NO120171B - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- NO120171B NO120171B NO167386A NO16738667A NO120171B NO 120171 B NO120171 B NO 120171B NO 167386 A NO167386 A NO 167386A NO 16738667 A NO16738667 A NO 16738667A NO 120171 B NO120171 B NO 120171B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- bromotetracycline
- stated
- separated
- salts
- aqueous solution
- Prior art date
Links
- LJVDOBHBFMLPMI-XRNKAMNCSA-N (4s,4as,5as,6s,12ar)-7-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)-1,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC(Br)=C2[C@](O)(C)[C@H]3C[C@H]4[C@H](N(C)C)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@@]4(O)C(=O)C3=C(O)C2=C1O LJVDOBHBFMLPMI-XRNKAMNCSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 claims description 27
- -1 bromine ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000186984 Kitasatospora aureofaciens Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001422 barium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001427 strontium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 102000016736 Cyclin Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 108050006400 Cyclin Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005211 alkyl trimethyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002026 chloroform extract Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- OFVLGDICTFRJMM-WESIUVDSSA-N tetracycline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2[C@](O)(C)[C@H]3C[C@H]4[C@H](N(C)C)C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)C(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O OFVLGDICTFRJMM-WESIUVDSSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 26
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 21
- 239000004099 Chlortetracycline Substances 0.000 description 19
- CYDMQBQPVICBEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotetracycline Natural products C1=CC(Cl)=C2C(O)(C)C3CC4C(N(C)C)C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)C4(O)C(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O CYDMQBQPVICBEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 229960004475 chlortetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 19
- CYDMQBQPVICBEU-XRNKAMNCSA-N chlortetracycline Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=C2[C@](O)(C)[C@H]3C[C@H]4[C@H](N(C)C)C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)C(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O CYDMQBQPVICBEU-XRNKAMNCSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 235000019365 chlortetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 16
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000012458 free base Substances 0.000 description 9
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 6
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 5
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 4
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 3
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical class CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004100 Oxytetracycline Substances 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical class C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical class [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052936 alkali metal sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960000625 oxytetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 2
- IWVCMVBTMGNXQD-PXOLEDIWSA-N oxytetracycline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2[C@](O)(C)[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@H]4[C@H](N(C)C)C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)C(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O IWVCMVBTMGNXQD-PXOLEDIWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019366 oxytetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N streptomycin Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- IWVCMVBTMGNXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N terramycin dehydrate Natural products C1=CC=C2C(O)(C)C3C(O)C4C(N(C)C)C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)C4(O)C(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O IWVCMVBTMGNXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical class NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical class [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical class [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001441724 Tetraodontidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008043 acidic salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001166 ammonium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002421 anti-septic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940072107 ascorbate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHCIQQGOQTFAE-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium chloride dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ba+2] PWHCIQQGOQTFAE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical class OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001430 chromium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003893 lactate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001477 organic nitrogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- IHBBREPROWBPRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaazanium;phosphate;sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O IHBBREPROWBPRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005185 salting out Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005322 streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009529 zinc sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C23/00—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
- B66C23/88—Safety gear
- B66C23/90—Devices for indicating or limiting lifting moment
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
- F15B2211/30505—Non-return valves, i.e. check valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
- F15B2211/30525—Directional control valves, e.g. 4/3-directional control valve
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/30—Directional control
- F15B2211/32—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/321—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation mechanically
- F15B2211/324—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation mechanically manually, e.g. by using a lever or pedal
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
- F15B2211/40515—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with variable throttles or orifices
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/42—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/428—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/45—Control of bleed-off flow, e.g. control of bypass flow to the return line
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
- F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
- F15B2211/50518—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using pressure relief valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/515—Pressure control characterised by the connections of the pressure control means in the circuit
- F15B2211/5158—Pressure control characterised by the connections of the pressure control means in the circuit being connected to a pressure source and an output member
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/52—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/521—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation mechanically
- F15B2211/522—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation mechanically actuated by biasing means, e.g. spring-actuated
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/52—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/528—Pressure control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/50—Pressure control
- F15B2211/55—Pressure control for limiting a pressure up to a maximum pressure, e.g. by using a pressure relief valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
- F15B2211/6051—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
- F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
- F15B2211/7052—Single-acting output members
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
- F15B2211/7058—Rotary output members
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/71—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/80—Other types of control related to particular problems or conditions
- F15B2211/875—Control measures for coping with failures
- F15B2211/8752—Emergency operation mode, e.g. fail-safe operation mode
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
- Y10T137/2559—Self-controlled branched flow systems
- Y10T137/2574—Bypass or relief controlled by main line fluid condition
- Y10T137/2605—Pressure responsive
- Y10T137/2617—Bypass or relief valve biased open
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
- Y10T137/2559—Self-controlled branched flow systems
- Y10T137/2574—Bypass or relief controlled by main line fluid condition
- Y10T137/2605—Pressure responsive
- Y10T137/2635—Pilot valve operated
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Jib Cranes (AREA)
- Control And Safety Of Cranes (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Description
Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av bromtetracyklin. Process for the production of bromotetracycline.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en The present invention relates to a
fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av et nytt og terapeutisk nyttig bred-spektret antibiotikum, definert som bromtetracyklin, ved fermentering, og utvinning og rensning derav. method for the production of a new and therapeutically useful broad-spectrum antibiotic, defined as bromotetracycline, by fermentation, and extraction and purification thereof.
I overensstemmelse med foreliggende oppfinnelse har vi fremstilt bromtetracyklin ved kultivering av streptomyces auro-faciens av den såkalte scavenging stamme, i et næringmiddelinneholdende medium som inneholder assimilerbart kullstoff, assimilerbart kvelstoff og mineralske substanser og ved fremgangsmåten podes næringsmediet med mikroorganismer, og næringsmediet har et klor-ioneinnhold mindre enn 50 deler per million og fortrinnsvis mindre enn 10 deler per million og minst 50 deler per million bromioner og i det høyeste 1500 deler per million, hvorved dannelsen av klortetracyklin begrenses og i stedet begunstiges dannelsen av bromtetracyklin og om ønsket utføres fraskilling og eventuelt rensning av det dannete bromtetracyklin. In accordance with the present invention, we have produced bromotetracycline by cultivating Streptomyces aurofaciens of the so-called scavenging strain, in a nutrient-containing medium that contains assimilable carbon, assimilable nitrogen and mineral substances, and in the method the nutrient medium is inoculated with microorganisms, and the nutrient medium has a chlorine ion content less than 50 parts per million and preferably less than 10 parts per million and at least 50 parts per million bromine ions and at most 1500 parts per million, whereby the formation of chlortetracycline is limited and instead the formation of bromotetracycline is favored and, if desired, separation is carried out and possibly purification of the bromotetracycline formed.
Med hensyn til det foran anvendte ut-trykk, mikroorganismer tilhørende en såkalt scavenging stamme, skal bemerkes: En mikroorganisme av denne art er en organisme som har en tendens til å utnytte eventuelle klorioner som er tilstede i mediet under dannelse av klortetracyklin. En «kloridscavenger» vil således danne klortetracyklin sålenge der er klorioner tilstede i mediet. Ved fravær av klorioner vil organismen ha en tendens til å danne bromtetracyklin hvis der er tilstede bromioner. With regard to the previously used expression, microorganisms belonging to a so-called scavenging strain, it should be noted: A microorganism of this kind is an organism that tends to utilize any chlorine ions present in the medium during the formation of chlortetracycline. A "chloride scavenger" will thus form chlortetracycline as long as chlorine ions are present in the medium. In the absence of chlorine ions, the organism will tend to form bromotetracycline if bromine ions are present.
En scavenger mikroorganisme vil også A scavenger microorganism will too
danne en liten mengde tetracyklin. Ikke-scavenger organismer vil ikke utnytte klorionene som er tilstede i mediet, og vil derfor danne tetracyklin i stedet for klortetracyklin. De vil ikke danne bromtetracyklin under noen forhold hva enten klorioner er tilstede eller ikke, selv om bromioner er tilstede i mediet. Moderate mengder av klortetracyklin dannes med de såkalte ikke-scavenger organismer. form a small amount of tetracycline. Non-scavenger organisms will not utilize the chlorine ions present in the medium, and will therefore form tetracycline instead of chlortetracycline. They will not form bromotetracycline under any conditions whether chlorine ions are present or not, even if bromine ions are present in the medium. Moderate amounts of chlortetracycline are formed with the so-called non-scavenger organisms.
Ved utførelsen av fremgangsmåten under de nevnte betingelser dannes det i gjæ-ringsmediet et høykonsentrert autibiotika som er forskjellig fra tidligere kjente og spesielt forskjellig fra det antibiotiske klortetracyklin som tidligere er produsert fra organismer av nevnte arter. When the method is carried out under the mentioned conditions, a highly concentrated autibiotic is formed in the fermentation medium which is different from previously known and especially different from the antibiotic chlortetracycline which has previously been produced from organisms of the mentioned species.
Ved utførelsen av oppfinnelsen har vi funnet at under særlige betingelser, innbefattende bruk av organismer av strepto-mycinarter eller mutanter herav, blir det i et fermenteringsmedium produsert et høy-konsentrert antibiotikum forskjellig fra de tidligere kjente, og spesielt forskjellig fra det antibiotiske klortetracyclin som tidligere er produsert av organismer av nevnte arter. In carrying out the invention, we have found that under special conditions, including the use of organisms of streptomycin species or mutants thereof, a highly concentrated antibiotic is produced in a fermentation medium different from those previously known, and especially different from the antibiotic chlortetracycline which previously are produced by organisms of the aforementioned species.
Substansen ble først fremstillet med godt utbytte og relativ høy konsentrasjon i et ellers alminnelig fermenteringsmedium, men som inneholdt kromioner og som var fortrinnsvis fri for klorioner, idet en som organisme brukte en stamme av Streptomyces aureofaciens funnet i jord. The substance was first produced with good yield and relatively high concentration in an otherwise ordinary fermentation medium, but which contained chromium ions and which was preferably free of chlorine ions, as a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens found in soil was used as the organism.
Det nylig oppdagete antibiotikum er blitt kalt bromtetracyklin idet vi har funnet at det har en struktur som også har den molekylære del felles med klortetracyklin og oksytetracyklin (Brunings et al; J. A. C. S, 74; 4976—4977, 5. oktober 1952). Nærvær av brom adskiller det straks fra klortetracyklin og oksytetracyklin. The recently discovered antibiotic has been called bromotetracycline as we have found that it has a structure which also has the molecular part in common with chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline (Brunings et al; J. A. C. S, 74; 4976—4977, 5 October 1952). The presence of bromine immediately distinguishes it from chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline.
Bromtetracyklin har den kvantitative formel C22<H>23<N>2OsBr og følgende struktur-formel: Bromotetracycline has the quantitative formula C22<H>23<N>2OsBr and the following structural formula:
Bromtetracyklin har som fri base am-foter karakter og danner salter med både syrer og baser. F. eks. danner bromtetracyklin addisjonssalter med organiske og uorganiske syrer og kan utvinnes i form av hydroklorid, hydrobromid, sulfat, borat, nitrat, fosfat, ascorbat, citrat, succinat, ace-tat, sulfamat og andre addisjonssalter av lignende natur. Bromtetracyklin danner også mono- og dibasiske salter med baser som vist med alkali- og jordalkalibasene og som videre vist med ammonium og amin-basene. Spesifikke eksempler er salter av kalsium, barium, strontium, magnesium, etylendiamin, trietylamin, piperidin, kalium og litium. Salter eller riktigere kom-plekssalter blir også dannet av bromtetracyklin med basiske borsyresalter som vist ved natriumborat. As a free base, bromotetracycline is amphoteric and forms salts with both acids and bases. For example bromotetracycline forms addition salts with organic and inorganic acids and can be extracted in the form of hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, borate, nitrate, phosphate, ascorbate, citrate, succinate, acetate, sulfamate and other addition salts of a similar nature. Bromotetracycline also forms mono- and dibasic salts with bases as shown with the alkali and alkaline earth bases and as further shown with the ammonium and amine bases. Specific examples are salts of calcium, barium, strontium, magnesium, ethylenediamine, triethylamine, piperidine, potassium and lithium. Salts or more correctly complex salts are also formed from bromotetracycline with basic boric acid salts as shown by sodium borate.
Salter av ovenfor beskrevne typer er verdifulle ved isolerings- og renseproses-ser, da de kan omdannes til fritt amfotert materiale, eller omdannes fra den ene form til den annen. Slike salter har også anti-septiske og terapeutiske egenskaper. Opp-løseligheten av bromtetracyklin i vann va-rierer med pH og blir større når pH er større eller mindre enn omkring 6. Den form som er minst oppløselig i vann ved en mellomliggende pH er referert til som iso-elektrisk eller amfotert materiale eller fri base. Det er blitt funnet ved in vitro prø-ver at disse sure og basiske salter så vel som det isoelektriske materiale eller fri base er effektive mot et stort antall bakterier innbefattende både Gram-positive og Gram-negative bakterier. Salts of the types described above are valuable in isolation and purification processes, as they can be converted into free amphoteric material, or converted from one form to another. Such salts also have anti-septic and therapeutic properties. The solubility of bromotetracycline in water varies with pH and becomes greater when the pH is greater or less than about 6. The form that is least soluble in water at an intermediate pH is referred to as iso-electric or amphoteric material or free base . It has been found in in vitro tests that these acidic and basic salts as well as the isoelectric material or free base are effective against a large number of bacteria including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Bromtetracyklinets sure salter kan lett erholdes ved å oppløse den fri base i vann eller andre passende oppløsningsmidler som er gjort sure med en organisk- eller an-organisk syre. På samme måte dannes de basiske salter ved å tilsette en organisk eller uorganisk base til oppløsningen av den fri base. Bromotetracycline's acid salts can be easily obtained by dissolving the free base in water or other suitable solvents acidified with an organic or inorganic acid. In the same way, the basic salts are formed by adding an organic or inorganic base to the solution of the free base.
Bromtetracyklin kan erkjennes like overfor tidligere kjente antibiotika på mange måter. En kjemisk analyse av den frie base viser at antibiotikumet inneholder følgende elementer: kullstoff, vann-stoff, kvelstoff, surstoff og brom. Da det ikke inneholder svovel eller klor er det forskjellig fra mange andre og særlig fra klortetracyklin som inneholder klor. Bromotetracycline can be recognized as similar to previously known antibiotics in many ways. A chemical analysis of the free base shows that the antibiotic contains the following elements: carbon, water, nitrogen, oxygen and bromine. As it does not contain sulfur or chlorine, it is different from many others and especially from chlorine tetracycline which contains chlorine.
Hva som også er karakteristisk for mange organiske forbindelser er at krystal-linsk bromtetracyklins egenskaper er avhengig av renhetsgraden og på måten krystallene er dannet. Når det felles fra opp-løsninger som inneholder vann, felles den frie base. What is also characteristic of many organic compounds is that the properties of crystalline bromotetracycline depend on the degree of purity and on the way the crystals are formed. When it precipitates from solutions containing water, the free base precipitates.
Karakteristiske infrarøde absorbsjons-spektra tatt av den frie base i kullvann-stoffolje viser følgende trekk: O—H og/ eller N—H absorbsjonsbånd nær 3460 cm—i og 3320 cm—i, en svak fenyl C—H strekk-vibrasjon nær 3050 cm—i, mulig amid-kar-bonyl (C = O strekk) nær 1645—1, en mulig C = C strekkfrekvens nær 1610 cm—i, en mulig N—H bøyningsvibrasjon nær 1575 cm—i, en substituert fenyl med 2 C—H grupper ved siden av hverandre på ringen nær 1525 cm—i som kan tyde på to nabo C—H grupper på fenylringen (parasubsti-tusjon). Det infrarøde spektrum av for-bindelsen viser at tross likhet på mange måter med spektret av den frie base av klortetracyklin, slik som absorbsjonsbån-dene på begge sider av 950 cm—J, viser for-skjelligheter som ingen absorbsjonstriplett tilsvarende den som er tilstede for klortetracyklin nær 800 cm— 1, og forskjell i gra-den av absorbsjonsintensitet, slik som er ventet ved små molekylære forskjellig-heter. Characteristic infrared absorption spectra taken of the free base in coal water-substance oil show the following features: O—H and/or N—H absorption bands near 3460 cm—i and 3320 cm—i, a weak phenyl C—H stretching vibration near 3050 cm—i, possible amide-carbonyl (C = O stretch) near 1645—1, a possible C = C stretching frequency near 1610 cm—i, a possible N—H bending vibration near 1575 cm—i, a substituted phenyl with 2 C—H groups next to each other on the ring near 1525 cm—i which may indicate two neighboring C—H groups on the phenyl ring (parasubstitution). The infrared spectrum of the compound shows that despite similarity in many ways to the spectrum of the free base of chlortetracycline, such as the absorption bands on both sides of 950 cm-J, show differences that no absorption triplet corresponds to that present for chlortetracycline close to 800 cm-1, and a difference in the degree of absorption intensity, as is expected from small molecular differences.
Bromtetracyklinets antibiotiske spektrum er på mange måter lik klortetra-cyklinets. The antibiotic spectrum of bromotetracycline is in many ways similar to that of chlortetracycline.
Vi har funnet at ved fermenteringen er det ønskelig å dyrke organismen beskrevet her, under submerse aerobe betingelser med passende tilførsel av luft og rys-ting, f. eks. i en flaske på en rystemaskin, eller i et omrørt formenteringskar utstyrt med en innretning til å innføre en konti-nuerlig luftstrøm. Temperaturen synes ikke å være kritisk innenfor området 25—35° C, men området 30—33° C er å foretrekke. Mediets begynnelses pH skal være omtrent ved nøytral reaksjon, selvom noen av de antibiotiske substanser blir produsert i medier med en begynnelses pM så lav som 5,0 eller så høy som 8,5. We have found that during the fermentation it is desirable to grow the organism described here, under submerged aerobic conditions with a suitable supply of air and shaking, e.g. in a bottle on a shaking machine, or in a stirred fermentation vessel equipped with a device for introducing a continuous air flow. The temperature does not seem to be critical within the range of 25-35° C, but the range of 30-33° C is preferable. The initial pH of the medium should be approximately at neutral reaction, although some of the antibiotic substances are produced in media with an initial pM as low as 5.0 or as high as 8.5.
Et formenteringsmedium passende for fremstilling av bromtetracyklin inneholder en kilde av kullstoff, som et assimilerbart kullhydrat, en kilde av assimilerbart kvelstoff, anorganiske salter som fosfat, magnesiumsalter osv. og kilder av de sedvan-lige sporelementer. Puffere er sedvanligvis tilstede. Bromioner blir tilsatt således at minst 50 deler bromioner pr. million deler er tilstede, maksimumsmengden for tilfredsstillende virksomhet skal ikke overskride omtrent 1500 deler pr. million deler. Klorioneinnholdet skal være så lavt som mulig og ikke overskride 50 deler pr. million, fortrinnsvis 10 deler pr. million. A fermentation medium suitable for the production of bromotetracycline contains a source of carbon, such as an assimilable carbohydrate, a source of assimilable nitrogen, inorganic salts such as phosphate, magnesium salts, etc., and sources of the usual trace elements. Puffers are usually present. Bromine ions are added so that at least 50 parts of bromine ions per million parts are present, the maximum quantity for satisfactory operations shall not exceed approximately 1,500 parts per million parts. The chlorine ion content must be as low as possible and not exceed 50 parts per million, preferably 10 parts per million.
Kullstoffkildene kan enten være et oppløselig kullhydrat som rørsukker, eller et uoppløselig som stivelse f. eks. maissti-velse. Dekstrin kan også benyttes. Selvom rørsukker, et oppløselig sukker, er helt tilfredsstillende, er laktose og glukose mindre tilfredsstillende. Mengden av kullstoffkil-den kan variere meget, fra 0,5—10 pst. i vekts pst. av gjæringsmediets totalvekt. The carbon sources can either be a soluble carbohydrate such as cane sugar, or an insoluble one such as starch, e.g. maize path well. Dextrin can also be used. Although cane sugar, a soluble sugar, is perfectly satisfactory, lactose and glucose are less satisfactory. The amount of the carbon source can vary widely, from 0.5-10% by weight of the total weight of the fermentation medium.
Som assimilerbar kvelstoffkilde er de uorganiske ammoniumsalter egnet. Blant disse er ammoniumsulfat — fosfat osv. Det er også mulig å anvende organiske kvel-stof f kilder som aminosyrer og forskjellig naturlig proteinmateriale. The inorganic ammonium salts are suitable as an assimilable nitrogen source. Among these are ammonium sulphate — phosphate etc. It is also possible to use organic nitrogen sources such as amino acids and different natural protein material.
Blant de uorganiske salter er særlig fosfater fordelaktige og kan være tilstede enten som ammoniumfosfat eller som me-tallsulfat, f. eks. kaliumfosfat, magnesium-fosfat og en kilde av kalium, hvis dette ikke allerede er tilstede f. eks. som kaliumfosfat. Among the inorganic salts, phosphates are particularly advantageous and can be present either as ammonium phosphate or as metal sulphate, e.g. potassium phosphate, magnesium phosphate and a source of potassium, if this is not already present, e.g. such as potassium phosphate.
Tilsetning av små mengder tungmetal-ler er ønskelig hvis de ikke er tilstde i de andre stoffene. Blant disse sporelementer som kan være tilstede som forurensninger eller tilsetninger er Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe og Cr. Addition of small amounts of heavy metals is desirable if they are not present in the other substances. Among these trace elements that may be present as impurities or additives are Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cr.
Som pufferstoffer kan anvendes kali-umkarbonat og salter av organiske syrer som f. eks. citrater, acetater og laktater som er egnet til å holde pH innenfor rime-lige grenser. Dessuten kan de organiske syrer tjene som kullstoff kilder i mikroorga-nismens stoffskifte. Bruken av skumhindrende midler er ønskelig i store fermenteringskar, om enn skumning ikke er et særlig stort problem ved gjæringen, idet den lett kan kontrolleres ved bruk av skumhindrende midler som oktådekanol i olje eller andre passende skumhindrende midler som er i handelen. Potassium carbonate and salts of organic acids such as e.g. citrates, acetates and lactates which are suitable for keeping the pH within reasonable limits. In addition, the organic acids can serve as carbon sources in the microorganism's metabolism. The use of antifoaming agents is desirable in large fermentation vessels, although foaming is not a particularly big problem during fermentation, as it can be easily controlled by using antifoaming agents such as octadecanol in oil or other suitable commercially available antifoaming agents.
Mikroorganismer av Streptomyces aureofaciens kan deles i to alminnelige kate-gorier — «scavenging» og «nonscavenging» stammer Microorganisms of Streptomyces aureofaciens can be divided into two general categories — "scavenging" and "nonscavenging" strains
«Scavenging» stammer er egnet til å nyttiggjøre seg klorionene i mediet og frembringer klortetracyklin. I fravær av klorid bruker organismen bromioner hvis de er tilstede og danner bromtetracyklin. I alle tilfelle dannes noe tetracyklin også i nærvær av overskudd av klorioner. Antibiotikumet som dannes beror på betingel-sene i mediet. En «scavenging» stamme som S-77 i et medium som inneholder klorid, men ikke bromid vil produsere klortetracyklin og en liten mengde tetracyklin. I et kloridfritt medium som inneholder bromid, vil det dannes bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin, det siste i en større mengde enn ved kloridfermenteringen. Med hensyn til organismens affinitet er det slik at klortetracyklin fortrinnsvis produseres med tetracyklin på annen plass og bromtetracyklin på tredje. "Scavenging" strains are suitable for making use of the chlorine ions in the medium and produce chlortetracycline. In the absence of chloride, the organism uses bromine ions if present and forms bromotetracycline. In all cases, some tetracycline is also formed in the presence of an excess of chlorine ions. The antibiotic that is formed depends on the conditions in the medium. A "scavenging" strain such as S-77 in a medium containing chloride but not bromide will produce chlortetracycline and a small amount of tetracycline. In a chloride-free medium containing bromide, bromotetracycline and tetracycline will be formed, the latter in a greater amount than in the chloride fermentation. With regard to the organism's affinity, chlortetracycline is preferably produced with tetracycline second and bromotetracycline third.
I nærvær av begrensete mengder klorid og overskudd av bromid, vil organismen først nyttiggjøre seg klorid og derpå begynne å produsere bromtetracyklin. Også nu dannes noe tetracyklin. I nærvær av overskudd av klorid og bromid er ingen merkbar mengde bromtetracyklin tilstede, men brom har en kloridhemmende effekt med tendens til å forøke forholdet tetracyklin til klortetracyklin. In the presence of limited amounts of chloride and an excess of bromide, the organism will first make use of the chloride and then begin to produce bromotetracycline. Some tetracycline is also now formed. In the presence of an excess of chloride and bromide, no appreciable amount of bromotetracycline is present, but bromine has a chloride-inhibiting effect tending to increase the ratio of tetracycline to chlortetracycline.
«Nonscavenging» stammer opptrer ganske forskjellig. De utvikler ikke bromtetracyklin under noen betingelser hverken om klorid er tilstede eller fraværende. Moderate mengder tetracyklin blir produsert, og hvis klorid er tilstede, blir noe klortetracyklin produsert i tillegg. Nonscavenging strains behave quite differently. They do not develop bromotetracycline under any conditions either in the presence or absence of chloride. Moderate amounts of tetracycline are produced, and if chloride is present, some chlortetracycline is produced in addition.
Av det foregående kan sees at betydelig bromtetracyklinproduksjon bare kan skje med en klorid «scavenging» stamme og bare i fravær av eller ved begrenset mengde klorid. From the foregoing it can be seen that significant bromotetracycline production can only occur with a chloride "scavenging" strain and only in the absence of or with a limited amount of chloride.
Det er forskjellige måter å kontrollere klorioneinnholdet. En måte er å avsondre kloridet som et inaktivt kompleks. Gode resultater er oppnådd ved bruk av destillert vann, og bruk av bestanddeler i mediet som ikke inneholder klorider. Såkalte syn-tetiske medier på hvilke eksempler gis nedenfor tjener til den hensikt. Mange naturlige materialer brukt til fermenter-ingsmediene inneholder klorider. Bruken av disse er bare mulig hvis de først er avionisert ved behandling med ioneutveks-lere eller andre passende midler til å fjerne klorioner. There are different ways to control the chlorine ion content. One way is to separate the chloride as an inactive complex. Good results have been achieved by using distilled water and using ingredients in the medium that do not contain chlorides. So-called synthetic media, examples of which are given below, serve that purpose. Many natural materials used for the fermentation media contain chlorides. The use of these is only possible if they have first been ionized by treatment with ion exchangers or other suitable means to remove chlorine ions.
Vi har oppfunnet et syntetisk medium som i det vesentlige er fritt for klorid, som gir fremragende utbytte, er lett å frem-stille, er billig og er konsistent i blanding. Dette medium inneholder i alminnelighet rørsukker som kullhydrat, ammoniumsulfat som kvelstoffkilde, kaliumfosfat som uorganisk salt, magnesiumsulfat, kalsiumkar-bonat, natriumcitrat og eddiksyre som puffere, og koppersulfat, sinksulfat og man-gansulfat i små mengder som sporelement-kilder. Det blir valgt i det vesentlige klorid-frie materialer og brukt destillert vann således at mediet ikke inneholder mer enn 1 del p. m. klorid. En bromionekilde blir tilsatt. We have invented a synthetic medium which is essentially free of chloride, which gives excellent yields, is easy to manufacture, is cheap and is consistent in mixing. This medium generally contains cane sugar as a carbohydrate, ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source, potassium phosphate as an inorganic salt, magnesium sulphate, calcium carbonate, sodium citrate and acetic acid as buffers, and copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and manganese sulphate in small quantities as trace element sources. Essentially chloride-free materials are chosen and distilled water is used so that the medium does not contain more than 1 part per m chloride. A bromine ion source is added.
Inokulatet for fermenteringen kan fremstilles av skråkulturer oppnådd ved podning av Streptomyces aureofaciens. Et passende medium er Waksmanagar med følgende sammensetning: The inoculum for the fermentation can be prepared from slant cultures obtained by inoculation of Streptomyces aureofaciens. A suitable medium is Waksmanagar with the following composition:
Kulturene kan tilsettes rysteflasker som kan brukes som fermenteringskar ved fremstilling i laboratoriemålestokk, eller for fremstilling av inokulat til å pode større fermenteringer. The cultures can be added to shaking bottles that can be used as fermentation vessels for production on a laboratory scale, or for the production of inoculum to inoculate larger fermentations.
Luft i en mengde av 0,5—1,5 volumdel pr. volumdel av det flytende medium kan brukes avhengig av størrelsen på fermen-teringskaret. Skummingen kan kontrolleres ved steril tilsetning av et antiskum-mingsmiddel som olje tilsatt 2 pst. oktade-kanol. Air in a quantity of 0.5-1.5 parts by volume per volume fraction of the liquid medium can be used depending on the size of the fermentation vessel. The foaming can be controlled by the sterile addition of an anti-foaming agent such as oil with 2% octadecanol added.
Utvinning og rensning. Extraction and purification.
Produktet ved fermenteringen er en blanding av bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin, som kan utvinnes på forskjellige måter fra fermenteringsmediet. F. eks. kan det fer-menterte materiale direkte tilsettes dyrefor hvorved det fås et produkt som er særlig egnet til stimulering av veksten og/eller kontroll av sykdom. Når myceliet og det uoppløselige ikke er ønsket, kan fermenteringsmediet filtreres med eller uten syr-ning, og den klare væske kan tilsettes drik-kevann eller dyrefor i samme hensikt. Om ønsket, kan væsken inneholde bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin konsentreres under redusert trykk eller ved forstøvnings-tørking, og antibiotikumet brukes i urenset form til vekststimulering eller behandling av sykdommer hos mennesker, dyr eller fjærkre. The product of the fermentation is a mixture of bromotetracycline and tetracycline, which can be recovered in different ways from the fermentation medium. For example the fermented material can be directly added to animals, whereby a product is obtained which is particularly suitable for stimulating growth and/or controlling disease. When the mycelium and the insoluble matter are not desired, the fermentation medium can be filtered with or without acidification, and the clear liquid can be added to drinking water or animal feed for the same purpose. If desired, the liquid can contain bromotetracycline and the tetracycline is concentrated under reduced pressure or by spray-drying, and the antibiotic is used in impure form for growth stimulation or treatment of diseases in humans, animals or poultry.
Når det er ønsket at bromtetracyklinet og tetracyklinet skal være i en mer ren form, kan de utvinnes fra fermenteringsmediet ved forskjellige måter som inklude-rer ett eller flere trinn ved absorbsjon, elu-ering, ekstraksjon med oppløsningsmidler med eller uten bærere, krystallisering, felning i form av uoppløselige salter som .f. eks. kalsium, barium, strontium eller mag-nesiumsalt ved pH over ca. 6,5, eller som uoppløselige salter med sulfater eller sul-fonsyrer av de overflateaktive midler eller azofargetypen, eller de kan ekstraheres i oppløsningsmidler med bærere som sulfater eller sulfonater av overflateaktive midler eller azofargetypen. Bromtetracyklinet og tetracyklinet kan fraskilles den urene masse ved å syrne til en pH på fortrinnsvis 3 eller mindre, og bromtetracyklinet og tetracyklinet vil gå over i det vandige lag og det uoppløselige faste stoff kan adskilles og fjernes. Bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin kan felles i vandig oppløsning som en jord-alkalifelning ved en pH over ca. 6,5. Denne felning kan ekstraheres med syrnet vann eller med organiske oppløsningsmidler som alkoholer, alkoksyalkanoler eller ketoner, Ekstraheringen kan skje under sure, nøy-trale eller alkaliske betingelser. På lignende måte kan den vandige oppløsning som inneholder bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin ekstraheres med organiske oppløsningsmidler som ikke er blandbare med vann, som de lavere alkoholer, alkoksy-alkanoler, estere og ketoner som ikke er blandbare med vann. Av kjente oppløsningsmidler som butanol, kloroform og etylacetat er butanol foretrukket til ekstrahering av tetracyklin. Visse alkoholer som isopropanol som er blandbar med vann, men som ikke er bland - bar med en saltoppløsning, kan også brukes. Tilsetning av et vannoppløselig salt, men som ikke er oppløselig i det organiske opp-løsningsmiddel, som et ammonium- eller amin- eller alkalimetallhalid og sulfat hjelper ved ekstraheringen. When it is desired that the bromotetracycline and tetracycline should be in a more pure form, they can be recovered from the fermentation medium by various means which include one or more steps by absorption, elution, extraction with solvents with or without carriers, crystallization, precipitation in the form of insoluble salts such as .f. e.g. calcium, barium, strontium or magnesium salt at a pH above approx. 6.5, or as insoluble salts with sulfates or sulfonic acids of the surfactants or azo dye type, or they can be extracted in solvents with carriers such as sulfates or sulfonates of surfactants or the azo dye type. The bromotetracycline and tetracycline can be separated from the impure mass by acidifying to a pH of preferably 3 or less, and the bromotetracycline and tetracycline will pass into the aqueous layer and the insoluble solid can be separated and removed. Bromotetracycline and tetracycline can precipitate in aqueous solution as an alkaline earth precipitate at a pH above approx. 6.5. This precipitation can be extracted with acidified water or with organic solvents such as alcohols, alkoxyalkanols or ketones. The extraction can take place under acidic, neutral or alkaline conditions. Similarly, the aqueous solution containing bromotetracycline and tetracycline can be extracted with water-immiscible organic solvents, such as the water-immiscible lower alcohols, alkoxyalkanols, esters and ketones. Of known solvents such as butanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate, butanol is preferred for extracting tetracycline. Certain alcohols such as isopropanol which are miscible with water but not miscible with a salt solution can also be used. Addition of a water-soluble salt, but not soluble in the organic solvent, such as an ammonium or amine or alkali metal halide and sulfate aids in the extraction.
Bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin kan utfelles fra vandige oppløsninger ved tilsetning av vannløselige salter som ammonium- eller amin- eller alkalimetallhalider og sulfater. Som hjelpemiddel ved utsalt-ningen kan brukes en liten mengde av et organisk oppløsningsmiddel. Bromotetracycline and tetracycline can be precipitated from aqueous solutions by the addition of water-soluble salts such as ammonium or amine or alkali metal halides and sulfates. A small amount of an organic solvent can be used as an aid in salting out.
Hvis klortetracyklin er tilstede i fer-menteringsvesken utvinnes det normalt sammen ved bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin ved disse fremgangsmåter. If chlortetracycline is present in the fermentation broth, it is normally extracted together with bromotetracycline and tetracycline in these methods.
Vi har også oppfunnet en ny utvinningsmetode som er meget effektiv både med hensyntilåoppnå et produkt fri for inaktive urenheter og med hensyn til å utvinne et produkt som er fri for andre antibiotiske substanser samtidig dannet i mediet. Denne utvinningsmetode gir et krystallisk produkt av stor renhet sett fra begge standpunkter. I sitt hovedtrekk medfører det å bruke kvarternære ammoniumsalter som selektivt utfeller tetracyklin fra væsken, ved en al-kalisk pH (8—11) som kvarternære ammoniumsalter av bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin. Et slikt salt blir så etter filtrering oppslemmet med en liten mengde vann og en relativt større mengde kloroform, hvorved de kvarternære ammoniumsalter av bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin blir oppløst i kloroformfasen. Vann og kloroformfasene blir så fortrinnsvis adskilt for å fjerne mulige urenheter som er oppløst i vannet. Bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin blir så ekstrahert med en vandig syreoppløsning med en pH på omkring 1 til 2,5, hvorved det dannes sure salter av bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin som går i oppløsning i vannfasen, hvorfra det utfelles som et krystallisk produkt ved økning av pH til området fra 3 til 7, idet utfellingen begynner ved den laveste verdi. We have also invented a new extraction method which is very effective both in terms of obtaining a product free of inactive impurities and in terms of extracting a product which is free of other antibiotic substances simultaneously formed in the medium. This extraction method gives a crystalline product of great purity seen from both points of view. In its main features, it entails using quaternary ammonium salts which selectively precipitate tetracycline from the liquid, at an alkaline pH (8-11) such as quaternary ammonium salts of bromotetracycline and tetracycline. Such a salt is then, after filtration, slurried with a small amount of water and a relatively larger amount of chloroform, whereby the quaternary ammonium salts of bromotetracycline and tetracycline are dissolved in the chloroform phase. The water and chloroform phases are then preferably separated to remove possible impurities dissolved in the water. Bromotetracycline and tetracycline are then extracted with an aqueous acid solution with a pH of about 1 to 2.5, whereby acid salts of bromotetracycline and tetracycline are formed which dissolve in the water phase, from which it precipitates as a crystalline product when the pH of the area is increased from 3 to 7, with precipitation beginning at the lowest value.
De kvarternære ammoniumsalter som er særlig nyttig ved denne utvinningsmetode er alkyltrimetylammoniumklorider og dialkyldimetylammoniumklorider, hvori alkylgruppen inneholder fra 8 til 18 (inklu-sive) kullstoffatomer. The quaternary ammonium salts which are particularly useful in this extraction method are alkyltrimethylammonium chlorides and dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides, in which the alkyl group contains from 8 to 18 (inclusive) carbon atoms.
For at oppfinnelsen skal forstås helt, vil den nu bli beskrevet med henvisning til de følgende spesifikke eksempler: Eksempel 1. In order for the invention to be fully understood, it will now be described with reference to the following specific examples: Example 1.
Et syrehydrolysert kasein dannes ved å hydrolysere 5 gram kasein med 0,85 ml. svovelsyre i 100 ml. vann ved røring ved 50° C i 60 minutter og ved 120° C i 120 minutter i en autoklav. Den hydrolyserte kasein blir nøytralisert til en pH på 6,0 ved en vandig ammoniakkopløsning, til dette trenges ca. 2,5 ml. An acid hydrolysed casein is formed by hydrolysing 5 grams of casein with 0.85 ml. sulfuric acid in 100 ml. water with stirring at 50° C for 60 minutes and at 120° C for 120 minutes in an autoclave. The hydrolysed casein is neutralized to a pH of 6.0 by an aqueous ammonia solution, until this is needed approx. 2.5 ml.
Et grunnmedium blir fremstillet som inneholder syrehydrolysert kasein av 5 gram kasein pr. liter og følgende bestanddeler: A basic medium is produced which contains acid hydrolysed casein from 5 grams of casein per liter and the following components:
Dette medium blir tilført kaliumbromid I i en mengde som vist, og følgende styrker blir oppnådd: Potassium bromide I is added to this medium in an amount as shown, and the following strengths are obtained:
Prøveenheten er en antibiotisk virkning mot Staphlococcus aureus lik den av et mikrogram klortetracyklin pr. ml. Gjæringen er utført ved 27° i 72 timer med røring og lufttilførsel. The test unit is an antibiotic effect against Staphlococcus aureus equal to that of one microgram of chlortetracycline per ml. The fermentation is carried out at 27° for 72 hours with stirring and air supply.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
Et lignende forsøk blir utført hvor materialene blir analysert etter 48 timers vekst. Følgende resultater ble oppnådd: A similar experiment is carried out where the materials are analyzed after 48 hours of growth. The following results were obtained:
Eksempel 3. Example 3.
Et medium med et minimumsinnhold av halogen og som har følgende sammensetning i mg pr. liter blir fremstilt: Oppløsningen ble fylt opp til det bestemte volum med vann destillert over NaOH. Alle forbindelsene unntatt CaC03 ble opp-løst, pH regulert til 6,2—6,3 med 3N am-moniakvann (ca. 3 ml/l) og CaC03 ble tilsatt. Mediet ga ikke bunnfall med salpetersyre og sølvnitrat, som viste at klor-ionekonsenetrasjonen var under 0,17 mg/l. A medium with a minimum content of halogen and which has the following composition in mg per liters are prepared: The solution was filled up to the determined volume with water distilled over NaOH. All compounds except CaCO 3 were dissolved, pH adjusted to 6.2-6.3 with 3N ammonia water (approx. 3 ml/l) and CaCO 3 was added. The medium did not precipitate with nitric acid and silver nitrate, which showed that the chlorine ion concentration was below 0.17 mg/l.
100 ml. alikvoter av det basiske medium ble anbragt i 500 ml. Erlenmeyerkolber, korket med vatt og opphetet i autoklav i 15 min. ved 120° C. 10 ml. sterilt destillert vann ble tilsatt hver av 4 skråagarkul-turer inneholdende Streptomyces aureofaciens i sporeform. Sporene ble forsiktig skrapet av med en trådløkke og sporesus-pensjonen forenet. Hver av kolbene ble podet med 5 ml. av denne suspensjon og rørt i 24 timer ved 27° C, og dannet et inokulat. 100 ml. aliquots of the basic medium were placed in 500 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks, corked with cotton wool and heated in an autoclave for 15 min. at 120° C. 10 ml. sterile distilled water was added to each of 4 agar slants containing Streptomyces aureofaciens in spore form. The spores were carefully scraped off with a wire loop and the spore suspension pooled. Each of the flasks was inoculated with 5 ml. of this suspension and stirred for 24 hours at 27° C., forming an inoculum.
6,3 liter av mediet og 35 ml mineral-olje ble anbragt i et gjæringskar utstyrt med rører og en luftningsanordning og sterilisert. Syv 24 timers inokulatkolber og 50 ml. av en steril vandig oppløsning som inneholdt 0,07 KBr ble tilsatt gjærings-karet sterilt. Fermenteringen ble foretatt ved 27,4° C og med en omrøringshastighet på 350 o. p. m. og en lufttilførsel av 7 liter pr. min. Luften passerer først gjennom en salpetersyre og derpå gjennom en sølvnitratskrubber, så gjennom en vann-skrubber og et steriliseringsfilter. Et poly-mert siliconantiskummingsmiddel ble eventuelt tilsatt. (General Electric Silicon SS24). 6.3 liters of the medium and 35 ml of mineral oil were placed in a fermentation vessel equipped with stirrers and an aeration device and sterilized. Seven 24 hour inoculum flasks and 50 ml. of a sterile aqueous solution containing 0.07 KBr was added sterilely to the fermentation vessel. The fermentation was carried out at 27.4° C and with a stirring speed of 350 rpm and an air supply of 7 liters per my. The air first passes through a nitric acid and then through a silver nitrate scrubber, then through a water scrubber and a sterilizing filter. A polymerized silicone antifoam agent was optionally added. (General Electric Silicon SS24).
Som veksten utvikles synker pH langsomt og fermenteringen ble fortsatt til pH opphører å falle og begynner å stige. Dette tar ca. 51 timer og resulterer i en slutt-oppløsning med en pH på 5,90. Den ende-lige masse gir 412 enheter antibiotisk aktivitet. As the growth progresses, the pH slowly drops and fermentation is continued until the pH stops falling and begins to rise. This takes approx. 51 hours and results in a final solution with a pH of 5.90. The final mass gives 412 units of antibiotic activity.
Fermenteringsmesken inneholder både bromtetracyklin og tetracyklin. For å ad-skille bromtetracyklin ble fermenterings-massen gjort sur til pH 1,5 med konsentrert saltsyre under omrøring. Massen ble så omrørt med 95 gram filtreringshjelpe-middel og blandingen filtrert. The fermentation mash contains both bromotetracycline and tetracycline. To separate bromotetracycline, the fermentation mass was acidified to pH 1.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid while stirring. The mass was then stirred with 95 grams of filter aid and the mixture filtered.
Filterkaken ble oppslemmet i 1400 ml. destillert vann ved 50° C. Oppslemningen ble filtrert og filtratene slått sammen. 94,4 pst. av aktiviteten i mesken ble ut-vunnet i filtratet. Filtratets pH ble innstilt på 2,5 med 50 pst. natriumhydroksyd (32 ml.) og blandingen konsentrert i vacuum ved en temperatur mellom 25 og 30° C til et volum på 2070 ml. 83,6 pst. av meskens aktivitet er igjen. pH justertes til 1,5 med konsentrert saltsyre og 331 gram NaCl ble tilsatt. Oppløsningen ble ekstrahert to ganger med 311 ml. porsjoner av n-butanol og tre ganger med 207 ml. porsjoner av n-butanol. Ekstraktene ble forenet og pH justert til 2,5 med 50 pst. NaOH og blandingen destillert i vacuum under kvelstoff med vanntilsetning inntil all n-butanol var azeotropisk avdestillert. pH ble justert til 1,5 med konsentrert saltsyre, 5 g filtreringsmiddel ble tilsatt og blandingen ble filtrert i en filterdigel. Et sluttvolum på 1100 ml. som inneholdt 70,5 pst. av hele meskens aktivitet ble oppnådd. The filter cake was slurried in 1400 ml. distilled water at 50° C. The slurry was filtered and the filtrates combined. 94.4 percent of the activity in the mash was recovered in the filtrate. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 2.5 with 50% sodium hydroxide (32 ml.) and the mixture concentrated in vacuum at a temperature between 25 and 30° C. to a volume of 2070 ml. 83.6 percent of the mash's activity remains. The pH was adjusted to 1.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and 331 grams of NaCl were added. The solution was extracted twice with 311 ml. portions of n-butanol and three times with 207 ml. portions of n-butanol. The extracts were combined and the pH adjusted to 2.5 with 50% NaOH and the mixture distilled in vacuum under nitrogen with the addition of water until all n-butanol had been azeotropically distilled off. The pH was adjusted to 1.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, 5 g of filter medium was added and the mixture was filtered in a filter crucible. A final volume of 1100 ml. which contained 70.5 percent of the entire mash's activity was obtained.
Til dette filtrat ble tilsatt 41,5 g bari-umklorid-dihydrat opløst i 119 ml. destillert vann. Blandingen ble omrørt i iy9 time, pH justert til 8,5 med NaOH og blandingen sentrifugert. Det resulterende faste stoff ble vasket med 40 ml. destillert vann. Det vaskete stoff ble oppslemmet i 249 ml. destillert vann, pH justert til 2,5 med 50 pst. svovelsyre, og blandingen kraftig rørt i en time, pH justert til 1,5 med 50 pst. svovelsyre og igjen rørt i iy2 time og sentrifugert. Presipitatet ble vasket under sentrifugering med 15 ml. N/10 svovelsyre to ganger, første gang under rivning. De forenete væsker som målte 260 ml. inneholdt 62,5 pst. av aktiviteten av hele mesken. To this filtrate was added 41.5 g of barium chloride dihydrate dissolved in 119 ml. distilled water. The mixture was stirred for 19 hours, the pH adjusted to 8.5 with NaOH and the mixture centrifuged. The resulting solid was washed with 40 ml. distilled water. The washed material was slurried in 249 ml. distilled water, pH adjusted to 2.5 with 50 per cent sulfuric acid, and the mixture stirred vigorously for one hour, pH adjusted to 1.5 with 50 per cent sulfuric acid and again stirred for iy2 hours and centrifuged. The precipitate was washed by centrifugation with 15 ml. N/10 sulfuric acid twice, the first time during tearing. They combined liquids that measured 260 ml. contained 62.5 percent of the activity of the entire mash.
Fremgangsmåten ovenfor ble gjentatt ag de to overliggende, væskemengder forenet. Blandingens pH ble justert til 3,5 med 10 pst. NaOH, blandingen rørt i 10 min. og The above procedure was repeated for the two overlying liquid volumes combined. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 3.5 with 10% NaOH, the mixture was stirred for 10 min. and
sentrifugert. Presipitatet ble vasket med centrifuged. The precipitate was washed with
10 ml. vann og vaskevannet forenet med 10 ml. water and the wash water combined with
væsken fra det tidligere sentrifugerte. De forenete oppløsningers pH ble justert til 1,5 med 10 pst. NaOH og presipitatet sam-let og vasket. Presipitatet ble frosset og det gjenværende vann fjernet ved sublimering. Det ble oppnådd 2,65 g av et produkt som viste en aktivitet på 490 enheter og som inneholdt 5,43 pst. brom. the liquid from the previously centrifuged. The pH of the combined solutions was adjusted to 1.5 with 10% NaOH and the precipitate collected and washed. The precipitate was frozen and the remaining water removed by sublimation. 2.65 g of a product was obtained which showed an activity of 490 units and which contained 5.43 percent bromine.
Et Craig motstrøms fordelingsapparat inneholdende 30 rør fylles med et oppløs-lingssystem bestående av like volum-mengder destillert vann og n-butanol met-tet med hverandre og justert til en pH på 2,5 med konsentrert saltsyre. 1,55 g av det frosne og tørkete produkt ble oppslemmet med 160 ml. av den vandige fase, pH re-justert til 2,5, 160 ml. av n-butanolfasen ble tilsatt, og pH justert igjen til 2,5 under røring. Blandingen ble filtrert, en lot fasene adskilles og 50 ml. av hver fase ble tilsatt hvert av de første 4 rør i Craigapparatet, og resten av rørene ble fylt til 50 ml av den n-butanolmettete vandige fase, og fordelingen foregikk inntil den øverste fase, som i begynnelsen var i rør 2, var i like-vekt i rør 29. Fordelingen ble fortsatt inntil 18 øvre faseuttak er gjort fra rør 29. Dette bringer aktiviteten til rør 29. A Craig countercurrent distribution apparatus containing 30 tubes is filled with a dissolution system consisting of equal volumes of distilled water and n-butanol saturated with each other and adjusted to a pH of 2.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid. 1.55 g of the frozen and dried product was slurried with 160 ml. of the aqueous phase, pH re-adjusted to 2.5, 160 ml. of the n-butanol phase was added, and the pH adjusted again to 2.5 with stirring. The mixture was filtered, the phases were allowed to separate and 50 ml. of each phase was added to each of the first 4 tubes in the Craig apparatus, and the rest of the tubes were filled to 50 ml of the n-butanol-saturated aqueous phase, and the distribution took place until the top phase, which was initially in tube 2, was in equal -weight in pipe 29. The distribution was continued until 18 upper phase withdrawals have been made from pipe 29. This brings the activity to pipe 29.
En1 spektrofotometrisk undersøkelse viste to topper, den første konsentrert om rør 12 med et optisk maksimum ved 355 til 365 millimikron og den annen omkring rør 21 med et optisk maksimum ved 370—375 millimikron. Oppløsningene fra rørene 18 til 29 inneholdende hovedmengden av mate-rialet fra den annen topp ble forenet og destillert i vakuum under kvelstoff med vanntilsetning ved en pH av 2,5 til en en-delig n-butanolfri vandig oppløsning på 50 ml. Oppløsningens pH justertes til 1,5 med saltsyre, filtreringsmiddel tilsattes, og blandingen ble filtrert. Oppløsningens pH ble justert langsomt under omrøring til 5,0 med 10 pst. NaOH, blandingen ble rystet med glassperler og ble tillatt å stå over natten ved 4° C. Oppløsningen ble sentrifugert og den overstående væske frosset og tørket og ga et utbytte på 200 mg av et tørt produkt. 125 mg av dette produkt ble oppløst i 1,4 ml. tørt 2-etoksymetanol og filtrert. 0,14 ml. vann ble tilsatt og blandingen anbragt i et rysteapparat. Materi-alet krystalliserte og krystallene ble filtrert, vasket og tørket. Det første utbytte ble 49 mg bromtetracyklin. A spectrophotometric examination showed two peaks, the first concentrated around tube 12 with an optical maximum at 355 to 365 millimicrons and the second around tube 21 with an optical maximum at 370-375 millimicrons. The solutions from tubes 18 to 29 containing the bulk of the material from the second peak were combined and distilled in vacuo under nitrogen with water addition at a pH of 2.5 to a one-part n-butanol-free aqueous solution of 50 ml. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 1.5 with hydrochloric acid, filtering agent was added, and the mixture was filtered. The pH of the solution was adjusted slowly with stirring to 5.0 with 10% NaOH, the mixture was shaken with glass beads and allowed to stand overnight at 4° C. The solution was centrifuged and the supernatant was frozen and dried to give a yield of 200 mg of a dry product. 125 mg of this product was dissolved in 1.4 ml. dry 2-ethoxymethanol and filtered. 0.14 ml. water was added and the mixture placed in a shaker. The material crystallized and the crystals were filtered, washed and dried. The first yield was 49 mg of bromotetracycline.
Claims (12)
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SE5886/66A SE310846B (en) | 1966-04-29 | 1966-04-29 |
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DE (1) | DE1506487B1 (en) |
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NL (1) | NL6705293A (en) |
NO (1) | NO120171B (en) |
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US3814265A (en) * | 1973-08-20 | 1974-06-04 | Harnischfeger Corp | Hydraulic crane control system having means for deactivating control valves when operating limit is exceeded |
US4157736A (en) * | 1978-01-11 | 1979-06-12 | Carbert Ralph E | Overload protection apparatus for hydraulic multi-function equipment |
US5332110A (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 1994-07-26 | Vanguard Hydraulic Pipelayer | Tractor mounted hydraulic pipelayer with side boom |
DE19936283C2 (en) * | 1999-08-02 | 2003-04-30 | Knorr Bremse Systeme | Safety device for an air conditioning system of a vehicle |
US6609622B2 (en) | 2001-07-23 | 2003-08-26 | Raymond Forsyth | Bulldozer/pipelayer combination |
US8671972B2 (en) * | 2010-09-24 | 2014-03-18 | Mike Winn | Safety valve system for overpressure protection of hydraulic circuits |
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US2318851A (en) * | 1938-01-26 | 1943-05-11 | Vickers Inc | Power transmission for machine tools |
US2527943A (en) * | 1944-04-10 | 1950-10-31 | Jeffrey Mfg Co | Hydraulic valve and system |
US2568528A (en) * | 1944-08-05 | 1951-09-18 | Colonial Broach Co | Valve and hydraulic circuit therefor |
US2465758A (en) * | 1944-09-29 | 1949-03-29 | American Steel Foundries | Control circuit for fluid actuated motors |
US2495669A (en) * | 1947-09-27 | 1950-01-24 | American Steel Foundries | Fluid apparatus |
DE800137C (en) * | 1948-10-02 | 1950-09-22 | Augsburg Nuernberg A G Zweigni | Limit switch for diesel cranes with pneumatic control |
DE959129C (en) * | 1955-03-12 | 1957-02-28 | Demag Zug Gmbh | Device for automatic limitation of the load torque with luffing jibs |
US3073331A (en) * | 1959-03-17 | 1963-01-15 | Faisandier Jacques | Unloading valve for a hydraulic pressure circuit |
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US3476017A (en) | 1969-11-04 |
FI47430C (en) | 1973-11-12 |
FI47430B (en) | 1973-07-31 |
SE310846B (en) | 1969-05-12 |
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