NO119396B - - Google Patents
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- NO119396B NO119396B NO167623A NO16762367A NO119396B NO 119396 B NO119396 B NO 119396B NO 167623 A NO167623 A NO 167623A NO 16762367 A NO16762367 A NO 16762367A NO 119396 B NO119396 B NO 119396B
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- Prior art keywords
- lighting system
- voltage
- electric lighting
- lamp
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000947853 Vibrionales Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
- B64B1/58—Arrangements or construction of gas-bags; Filling arrangements
- B64B1/64—Gas valve operating mechanisms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
- B64B1/06—Rigid airships; Semi-rigid airships
- B64B1/12—Movable control surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
- B64B1/58—Arrangements or construction of gas-bags; Filling arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
- B64B1/58—Arrangements or construction of gas-bags; Filling arrangements
- B64B1/60—Gas-bags surrounded by separate containers of inert gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64B—LIGHTER-THAN AIR AIRCRAFT
- B64B1/00—Lighter-than-air aircraft
- B64B1/58—Arrangements or construction of gas-bags; Filling arrangements
- B64B1/62—Controlling gas pressure, heating, cooling, or discharging gas
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
- Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
Description
Elektrisk belysningsanlegg. Electric lighting system.
Oppfinnelsen angår et elektrisk belysningsanlegg med gassfylte utladningslamper, særlig lysstoff-lamper. Det er kjent at lysutbyttet av slike lamper øker med sti-gende frekvens av spenningen som lampen mates med. For å omdanne den forhånden-værende nettfrekvens til en høyere frekvens ville man f. eks. ved større anlegg kunne benytte en av de vanlige frekvens-omformere, f. eks. en maskinformer, kon-taktomformer eller lignende, som anordnes centralt, slik at hele anlegget mates med den høyere frekvens. Slike anlegg har imidlertid anseelige mangler. Således er f. eks. plassbehovet for frekvensomformerne ikke ubetydelig. Dertil kommer at de be-høver stadig tilsyn og er utsatt for en un-dertiden ikke liten slitasje. Videre blir et slikt anlegg bare økonomisk når et større antall lysstoff-lamper skal forsynes. Sluttelig har det også den ulempe at en senere installasjon av ytterligere' lysstof f-lamper ikke er mulig uten videre. The invention relates to an electric lighting system with gas-filled discharge lamps, in particular fluorescent lamps. It is known that the light output of such lamps increases with increasing frequency of the voltage with which the lamp is fed. To convert the existing network frequency to a higher frequency, one would e.g. for larger installations could use one of the usual frequency converters, e.g. a machine former, contact converter or the like, which is arranged centrally, so that the entire plant is fed with the higher frequency. However, such facilities have considerable shortcomings. Thus, e.g. the space requirement for the frequency converters is not insignificant. In addition, they require constant supervision and are exposed to wear and tear, which is sometimes not insignificant. Furthermore, such a system only becomes economical when a larger number of fluorescent lamps are to be supplied. Finally, it also has the disadvantage that a subsequent installation of further fluorescent lamps is not possible without further ado.
Ifølge oppfinnelsen mates en eller flere lamper av et apparat — såkaldt koblings-apparat — som inneholder halvledermotstander, og som omformer nettfrekvensen til en høyere frekvens med fortrinsvis rektangulær spenningskurveform. Et slikt apparat til å omdanne spenningen og frekvensen som tilføres lampene, kan gjøres meget litet, så der ikke behøves noe spesi-elt rom for oppstillingen av frekvensom-formeren. Dessuten inneholder et slikt kob-lingsapparat ingen bevegelige deler, det er således heller ikke utsatt for slitasje og behøver ikke noe særskilt tilsyn. According to the invention, one or more lamps are fed by a device — so-called switching device — which contains semiconductor resistors, and which transforms the mains frequency into a higher frequency with a preferably rectangular voltage curve shape. Such a device for converting the voltage and frequency supplied to the lamps can be made very small, so that no special room is needed for the installation of the frequency converter. Moreover, such a coupling device contains no moving parts, so it is also not subject to wear and tear and does not require any special supervision.
Enda en ikke ubetydelig fordel ved Another not insignificant advantage of
oppfinnelsen består i at det er mulig sam-tidig med omformningen av frekvensen å omdanne formen av spenningskurven fra den vanlige sinusform til en rektangulær form. Da utladningslampenes lysutbytte er avhengig av flaten under strømkurven, kan flaten under strømkurven og dermed lysutbyttet økes betraktelig for samme mak-simalverdi. the invention consists in the fact that it is possible simultaneously with the transformation of the frequency to transform the shape of the voltage curve from the usual sine shape to a rectangular shape. As the light output of the discharge lamps depends on the area under the current curve, the area under the current curve and thus the light output can be increased considerably for the same maximum value.
I alminnelighet vil det være litet fordelaktig å forsyne et helt anlegg med den omformede frekvens og spenning fra et centralt sted. Det synes mer fordelaktig bare å mate samtlige lamper i ett og samme rum fra et slikt apparat som inneholder styrbare halvledermotstander, og som da f. eks. kan anordnes ved bryteren eller i nær-heten av denne. In general, it would be of little advantage to supply an entire plant with the transformed frequency and voltage from a central location. It seems more advantageous just to feed all the lamps in one and the same room from such a device which contains controllable semiconductor resistors, and which then e.g. can be arranged at the switch or in its vicinity.
Det blev allerede ovenfor henvist til at koblingsapparatet har meget små dimensjoner. Er bare et litet antall lysstof f lamper tilsluttet, vil det neppe overskride stør-relsen av de vanlige kvelespoler for lys-stofflampene. Ifølge et ytterligere trekk ved oppfinnelsen kan koblingsapparatet derfor anordnes i eller på selve lampearmaturen, så de enkelte lysstofflamper ved normal tilslutning til den forhånden-væ-rende nettfrekvens kan drives med en høy-ere frekvens enn nettets og såvidt mulig også med en rektangelformet spenning. Det er da både mulig å slutte alle lamper It was already mentioned above that the coupling device has very small dimensions. If only a small number of fluorescent lamps are connected, it will hardly exceed the size of the usual choke coils for the fluorescent lamps. According to a further feature of the invention, the switching device can therefore be arranged in or on the lamp fitting itself, so that the individual fluorescent lamps, when normally connected to the existing mains frequency, can be operated with a higher frequency than that of the mains and, if possible, also with a rectangular voltage. It is then both possible to switch off all lamps
i samme armatur til et felles koblingsap-parat og å anordne et særskilt koblingsap-parat for hver lampe. in the same fixture to a common switching device and to arrange a separate switching device for each lamp.
Ifølge enda et trekk ved oppfinnelsen er der i koblingsapparatet anordnet en eller flere styrbare halvledere som virker på lampestrømmen, og en eller flere oscillatorer eller lignende som styrer halvlederne og svinger med den ønskede frekvens. Som styrbare halvledere kan anvendes transistorer, fortrinsvis symmetriske transistorer, magnetfeltavhengige motstander, særlig forbindelser av formen ATI]BV, altså forbindelser mellom et element av det perio-diske systems III. gruppe med et element av V. gruppe eller lignende. According to yet another feature of the invention, one or more controllable semiconductors are arranged in the switching device which act on the lamp current, and one or more oscillators or the like which control the semiconductors and oscillate with the desired frequency. As controllable semiconductors, transistors can be used, preferably symmetrical transistors, magnetic field-dependent resistors, especially connections of the form ATI]BV, i.e. connections between an element of the periodic system III. group with an element of V. group or similar.
Oppfinnelsen skal forklares nærmere under henvisning til blokkskjemaet på fig. 1. I armaturen, som ikké er vist, er utladningslampen 1 anordnet på kjent måte og tilsluttet matningsspenningen over klemmene 6, 6'. I alminnelighet er denne mat-ningsspenning lysnettets normale vekselspenning. I henhold til oppfinnelsen er der imidlertid tildelt armaturen et koblingsorgan til å omdanne matningsspenningen til en spenning med høyere frekvens. Dette koblingsorgan består av en frekvensom-formningsanordning 2, som får nettspen-ningen tilført over klemmene 5, 5'. Spenningen med høyere frekvens tilføres lysstofflampen over klemmene 6, 6'. Frekvens-omformnings-anordningen 2 styres av en oscillator 3, som er forbundet med den over klemmene 7, 7'. Denne oscillatoranordning kan f. eks. være utrustet med en svingende transistor koblet på i og for seg kjent måte. Oppbygningen av frekvensomform-nings-anordningen 2 er vist på fig. 2, hvor også klemmene 5, 5', 6, 6' og 7, 7' er inn-tegnet. 8 er en transistor med hovedelek-trodene 9 og 10 for strømmen til lysstofflampen og med basiselektroden 11. Ved en symmetrisk transistor forstås en transistor hvis sperrespenning i emitter-kollektor-retning i det minste tilnærmelsesvis er så stor som i kollektor-emitter-retning, og hvis strømforsterkningsfaktor likeledes er tilnærmelsesvis like stor i begge retninger. Videre kan både en spiss-transistor og en flate-transistor anvendes. To koblingselementer 12 og 13 tjener til å forbinde klemmen 7' på oscillatoren 3 (på fig. 1) med de to hovedelektroder 9 og 10 hos den symmetriske transistor. Disse koblingselementer 12 og 13 kan være ohmske motstander, in-duktiviteter, kondensatorer, likerettere, va-ristorer eller sluttelig også styrbare halvledere, f. eks. transistorer, det vil altså si spenningsavhengige eller styrte motstander. Hvis der til 5, 5' ligger en spenning med vilkårlig polaritet og oscillatoren via klemmen 7 trekker en strøm fra basistil-slutningen 11 på transistoren, som f. eks. kan være av typen p-n-p, altså ha et basis-skikt av overskuddsledende halvleder- materiale, så arbeider den positive hoved-elektrode, f. eks. 9, som emitter og den negative, f. eks. 10, som kollektor. Transistoren representerer da, målt mellom elek-trodene 9 og 10, en liten motstand, så den fulle arbeidsstrøm blir tilført lysstofflampen over klemmene 6, 6'. Forandrer oscil-latorspenningen seg ved klemmene 7, 7' så basiselektroden 11 får tilført en strøm, får basiselektroden positivt potensial i forhold til emitteren på transistoren 8. Derved blir strømmen til lysstof f lampen sperret. Hvis oscillatoren leverer en vekselspenning med den ønskede frekvens, høyere enn nettfrekvensen, blir altså den symmetriske transistor skiftevis ledende og sperrende i takt med oscillator-vekselspenningen og leverer dermed til lysstoff-røret en pulserende strøm med den ønskede høyere frekvens. Foruten de fordeler som er omtalt ovenfor med hensyn til lysutbyttet, har den beskrevne anordning også den fordel at de kvelespoler og kondensatorer som på 1 og for seg kjent måte tilkobles lysstof f-lampene og ved drift med lavere frekvenser må få meget store dimensjoner, kan utfø-res vesentlig mindre, billigere og lettere når lysstofflampen drives med høyere frekvens. Som videre utvikling av oppfinnelsen kan fire symmetriske transistorer anordnes i brokobling som vekselretter slik at lysstofflampen får tilført en spenning som er opphakket i takt med styrespenningen. På fig. 3 er en slik brokobling vist. Igjen betegner 5, 5' tilslutningsklemmene til det lavfrekvente vekselstrømnett og 6, 6' tilslutningsklemmene til lysstofflampen. 15, 25, 35 og 45 er de fire transistorer, f. eks. flatetransistorer, med strømelektrodene 19, 20, resp. 29, 30, resp. 39, 40, resp. 49, 50. Styrespenningene tilsluttes klemmeparene 17, 18, resp. 27, 28, resp. 37, 38, resp. 47, 48. Koblingselementene 12, 13, resp. 22, 23, resp. 32, 33, resp. 42, 43 tjener som på fig. 2 til å forbinde den ene klemme på de res-pektive oscillatorer med de to hovedelektroder på vedkommende transistor. Ved hjelp av en styrespenning med høyere frekvens over klemmeparene 17, 18, o.s.v. kan altså forsyningsspenningen som tilføres klemmene 5, 5', hakkes opp i takt med sty-refrekvensen, og forsyningsspenningen kan da både være en likespenning og en vekselspenning med lav frekvens. I det siste tilfelle kan de to halvbølger av vekselspenningen hakkes opp på samme måte, så der ved 6, 6' fås en vekselspenning med den høyere frekvens og amplitudemodulert med det dobbelte av den lavere frekvens. The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the block diagram in fig. 1. In the fixture, which is not shown, the discharge lamp 1 is arranged in a known manner and connected to the supply voltage via terminals 6, 6'. In general, this supply voltage is the normal alternating voltage of the mains. According to the invention, however, the armature is assigned a switching device to convert the supply voltage into a voltage with a higher frequency. This connection means consists of a frequency conversion device 2, which has the mains voltage supplied via the terminals 5, 5'. The voltage with a higher frequency is supplied to the fluorescent lamp via terminals 6, 6'. The frequency conversion device 2 is controlled by an oscillator 3, which is connected to it via the terminals 7, 7'. This oscillator device can e.g. be equipped with an oscillating transistor connected in a manner known per se. The structure of the frequency conversion device 2 is shown in fig. 2, where the terminals 5, 5', 6, 6' and 7, 7' are also drawn. 8 is a transistor with the main electrodes 9 and 10 for the current to the fluorescent lamp and with the base electrode 11. By a symmetrical transistor is meant a transistor whose blocking voltage in the emitter-collector direction is at least approximately as great as in the collector-emitter direction, and whose current amplification factor is likewise approximately equal in both directions. Furthermore, both a tip transistor and a flat transistor can be used. Two connecting elements 12 and 13 serve to connect the clamp 7' on the oscillator 3 (in Fig. 1) with the two main electrodes 9 and 10 of the symmetrical transistor. These connecting elements 12 and 13 can be ohmic resistors, inductances, capacitors, rectifiers, varistors or finally also controllable semiconductors, e.g. transistors, that is to say voltage-dependent or controlled resistors. If there is a voltage of arbitrary polarity to 5, 5' and the oscillator via terminal 7 draws a current from the base connection 11 of the transistor, which e.g. can be of the type p-n-p, i.e. have a base layer of excess conducting semiconductor material, then the positive main electrode works, e.g. 9, as emitter and the negative, e.g. 10, as a collector. The transistor then represents, measured between the electrodes 9 and 10, a small resistance, so the full operating current is supplied to the fluorescent lamp via the terminals 6, 6'. If the oscillator voltage changes at the terminals 7, 7' so that the base electrode 11 is supplied with a current, the base electrode receives a positive potential in relation to the emitter of the transistor 8. Thereby, the current to the fluorescent lamp is blocked. If the oscillator supplies an alternating voltage with the desired frequency, higher than the mains frequency, the symmetrical transistor becomes alternately conducting and blocking in time with the oscillator alternating voltage and thus supplies the fluorescent tube with a pulsating current with the desired higher frequency. In addition to the advantages mentioned above with regard to the light output, the described device also has the advantage that the choke coils and capacitors which are connected in a manner known per se to the fluorescent lamps and must have very large dimensions when operating at lower frequencies, can is carried out significantly less, cheaper and easier when the fluorescent lamp is operated at a higher frequency. As a further development of the invention, four symmetrical transistors can be arranged in a bridge connection as an inverter so that the fluorescent lamp is supplied with a voltage that is chopped in step with the control voltage. In fig. 3 such a bridge connection is shown. Again, 5, 5' denote the connection terminals for the low-frequency alternating current network and 6, 6' the connection terminals for the fluorescent lamp. 15, 25, 35 and 45 are the four transistors, e.g. surface transistors, with current electrodes 19, 20, resp. 29, 30, resp. 39, 40, resp. 49, 50. The control voltages are connected to the terminal pairs 17, 18, resp. 27, 28, resp. 37, 38, resp. 47, 48. The connecting elements 12, 13, resp. 22, 23, resp. 32, 33, resp. 42, 43 serve as in fig. 2 to connect one terminal on the respective oscillators with the two main electrodes on the relevant transistor. By means of a control voltage with a higher frequency across the terminal pairs 17, 18, etc. the supply voltage that is supplied to the terminals 5, 5' can therefore be chopped up in time with the control frequency, and the supply voltage can then be both a direct voltage and an alternating voltage with a low frequency. In the latter case, the two half-waves of the alternating voltage can be chopped up in the same way, so that at 6, 6' an alternating voltage with the higher frequency and amplitude modulated with twice the lower frequency is obtained.
Ifølge et ytterligere trekk ved oppfinn-eisen kan der av en vekselspenning ved klemmene 5, 5' ved hjelp av en likeretter-kobling med eller uten styrte likerettere frembringes en likespenning på en kon-densator som har opplagrende virkning, og denne likespenning kan ved hjelp av en styrt vekselretterkobling i henhold til oppfinnelsen omformes til en vekselspenning med høyere frekvens og vilkårlig, særlig rektangulær kurveform med i det vesent-lige konstant amplitude for matning av lysstofflampen. Ved passende kurveform, frekvens og amplitude kan kvelespolene og kondensatorene som på kjent måte tilkobles lysstoffrøret, gjøres ganske små eller sløyfes helt. Videre kan der anvendes komplementære transistorer, f. eks. parvis av typen n-p-n og p-n-p, på en slik måte at der fremkommer forenklinger i styrestrøm-kretsenes kobling. F. eks. kan de to styre-spenninger som påtrykkes over klemmeparene 17, 18 og 47, 48, ved anvendelse av en p-n-p-transistor som element 15 på fig. 3 og en n-p-n-transistor som element 45 på fig. 3 få samme polaritet og ved passende valg, dimensjonering og eventuelt polaritet av koblingselementene 12, 13 resp. 42, 43 tilsluttes de samme klemmer på sty-respenningskilden, eventuelt under mellomkobling av koblingskondensatorer til å oppta en likespennings-differanse eller en vekselspennings-differanse av lavere frekvens. En slik anordning har den fordel at en transformator med flere viklinger til fordeling av styrespenningene kan utføres med bare to viklinger eller eventuelt sløy-fes helt. According to a further feature of the invention, from an alternating voltage at the terminals 5, 5' by means of a rectifier connection with or without controlled rectifiers, a direct voltage can be produced on a capacitor which has a storage effect, and this direct voltage can be of a controlled inverter connection according to the invention is transformed into an alternating voltage with a higher frequency and an arbitrary, particularly rectangular curve shape with essentially constant amplitude for feeding the fluorescent lamp. With a suitable curve shape, frequency and amplitude, the choke coils and capacitors which are connected to the fluorescent tube in a known manner can be made quite small or omitted entirely. Furthermore, complementary transistors can be used, e.g. in pairs of the type n-p-n and p-n-p, in such a way that there are simplifications in the connection of the control current circuits. For example can the two control voltages which are applied across the terminal pairs 17, 18 and 47, 48, by using a p-n-p transistor as element 15 in fig. 3 and an n-p-n transistor as element 45 in fig. 3 get the same polarity and by suitable choice, dimensioning and possibly polarity of the connecting elements 12, 13 resp. 42, 43 are connected to the same terminals on the control voltage source, possibly with the intermediate connection of coupling capacitors to accommodate a direct voltage difference or an alternating voltage difference of a lower frequency. Such a device has the advantage that a transformer with several windings for distribution of the control voltages can be made with only two windings or, if necessary, completely looped.
I de ovenstående utførelseseksempler tjener en oscillator til å frembringe sving-ningene. Denne oscillator er ikke nødven-dig hvis der i henhold til oppfinnelsen i lampens strålingsfelt er anordnet et lys-følsomt styreorgan som tjener til å styre halvlederne som påvirker lampestrømkret-sen. Som lysfølsomt styreorgan kan der anvendes en foto-diode, fortrinsvis en foto-transistor. Organer med variabel tidska-rakteristikk som f. eks. variable induktivi-teter og/eller kapasiteter i styrestrømkret-sen for halvlederne som påvirker lampe-strømmen, kan anvendes til å innstille den ønskede frekvens. In the above embodiments, an oscillator serves to produce the oscillations. This oscillator is not necessary if, according to the invention, a light-sensitive control device is arranged in the lamp's radiation field which serves to control the semiconductors that affect the lamp current circuit. A photo-diode, preferably a photo-transistor, can be used as a light-sensitive control device. Organs with variable time characteristics such as e.g. variable inductivities and/or capacities in the control circuit for the semiconductors that affect the lamp current can be used to set the desired frequency.
Et utførelseseksempel på dette er vist på fig. 4. Her er utladningslampen 1 for enkelthets skyld vist tilsluttet klemmene 5 og 5' for et likespenningsnett. Imidlertid er det ved tilsvarende modifikasjon av kob-lingen og anvendelse av en symmetrisk transistor, f. eks. en styrende ekstra transistor, også mulig å slutte utladningslampen til et vekselspenningsnett. Transistoren 8 er i dette tilfelle vist som p-n-p-transistor i den såkaldte emitter jordede kobling. Isteden kan der også anvendes en annen transistortype eller annen transis-torkobling, f. eks. en n-p-n-transistor i ba-sisjordet kobling. Ved tilslutning av belys-ningsanlegget til vekselspenning blir der fordelaktig, som allerede nevnt, anvendt en symmetrisk transistor. Den styrende basisspenning for transistoren 8 leveres av de to spenningsdelermotstander 60 og 61. Punktet A mellom de to spenningsdelermotstander er forbundet med emitterpotensialet for transistoren 8 i punktet B over det lysavhengige koblingsorgan, i dette tilfelle en foto-transistor 62, og et tidsinnstillingsorgan 63. Enda et tidsinnstillingsorgan 64 kan anordnes parallelt med spen-ningsdelermotstanden 60. Videre er det mulig å anordne et tidsinnstillingsorgan parallelt med motstanden 61. Det skal an-tas at tidsinnstillingsorganet 63 er en in-duktivitet og innstillingsorganet 64 en ka-pasitet. An embodiment of this is shown in fig. 4. Here, for the sake of simplicity, the discharge lamp 1 is shown connected to terminals 5 and 5' for a direct voltage network. However, with corresponding modification of the connection and use of a symmetrical transistor, e.g. a controlling additional transistor, it is also possible to connect the discharge lamp to an alternating voltage network. In this case, the transistor 8 is shown as a p-n-p transistor in the so-called emitter grounded connection. Instead, another type of transistor or other transistor connection can also be used, e.g. an n-p-n transistor in base-grounded connection. When connecting the lighting system to alternating voltage, a symmetrical transistor is advantageously used, as already mentioned. The controlling base voltage for the transistor 8 is supplied by the two voltage divider resistors 60 and 61. The point A between the two voltage divider resistors is connected to the emitter potential of the transistor 8 at point B above the light-dependent switching means, in this case a photo-transistor 62, and a timing means 63. Another time setting device 64 can be arranged in parallel with the voltage divider resistor 60. Furthermore, it is possible to arrange a time setting device in parallel with the resistor 61. It shall be assumed that the time setting device 63 is an inductance and the setting device 64 a capacitance.
Kobles lysstofflampen 1 inn, så er transistoren 8 til å begynne med åpen og ba-sispotensialet dermed negativt i forhold til emitterpotensialet. Lysstrømmen gjennom lysstofflampen 1 åpner imidlertid foto-transistoren 62, så punktet A får emitterpotensial og dermed også basis på transistoren 8 kommer på emitterpotensial og slutter transistoren 8. Dermed slukner lysstofflampen 1, transistoren 62 slutter og basis på transistoren 8 får påny negativt potensial i forhold til emitteren. Ved hjelp av tidsinnstillingsorganene 63 og 64 kan koblingsfrekvensen for transistoren 8 på i og for seg kjent måte styres og lampen dermed også finne anvendelse som strobo-skop. If the fluorescent lamp 1 is switched on, the transistor 8 is initially open and the base potential is thus negative in relation to the emitter potential. However, the light flow through the fluorescent lamp 1 opens the photo-transistor 62, so the point A becomes emitter potential and thus also the base of the transistor 8 comes to the emitter potential and closes the transistor 8. Thus the fluorescent lamp 1 goes out, the transistor 62 closes and the base of the transistor 8 again becomes negative potential in relation to to the issuer. With the help of the timing devices 63 and 64, the switching frequency for the transistor 8 can be controlled in a manner known per se and the lamp can thus also find use as a stroboscope.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEP0039186 | 1966-04-09 | ||
DEP0041101 | 1966-12-24 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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NO119396B true NO119396B (en) | 1970-05-11 |
Family
ID=25990496
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NO167623A NO119396B (en) | 1966-04-09 | 1967-04-07 |
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US (1) | US3456903A (en) |
JP (2) | JPS4886297A (en) |
AT (3) | AT293886B (en) |
BE (1) | BE696793A (en) |
CH (1) | CH475125A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1481222C3 (en) |
DK (2) | DK133186C (en) |
ES (1) | ES338923A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI49947C (en) |
GB (2) | GB1191321A (en) |
IL (1) | IL27731A (en) |
LU (1) | LU53360A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL152804B (en) |
NO (1) | NO119396B (en) |
SE (4) | SE328193B (en) |
SU (2) | SU520896A3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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EP3649045A1 (en) * | 2017-07-03 | 2020-05-13 | Goodisman, Michael Ian | Flame arrester for the safer use of hydrogen as a lifting gas in airships |
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US3844507A (en) * | 1969-09-09 | 1974-10-29 | H Papst | Process for the transportation of impellent gases, for example natural gas, and apparatus for carrying out the process |
US3897032A (en) * | 1970-02-26 | 1975-07-29 | Hermann Ernst Robert Papst | Method for operating airships, particularly by means of hydrocarbon gas or hydrogen |
US3791611A (en) * | 1972-09-11 | 1974-02-12 | L Babbidge | Captive inflated lighter-than-air structures |
US4032085A (en) * | 1973-03-21 | 1977-06-28 | Papst Hermann E R | Dirigible, especially non-rigid dirigible |
US3972493A (en) * | 1975-01-29 | 1976-08-03 | Milne William G | Docking device for a dirigible |
US3972492A (en) * | 1975-01-29 | 1976-08-03 | Milne William G | Airship for transporting gas |
USRE30391E (en) | 1976-02-23 | 1980-09-02 | Abbott Laboratories | Chemical analysis cuvette |
US4055316A (en) * | 1976-04-07 | 1977-10-25 | John Lester Chipper | Method and equipment for aerial transport |
DE3008071A1 (en) * | 1980-03-03 | 1981-09-17 | Verseidag-Industrietextilien Gmbh, 4150 Krefeld | BALLOON FABRIC FOR HOT AIR BALLOONS |
FR2581022B1 (en) * | 1985-04-25 | 1987-11-20 | Centre Nat Etd Spatiales | DEVICE FOR COUPLING AN ENVELOPE WITH AN ELEMENT EXTERNAL TO THE ENVELOPE |
US4640474A (en) * | 1985-08-05 | 1987-02-03 | Manseth Robert A | Method and apparatus for aerially transporting loads |
US5743786A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1998-04-28 | Lindsey; Alan | Balloon face polyhedra |
GB9718211D0 (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 1997-11-05 | James Peter | A lighter than air low vacuum air displacement -the bucky balloon |
US6119979A (en) | 1997-09-15 | 2000-09-19 | Sky Station International, Inc. | Cyclical thermal management system |
US5890676A (en) * | 1997-11-21 | 1999-04-06 | Coleman; Richard | Airship with neutral buoyancy fuel bladder |
GB2346593B (en) * | 1999-02-09 | 2003-01-08 | Airship Tech Serv Ltd | Airship bow thruster apparatus |
JP3076842B1 (en) * | 1999-03-29 | 2000-08-14 | 工業技術院長 | Super pressure type altitude airship |
JP2003054495A (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2003-02-26 | Inst Of Space & Astronautical Science | Balloon |
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CA2636630A1 (en) * | 2006-01-10 | 2007-07-19 | Kamal Alavi | Unmanned aircraft for telecommunicative or scientific purposes |
WO2010011153A1 (en) * | 2008-07-23 | 2010-01-28 | Sukharevskiy Vladimir Vladimir | Helium airship |
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US20110062289A1 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2011-03-17 | Chu Adam N | Envelope With Gas Management System For Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft |
BRPI1001654B1 (en) * | 2010-06-07 | 2020-12-15 | Hans Georg Kraus | SUPER-HARD AIRCRAFT CONTINUOUSLY SELF-SUSTAINABLE, ITS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS |
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CN102806988B (en) * | 2012-08-30 | 2015-01-28 | 湖南航天机电设备与特种材料研究所 | Inflatable control surface of large aerostat |
RU2578834C2 (en) * | 2014-06-18 | 2016-03-27 | Николай Борисович Шульгин | Vestaplan-vertostat gliding and deployment methods thereof |
FR3120798B1 (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2025-02-07 | Safran Nacelles | Aircraft lattice structure to prevent the spread of fire and aircraft |
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DE316005C (en) * | ||||
NL57542C (en) * | ||||
US2275771A (en) * | 1940-08-14 | 1942-03-10 | Kimbel Guy John | Power driven balloon |
US2396494A (en) * | 1941-07-16 | 1946-03-12 | Wingfoot Corp | Airship |
US2478792A (en) * | 1946-07-02 | 1949-08-09 | Trey Serge | Airship |
US3346216A (en) * | 1964-07-23 | 1967-10-10 | Desmarteau Paul | Airship |
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1966
- 1966-04-09 DE DE1481222A patent/DE1481222C3/en not_active Expired
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1967
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- 1967-03-30 AT AT1216868A patent/AT300581B/en active
- 1967-03-31 DK DK183067*A patent/DK133186C/en active
- 1967-04-04 IL IL27731A patent/IL27731A/en unknown
- 1967-04-05 SE SE04772/67A patent/SE328193B/xx unknown
- 1967-04-05 ES ES338923A patent/ES338923A1/en not_active Expired
- 1967-04-05 SE SE09576/70A patent/SE357523B/xx unknown
- 1967-04-05 LU LU53360D patent/LU53360A1/xx unknown
- 1967-04-05 SE SE17190/69A patent/SE363072B/xx unknown
- 1967-04-06 CH CH483367A patent/CH475125A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1967-04-07 NL NL676704983A patent/NL152804B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1967-04-07 BE BE696793D patent/BE696793A/xx unknown
- 1967-04-07 NO NO167623A patent/NO119396B/no unknown
- 1967-04-07 GB GB06122/67A patent/GB1191321A/en not_active Expired
- 1967-04-07 GB GB60168/69A patent/GB1191322A/en not_active Expired
- 1967-04-07 US US629167A patent/US3456903A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1967-04-08 SU SU1147757A patent/SU520896A3/en active
- 1967-09-28 FI FI672595A patent/FI49947C/en active
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1968
- 1968-08-19 SU SU1264599A patent/SU558632A3/en active
-
1969
- 1969-09-12 DK DK488669AA patent/DK123578B/en unknown
- 1969-12-12 SE SE17191/69A patent/SE347711B/xx unknown
-
1972
- 1972-01-25 JP JP47008789A patent/JPS4886297A/ja active Pending
- 1972-01-25 JP JP47008788A patent/JPS4886298A/ja active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3649045A1 (en) * | 2017-07-03 | 2020-05-13 | Goodisman, Michael Ian | Flame arrester for the safer use of hydrogen as a lifting gas in airships |
EP3649045A4 (en) * | 2017-07-03 | 2021-04-07 | Goodisman, Michael Ian | FLAME BARRIERS FOR THE SAFE USE OF HYDROGEN AS CARRYING GAS IN AIRSHIPS |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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IL27731A (en) | 1971-06-23 |
JPS4886297A (en) | 1973-11-14 |
AT294589B (en) | 1971-11-25 |
US3456903A (en) | 1969-07-22 |
DK123578B (en) | 1972-07-10 |
DK133186C (en) | 1976-09-06 |
CH475125A (en) | 1969-07-15 |
ES338923A1 (en) | 1968-09-01 |
DE1481222A1 (en) | 1970-01-15 |
JPS4886298A (en) | 1973-11-14 |
SU520896A3 (en) | 1976-07-05 |
NL152804B (en) | 1977-04-15 |
FI49947C (en) | 1975-11-10 |
AT300581B (en) | 1972-07-25 |
GB1191322A (en) | 1970-05-13 |
AT293886B (en) | 1971-10-25 |
GB1191321A (en) | 1970-05-13 |
SE357523B (en) | 1973-07-02 |
DE1481222C3 (en) | 1975-01-23 |
SE347711B (en) | 1972-08-14 |
LU53360A1 (en) | 1967-10-05 |
BE696793A (en) | 1967-10-09 |
NL6704983A (en) | 1967-10-10 |
SE328193B (en) | 1970-09-07 |
FI49947B (en) | 1975-07-31 |
DK133186B (en) | 1976-04-05 |
SE363072B (en) | 1974-01-07 |
SU558632A3 (en) | 1977-05-15 |
DE1481222B2 (en) | 1974-05-30 |
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