NO119389B - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- NO119389B NO119389B NO16794167A NO16794167A NO119389B NO 119389 B NO119389 B NO 119389B NO 16794167 A NO16794167 A NO 16794167A NO 16794167 A NO16794167 A NO 16794167A NO 119389 B NO119389 B NO 119389B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- petrol
- amine oxide
- alkyl
- oxide
- engine
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- -1 cycloaliphatic Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 3
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylamine Chemical compound ON AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000006079 antiknock agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013556 antirust agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 2
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethyllead Chemical compound CC[Pb](CC)(CC)CC MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical group CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YNJSNEKCXVFDKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(5-amino-1h-indol-3-yl)-2-azaniumylpropanoate Chemical compound C1=C(N)C=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 YNJSNEKCXVFDKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006539 C12 alkyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XBSHPDDSKFQOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[Pb](C)(C)C.C(C)[Pb](CC)(CC)CC Chemical compound C[Pb](C)(C)C.C(C)[Pb](CC)(CC)CC XBSHPDDSKFQOGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004435 Oxo alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AWMVMTVKBNGEAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene oxide Chemical class C1OC1C1=CC=CC=C1 AWMVMTVKBNGEAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OLOAJSHVLXNSQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl(dimethyl)plumbane Chemical compound CC[Pb](C)(C)CC OLOAJSHVLXNSQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OHALXIOENWHWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethyl)plumbane Chemical compound C(C)[Pb](C=C)(CC)CC OHALXIOENWHWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005021 gait Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940051250 hexylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010688 mineral lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBLJNXZOFGRDAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)octadecan-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]([O-])(CCO)CCO CBLJNXZOFGRDAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZWOVYKSFQAUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-didodecyldodecan-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]([O-])(CCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCCC FZWOVYKSFQAUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BACGZXMASLQEQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyldecan-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC[N+]([O-])(CC)CC BACGZXMASLQEQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHLUVTZJQOJKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylhexadecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN(C)C NHLUVTZJQOJKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBOBFGGLRNWLIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylhexadecan-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] IBOBFGGLRNWLIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003941 n-butylamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WTQUVYBGJUBJSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxacycloundecane Chemical compound C1CCCCCOCCCC1 WTQUVYBGJUBJSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylenepentamine Chemical compound NCCNCCNCCNCCN FAGUFWYHJQFNRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IZJJTAXTIWDCRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrakis(ethenyl)plumbane Chemical compound C=C[Pb](C=C)(C=C)C=C IZJJTAXTIWDCRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOOGZRUBTYCLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyllead Chemical compound C[Pb](C)(C)C XOOGZRUBTYCLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/232—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/232—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
- C10L1/233—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2406—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Description
Hydrokarbonbrennstoff. Hydrocarbon fuel.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrorer et hydrokarbonbrennstoff som inneholder en vesentlig del bensin og en mindre andel av et bensinopploselig aminoksyd med fra 6 til ^ 0 karbonatomer. Aminoksydet tjener som rusthindrende middel og isforhindrende middel i bensinen. The present invention relates to a hydrocarbon fuel which contains a substantial proportion of petrol and a smaller proportion of a petrol-soluble amine oxide with from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. The amine oxide serves as an anti-rust agent and anti-icing agent in the petrol.
F,t problem ved behandling og bruk av oljebrennstoffer er rustingen, som ofte skjer i beholdere som f.eks. rorledninger, lagertanker eller motorer. For å redusere og avhjelpe dette problem har mange losninger vært foreslått, blant annet effektive rustbeskyttere for oljedestillater. Rustproblemet som oppstår ved lagring og an-vendelse av oljedestillater, skyldes vanligvis spor av fuktighet som uunngåelig finnes i destillatene. Fuktigheten finner veien inn i destillatene på forskjellige måter, og det er umulig å forhindre at det kommer inn fuktighet i disse produkter ved lagring og behandling. I denne forbindelse er f.eks. lagertanker vanligvis forsynt med lufte-anordninger for å muliggjore inntak og utpressing av luft ved tempera-turforandringer i den omgivende luft. Som et resultat av dette, blir kald og fuktighetsholdig luft trukket inn i lagertanken om natten, hvilket resulterer i kondensasjon av fuktighet i tanken. Kn del av denne fuktighet opploses i eller rives med i oljedestillatene når de pumpes fra lagertankene. A major problem with the treatment and use of oil fuels is rusting, which often occurs in containers such as e.g. rudder lines, storage tanks or engines. To reduce and remedy this problem, many solutions have been proposed, including effective rust protectors for oil distillates. The rust problem that arises from the storage and use of oil distillates is usually due to traces of moisture that are inevitably found in the distillates. Moisture finds its way into the distillates in various ways, and it is impossible to prevent moisture from entering these products during storage and processing. In this connection, e.g. storage tanks are usually provided with venting devices to enable the intake and expulsion of air in the event of temperature changes in the surrounding air. As a result, cold and moist air is drawn into the storage tank at night, resulting in condensation of moisture in the tank. Some of this moisture is dissolved in or entrained in the oil distillates when they are pumped from the storage tanks.
Kt annet problem som man moter ved bruk av bensin er ten-densen i en bensinmotor til motorstopp ved tomgang i kaldt, fuktig vær. Dette fenomen er velkjent og er spesielt fremtredende når bensinen har et $ 0% ASTM-destillasjonspunkt på under ca. 104°G. Man stoter vanligvis på problemet når den relative fuktighet ligger over ca. 65%, og den omgivende temperatur er over ca. -1°C og under ca. l6°C. På en kjolig og fuktig dag vil kjolevirkningen fra fordamp-ningen av bensin i forgasseren være tilstrekkelig til å kondensere og fryse fuktighet som finnes i luften som kommer inn i forgasseren. Dette resulterer i isdannelse på spjeldet og innlopskanalen. Jo storre fuktighetsgraden er i den innstrommende luft, jo storre vil oppbygningen av is bli. Når motoren går på tomgang under disse betingelser, lukker spjeldet seg og isen stenger den normale luftstrom gjennom den lille klaring mellom spjeldet og forgasserens innlops-kanal, hvilket får motoren til å stanse. Vanligvis kan motoren star^tes igjen når varmen fra ekshaust-manifolden smelter tilstrekkelig méd is, men motoren vil da igjen stoppe inntil motoren er tilstrekkelig oppvarmet. Affektive ishindrende midler tilsatt bensinen vil forhindre denne vanskelighet. Another problem encountered when using petrol is the tendency of a petrol engine to stall when idling in cold, damp weather. This phenomenon is well known and is particularly prominent when the gasoline has a $0% ASTM distillation point below approx. 104°G. The problem usually occurs when the relative humidity is above approx. 65%, and the ambient temperature is above approx. -1°C and below approx. 16°C. On a cool and damp day, the cooling effect from the evaporation of petrol in the carburettor will be sufficient to condense and freeze moisture contained in the air entering the carburettor. This results in ice formation on the damper and inlet duct. The greater the degree of humidity in the incoming air, the greater the build-up of ice will be. When the engine is idling under these conditions, the throttle closes and the ice blocks the normal flow of air through the small clearance between the throttle and the carburetor inlet duct, causing the engine to stall. Usually the engine can be started again when the heat from the exhaust manifold melts enough ice, but the engine will then stop again until the engine is sufficiently warmed up. Affective anti-icing agents added to the petrol will prevent this difficulty.
'Man har nå funnet at tertiære aminoksyder er meget effektive rustforhindrende midler og også er virksomme som isforhindrende midler når de tilsettes til et hydrokarbonbrennstoff. It has now been found that tertiary amine oxides are very effective rust inhibitors and are also effective as anti-icing agents when added to a hydrocarbon fuel.
Ifolge foreliggende oppfinnelse er det således tilveiebragt et hydrokarbonbrennstoff som inneholder bensin som vesentlig bestanddel, og det er kjennetegnet ved at det inneholder 0.5 - 300 g per tusen liter bensin av et rusthindrende, bensinopploselig tertiært aminoksyd med fra 6 til 50 karbonatomer. According to the present invention, a hydrocarbon fuel is thus provided which contains petrol as an essential component, and it is characterized by the fact that it contains 0.5 - 300 g per thousand liters of petrol of a rust-inhibiting, petrol-soluble tertiary amine oxide with from 6 to 50 carbon atoms.
Ifolge oppfinnelsen er det spesielt foretrukket å benytte et aminoksyd med den generelle formel: According to the invention, it is particularly preferred to use an amine oxide with the general formula:
hvor R-^er en alkyl-, aryl- eller alkylert arylgruppe med fra 6 til 24 karbonatomer, Rg er hydrogen eller en metylgruppe, R^er hydrogen eller en - Cg alkylgruppe, og X, Y og Z er hydrogen, hydroksy-, tiol- eller estergrupper, idet minst en av X, Y og Z er forskjellig fra hydrogen. Det er videre foretrukket at aminoksydet er tilstede i brenstoffet i en konsentrasjon på 6 - 30 gram per tusen liter bensin . where R-^ is an alkyl, aryl or alkylated aryl group having from 6 to 24 carbon atoms, Rg is hydrogen or a methyl group, R^ is hydrogen or a -C 8 alkyl group, and X, Y and Z are hydrogen, hydroxy, thiol or ester groups, at least one of X, Y and Z being different from hydrogen. It is further preferred that the amine oxide is present in the fuel in a concentration of 6-30 grams per thousand liters of petrol.
I foreliggende hydrokarbonbrennstoff kan det i tillegg til de ovenfor definerte og spesielt foretrukne aminoksyder, benyttes de aminoksyder som representeres ved folgende generelle formler: hvor R-^betegner Cg til C^ -alkyl, aryl, cykloalifatisk, heterocyklisk, substitruert alkyl eller substituert aryl, og Rg og R^er samme eller forskjellige grupper og betegner C-j^ til C^-alkyl, aryl, substituert alkyl eller aryl, cykloalifatisk eller heterocyklisk. Fortrinnsvis betegner R1 C^til CgQ-alkyl eller alkylert aryl, f.eks. fenyl med en C^til C-^-alkylgruppe, og R2 og R^betegner til C12-alkyl. In the present hydrocarbon fuel, in addition to the above-defined and particularly preferred amine oxides, the amine oxides represented by the following general formulas can be used: where R-^ denotes Cg to C^ -alkyl, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl, and R 8 and R 8 are the same or different groups and denote C 1 to C 4 alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or aryl, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic. Preferably, R 1 denotes C 1 to C 6 alkyl or alkylated aryl, e.g. phenyl with a C 1 to C 12 -alkyl group, and R 2 and R 1 are to C 12 -alkyl.
I ovenstående formel betegner R en alkyl, aryl, alkylert aryl eller cykloalifatisk gruppe på fra 6 til 24 karbonatomer, fortrinnsvis Cg til C-^g, R-^og R2 betegner hver C-^ til C^alkylgrupper, R^er C-^ til Cg^-alkyl, aryl, alkylert aryl eller cykloalifatisk aryl, og n betegner 1 til 6. hvor R er Cg til C-^g-alkyl, aryl, alkylert aryl eller cykloalif atisk gruppe, og n betegner 1 til 4- In the above formula, R denotes an alkyl, aryl, alkylated aryl or cycloaliphatic group of from 6 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably Cg to C-^g, R-^ and R2 each denote C-^ to C^ alkyl groups, R^ is C- ^ to C 6 -alkyl, aryl, alkylated aryl or cycloaliphatic aryl, and n represents 1 to 6. where R is C 8 to C 6 -alkyl, aryl, alkylated aryl or cycloaliphatic group, and n represents 1 to 4-
hvor n er 1 til 2 og R er Cg til Cg^-alkyl, aryl, alkylert aryl eller cykloalifatisk gruppe. where n is 1 to 2 and R is C 8 to C 8 -alkyl, aryl, alkylated aryl or cycloaliphatic group.
I alle de ovenstående formler betegner pilen et enkelt elektronpar som er delt mellom oksygen- og nitrogenatomer, dvs. en semipolar binding, hvor det er en elektronoverforing i pilretningen. In all the above formulas, the arrow denotes a single electron pair shared between oxygen and nitrogen atoms, i.e. a semipolar bond, where there is an electron transfer in the direction of the arrow.
Fremstillingen av aminoksydene omfatter oksydasjon av tertiære aminer med milde oksydasjonsmidler, som f.eks. hydrogenperoksyd, perbenzoesyre, permonosvovelsyre og lignende, net er spesielt fordel-aktig å benytte hydrogenperoksyd i nærvær av iseddik og/eller en lavere alkohol, f.eks. etanol eller isopropanol. Fn god beskrivelse av aminoksyder og deres fremstilling er anfort i Sidgwick's Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen av Taylor og Baker (1937 Oxford University Press), side 166 og de fSlgende sider. The production of the amine oxides comprises oxidation of tertiary amines with mild oxidizing agents, such as e.g. hydrogen peroxide, perbenzoic acid, permonosulphuric acid and the like, but it is particularly advantageous to use hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glacial acetic acid and/or a lower alcohol, e.g. ethanol or isopropanol. A good description of amine oxides and their preparation is given in Sidgwick's Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen by Taylor and Baker (1937 Oxford University Press), page 166 et seq.
Det kan som nevnt anvendes tertiære aminoksyder med formel 2, hvor alle eller noen av R-gruppene betegner Cg til C-^g-grupper, i en fettsyre, f.eks. stearinsyre, eller fra blandede fettsyrer, f.eks. kokosndttolje, talgolje eller lignende. Slike aminoksyder hvor R-^betegner langkjedede og Ro og R^betegner kortkjedede alkylgrupper, f. eks. metyl-, isopropyl- eller hydroksyalkyl, kan fåes i handelen og kan fremstilles som beskrevet av n.B. Lake og G.L.K. Hoh i Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, bind 40, side 628 (november 1963). Handelsvanlige aminoksyder av denne type omfatter bis-(2-hydroksyetyl)- -kokosnottaminoksyd, bis-(2-hydroksyetyl)-talgoljeaminoksyd, bis-(2-hydroksyetyl)-stearylaminoksyd, dimetylkokosaminoksyd, dimetyl-hydro-genert-talgoljeaminoksyd og dimetylheksadecylaminoksyd. As mentioned, tertiary amine oxides of formula 2 can be used, where all or some of the R groups denote Cg to C-^g groups, in a fatty acid, e.g. stearic acid, or from mixed fatty acids, e.g. coconut oil, tallow oil or similar. Such amine oxides where R-^ denotes long-chain and Ro and R^ denote short-chain alkyl groups, e.g. methyl-, isopropyl- or hydroxyalkyl, can be obtained commercially and can be prepared as described by n.B. Lake and G.L.K. Hoh in Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, Volume 40, Page 628 (November 1963). Commercially available amine oxides of this type include bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-coconut amine oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-tallow amine oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-stearyl amine oxide, dimethylcocos amine oxide, dimethyl-hydrogenated-tallow amine oxide and dimethylhexadecyl amine oxide.
For fremstilling av forbindelser med formel 1 hvor Y og Z betegner hydroksygrupper, kan et primært amin, som f.eks. dodecylamin omsettes med 2 mol alkylenoksyd som etylenoksyd, propylenoksyd, ok-tylenoksyd eller decylenoksyd, og det resulterende hydroksyamin oksyderes mildt til aminoksydet. For å fremstille en forbindelse av denne type når det bare finnes en hydroksylgruppe, kan man starte med 1 mol av et sekundært amin og omsette med en molar andel av et alkylenoksyd, og deretter oksydere produktet til et aminoksyd. For the preparation of compounds of formula 1 where Y and Z denote hydroxy groups, a primary amine, such as e.g. dodecylamine is reacted with 2 moles of alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, octylene oxide or decylene oxide, and the resulting hydroxyamine is mildly oxidized to the amine oxide. To prepare a compound of this type when there is only one hydroxyl group, one can start with 1 mol of a secondary amine and react with a molar proportion of an alkylene oxide, and then oxidize the product to an amine oxide.
For fremstilling av forbindelser med formel 1, hvor X, Y For the preparation of compounds of formula 1, where X, Y
og Z alle betegner hydroksygrupper, kan man omsette et dialkanolamin med et 1,2-epoksyalkan i nærvær av vannfritt aluminiumklorid og oksydere dette til aminoksydet. Denne fremstillingsmåte finnes beskrevet i US patent nr. 3 202 714* Man kan også starte med hydroksylaminet og omsette det med 3 mol 1,2-epoksyalkan, f.eks. and Z all denote hydroxy groups, one can react a dialkanolamine with a 1,2-epoxyalkane in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride and oxidize this to the amine oxide. This production method is described in US patent no. 3,202,714* You can also start with the hydroxylamine and react it with 3 mol of 1,2-epoxyalkane, e.g.
Aminoksyder med formel 1 hvor R-^ betegner en alkylert arylgruppe kan fremstilles fra kondensasjonsproduktet av et alkylert styrenoksyd med et primært eller sekundært amin. Aminoksydet fra det sekundære aminkondensasjonsprodukt vil ha formelen: Amine oxides of formula 1 where R-^ denotes an alkylated aryl group can be prepared from the condensation product of an alkylated styrene oxide with a primary or secondary amine. The amine oxide from the secondary amine condensation product will have the formula:
hvor R er alkylgruppen av alkyl-styrenoksyd og R-^ og R2betegner alkyl, aryl, alkylert aryl eller cykloalifatisk gruppe. where R is the alkyl group of alkyl styrene oxide and R-1 and R2 denote alkyl, aryl, alkylated aryl or cycloaliphatic group.
Tiolgrupper kan innfores ved å bruke tioepoksyder isteden- Thiol groups can be introduced by using thioepoxides instead of
for epoksyder i noen av de ovennevnte reaksjoner. Et aminoksyd med estergrupper kan fremstilles ved forestring av hydroksylgruppene i et hydroksyaminoksyd. for epoxides in some of the above reactions. An amine oxide with ester groups can be produced by esterification of the hydroxyl groups in a hydroxyamine oxide.
For fremstilling av diamindioksyder av den anviste type i formel 3, kan de tilsvarende diaminer oksyderes ifolge fremgangsmåter For the production of diamine dioxides of the type indicated in formula 3, the corresponding diamines can be oxidized according to methods
som er angitt i US patent nr. 3 197 509'which is stated in US patent no. 3,197,509'
Spesielle eksempler på forbindelser med formel 2, hvor R-^, R2 og R^er usubstituerte, omfatter dietyldecylaminoksyd, dimetylheksadecylaminoksyd og metylisopropylcetylaminoksyd. Spesielle eksempler på forbindelser med formel 1 omfatter folgende: Particular examples of compounds of formula 2, where R 1 , R 2 and R 2 are unsubstituted, include diethyldecylamine oxide, dimethylhexadecylamine oxide and methylisopropylcetylamine oxide. Particular examples of compounds of formula 1 include the following:
A. R-^ er C-^Q-alkyl, R2og R^er hydrogen, og X, Y og Z er NH2. A. R-1 is C1-4 alkyl, R2 and R3 are hydrogen, and X, Y and Z are NH2.
B. R^er C-^g-alkyl, R2 er metyl, R^er hydrogen, X er hydrogen og B. R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, R 2 is methyl, R 2 is hydrogen, X is hydrogen and
Y og Z er 0H. Y and Z are 0H.
G. R-j^ er Cg-alkyl, Rg er metyl og R^ er Cg-alkyl, X og Y er hydrogen og Z er en SH-gruppe. G. R-j^ is C 8 -alkyl, Rg is methyl and R^ is C 8 -alkyl, X and Y are hydrogen and Z is a SH group.
Spesielle forbindelser som benyttes i foreliggende oppfinnelse med. formel 3>omfatter N,N',N'-trimetyl-N-decyl-etylendiamin-N,N'-dioksyd og N,N<»>,N<f->trimetyl-N-oktadecyletylendiamin-N,N'-dioksyd. Special compounds used in the present invention with. formula 3>comprises N,N',N'-trimethyl-N-decyl-ethylenediamine-N,N'-dioxide and N,N<»>,N<f->trimethyl-N-octadecylethylenediamine-N,N'- dioxide.
Spesielle forbindelser hvor nitrogenet er en del av en heterocyklisk ring omfatter: Special compounds where the nitrogen is part of a heterocyclic ring include:
Selv om de enkle aminoksyder som bare har N—> 0-gruppen vil gi tilstrekkelig rustbeskyttelse, kan oket rustbeskyttelse opp-nås ved å benytte forbindelser hvor det finnes ytterligere funksjonel-le grupper som hydroksy-, amino-, ester- eller merkaptogrupper i beta-til"delta-stilling i forhold til nitrogenatomet, fortrinnsvis i beta-stilling, for å oke aminoksydets polaritet. N > 0-gruppen er den aktive gruppe som gir rustbeskyttelsen. En ytterligere polar gruppe i nærheten av N > 0-gruppen, f.eks. i beta-stilling, antar man oker forbindelsens adsorbsjon på metalloverflaten, slik at man oppnår en rusthindrende hinne. Although the simple amine oxides that only have the N—> 0 group will provide sufficient rust protection, increased rust protection can be achieved by using compounds where there are additional functional groups such as hydroxy, amino, ester or mercapto groups in beta -to"delta position in relation to the nitrogen atom, preferably in the beta position, to increase the polarity of the amine oxide. The N > 0 group is the active group that provides the rust protection. A further polar group near the N > 0 group, f .eg in the beta position, one assumes the adsorption of the ocher compound on the metal surface, so that a rust-preventing film is achieved.
Bensinandelen i hydrokarbonbrennstoffet ifolge oppfinnelsen er vanlige destillater av jordolje, som koker i bensinområde og er beregnet for bruk i motorer med indre forbrenning, fortrinnsvis tennpluggmotorer. Bensin defineres som en blanding av flytende hydro karboner med et utgangskokepunkt på mellom ca. 20° og 57 C og et sluttkokepunkt på mellom ca. 120° og 232°C, og omfatter både vanlig bilbensin og flybensin. Slike bensiner er sammensatt av en blanding av forskjellige typer hydrokarboner, omfattende aromater, olefiner, parafiner, isoparafiner, naftener og, i enkelte tilfelle, diolefiner. Bensiner som er egnet for tilsetning av de definerte additivene omfatter bensiner med et oktantallområde på mellom 80 og 105 eller hoyere, som f.eks. et klart oktantall på over 90, f.eks. over 95 eller 100, som omfatter minst 10 volumprosent aromatiske hydrokarboner og-under 30 volumprosent olefinhydrokarboner. Motorbensin har vanligvis kokepunktområder på mellom ca. 20° og 230°C, mens flybensiner har smalere kokepunktområder på mellom 40° og l65°C. Damptrykket for bensinen bestemmes ved ASTM-metode D-86 og ligger mellom ca. 0.5 og 1 kg/cm 2 ved 38 oC. Aminoksydene kan også benyttes i flybensiner som har egenskaper nær opptil bilbensinens, men vanligvis noe hoyere oktantall og snevrere kokepunktområder. The petrol part in the hydrocarbon fuel according to the invention is ordinary distillates of petroleum, which boil in the petrol range and are intended for use in engines with internal combustion, preferably spark plug engines. Gasoline is defined as a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons with an initial boiling point of between approx. 20° and 57 C and a final boiling point of between approx. 120° and 232°C, and includes both regular motor fuel and jet fuel. Such gasolines are composed of a mixture of different types of hydrocarbons, including aromatics, olefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and, in some cases, diolefins. Petrol which is suitable for the addition of the defined additives includes petrol with an octane range of between 80 and 105 or higher, such as e.g. a clear octane rating of over 90, e.g. above 95 or 100, comprising at least 10% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons and less than 30% by volume of olefinic hydrocarbons. Motor petrol usually has boiling point ranges of between approx. 20° and 230°C, while aviation gasolines have narrower boiling point ranges of between 40° and l65°C. The vapor pressure of the petrol is determined by ASTM method D-86 and lies between approx. 0.5 and 1 kg/cm 2 at 38 oC. The amine oxides can also be used in aviation gasoline, which has properties close to those of car gasoline, but usually with a somewhat higher octane number and narrower boiling point ranges.
Tilsetningsstoffene som benyttes ifolge oppfinnelsen kan brukes sammen med bensin og andre additiver som vanligvis brukes i slike brennstoffer. Vanligvis bruker man mellom ca. 0.1 og 2 ml/l alkylbly-antibankemiddel, som f.eks. tetraetylbly, tetrametylbly, di-metyl-dietylbly eller lignende alkylbly-antibankemiddel eller olefin-isk blyholdig antibankemiddel, som tetravinylbly, trietylvinylbly og lignende, eller blandinger av disse, både i bilbensiner og flybensiner, f.eks. mellom O.25 og 1 ml tetraetyl-bly-tetrametyl-bly-kombi-nasjon per 1 bensin. Antibankemidler kan også omfatte andre organo-metalliske tilsetninger som inneholder bly, jern, nikkel, litium, man-gan og lignende. Andre additiver som vanligvis benyttes i bensiner kan være korrosjonsforhindrende midler, antioksydasjonsmidler, anti-statiske forbindelser, bly-oktan-okende forbindelser, f.eks. tertiært butylacetat, rensemidler som tri-B-kloretylfosfat, fargestoffer, anti-ismidler, f.eks. iropropanol, heksylenglykol og lignende. The additives used according to the invention can be used together with petrol and other additives which are usually used in such fuels. Usually you use between approx. 0.1 and 2 ml/l alkyl lead anti-knock agent, such as tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, dimethyl-diethyl lead or similar alkyl lead anti-knock or olefinic lead-containing anti-knock, such as tetravinyl lead, triethyl vinyl lead and the like, or mixtures of these, both in motor gasoline and aviation gasoline, e.g. between 0.25 and 1 ml of tetraethyl-lead-tetramethyl-lead combination per 1 petrol. Anti-knock agents can also include other organo-metallic additives containing lead, iron, nickel, lithium, manganese and the like. Other additives that are usually used in petrol can be corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, anti-static compounds, lead-octane-increasing compounds, e.g. tertiary butyl acetate, cleaning agents such as tri-B-chloroethyl phosphate, dyes, anti-icing agents, e.g. iropropanol, hexylene glycol and the like.
Man har nylig funnet at det er en fordel å tilsette ben-sintyper, spesielt bilbensiner, visse oljeopploselige dispergeringsmidler og detergenser for å gi en betydelig okning i motorens renhet, se f.eks. US patent nr. 3 223 495• Disse dispergeringsmidler virker ikke bare ved å holde en hoy renhet i bensintilforselsledningene og forgasserområdet i motoren, men tjener også til å understotte virkningen fra dispergeringsmidler som finnes i motoroljen. En del av dispergeringsmidlet som finnes i bensinen finner veien forbi stempel-ringene og hjelper til å forhindre avleiringer i de deler av motoren som vanligvis bare kommer i kontakt med smoremiddel. Tilsetningene som benyttes ifolge oppfinnelsen kan med fordel brukes i bensiner som inneholder slike dispergeringsmidler. It has recently been found to be advantageous to add petrol types, especially motor petrol, certain oil-soluble dispersants and detergents to give a significant increase in engine cleanliness, see e.g. US Patent No. 3,223,495• These dispersants not only work by maintaining a high level of cleanliness in the gasoline supply lines and carburetor area of the engine, but also serve to support the action of dispersants found in the engine oil. Part of the dispersant found in the petrol finds its way past the piston rings and helps to prevent deposits in the parts of the engine that normally only come into contact with lubricant. The additives used according to the invention can be advantageously used in petrol containing such dispersants.
Hydrokarbonbrennstoff ifolge oppfinnelsen inneholder mellom ca. 0.5 og 300 g tertiært aminoksyd per 1000 1 bensin. Vanligvis mellom ca. 3 og 150 g per 1000 1 bensin, fortrinnsvis mellom ca. 6 og 30 g/1000 1, hvis tilsetningsstoffet hovedsakelig benyttes for rustbeskyttelse. Het foretrukne område ligger mellom 6 og 30 g/1000 1 bensin, hvis aminoksydet også tjener som ishindrende tilsetning. Hvis man også anvender et dispergeringsmiddel i bensinen, brukes vanligvis mellom 15 og 600 g, vanligst mellom ca. 30 og 300 g dispergeringsmidler per 1000 1 bensin, riet er ofte onskelig også å tilsette en opplosningsmiddelolje til bensinen, for å redusere avsetningene på innsugningsventilene. Hvis man benytter en opplosningsolje, kan det være en fordel å blande dispergeringsmidlet og opplosningsoljen sammen og tilsette denne blanding til bensinen. En spesielt foretrukket opplosningsolje har et kokepunktområde mellom ca. 175°°6430°C ved 10 mm kvikksolv. Fortrinnsvis ligger kokepunktsområdet på mellom ca. 200 og 370°C ved dette reduserte trykk. Fortrinnsvis har opplosnings-ol jene en viskositet på mellom 45 og 150 SSU ved 100°C. Hydrocarbon fuel according to the invention contains between approx. 0.5 and 300 g tertiary amine oxide per 1000 1 petrol. Usually between approx. 3 and 150 g per 1000 1 petrol, preferably between approx. 6 and 30 g/1000 1, if the additive is mainly used for rust protection. The preferred range is between 6 and 30 g/1000 1 petrol, if the amine oxide also serves as an anti-icing additive. If a dispersant is also used in the petrol, usually between 15 and 600 g is used, most commonly between approx. 30 and 300 g of dispersants per 1000 1 of petrol, it is often desirable to also add a solvent oil to the petrol, in order to reduce deposits on the intake valves. If a dissolving oil is used, it may be advantageous to mix the dispersant and the dissolving oil together and add this mixture to the petrol. A particularly preferred dissolving oil has a boiling point range between approx. 175°°6430°C at 10 mm Hg. Preferably, the boiling point range is between approx. 200 and 370°C at this reduced pressure. Preferably, the dissolving oils have a viscosity of between 45 and 150 SSU at 100°C.
For de aminoksyder som i foreliggende oppfinnelse og som bare har begrenset opploselighet i bensin, er det vanligvis okonomisk å fremstille et konsentrat av additivet i en bensinfraksjon, for på-følgende fortynningsutblanding. Mange av aminoksydene kan brukes som 20 til 60 vektprosent-ige konsentrater i lavere-alifatiske alkoholer, som metyl eller isopropyl, for å lette oppblandingen. T) en alkanol som således innfores sammen med tilsetningsstoffet vil ikke virke uheldig i bensinen, men kan i virkeligheten oke den ishindrende virk-ning av aminoksydet. Konsentrasjonen av aminoksydet i isopropylalko-holen kan være så stor at når blandingen innblandes i bensin,, tilfores det 1 til 2 vektprosent alkohol som ishindrende middel sammen med den onskede mengde aminoksyd som rustbeskytter. Aminoksydet eller dets konsentrat i alkohol kan med fordel tilsettes bensinen ved hjelp av en forhånds-innblandingsanordning i rorledningen. Konsentrater på mellom 40 og 60 % av en til fi-^alkohol eller en 50-50-blanding av slik alkohol og xylen, 40 til 50 % dispergeringsmiddel og 2 - 4 % aminoksyd kan fremstilles for påfSigende utblanding i bensin. Blandede aromatiske hydrokarboner, eller tung aromatisk lettbensinfraksjon, eller en fraksjon i bensinområdet fra hydroraffinering, kan benyttes istedenfor eller sammen med xylen. For the amine oxides as in the present invention and which only have limited solubility in petrol, it is usually economical to prepare a concentrate of the additive in a petrol fraction, for subsequent dilution mixing. Many of the amine oxides can be used as 20 to 60 percent by weight concentrates in lower aliphatic alcohols, such as methyl or isopropyl, to facilitate mixing. T) an alkanol which is thus introduced together with the additive will not have an adverse effect in the petrol, but may in reality increase the anti-icing effect of the amine oxide. The concentration of the amine oxide in the isopropyl alcohol can be so great that when the mixture is mixed into petrol, 1 to 2 weight percent alcohol is added as an anti-icing agent together with the desired amount of amine oxide as a rust protector. The amine oxide or its concentrate in alcohol can advantageously be added to the petrol by means of a pre-mixing device in the rudder line. Concentrates of between 40 and 60% of a to fi-^alcohol or a 50-50 mixture of such alcohol and xylene, 40 to 50% dispersant and 2-4% amine oxide can be prepared for subsequent mixing in gasoline. Mixed aromatic hydrocarbons, or heavy aromatic light petrol fraction, or a fraction in the petrol range from hydrorefining, can be used instead of or together with xylene.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
Man fremstilte flere bensinblandinger og underkastet disse rustpr5ver som var en modifikasjon av ASTM-prove D-665. I denne prove ble 350 ml bensin holdt ved en temperatur på 25°C og omrort med en polert rorestav av blott stål. Etter 10 minutters roring, for kondisjonering av rorestaven, ble 50 ml bensin tatt ut og kastet og 30 ml destillert vann tilsatt, hvoretter roringen fortsettes i en time ved samme temperatur, 25°C. Stålroreren tas deretter ut av blandingen og undersokes for rustmerker. Rusting som ikke overstiger 5 % av rorepinnens overflate betraktes som tilfredsstillende. Several petrol mixtures were produced and subjected to these rust samples which were a modification of ASTM sample D-665. In this sample, 350 ml of petrol was kept at a temperature of 25°C and stirred with a polished bare steel stirring rod. After 10 minutes of stirring, to condition the stirring rod, 50 ml of petrol was taken out and discarded and 30 ml of distilled water was added, after which stirring was continued for one hour at the same temperature, 25°C. The steel stirrer is then removed from the mixture and examined for signs of rust. Rusting that does not exceed 5% of the rudder stick surface is considered satisfactory.
Den bensin som ble brukt ved fremstilling av blandingene The petrol used in the manufacture of the mixtures
-til disse forsok hadde folgende verdier, oppfort i tabell I: - for these trials had the following values, listed in table I:
Med denne bensin fremstilte man blandinger tilsatt forskjellige additiver ved enkel innblanding. Disse blandinger ble så underkastet ovenfor beskrevne rustprove, idet man kjorte dobbelte prover for hver blanding. Noen av blandingene inneholdt en av de kjente tilsetningsstoffer på området, som er angitt å virke rusthindrende. Andre blandinger inneholdt et aminoksyd som definert ovenfor. I et annet sett av blandinger tilsatte man også dispergeringsmiddel til bensinen. De forskjellige additiver og de oppnådde resultater er oppnådd i nedenstående tabell II. I de tilfelle hvor det rustne område var for lite til å uttrykkes som prosentdel, ble rusten angitt som antall observerte rustflekker. I alle tilfelle hvor et additiv-konsentrat ble brukt, angir den oppforte mengde, mengden av konsentratet . With this petrol, mixtures with various additives were produced by simple mixing. These mixtures were then subjected to the rust tests described above, running duplicate tests for each mixture. Some of the mixtures contained one of the additives known in the area, which are stated to have a rust-inhibiting effect. Other compositions contained an amine oxide as defined above. In another set of mixtures, a dispersant was also added to the petrol. The various additives and the results obtained are shown in Table II below. In those cases where the rusted area was too small to be expressed as a percentage, the rust was indicated as the number of observed rust spots. In all cases where an additive concentrate was used, the listed quantity indicates the quantity of the concentrate.
Dispergeringsmiddelblanding pluss Dispersant mixture plus
2.8 g/1000 1 aminoksyd A 5 flekker; 5 flekker Dispergeringsmiddelblanding pluss 2.8 g/1000 1 amine oxide A 5 spots; 5 spots Dispersant mixture plus
5.6 g/1000 1 aminoksyd A 1 flekk; 2 flekker (1) Bis-(2-hydroksyetyl)-kokosaminoksyd. Molvekt 301-Handelsprodukt. 5.6 g/1000 1 amine oxide A 1 spot; 2 spots (1) Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cocosamine oxide. Molecular weight 301-Commercial product.
50 vektprosentig konsentrat i lavere alkohol. 50 percent by weight concentrate in lower alcohol.
(2) Dimetylkokosaminoksyd. Handelsprodukt. 40 vektprosentig konsentrat i lavere alkohol. (3) Bis-(2-hydroksetyl)-talgoljeaminoksyd. Handelsprodukt. Mol.vekt 366. 50 vektprosentig konsentrat i lavere alkohol. (4) n-butylaminsalt av blandede mono- og di-fosfater av C,,,-okso-alkohol. 75 vektprosentig konsentrat i kerosen. (Se britisk patent nr. 1 001470). (2) Dimethylcocosamine oxide. Commercial product. 40 percent by weight concentrate in lower alcohol. (3) Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-tallow oil amine oxide. Commercial product. Mol.weight 366. 50% by weight concentrate in lower alcohol. (4) n-butylamine salt of mixed mono- and di-phosphates of C,,,-oxo-alcohol. 75 percent by weight concentrate in the kerosene. (See British Patent No. 1 001470).
(5) Dimer av linolsyre pluss fosforforbindelse. (Santolene C), (5) Dimer of linoleic acid plus phosphorus compound. (Santolene C),
( 6) Blandede mono- og di-amider av langkjedet diamin og oljesyre. ( 6) Mixed mono- and di-amides of long-chain diamine and oleic acid.
(MPA-85). (MPA-85).
I de tilfelle man benyttet konsentrat, betegner den oppforte mengde additiv mengden av konsentratet. In cases where a concentrate was used, the listed amount of additive denotes the amount of the concentrate.
Det-fremgår av ovenstående tabell II at aminoksydene som benyttes ifolge oppfinnelsen er meget mer effektive enn noen tidligere kjente anti-rustmidler, og at aminoksydet også ga tilfredstillende rustbeskyttelse når et dispergeringsmiddel var tilstede. It is clear from the above Table II that the amine oxides used according to the invention are much more effective than some previously known anti-rust agents, and that the amine oxide also provided satisfactory rust protection when a dispersant was present.
Dispergeringsmidlet som ble benyttet i de ovenstående blandinger var fremstilt ved klorering av polyisobutylen med molvekt ca. 78O ved ca. 120°C til et klorinnhold på ca. 4-3%>fulgt av konden sasjon av det klorerte polyisobutylen med akrylsyre ved mellom 120° og 220°C under dannelse av polyisobutylenpropionsyre. 70 deler polyisobutylenpropionsyre ble deretter blandet med 32 deler mineralsk smoreolje med en viskositet på 150 SSU ved 38°C og blandingen ble om-satt med 3-4 deler tetraetylen-pentaamin ved 150°C i omkring 9 timer og ga et konsentrat inneholdende ca. 70 vektprosent reaksjonsprodukt og 30 vektprosent fortynningsolje. Dette konsentrat ble tilsatt bensinen ved enkel utblanding i en mengde på 70 g/1000 1, for fremstill- The dispersant used in the above mixtures was prepared by chlorination of polyisobutylene with a molecular weight of approx. 78O at approx. 120°C to a chlorine content of approx. 4-3%> followed by condensation of the chlorinated polyisobutylene with acrylic acid at between 120° and 220°C to form polyisobutylene propionic acid. 70 parts of polyisobutylene propionic acid were then mixed with 32 parts of mineral lubricating oil with a viscosity of 150 SSU at 38°C and the mixture was reacted with 3-4 parts of tetraethylene pentaamine at 150°C for about 9 hours and gave a concentrate containing approx. 70% by weight reaction product and 30% by weight diluent oil. This concentrate was added to the petrol by simple blending in an amount of 70 g/1000 1, to produce
ing av dispergeringsblandingene som er omtalt ovenfor. ing of the dispersing mixtures discussed above.
F. ksempel 2 Example 2
Virkningen av aminoksydet ved reduksjon av forgasserising The effect of the amine oxide in the reduction of gasification
ble bestemt ved å bruke en standardisert forgasserisingsprove. I korthet var forsoksbetingelsene som folger: Temperatur for inngående luft 5°0, 90 % - 5 % fuktighet og kontinuerlig luftsirkulasjon. was determined using a standardized carburettor sample. Briefly, the test conditions were as follows: Temperature of incoming air 5°0, 90% - 5% humidity and continuous air circulation.
Man benyttet folgende forsokstrinn: (1) Start av kald The following trial steps were used: (1) Cold start
motor, (2) aksellerasjon til 1500 omdr./min. hvor denne hastighet er holdt i ett minutt, (3) nedsettelse av hastighet til tomgang, og tom-gangskjoring i et halvt minutt, (4) iakttagelse og nedskrivning av tegn ved stopp, (5) hvis motoren stopper, umiddelbar starting og gjennomgåelse av trinnene 1-3 ovenfor. engine, (2) acceleration to 1500 rpm. where this speed is maintained for one minute, (3) reduction of speed to idle, and idling for half a minute, (4) observation and writing down of signs at a stop, (5) if the engine stops, immediate starting and review of steps 1-3 above.
Motoren, atmosfæriske betingelser og driftsbetingelsene velges slik at ising lett forekommer, slik at nedsettelse av isdann- The engine, atmospheric conditions and operating conditions are selected so that icing occurs easily, so that the reduction of icing
else ved additiv tilsetning ville okes flere ganger ved vanlige bruks-betingelser. Bortsett fra at motorbelastningen og hastigheten må otherwise, additive addition would be increased several times under normal conditions of use. Except that the engine load and speed must
være lav, er valg av optimale hastigheter for forgasserising relativt toyelige. Vanligvis bor spjeldåpningen være minimal for forlenget motoroppvarmning og for maksimal kontakt mellom spjeldbladet og den fuktige luften. Samtidig må spjeldet være tilstrekkelig åpent til å be low, the selection of optimum carburizing speeds is relatively easy. Generally, the damper opening should be minimal for prolonged engine warm-up and for maximum contact between the damper blade and the moist air. At the same time, the damper must be sufficiently open to
gi nok bensinstromning gjennom forgasserens hoveddyser, slik at det oppstår frysetemperaturer på grunn av bensinfordampningen. For å provide enough fuel flow through the carburettor's main nozzles so that freezing temperatures occur due to fuel evaporation. In order to
oppnå dette, ble motorhastigheten satt til 1500 omdreininger per minutt, og selv om isdannelse begynner på spjeldet ved denne hastig- achieve this, the engine speed was set at 1500 revolutions per minute, and although icing begins on the damper at this speed
het, vil motoren sjelden eller aldri stoppe for hastigheten nedsettes til tomgang. Når motorhastigheten senkes fra 1500 omdr./minutt til tomgangshastighet, begynner luftgapet mellom spjeldet og forgasser-kanalen å fylles med is, hvilket stenger av lufttilgangen inn i manifolden. Like for motoren stopper, blir forholdet luft/bensin meget bensinrikt og får i enkelte tilfelle motoren til å gå ujevnt for den stopper. Det skal bemerkes at motoren i noen tilfelle går på tomgang hot, the engine will rarely or never stop before the speed is reduced to idle. When the engine speed is lowered from 1500 rpm to idle speed, the air gap between the damper and the carburetor channel begins to fill with ice, cutting off the air supply into the manifold. Just before the engine stops, the air/petrol ratio becomes very rich in petrol and in some cases causes the engine to run unevenly before it stops. It should be noted that in some cases the engine idles
under hele provens JO sekunders varighet uten å stoppe, men at den ujevne gang fremkommer, hvilket angir at stopp nesten inntrådte. during the entire test JO seconds duration without stopping, but that the uneven gait appears, indicating that a stop almost occurred.
Ved disse forsok benyttet man en flyktig vinterbensin som utgangspunkt, og den samme bensin inneholdende 45 g/1000 1 bis-(2-hydroksyetyl)-kokosaminoksyd ble sammenlignet med hensyn til deres tendens til å forårsake motorstopp som resultat av isdannelse i for- In these experiments, a volatile winter gasoline was used as a starting point, and the same gasoline containing 45 g/1000 1 bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cocosamine oxide was compared with regard to their tendency to cause engine stalling as a result of ice formation in the
gasseren. Man brukte en Ford-motor med 4-sylindret forgasser til forsokene. Ovennevnte bensin hadde de analysedata som er vist i tabell III. the gasifier. A Ford engine with a 4-cylinder carburettor was used for the tests. The above gasoline had the analytical data shown in Table III.
De oppnådde resultater, som er angitt i tabell IV, viser The results obtained, which are indicated in Table IV, show
at aminoksydet effektivt reduserte stopptendensen for bensinen. that the amine oxide effectively reduced the stopping tendency of the petrol.
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Til provebensinen som er beskrevet i eksempel 1 tilsettes trilaurylaminoksyd i en mengde på 11 g/1000 1 bensin. Trilaurylamine oxide is added to the test petrol described in example 1 in an amount of 11 g/1000 1 petrol.
Claims (2)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US547731A US3387953A (en) | 1966-05-05 | 1966-05-05 | Rust-inhibited hydrocarbon fuels |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO119389B true NO119389B (en) | 1970-05-11 |
Family
ID=24185907
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO16794167A NO119389B (en) | 1966-05-05 | 1967-04-28 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BE (1) | BE698061A (en) |
CH (1) | CH490477A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1745935A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK124269B (en) |
GB (1) | GB1153024A (en) |
NL (1) | NL6706329A (en) |
NO (1) | NO119389B (en) |
SE (1) | SE334773B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA1299871C (en) * | 1986-01-29 | 1992-05-05 | Abraham A. Zimmerman | Fuel composition |
NZ219531A (en) * | 1986-03-14 | 1991-10-25 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Anti-fouling fuel compositions and additives containing amines and amine oxides |
EP0353713B1 (en) * | 1988-08-05 | 1994-03-16 | Kao Corporation | Use of an additive for fuel |
-
1967
- 1967-04-28 GB GB1977067A patent/GB1153024A/en not_active Expired
- 1967-04-28 NO NO16794167A patent/NO119389B/no unknown
- 1967-05-02 SE SE623067A patent/SE334773B/xx unknown
- 1967-05-03 DK DK235767A patent/DK124269B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1967-05-05 BE BE698061D patent/BE698061A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1967-05-05 NL NL6706329A patent/NL6706329A/xx unknown
- 1967-05-05 DE DE19671745935 patent/DE1745935A1/en active Pending
- 1967-05-05 CH CH636267A patent/CH490477A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CH490477A (en) | 1970-05-15 |
DE1745935A1 (en) | 1971-09-16 |
SE334773B (en) | 1971-05-03 |
BE698061A (en) | 1967-11-06 |
DK124269B (en) | 1972-10-02 |
GB1153024A (en) | 1969-05-21 |
NL6706329A (en) | 1967-11-06 |
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