vil i praksis kunne være meget uheldig, således i det tidligere nevnte tilfelle at det foreligger en antisidetone telefonapparatkopling.der forsterkeren gjør tjeneste som mikrofonforsterker og hvor man ønsker en rent ohmsk apparatimpedans på 600 Ci over det bredest mulige frekvensbånd. In the event that the amplifier's input during reception is supplied with power via the feedback path, ZA will be able to vary very strongly both in amplitude and phase with the frequency and thereby also assume negative values. In practice, this could be very unfortunate, thus in the previously mentioned case where there is an anti-side tone telephone device connection, where the amplifier serves as a microphone amplifier and where a purely ohmic device impedance of 600 Ci is desired over the widest possible frequency band.
Med en slik apparatimpedans vil man nemlig ha tilpassing mellom telefon-apparatet og linjen hvis impedans i almindelighet vil ligge på ca 600 Cl . With such a device impedance, you will have a match between the telephone device and the line, whose impedance will generally be around 600 Cl.
Ved et vanlig telefonapparat med kull-mikrofon vil det i almindelighet ikke by på særlige vanskeligheter å gjøre apparatimpedansen tilnærmet rent ohmsk og ca. 600 Cl for de frekvenser som kommer i betraktning og heller ikke ved et telefonapparat med mikrofonforsterker, forutsatt at denne er utført uten tilbakekopling. Det kan imidlertid tenkes at f. eks. positiv tilbakekopling er ønskelig eller nødvendig for å oppnå tilstrekkelig avgitt effekt fra apparat til linje. I henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse er det mulig å etablere en slik tilbakekopling uten at denne får noen nevneverdig innvirkning på apparatimpedansen som fortsatt vil kunne holdes tilnærmet rent ohmsk og med en størrelse på ca. 600 Cl for de frekvenser som kommer i betraktning. In the case of a normal telephone set with a charcoal microphone, it will generally not pose any particular difficulties to make the set impedance almost purely ohmic and approx. 600 Cl for the frequencies that come into consideration and also not in the case of a telephone set with a microphone amplifier, provided that this is done without feedback. However, it is conceivable that e.g. positive feedback is desirable or necessary to achieve sufficient output power from device to line. According to the present invention, it is possible to establish such feedback without this having any significant impact on the device impedance, which will still be able to be kept almost purely ohmic and with a size of approx. 600 Cl for the frequencies that come into consideration.
For. å kunne undersøke muligheten for å hindre at forsterkerinngangen tilføres effekt ved mottaking, er det av betydning å komme frem til et uttrykk for ZA i det generelle tilfelle som er illustrert på fig. 4. For. to be able to investigate the possibility of preventing power being added to the amplifier input during reception, it is important to arrive at an expression for ZA in the general case illustrated in fig. 4.
Ved hjelp av Kirchhoffs likninger finner man at skjemaet på fig. 4 kan erstattes med det på fig. 11, hvor størrelsen k3 er forsterkerens spenningsforsterkning i tomgang, og hvor leddene kx i, og k2 i2 representerer tilbakekoplingen. i1 og i2 er maskestrømmen i henholdsvis brokoplingens linjevikling og balanse vikling. Istedenfor konstantene k, og k2 , som har dimensjon som impedans, kan det være hensikts-messig å innføre to nye parametre, m og k, definert ved formlene Using Kirchhoff's equations, it is found that the diagram in fig. 4 can be replaced with that in fig. 11, where the quantity k3 is the amplifier's voltage gain at idle, and where the terms kx i and k2 i2 represent the feedback. i1 and i2 are the mesh current in the bridge connection's line winding and balance winding, respectively. Instead of the constants k, and k2, which have dimension as impedance, it may be appropriate to introduce two new parameters, m and k, defined by the formulas
For koplingen på fig. 5 har en : For the connection in fig. 5 has a :
For koplingen på fig. 7 har en : For the connection in fig. 7 has a :
For koplingen på fig. 14 har en : og for koplingen på fig. 8, 9 og 10 har en : For the connection in fig. 14 has a : and for the connection in fig. 8, 9 and 10 have a :
Generelt finner en for koplingen på fig. 4 og 12 følgende uttrykk for ZA: hvor: In general, one finds for the connection in fig. 4 and 12 the following expression for ZA: where:
Has ingen tilbakekopling, dvs. er k1 = k2 = k = 0, blir ifølge (10) Z(; = Zf, hvilkét innsatt i (9) gir det kjente uttrykket: If there is no feedback, i.e. if k1 = k2 = k = 0, according to (10) Z(; = Zf, which inserted in (9) gives the known expression:
for apparatimpedansen ved 0 tilbakekopling kfr. fig. 13. Den generelle betingelsen for at ZA = ZA0 er at Z(. = Zf og betingelsen for dette er igjen ifølge (10) og (11) at: for the device impedance at 0 feedback, see fig. 13. The general condition for ZA = ZA0 is that Z(. = Zf and the condition for this is again according to (10) and (11) that:
Vi forutsetter at Z, og R,, tilnærmet kan betraktes som ohmske motstander, mens Zn kan være en vilkårlig impedansfunk-sjon. Antar vi i første omgang ZH rent ohmsk, blir m reell og: We assume that Z, and R,, can be considered approximately as ohmic resistors, while Zn can be an arbitrary impedance function. If we initially assume ZH purely ohmic, m becomes real and:
I tilfelle —= — , er m = 0, og problemet u,2 u2 In the case —= — , m = 0, and the problem u,2 u2
Za = Zao kan ifølge (5) løses med en kopling som på fig. 5. Dette er naturlig, da som før nevnt balansemotstanden i dette tilfelle er strømløs ved mottaking. Za = Zao can, according to (5), be solved with a connection as in fig. 5. This is natural, since as previously mentioned the balance resistor in this case is de-energized when receiving.
I tilfelle ^i, er m > 0, og problemet In case ^i, m > 0, and the problem
ZA = ZA0 kan da ifølge (6) løses med en kopling som på fig. 7. ZA = ZA0 can then be solved according to (6) with a connection as in fig. 7.
I tilfelle -^1/— , er m / O , og problemet ZA<Z>A0 kan ifølge (7) løses med en kopling som på fig. 14. In the case -^1/— , m / O , and the problem ZA<Z>A0 can be solved according to (7) with a connection as in fig. 14.
Ved innsetning av (10) i (9), får man et uttrykk av formen: By inserting (10) into (9), you get an expression of the form:
der a, p og y, hvis ZH er en ohmsk motstand, alle er reelle størrelser. Den reelle variable ZA som funksjon av den reelle variable m vil følgelig anta alle reelle verdier, dvs. at man ved å anvende en form for tilbakekopling som vist på fig. 7 og fig. 14 kan gi ZA enhver positiv eller negativ verdi. Dette kan skje ved i skjemaet på where a, p and y, if ZH is an ohmic resistance, are all real quantities. The real variable ZA as a function of the real variable m will consequently assume all real values, i.e. by applying a form of feedback as shown in fig. 7 and fig. 14 can give ZA any positive or negative value. This can be done in the form on
fig. 7 å variere forholdet mellom r3 og r2 mens deres sum er uforandret og på fig. 14 fig. 7 to vary the ratio between r3 and r2 while their sum is unchanged and in fig. 14
ved å variere r1', mens r2 er uforandret, by varying r1', while r2 is unchanged,
altså i begge tilfelle uten å foreta noen forandring som influerer på koplingens forhold ved sending i.e. in both cases without making any changes that influence the connection's conditions during transmission
I praksis vil summen r = r1 + r2 samt motstanden R1 bli å betrakte som gitt ut fra ønsket om en bestemt tilbakekopling ved sending. For å oppnå at ZA er identisk med ZA0, uavhengig av frekvensen, må da de tre ukjente r1; r2 og R2 bestemmes ut fra likningene (16) og (17) og likningen: In practice, the sum r = r1 + r2 as well as the resistance R1 will be regarded as given based on the desire for a specific feedback during transmission. In order to achieve that ZA is identical to ZA0, regardless of the frequency, the three unknowns r1; r2 and R2 are determined from equations (16) and (17) and the equation:
Ved løsning av dette likningssystemet When solving this system of equations
fåes can be obtained
Nu var rx og r2 ,og dermed r , forut- Now rx and r2, and thus r, were pre-
satt små i forhold til P og Q. Formlene (19), (20) og (21) kan derfor med tilstrek- set small in relation to P and Q. The formulas (19), (20) and (21) can therefore be
kelig tilnærmelse forenkles til: approximation simplifies to:
I det tilfelle at ZH er en frekvens-avhengig impedans kan man ifølge form- In the case that ZH is a frequency-dependent impedance, one can according to form-
lene (8) og (12) gjøre ZA identisk med ZA0lene (8) and (12) make ZA identical to ZA0
ved å velge rx, r2 , R2 og Rx slik at: by choosing rx, r2 , R2 and Rx such that:
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US327269A US3286833A (en) | 1963-12-02 | 1963-12-02 | Molded pulp packaging unit |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO123212B true NO123212B (en) | 1971-10-11 |
Family
ID=23275846
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO155817A NO123212B (en) | 1963-12-02 | 1964-12-01 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3286833A (en) |
BE (1) | BE656382A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1486452A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI43156B (en) |
GB (1) | GB1049909A (en) |
NL (1) | NL6413645A (en) |
NO (1) | NO123212B (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2441549A1 (en) * | 1978-11-16 | 1980-06-13 | Boursier Leon | IMPROVEMENT IN PULP PAPER PACKAGING |
US4485610A (en) * | 1981-06-22 | 1984-12-04 | Keyes Fibre Company | Accordian fold packaging tray |
US4596330A (en) * | 1981-08-10 | 1986-06-24 | Benno Edward L | Multipackages, the packaging elements, and the method for making the multipackages |
US4606454A (en) * | 1984-10-11 | 1986-08-19 | Hambleton Thomas P | Protective packaging system for a plurality of containers |
US4828110A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1989-05-09 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Unitized package |
US5168989A (en) * | 1991-04-22 | 1992-12-08 | Benno Edward L | Package member, method for making packages, and packages of multiple container units |
DE4126212C2 (en) * | 1991-08-08 | 1995-03-16 | Packmaster System Entwicklung | Multiple packaging and method for packaging a plurality of containers |
US5335770A (en) * | 1992-08-06 | 1994-08-09 | Moulded Fibre Technology, Inc. | Molded pulp fiber interior package cushioning structures |
US5656135A (en) * | 1993-02-16 | 1997-08-12 | Moulded Fibre Technology, Inc. | Molded product manufacturing apparatus and methods |
CA2198661A1 (en) * | 1996-02-27 | 1997-08-27 | Richard B. Hurley | Shipping protector for bottles or the like |
US6290057B1 (en) | 1999-09-10 | 2001-09-18 | Western Pulp Products Co. | Bottle shipper |
US7237675B2 (en) * | 2002-04-09 | 2007-07-03 | O'malley Joseph | Bottle cradle stacking support |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2020454A (en) * | 1930-10-18 | 1935-11-12 | Canal Nat Bank Of Portland | Molded pulp article |
US2089297A (en) * | 1935-04-24 | 1937-08-10 | H R Weaver | Bottle spacer |
US2667995A (en) * | 1950-05-31 | 1954-02-02 | Bruce Engineering Corp | Combined merchandising package and article carrier |
US2656959A (en) * | 1950-09-15 | 1953-10-27 | Dacam Corp | Carrier |
US2750028A (en) * | 1953-03-25 | 1956-06-12 | Robert H Bode | Separators for use in the packaging of cartridges |
GB821455A (en) * | 1956-08-21 | 1959-10-07 | Frederick Robert Best | Improvements in or relating to packaging means |
US2888164A (en) * | 1956-10-11 | 1959-05-26 | Diamond Match Co | Molded fiber support for container carrier |
US3111221A (en) * | 1959-11-13 | 1963-11-19 | Reynolds Metals Co | Plural container package and method of making the same |
US3135445A (en) * | 1962-07-18 | 1964-06-02 | Diamond National Corp | Article carrier |
-
1963
- 1963-12-02 US US327269A patent/US3286833A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1964
- 1964-11-10 GB GB45750/64A patent/GB1049909A/en not_active Expired
- 1964-11-19 FI FI2436/64A patent/FI43156B/fi active
- 1964-11-24 NL NL6413645A patent/NL6413645A/xx unknown
- 1964-11-26 DE DE19641486452 patent/DE1486452A1/en active Pending
- 1964-11-27 BE BE656382A patent/BE656382A/xx unknown
- 1964-12-01 NO NO155817A patent/NO123212B/no unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE656382A (en) | 1965-05-28 |
FI43156B (en) | 1970-10-01 |
DE1486452A1 (en) | 1969-04-30 |
US3286833A (en) | 1966-11-22 |
NL6413645A (en) | 1965-06-03 |
GB1049909A (en) | 1966-11-30 |
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